Greenwashing

As a result of the depletion of natural resources, destruction of green areas, loss of ecosystem and consequent shrinkage of habitable areas, the concept of “sustainability” has become an important parameter at all stages in architectural discipline as in all fields. However, in some cases this notion has started to transform into an advertising tool developed to feed consumption due to its structure being open to interpretation, its current value and its lack of adequate supervision. Sustainability has three aspects that are economic, social and physical. Apart from the successful architectural designs that take all the values of sustainability into account, the concept has also been used as a popular culture item that enables the projects to come forward and be preferred by people. In this study, the phenomenon of “greenwashing” was examined and five architectural projects from Turkey with the claim of sustainability were evaluated within the criteria of three sustainability scopes.

Tüketicilerin tüketim tercih süreçlerine dair geliştirilen ve popülerliğini halen koruyan modellerden biri olan tüketim değerleri modeline göre tüketicilerin ürün tercihlerini; fonksiyonel, sosyal, koşullara bağlı, duygusal ve epistemik olmak üzere beş farklı değer etkilemektedir. Kendilerini ve ürünlerini çevreci olarak konumlandırmayı tercih eden, ancak gerektiği kadar sorumlu davranmayan işletmelerin, tüketicilerinin beklentilerini olumsuz yönde etkiledikleri düşünülmektedir. Bu araştırma ile amaçlanan; tüketicilerin, reklamlardaki yeşile boyamaya yönelik algılarının, onların yeşil tüketim değerlerinde farklılaşmaya yol açıp açmadığının ortaya konulmasıdır. Bu doğrultuda yapılan araştırmada olasılığa dayalı olmayan örnekleme yöntemlerinden biri olan kartopu örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmış olup Gümüşhane ilinde yaşayan ve yeşil tüketim yaptığını belirten 179 katılımcıya ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, "yeşile boyama" algı dereceleri açısından tüketicilerin anlamlı iki kümeye ayrıldıklarını göstermektedir. Öte yandan, bu ayrışmanın benzer şekilde onları yeşil tüketime güdüleyen fonksiyonel, duygusal, epistemik ve sosyal değerlerde hayat bulduğu, ancak koşullu değerde gerçekleşmediği tespit edilmiştir.
According to the consumption values model, which is one of the models developed for the consumption preference processes of consumers and which still maintains its popularity, five different values which are functional, social, conditional, emotional and epistemic, affect the product preferences of consumers. It is thought that businesses that prefer to position themselves and their products as environmentalists but do not behave as responsible as necessary, negatively affect the expectations of their consumers. The purpose of this research is to find out whether consumers' perceptions about greenwashing in advertising lead to any differentiation in their green consumption values or not. In this research, snowball sampling method, which is one of the non-probability sampling methods, was used and 179 participants living in Gümüşhane province who stated that they have made green consumption were reached. The findings show that consumers are divided into two meaningful clusters in terms of their "greenwashing" perception levels. On the other hand, it was found that this divergence came to life in the functional, emotional, epistemic and social values that drive them to green consumption, but not in the conditional value.

Attempting to tackle climate change with market solutions hinges on the existence of emissions. We know much about the politics of undoing emissions—via offsets (e.g., Böhm and Dabhi 2009). But where do emissions come from? How are they done? Carbon footprinting seems to be the simple answer. Is this merely a technical matter? In this chapter I explore how emissions come into being; carbon accounting emerges as techno-political practice, fraught with non-transparency.
This chapter argues that successful corporate carbon accounting practices efficiently and skillfully ignore significant political implications of the company’s practical relation to climate change. ‘Successful’ in this case signifies what matters for the company to compete well in capitalist markets. By examining voluntary carbon accounting at a financial services corporation, I invite an engagement with how the technicality and politics of carbon interrelate in accounting. I ground my analysis in ethnographic fieldwork across 20 months in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) unit at one of the 50 largest global companies. Over this period, I supported the CSR unit’s management of their sustainability data, in exchange for overt and explicit research access to the CSR unit’s activities.

