Lifestyle Migration

MA thesis: Ajijic: American dream, just in Mexico

Maģistra darbā “Ahihika: amerikāņu sapnis, tikai Meksikā” aplūkota plaša
pensionētu ārzemnieku kolonija nelielā Meksikas vidienes pilsētā, par darba mērķi izvirzot Ahihikas kopienas divu galveno iedzīvotāju grupu, iebraucēju un meksikāņu, savstarpējo attiecību izpēti, piedāvājot to iespējamo sadzīvošanas modeli un tā sekas.
Pēdējo desmitgadu laikā vērojamais milzīgais ārzemnieku skaita pieaugums un importētais dzīvesstils, ko veicinājusi tā saucamo jauno imigrantu iebraukšana, ir izmainījuši gan Ahihikas vidi, gan attiecības ar vietējiem iedzīvotājiem. Pretēji tradicionālajiem imigrantiem, kas vēlas iedzīvoties Meksikā, patiesi izprast tās kultūru, tradīcijas, apgūst
spāņu valodu un labprāt iesaistās vietējās aktivitātēs, jaunie imigranti izvēlas dzīvot savā ASV kopijā, tikai Meksikā. Arvien vairāk manāms, ka abas iedzīvotāju grupas - ārzemnieki un meksikāņi - dzīvo nosacītā izolācijā viena no otras, saskarsmei notiekot lielākoties došanas-ņemšanas kontekstā, kad katram ir kas nepieciešams.
Darbā aicināts palūkoties uz šīm attiecībām caur reciprocitātes perspektīvu. Kā galvenie apmaiņas veidi apskatīti darbinieku un darbadevēju attiecības, privātuzņēmumu darbība, labdarības aktivitātes un Meksikas netieši sniegtais ārzemnieku kopienai - iemesli izvēlēties Ahihiku kā pensionēšanās galamērķi. Došanas-ņemšanas mehānismi Ahihikas
ikdienā ir gan veidojuši un saliedējuši kopienu, gan arī iespaido kopienā valdošo nevienlīdzību starp abām grupām un no tās izrietošos konfliktus.
Ārzemnieki, kontrolējot meksikāņiem nepieciešamos resursus, piemēram, darbu, vidi, valodu, no “viesiem” ir kļuvuši par “saimniekiem” un arvien skaļāk sāk izvirzīt savas prasības, piemēram, iesaistoties vietējās politikas aktivitātēs, pamatojot to ar savu sniegumu Ahihikai. Tai pat laikā publiskajā diskursā tiek uzsvērta vienlīdzība un tirgus attiecības.

This PhD in geography seeks to understand contemporary migration trends affecting rural areas of French middle mountains in particular with examples of Diois (Drôme), Morvan (Nièvre) and Séronais (Ariège), by mobilizing the north american concept of “amenity migration”, as key for a better understanding of on-going process. The first part (Chapter I, II and III) provides an overview of the mechanism of “rural renaissance” and the development of residential migration in rural areas of the middle mountains. The second part is devoted to a qualitative analysis of actors such migration (active, retired, living in precarious social and northern European migrants), their motivations and their installation criteria average mountain, while the third part (Chapter VII to IX) lies more in the context of the territories. It focuses on reshaping social space associated with these arrivals, both in a development perspective, but also as an attempt to take into account the elements of tension and weakening potential for local societies. Finally, it examines how those new stakes are accounted for particularly in terms of attractiveness by local rural policies.