Objective – Following paper deals with the essence of green marketing, green consumers and green strategies. It also defines greenwashing, different types of greenwashing, the seven sins of greenwashing, greenwashing index and negative impact of greenwashing. Based on this are outlined measures to protect against negative impact of greenwashing.
Methodology/Technique – The study carried out with reviewing literature.
Findings – The ways to avert the negative impacts of greenwashing includes: increasing awareness through media and education, elimination of greenwashing by companies, inclusion of greenwashing into the legislation, blacklisting of companies using greenwashing
Novelty – The study suggests solutions for negative impacts of greenwashing.
Type of Paper: Review

The animal rights movement is fundamentally based on love for other animals and a radical recognition of human-nonhuman relationships as valid and important. In a world that has normalized wholescale violence against other animals, recognizing nonhuman animal personhood and expressing compassion for all kinds is a vital act of social justice.  This talk examines social movement theories of liberation for other animals with specific reference to the gay rights movement as an adjacent project from which we might draw inspiration and wisdom.

The circular economy concept has received considerable attention both in the business sector and in academia. In this paper, we highlight the role of banks in the circular economy. We propose that banks need to: develop a common understanding of the circular economy; issue widely accepted and recognized guidelines on circular economy finance; adapt existing finance models to fit into a circular economy model; offer credit lines to circular businesses; create a green bank; train bank staff; promote a strong culture of waste reduction and material re-use; ensure that the board risk committee is competent in circular risk management and control. Overall, banks have an important role to play both as a leader in circular economy finance and as a lender to companies in the circular economy.

Closed loop or ‘circular’ production systems known as Circular Economy and Cradle to Cradle represent a unique opportunity to radically revise the currently wasteful system of production. One of the challenges of such systems is that circular products need to be both produced locally with minimum environmental footprint and simultaneously satisfy demand of global consumers. This article presents a literature review that describes the application of circular methodologies to education for sustainability, which has been slow to adopt circular systems to the curriculum. This article discusses how Bachelor and Master-level students apply their understanding of these frameworks to corporate case studies. Two assignment-related case studies are summarized, both of which analyze products that claim to be ‘circular’. The students' research shows that the first case, which describes the impact of a hybrid material soda bottle, does not meet circularity criteria. The second case study, which describes products and applications of a mushroom-based material, is more sustainable. However, the students' research shows that the manufacturers have omitted transport from the environmental impact assessment and therefore the mushroom materials may not be as sustainable as the manufacturers claim. As these particular examples showed students how green advertising can be misleading, applying “ideal” circularity principles as part of experiential learning could strengthen the curriculum. Additionally, this article recommends that sustainable business curriculum should also focus on de-growth and steady-state economy, with these radical alternatives to production becoming a central focus of education of responsible citizens.

Roar Bjønnes, freelance writer; co-founder of Prama Institute; co-founder Future Planet; contributing editor of New Renaissance, UK; former editor of Common Future and Prout Journal; published numerous articles in newspapers, books, and magazines in Europe and the United States. www.growinganeweconomy.com

Key Words

Economic disparity, material poverty, spiritual poverty, basic necessities, psycho-economic exploitation, PROUT, purchasing capacity, economism, material progress, neo-liberal development, sustainable development, economic liberalism, spiritual progress, neo-humanism, consumption economy, consumer economy, cooperatives, decentralized economy,
economic democracy, self-sufficiency.

The new, “green” state/corporate system being heralded by today's capitalist visionaries (including Larry Fink of BlackRock, Mark Carney of the United Nations, Bill Gates of Microsoft and Elon Musk of Tesla) constitutes both an intensification and an extensification of ecological plunder and degradation. The types of centralization involved, argues this discussion paper, amount to a great deal more than just “greenwashing,” extending to worldwide re-regulation of labour and land.

For ecological resistance movements, this re-regulation is a crucial challenge. The original New Deal of the 20th century, and certain subsequent efforts at social and environmental regulation, were able to hold off anticapitalism in very particular places in the global North for very limited times. The Green New Deal of the 21st century, together with the global schemes of forward-looking firms such as BlackRock, aspires to do something similar, but is confronting a different kind of crisis that has already shown itself to be much less responsive to temporizing measures from which ordinary people in any part of the world might expect to glean much benefit.

The phenomenon of “tiny houses,” loosely defined as dwellings ranging between 65 and 120 square feet, has rapidly accumulated interest among economically and environmentally conscious individuals. The movement’s recent popularity highlights the commodification of sustainability in a market that continues to shelter economic and class privilege, despite that the movement itself emerges from a desire to consume less and contribute to community more.
Reading recent rhetoric surrounding the movement – with particular attention to the movement’s invocations of Henry David Thoreau – this essay examines the ways in which tiny house living contradicts its own rhetorical claims. However, in that contradiction, the movement has the potential to build a responsive environmental ethic as it focalizes dissonance between green-washing rhetoric and the complex realities of tiny house living. In fact, the experience of living in a tiny house may be even more Thoreauvian than the movement acknowledges with regard to issues of mobility and waste. Drawing from my position as builder, owner and inhabitant of a tiny house, as well as foundational sociological and environmental scholarship, this paper examines the tiny house movement’s privileged foundations but also investigates its potency for environmental and social justice issues, urban sustainability strategies, and land ethics.
https://books.google.com/books?id=m-G8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA164&dq=From+Sustainable+to+Resilient+Cities:+Global+Concerns/Urban+Efforts_.+Research+in+Urban+Studies.+Bingley:+Emerald+P,&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3VrlVMLdF4HzoASl8IGICA&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

Background. In a world where environmental impact plays a more important role than
ever in customers' purchasing practices, we can also detect a rise in green advertising that is
misleading.
Previous Research. Many studies have focused on analyzing how organizations use the
greenwashing method as a disinformation tool in their communication practices, rather than
actually changing their business model and products to be more environmentally friendly.
Previous research demonstrated that companies use up to 10 different methods of misleading
customers to believe that they are environmentally friendly. Previous research only focused on
product characteristics and not on analysing the communication style of companies.
Methodology. This paper, focused on analyzing the data and information communicated
through a fashion company’s advertisements, website and Sustainability Performance Report
through thematic content analysis.
Findings and Implications. This paper’s results confirm previous findings that the use
of ambiguous concepts is one of the key factors in misleading customers. On the other hand, this
study found that in contrast to previous studies, creating false certifications and labels is not a
main factor of misleadingness for the fashion industry. The main key factors of misinformation
in the fashion industry are the use of ambiguous and vague words, the omission of important
information, questionable leadership claims and the use of scientific terms. Other misinformation
types were found(ex: outright false claim, green imagery, etc), but they were not prevalent and/or
significant in the thematic content analysis. This paper found that misinformation in green
advertising is continuously changing and adapting to the response of consumers and proposes
four new types of misinformation: the use of Asterix, shifting the Blame to the consumer,
Comparing apples to oranges and Cherry picking information.
Future. This paper proposes further research to validate the four new types of
misinformation in the fashion industry, as well as further thematic analysis using different
fashion companies as their case study.

This study explores a new type of greenwashing behaviour, through the lenses of the “communicative constitution of organizations” (CCO), which challenges the dominant view in corporate social responsibility (CSR) studies. A theory-building case study was carried out by analysing the Volkswagen scandal. Both qualitative and quantitative data were obtained via a content analysis of both 2012–2014 CSR reports of the Volkswagen Group and a sample of 1151 U.S. newspaper headlines concerning Dieselgate, together with semi-structured interviews with former managers from Volkswagen. From a theoretical perspective, the study extends the greenwashing taxonomy by identifying a new type of irresponsible behaviour, namely “deceptive manipulation”. This reinforces the CCO perspective according to which sustainability communication acts as a constitutive force. In terms of managerial implications, the study suggests some approaches to prevent this specific type of greenwashing.