Cette thèse de géographie s’attache à mieux comprendre les phénomènes migratoires contemporains affectant les espaces ruraux des moyennes montagnes françaises, en particulier au travers des exemples du Diois (Drôme), du Morvan (Nièvre) et du Séronais (Ariège), en mobilisant le concept nord américain d’« amenity migration » ou « migration d’agrément », comme clé de lecture des processus en cours. La première partie (chapitre I, II et III) constitue une présentation générale du mécanisme de « renaissance rurale » et du développement des « migrations résidentielles » dans les territoires ruraux de moyenne montagne. La seconde partie (chapitre IV à VII) est consacrée à une analyse qualitative des acteurs de ces migrations (actifs, retraités, en situation de fragilité sociale et migrants nord européens), de leurs motivations et de leurs critères d’installation en moyenne montagne, alors que la troisième partie (chapitre VIII à IX) se situe davantage dans l’optique des territoires. Elle s’attarde sur les recompositions socio spatiales liées à ces arrivées, à la fois dans une perspective de développement, mais aussi en tentant de prendre en compte les éléments de tension et de fragilisation potentielles pour les sociétés locales. Enfin, elle examine la prise en compte de ces nouveaux enjeux, notamment en termes d’attractivité territoriale, par les politiques d’accueil en milieu rural.

Lifestyle migration is part of an ongoing quest for a better way of life. More or less affluent migrants moving to a destination with a perceived better climate are studied in the context of social rather than economic motivations. This paper focuses on Dutch families and their decision to move to the rural municipality of Hällefors in the Bergslagen area, Sweden. Such a Nordic destination, actively attracting migrants, has not previously been investigated in the context of lifestyle migration. The purpose of the paper is to examine what factors contribute to the decision to move. The research questions are the following: what are the socio-demographic characteristics of the migrating families? What meanings do the migrants attach to their work environments and places of residence prior to moving? What motivations and expectations have shaped the decision to move? These questions are addressed through an interview study. Results show that the adult family members were mainly born in the late 1950s or in the 1960s. The children were born in the 1990s and early 21st century. According to most respondents, effects of overpopulation and rapid urbanisation, both felt on the work floor and in the living environment, became a serious trigger to leave the Netherlands. Differences between the families consider the character of occupations (within or outside the creative industries) and the length of the decision process. In contrast to some other lifestyle migrant populations, families in this study considered returning as part of their ongoing quest.

... in societies where sexual relations before marriage are limited, for example, in Palestinian society (Bow ... This analysis presents a rather nuanced per-spective on the negotiation of power and gender ... to abolish public sexuality entirely – after all, this was now a tourist resort – but ...

The article explores the binary cultural codes by which Canadian and American retirement migrants make sense of their ageing process in Cuenca, Ecuador. The article is based on 83 semi-structured qualitative interviews (11 of which are follow-up interviews), most conducted in the first half of the 2010s. I explore how notions of finite time and imaginaries of a fourth age of decline and death inform the migration decisions and imaginaries of Canadian and American retirement migrants. I argue that their desire to seek self-expansive, new experiences through migration and contact with cultural difference dialogues with an increasingly competitive neoliberal culture of ageing, that emphasizes success through activity, youthfulness and consumption. While there are certainly other ideals that help inform North American migration to Ecuador, I argue that these particular ideals illustrate how discourses of "active ageing" have been taken up "from below," by ageing North American adults, many of whom identify with the aspirations of policy and corporate discourses of activity and success, but who find themselves ageing into material conditions that preclude them. Migration to a lower-cost country, like Ecuador, helps them to experience these aspirations more positively, but may have uneven effects on lower-income workers and their ability to remain in place in the communities marketed for this type of migration. Keywords: active ageing; successful ageing; international retirement migration; cultures of ageing Experiences of travel and migration in the third age speak powerfully to cultural ideals of ageing, which are shifting after a generation of neoliberal restructuring. While retirement migration has been noted for some time, and international destinations-especially in Europe-have received considerable academic attention, the growing movement of North American retirees to destinations in Central and South America is relatively new. In part, this is the result of declining retirement security and growing inequality within the United States and Canada-though no doubt, it is also furthered by real estate and marketing companies, who have sought out "new frontiers" of accumulation in lower-cost regions. It hints at a new type of international retirement migration, linked to an unequal global political economy-one that articulates new styles of ageing and new regimes of migration and transnational mobility. The focus of this article is on the cultural codes that international retirement migrants in Ecuador use to make sense of their ageing process.