Now in its sixth edition, The Better World Shopping Guide is the most comprehensive guide available for socially and environmentally responsible consumers. Drawing on over 25 years of research, this 100,000-copy bestseller rates every product on the shelf from A
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BP makes much of its commitment to CSR - or so one concludes from BP’s own corporate documentation and marketing. The voluntary nature of its reporting, which it has been actively involved in for a considerable amount of time, its investments in sustainable and safe business practices, and its charitable donations imply that BP’s profits are made while considering the impacts on people and the planet.

This paper examines that perception by asking:
1. What is meant by CSR and business ethics?
2. How does BP interpret CSR and business ethics?
3. What is the impact of BP’s approach on third parties?
4. How does BP’s investment in CSR and ethical business practices compare with its peers?

Environmental issue has become an increasingly popular and interesting topic discussed on academic literature and industrial sector. Consumer and manufacturer are directed their attention toward an environment friendly product which is termed as ‘green’ product (Bhatia and Jain, 2013), since they (especially consumer) have become more conscious about enviromental issues. Accordingly, they ‘adapt’ by creating an eco-friendly or green claim advertising to target those consumer who lead green lifestyle (Divine and Lepisto, 2005). Consequently, green marketing is chosen and viewed as the best concept and strategy to response to market needs and wants.

Nevertheless, many environmental claims pointing to the green attributes are ambiguous and deceptive (Chen and Chang, 2012). Its practice which is known as ‘greenwashing’ has driven consumer to negatively intent to purchase the products or services (McGrath, 1992; Newell et al, 1998). Relating to the issue, some researchers have found that greenwashing could direct to some consumer’s perceptions, such as perceive deception (Newell et al, 1998), perceive skepticism (Albayrak, Caber, and Moutinho, 2011), perceive inconsistency (Gallicano, 2011), perceive distrust and perceive risk (Chen and Chang, 2012).

This conceptual paper will be more discussing and reviewing some literatures on relatively newest issues of greenwashing practice and its impact on consumer perception, and behavior after purchase. Four theories developed by prior researchers used as a basis of this paper. Therefore, the influence of greenwashing on consumer switching behavior will be the conceptual gaps from previous research this paper trying to close.

Socially responsible marketing is practiced by companies engaged in corporate social responsibility as a way to clearly communicate their positive social and environmental behaviors to ethical consumers. The opposite practice, greenwashing, is commonly used by companies attempting to gain undue credit for a lackluster commitment to responsible social and environmental behaviors. While the former is preferable, the latter has become increasingly sophisticated and dominant in the marketplace.

Green marketing is also known as ecological marketing and environmental marketing. Green marketing is the marketing of products that are presumed to be environmentally safe. Thus green marketing incorporates a broad range of activities, including product modification, changes to the production process, packaging changes, as well as modifying advertising. In the modern era of globalization, it has become a challenge to keep our natural environment safe. And this is the biggest need of the time. Environmental pollution is a buzz word in today's business environment. Consumers are also aware of the environmental issues like, global warming and the impact of environmental pollution. Green marketing is a phenomenon which has developed particular important in the modern market and has emerged as an important concept in India and also in other developing and developed world, and is seen as an important strategy of facilitating sustainable development. In greenwashing a company promotes green-based environmental initiatives or images but actually operates in a way that is damaging to the environment or in an opposite manner to the goal of the announced initiatives. This can also include misleading customers about the environmental benefits of a product through misleading advertising. The general idea behind greenwashing is to create a benefit by appearing to be a green company. Even many energy companies, some of the world's biggest carbons emitters have attempted rebrand themselves as environmentally friendly. The tools used in greenwashing can include press releases about green projects or task forces put into place, energy reduction or pollution reduction efforts, and rebranding of consumer products and advertising materials. In actuality, the company or group may be operating in damaging ways or may simply be unwilling to make a meaningful commitment to green initiatives.