On Siargao Island, as elsewhere in the Philippines, women who enter into intimate relationships with Western men can attain economic capital, global opportunities and social mobility through their partners. On Siargao Island, local women who surf differentiate themselves from imaginings of ‘other’ Filipinas by emphasising their relationships with Western men as being ‘for love’ not money. Nevertheless, the economic benefits that can accrue to local women in transnational relationships is observable. However, through identification with surf culture, women who surf possess a global social capital and transnational networks that extend beyond their Western partners, and which alter the dynamics of these relationships in the women's favour. Further, local women's social mobility and adherence to the ‘surfer girl’ identity creates a space in which they are implicitly challenging colonial and class-based beauty ideals in the Philippines that privilege fair or light skin over darker skin.

Myriad lines surround our day-to-day lives, exiting and entering our homes. Wires connect to electricity posts which power and heat our dwellings. Cables hook us to telephone and internet networks. Other lines stretch the world closer to us and our homes closer to the world: paved driveways link us with roads and highways, mains tap us into common water reserves and flow into municipal sewers, satellite beams reach into the atmosphere to download television signals into our living rooms. Together these lines—and possibly many others—constitute extensive and powerful webs of material and cultural significance in which our lives are suspended. These webs are the grids upon which society is pegged, the grids through which our material and social relations are entangled.       
Not everyone, however, is reliant on these grids. People who—for a variety of motives—have spun alternative webs have come to know their lifestyle as “off-the-grid.”  Off-the-grid dwelling refers to ways of living marked by disconnection from the infrastructural assemblages (or grids) that provide societies with the potential for power, light, and speed.
Grids of light, speed, and power can make our life comfortable and convenient but they are also troublesome companions. Grids deeply shape social relations and entrench them in differential access to power. In light of this, off-the-grid dwelling has recently emerged as an oppositional (but often negotiated and contradictory) everyday life practice. By delinking from one or more grids, an individual, group, or community needs to reinvent a different way of life and practice a different way of living.
Couched in cultural studies, cultural geography, and cultural sociology, this book aims to uncover the day-to-day practice off-grid living across Canada in order to understand why and how a person or community chooses to live off-grid; how off-the-grid dwellers cope with a world increasingly governed by the grid logic of light, power, and speed; what distinguishes off-grid dwellers' technologies and material cultures; how they accomplish comfort and convenience in their everyday life; and in what ways off-the-grid dwelling constitutes a sustainable, environmentally and culturally, lifestyle practice. In order to document the diversity of ways of life off-the-grid, the book unfolds as a series of ethnographic narratives focusing on individuals and groups who dwell in households and/or communities removed from roads, electricity, sewage, garbage collection, natural gas pipelines, water mains, telephone, internet, and television.
In addition to shedding light on off-grid lifestyles, however, this book prompts us to reflect on often taken-for-granted aspects of modern living. It aims to shows us what it means and what resources it takes to do the things we do every day: from bathing and washing and cleaning to cooking and refrigerating, from heating to cooling, from growing and hunting food to disposing of it in garbage cans and toilets, from switching on the light to flicking on appliances.

Since the time of the Grand Tour, the Italian region of Tuscany has sustained a highly visible American and Anglo migrant community. Today American women continue to migrate there, many in order to marry Italian men. Confronted with experiences of social exclusion, unfamiliar family relations, and new cultural terrain, many women struggle to build local lives. In the first ethnographic monograph of Americans in Italy, Catherine Trundle argues that charity and philanthropy are the central means by which many American women negotiate a sense of migrant belonging in Italy. This book traces women’s daily acts of charity as they gave food to the poor, fundraised among the wealthy, monitored untrustworthy recipients, assessed the needy, and reflected on the emotional work that charity required. In exploring the often-ignored role of charitable action in migrant community formation, Trundle contributes to anthropological theories of gift giving, compassion, and reflexivity.

Today, modern technologies and the rapid circulation of information across geographic boundaries are said to be making the nation-state less relevant to daily life. In contrast, this dissertation argues that national boundary maintenance is increasingly made more relevant not in spite of such technologies, but precisely because of them. Indeed, processes of circulation are themselves making and re-making such boundaries rather than erasing them, while states simultaneously react to contain the perceived threats of globalization and to capitalize on the sale of their “cultural” commodities through nation branding.

For American otaku, or Japan fans, internet technologies and the consumption of Japanese media like videogames and anime are quintessential global flows from within which they first articulate a desire for Japan. Increasingly, some make the very real decision to leave home and settle in Japan, although scholars have suggested otaku are unable to understand the “real” Japan. Once there, however, the Japanese state’s ongoing nation branding policies, along with immigration control and patterns of everyday interactions with Japanese citizens, marginalize even long-term residents as perpetual visitors. Building on the work of Foucault, I seek to understand how notions of national “of courseness,” which fix Japaneseness as naturally homogeneous and impenetrable, subjectivize American fans.

Drawing on 12 months of full time participant observation with otaku living in Tokyo, along with 18 months of part time follow-up research, diachronic interviews with Americans in the US and Japan, and extensive textual analysis of all things “Japanese,” this work contrasts the purported deterritorializing promise of online communications and the withering of the relevance of the modern nation-state, with the national boundary making work that these otaku migrants participate in, both online and off. Once in Japan, otaku themselves actively support Japan's nation branding efforts by teaching English and producing the very cultural commodities that motivated their migration in the first place, as they increasingly codify what Japaneseness is for other “foreigners.” At the same time, otaku migrants further reproduce Japanese national identity through accepting and affirming their status as non-Japanese, and through the reinscription of these very boundaries onto other otaku.

Le phénomène croissant des migrations "Nord-Sud" à destination du Maroc soulève de nouvelles problématiques. Ces mobilités, qualifiées de lifestyle migration, traduisent la recherche d'une meilleure qualité de vie par une population privilégiée. L'objectif de ce mémoire est d'étudier les pratiques socio-spatiales de ces migrants européens venus résider dans le Grand Agadir.

Seville, Spain's fourth largest city and the capital of Andalusia, is one of the most visited cities in the country and increasingly in Europe. Tourism has traditionally been an important sector for the urban economy, but after the 2008 financial crash it has become the city's main source of income. Tourist numbers have soared over the last decade and they are likely to keep growing now that the Lonely Planet has labelled Seville the best city to visit in 2018 and Airbnb has chosen Andalusia as one of the top destinations for 2019. There has also been an increase in the number of migrants from wealthy countries over the last few years. Not surprisingly, these migrants and tourists share spatial patterns: both generally concentrate on Seville's historic district and urban centre. We argue that the rapid increase of tourism and the settlement of lifestyle migrants in this part of the city have triggered spatial processes that have delved into social injustice. Therefore, we explore whether the growth of visitor numbers has reached the extent of overtourism, because the tourist infrastructure and its activities may clash with those of local residents. We also study whether the socioeconomic profile of many of these residents has changed due to migration, which could potentially mean the beginning of a transnational gentrification process. Seville's city centre is becoming a privileged place, where the average Sevillian cannot afford to live and is increasingly not comfortable. Our argument is supported by a combination of quantitative (demographic, housing and tourism statistics) and qualitative (interviews) analyses. This case illustrates how tourism helps to reshape historic urban districts and becomes socially unsustainable, as it gradually excludes indigenous communities.