The project deals with the theme of glamping (a neologism born
from the fusion of the terms glamour and camping), a phenomenon
that has become established in the last decade in the camping
category of tourist accommodation, but provides more luxurious
accommodation and facilities than those associated with traditional
camping, and proposes an experience of immersion in nature, with
a model of accommodation set in highly prestigious natural contexts
and using unconventional, nature-based concepts.
The glamping project focuses on sustainable hospitality, through a
speculative design approach, which stimulates reflection on what
the future might bring in terms of changing the relationship between
man and nature, making an original contribution to the debate on
sustainable development. This original approach, developed by designers Dunne & Raby,
requires the design concept to be set in the context of an “imagined
future” on the basis of a series of social, technological and economic
trends, and the designer asks new “what-if” questions, which in
this case refer to the themes of sustainability in interior design for
glamping hospitality.
Speculative design therefore questions the usual design practices
and focuses on the need to imagine the future experience of the
user/customer involved in new ways of using and behaving.
This approach does not so much involve an in-depth study of
materials and construction techniques in terms of sustainability, a
method which is now consolidated in current design practice, as
it does a deeper reflection on how to communicate a message of
awareness of the issues of biophilia in the relationship between man
and nature and thus bring added value to the current debate.
In the glamping proposal, a prototype of a temporary living cell is developed, which constitutes a basic module that can be replicated
and flexibly placed within the accommodation structure.
The inspiring elements for the composition of the spaces are
primarily the ways of using the glamping and the gestures of the
users in carrying out the functions and using the services of the
hospitality structure.
The analysis of flows and paths is inspired by an approach historically
consolidated in the East, where the spaces of the house are designed
taking into account the presence of static or dynamic activity, the
intensity of use more or less high, in order to create differentiated
spaces: spaces for common activities or spaces where a dimension
of intimacy prevails.
The planimetric scheme for organising the interior spaces is
based on a geometric mesh which divides a rectangular plan into
three bands: the communal living environment, the space-nature
environment in the centre, and the private living environment.
In the design of the prototype there is a dialogue and interpenetration
between interior and exterior: large windows allow privileged views
of the most valuable components of the natural landscape outside.
Nature enters inside, both visually and physically in the green
space located in the centre of the cell. At the same time, the interior
space is also protected by a system of external “sails”, creating an
intermediate space between the interior and exterior, facing the
areas dedicated to refreshment, relaxation and rest.
The indoor and outdoor spaces are connected and relate to each
other in a synergic way, expanding in size according to guests’
needs, making it possible to immediately immerse oneself in nature
both outside and inside, where there is a central green nucleus.
The central space is, in fact, a small green nucleus which can be
opened up and is accessible from all the interior spaces; it is the
fulcrum of the composition of the entire cell, inspired by the energy
centre (Tao 道) in the eastern tradition of feng shui. A miniature
forest where it is possible to regenerate and experience new forms
of relaxation, suspension and immersion in greenery at any time of
day.
The aim is to encourage immersion in a dimension closer to nature,
for example through the symbolic forms that recall the water cycle,
and lead the user to unconsciously and pleasantly reflect on the
natural origin of a precious and limited resource.
Not only the composition of the spaces, but also the choice of the
furniture components is inspired by the speculative approach: the
shapes, colours, the arrangement of the components of the interior
design, as well as the organisation and composition of the spaces,
communicate and encourage sustainable ways of use.
The communication conveys positive messages, lightly, highlighting
the advantages and avoiding emphasising the sacrifices needed to
adopt virtuous behaviour.

With the rise of Corporate Social Reporting (CSR) reporting, questions have emerged regarding its true utility; CSR reports may more closely resemble marketing materials than financial statements as much of the data companies provide can be cherry picked. For example in 2011, only 20% of S&P 500 companies published CSR reports vs 85% in 2017 and 90% in 2019. Why is this relevant for communicators? Because the responsibility of producing and promoting CSR reports very often falls under the responsibility of the corporate communications team. How to avoid "CSR-washing" and all the other "washing" incidents-green-washing, blue-washing, rainbow-washing, vegan-washing,...? How to focus on portraying the organization as a truly and authentic dedicated corporate citizen? In-depth interviews with 15 senior communication practitioners in Canada helped identify what are "authentic" and "responsible" communications in the CSR space: using facts and testimonials, being transparent, showing authenticity as well as demonstrate the clear alignment with the organization's purpose.