Sevilla, la cuarta ciudad de España y capital de Andalucía, es uno de los destinos más visitados del país y cada vez más de Europa. El turismo ha sido siempre un sector clave en la economía urbana, pero tras la crisis de 2008 se ha convertido en la principal fuente de ingresos. El incremento del turismo en la última década no tiene precedentes, y probablemente siga aumentando tras las designaciones de Lonely Planet como la mejor ciudad para visitar en 2018, y la de Airbnb, que ha elegido a Andalucía como uno de los destinos más apetecibles en 2019. Al mismo tiempo, los migrantes de países ricos han crecido en los últimos años. Estos comparten con los turistas un patrón espacial claro: ambos se concentran en el centro urbano e histórico de Sevilla. Se parte de que el rápido 2 aumento del turismo y la llegada de migrantes por estilo de vida en esa parte de la ciudad ha disparado procesos espaciales, profundizando en injusticias sociales. Por tanto, investigamos si el crecimiento de visitantes ha alcanzado un punto de sobreturismo en tanto que las infraestructuras y actividades turísticas compiten con aquellas de los residentes. También estudiamos si el perfil socio-económico de muchos de estos residentes ha cambiado debido a la migración, lo que podría estar provocando un proceso de gentrificación transnacional. El centro de Sevilla se está convirtiendo en un lugar privilegiado donde el sevillano medio no se puede permitir vivir y con mayor frecuencia se siente incómodo. Nuestra investigación se basa en una combinación de análisis cuantitativos (a través de estadísticas sobre demografía, turismo y vivienda) y cualitativos (mediante entrevistas). El caso evidencia cómo el turismo ayuda a reconfigurar los distritos históricos turísticos y puede convertirse en socialmente insostenible en tanto que progresivamente excluye a las comunidades locales. Palabras clave: Sobreturismo, migración por estilo de vida, sostenibilidad social, gentrificación, centro histórico, Sevilla

At the intersection of life writing and travel writing, relocation narratives form a distinct subgenre of contemporary travel memoirs concerned with the inter-subjective and intra-subjective experiences of travellers who become settlers in foreign locales. Lured by the dream of the ‘good life’ abroad, transnational writers detail their post-relocation experiences in autobiographical accounts that seek to educate and entertain global readers about what it means to accommodate to a new life in a new land. This study examines the entwined processes of identity (re)formation and place attachment represented in recent relocation trilogies set in Italy, highlighting the tension between reality and illusion in the pursuit of la dolce vita in the adopted homeland.

Focusing on Frances Mayes’s popular Tuscan texts, Annie Hawes’s Ligurian trilogy, and Tim Parks’s memoirs set in Verona, the study addresses how their accommodation over a period of long-term foreign residency is represented in multipart nonfiction accounts. Are their memoirs of ‘becoming Italian’ merely an exercise in social distinction that appropriates Italian ‘authenticity’ and packages it for global tastes? Or does dwelling in cultural difference over time lead to the development of an intercultural competence that is one aspect of an engaged form of cosmopolitanism? A close reading of the language, stylistics, and form of relocation narratives reveals a tension between colonial and cosmopolitan orientations as strategies for cultural representation.

By re-positioning themselves across geographic, conceptual, and generic boundaries, relocation writers are mapping out new possibilities for identity-making through new patterns of home-making within contemporary transnational lifestyles. Their deep immersion in place enables the production of situated readings of Italy, Italians and Italianness that avoid essentialising otherness through the recognition of dialogical subjectivities.

Tourism is considered one of the sectors that will enable the transformation of the productive matrix in Ecuador. However, the development of the tourism industry requires natural resources (land, water), energy, labor and financial capital (public and private) that are already employed by other economic sectors such as agriculture. Tourism can put them at risk. In fact, tourism participates in global processes that negatively affect peasant agriculture. This is a contradiction with other provisions of the Plan Nacional del Buen Vivir that defend peasant production model. Or with the principles of food sovereignty established by the Constitution. The article analyzes this possible discordance from a specific case: the emergence of international residential tourism in a rural canton of northern Ecuador, and its effects on the rural economy.