للفنادق الخضراء دور مهم في التغلب على مشكلات الفنادق التقليدية، التي يتمثل معظمها في الاستهلاك المفرط للمواد التشغيلية والإنتاج الكبير للمخلفات الصلبة، وإلى جانب ذلك تستطيع الفنادق الخضراء استخدام صورتها وسمعتها الصديقة للبيئة كأداة تسويقية تستطيع جذب الكثير من السياح وتجلب تعاطف المجتمع معها. 
تهدف الدراسة إلى التفريق بين الفنادق الخضراء وغيرها من الفنادق، كذلك التعرف علي أهم دوافع ومعوقات الفنادق الخضراء والإدارة الخضراء بها.
أوضحت الدراسة أن الكثير من الفنادق بدأ التوجه نحو الأخضر بسبب عدد من الدوافع، وذلك بتطبيق بعض البرامج الخضراء في مجال إدارة الطاقة، والمياه، والمخلفات الصلبة، إلا أن هناك بعض العقبات التي تقف كحجر عثرة أمامها. وتقترح الدراسة مجموعة من التوصيات التي يمكن تطبيقها لتطوير صناعة الفنادق الخضراء المصرية.
الكلمات الدالة
الفنادق الخضراء – الإدارة الخضراء– البرامج الخضراء – المستهلك الأخضر- المنتج الأخض

As a result of the depletion of natural resources, destruction of green areas, loss of ecosystem and consequent shrinkage of habitable areas, the concept of “sustainability” has become an important parameter at all stages in architectural discipline as in all fields. However, in some cases this notion has started to transform into an advertising tool developed to feed consumption due to its structure being open to interpretation, its current value and its lack of adequate supervision. Sustainability has three aspects that are economic, social and physical. Apart from the successful architectural designs that take all the values of sustainability into account, the concept has also been used as a popular culture item that enables the projects to come forward and be preferred by people. In this study, the phenomenon of “greenwashing” was examined and five architectural projects from Turkey with the claim of sustainability were evaluated within the criteria of three sustainability scopes.

An introduction to the problem of greenwashing, this presentation was given in March 2015 at the Eastern Sociological Society's Annual Conference in Boston, MA. It seeks to answer 5 questions:

1. What is greenwashing?
2. How do we identify greenwashing?
3. Who is doing the greenwashing?
4. Are our indicators adequate?
5. How do we improve our measurement?

This is preliminary work on research that will be submitted for peer-reviewed publication.

In this video, the speaker is reading out his paper on "THE CLIMATE EMERGENCY: ECOTAGING FOR DISTANT ECOTOPIA" by countering, through ecosophical cum eco-ethical means, the short-sighted "technical quick-fixes" offered by green-capitalism in subsuming a portion of the global environmental movement by asserting market fundamentalism without heeding the environmental variables. The speaker emphasizes the eco-ethos of Permaculture and highlights the sustainability ideal of "eco-swaraj", following the Deep Ecologists' Ecotopia and the Gandhian "Gram Swaraj", as well as Rabindranath Tagore's eco-philosophical underpinnings. In doing so, the speaker highlights the role of Urban Agriculture in obliterating the parasitic status of the modern city in the post-industrial era.

"Objective – Following paper deals with the essence of green marketing, green consumers and green strategies. It also defines greenwashing, different types of greenwashing, the seven sins of greenwashing, greenwashing index and negative impact of greenwashing. Based on this are outlined measures to protect against negative impact of greenwashing. Methodology/Technique – The study carried out with reviewing literature. Findings – The ways to avert the negative impacts of greenwashing includes: increasing awareness through media and education, elimination of greenwashing by companies, inclusion of greenwashing into the legislation, blacklisting of companies using greenwashing Novelty – The study suggests solutions for negative impacts of greenwashing."

Utilizing data drawn from online and print advertisements, this research compares the green advertising techniques of companies with well-documented strong and weak social and environmental track records. Notwithstanding more subtle, divergent narratives suggesting that more responsible companies direct the consumer gaze toward more political and systemic issues while their counterparts tend to emphasize relatively low-cost, scientific, and philanthropic efforts, the main findings indicate that all companies employ a very similar grand narrative focused on consumer empowerment regardless of their actual ethical track record. This suggests that most attempts, by consumers and scholars alike, to determine anything meaningful about actual corporate practices via an analysis of environmental advertising, may be largely futile. A dramaturgical framework is employed to argue that the findings are most suitably explained by reframing green advertising as a form of impression management for an audience of ethical consumers. Thus, greenwashing emerges only when such performances are contradicted by a company’s actual environmental track record. The author proposes a more relational definition of greenwashing to reorient the analytical focus on the processes behind, and connections between, the product, the company, and the industry, including their broader cultural context.

The need for green marketing arises due to the concerns of the adverse effects on the environment caused by conventional consumption. However, there is a lack of related green underline models and theories which can be used to study the green consumer behavior exclusively. Thus, this study proposed an individual green consideration model comprising of a green element to understand the consumer green behavior better. A total of four primary sub-constructs were introduced in the model. Namely, personal attitude, perceived social pressure, perceived autonomy, and perceived green trust. Besides, greenwashing was incorporated into the model to examine the potential moderator effects of negativity towards green product purchase intention. Organic food products were purposely selected as the study instead of green products in general so that a thorough understanding of the model could be developed. The proposed model can be used to assist in better development of the green markets in the c...

The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm oil (RSPO) is a voluntary stakeholder initiative on the palm oil supply chain. It is a response from agro-business firms and international environmental NGOs to the dramatic conditions of production in South East Asia. The RSPO certified « sustainable » 21% of global palm oil production in 2015. This article assesses the impact of the RSPO certification on transnational governance, social equity and biodiversity conservation.
As the premium is far below certification costs, only the largest producers – 73 firms controlling more than 2,6 million hectares – have been certified to get access to Western markets. Certification has reified as « sustainable » the industrial agro-business model on several thousands of hectares and has integrated this oil into the agro-industry.
RSPO has empowered local communities to accept or reject plantations on their territory. However, when the plantations were established, certification did not necessarily provide more benefits to locals than conventional plantations. In addition, excluded from the certification, local firms have not benefitted from it.
Regarding biodiversity conservation, certification has promoted a segregated landscape with large-scale plantations and conservation areas. At the global level, this could make sense as large
oil palm plantations are very productive. However, this fails to recognize that the main biodiversity conservation gains are by supporting the smallholders and that this promotes the consumerist society at the root causes of biodiversity decline. At the field level, impact on conservation is very small
as producers use strategies to limit the areas they have to protect and as oil palm plantations are ecological barriers.
To mitigate those problems, international environmental NGOs developed remote sensing tools and engaged with the largest producers. After more than 10 years of existence, it is yet to be proven that this top-down approach can curb deforestation. Actors should go beyond RSPO certification, tackle local factors of decision-making, collaborate with state governments and inform consumers.

Singapore the ‘garden city’ has been a longstanding trope used by government officials to promote tourism and actively entice the world’s cosmopolitan well-heeled and moneyed to come and work, or settle, in the small cityscape. Nature in Singapore is primarily seen by the Government as a resource ‘that can be shaped to economic and national development objectives’ (Yuen 1996:968); and indeed, what strikes visitors to this ‘garden city’ is its cleanliness, orderliness, and greenery. But if ‘nature’ in Singapore is a matter of top-down governmental control (of both city-state aesthetics and economy), ‘nature’ has also been the realm for those wanting to rebel against the Government. In other words, politics in Singapore has often revolved around citizens taking up cat- and crow-culling, the saving of graveyards, or specific conservation issues as ways of resisting Governmental prerogatives. In light of the recent writings on the meaning of ‘nature’ and ‘non-humans’ — explored through supposed ‘eco-farms’ for ‘agri-tainment’, fishing and foraging, and the culling of cats and crows — the paper explores the tension between ‘development’ and ‘culture’ in the context of the city-state of Singapore.

This chapter will introduce circular economy (CE) and cradle-to-cradle (C2C) models of sustainable production. It will reflect on the key blockages to a meaningful sustainable production and how these could be overcome, particularly in the context of business education. The case study of the course for bachelor’s students within International Business and Management Studies (IBMS) and at the University College in the Netherlands will be discussed. These case studies will illustrate the opportunities as well as potential pitfalls of the closed-loop production models. The results of case studies’ analysis show that there was a mismatch between expectations of the sponsor companies and those of students on the one hand and a mismatch between theory and practice on the other hand. Helpful directions for future research and teaching practice are outlined.

A sustentabilidade é um assunto mundialmente discutido e valorizado, o que leva as pessoas a procurar produtos ou serviços que gerem menos danos ao meio ambiente. Essa valorização acarretou o aumento na demanda dos consumidores por produtos sustentáveis, o que, por sua vez, levou as empresas a adotarem a sustentabilidade como estratégia de mercado. Assim, surge a preocupação com certificação da sustentabilidade dos alimentos expostos ao consumo. Para facilitar ao consumidor no processo de escolha, surgiram as certificações, chamados “selos verdes”. O problema, no entanto, é garantir a credibilidade dessas certificações. Isso porque, diante da eclosão do movimento sustentável, tornou-se comum a prática daquilo que se denomina de Greenwashing.

Bias e greenwashing: la sentenza del Tribunale di Gorizia All'interno della pubblicità ingannevole, si sta facendo sempre più strada il concetto di greenwashing, tanto che il 26 novembre 2021 il Tribunale di Gorizia ha emanato un provvedimento d'urgenza nei confronti dell'azienda Miko proprio per aver commesso tale violazione. Nel caso di specie, i giudici hanno accolto il ricorso presentato dalla ditta Alcantara (produttrice di tessuti d'avanguardia per i settori automotive e moda) contro la concorrente sopracitata. Il greenwashing consiste nell'utilizzare una comunicazione aziendale volta a presentare falsamente o esageratamente l'immagine di una impresa, apparentemente impegnata a favore dell'ambiente con performance ambientali di più alto valore rispetto al reale, con l'ovvio obiettivo di attirare il gradimento dei clienti e di altri stakeholder, quali finanziatori pubblici e privati.

Objective – This paper is focused on the topic of greenwashing and its impact on consumer confidence in specific conditions of Slovak republic. Nowadays, consumer confidence is mainly recognized as economic indicator measuring the interpretation of the current economic environment by consumers and their expectations for the future. In presented paper, we analyse greenwashing as a possible source of discontent. Greenwashing is a negative phenomenon of green marketing activities realised in the scope of corporate social responsibility.
Methodology/Technique – First, green characteristics of Slovak consumers are analysed in context of Hofstede cultural dimensions of Slovak republic. Subsequently, there is evaluated realised questionnaire survey dedicated to the analysis of greenwashing impact on consumer confidence. Then, the relationship between greenwashing and consumer confidence in Slovak market, is detected.
Findings – Results showed that attitude of authority has an impact on consumer confidence and the greenwashing has not got an impact on buying behavior of Slovak consumers.
Novelty – It has a vital importance to analyze socio-cultural profile of the nation and in accordance with obtained results highlight the importance of environmental education of the society.
Type of Paper: Review

Henry David Thoreau’s legacy has been cited as inspiring social experiments in “self-reliance,” simplicity movements, and American environmentalism–all of which converge in the contemporary tiny house phenomenon. The tiny house movement is a trend that advocates living simply in small spaces and enthusiasts often refer to Thoreau as the movement’s patron saint. Written from the position of a tiny house builder and dweller, this chapter discusses the tiny house movement’s commitments, history, and practices and the relevant differences and similarities the movement holds to Thoreau’s life and writings.
Despite a mutual inheritance of romantic rhetoric and entanglement in systems they ostensibly reject, Thoreau and the tiny house movement share fundamental ideals that prize simplicity, the value of community, a desire to reject private property laws, and a will to transform cultures of consumption. The benediction of Thoreau may emphasize the privilege in American environmental movements like the tiny house craze, but his writings also inform radical possibilities for environmental action.