Reflexivity has receiveved little attention but it, along with other changes in
contemporary societies, plays an increasingly important role in the decision to
migrate. This thesis identifies various ways of operationalizing reflexivity that
can be of use not only for lifestyle migration studies but for migration research
in general.
Using highly-skilled Estonian migrants as an example, the relationship between
migration, reflexivity and class is laid out. As a theoretical lens, this work relies
heavily on reflexivity studies and, from migration studies, engages primarily
with lifestyle migration research and studies on Eastern European migration.
Relying on the Estonian Household Module Survey and interviews, four
arguments are made: 1. that there are increasing group differences within
Estonian society that influence motivation for migration; 2. that the motivation
for migration should be analyzed, in addition to class or ethnicity, from a sociopsychological
perspective to challenge the very categories formed along the
aforementioned lines; 3. that return migration research should focus more on
identity-related factors as additional motivators rather than relying on the desire
to return home as the predominant explanation; and 4. that reflexivity can be
used as an analytical tool in lifestyle migration studies, dividing reflexivity into
three practices: teleological, structural and identitarian reflexivity.

In affluent societies, an active choice of lifestyle is increasingly becoming an option. With increased possibilities for mobility, opportunities to lead a good life can be accessed across global space. However, lifestyle management is largely directed and constrained by structural frameworks, and movers have to allocate resources and experience in order to manoeuvre structures and make optimal lifestyle choices. This paper explores how residential mobility may be used as a resource to gain access to opportunities. Based on thematic analysis of in-depth interviews, this is performed by exploring the experiences of Swedish lifestyle movers in Malta, in their tailoring of mobility practices that allow them to enjoy opportunities for the good life in both countries. The research questions that have guided this study are as follows: (a) What does the good life comprise? (b) How are structural frameworks surrounding opportunities for lifestyle management perceived by movers? and (c) In what ways do movers actively tailor their mobility practices to achieve the good life? The results show that movers are highly engaged in tailoring their access to opportunities through place fixity, such as permanent residency and social integration, and through routinised and timed mobility practices.

This paper surveys the diverse motives of professional Filipino immigrant women in Melbourne, Australia. In-depth interviews of 20 women reveal that their mosaic of motives challenges the traditional notion of economic advancement framed within the household theory, or ideas of purely individualistic pursuits. Their movements were facilitated through the intersection of established families and social networks in Australia, and the possession of skills required by the immigration department, defying the mail order bride stereotype that was projected on almost all Filipino women in the 1980s. It is argued that migration provided a bridge to more liberating quality of life, enabling them either to recover their declining middle-class status in the Philippines or to explore an alternative lifestyle in the new context.

The following article develops a framework for the analysis of political participation and community involvement in destinations of lifestyle mobility. Based on central arguments of Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice, the proposed conceptual approach defends the idea that the political activation of relatively affluent and often senior citizens in lifestyle communities can be thought of as an expression of habitus dispositions that are the subject of radical reflexivity. The presented frame is proved empirically by means of an analysis of both formal and informal political participation processes at the Spanish Costa Blanca (Alicante), a regional setting with conflictive political struggles related to urban development and symbolical appropriations of place and space. Amongst others, the tactical and strategic practices of a protest movement that complains against serious misuses of the regional land use regulation by local and regional authorities will be analysed. In this regard, lifestyle mobilities do not refer exclusively to persons but also include movements of capital, objects and knowledge that are implicated in local politics and urban development.

""It has often been claimed that contemporary societies are shaped by globalization; the rapid interconnections of societies, economies, markets, flows and information potentially linking all places in the world to each other. In search for experiences, variation, escape or comfort, individuals are travelling, circulating, and migrating between places, challenging the notions of ‘home’ and ‘away’, ‘everyday’ and ‘extraordinary’. This thesis addresses the ways lifestyle-led mobilities are produced and performed, by studying the mobility trajectories and experiences of Swedes dividing their time seasonally between Sweden and Malta. It explores how movers are faced with a structural framework that both facilitates and directs their choices concerning mobility, and how they interpret and respond to these structures. It also explores the imaginaries, meanings, and feelings for place, identity, and lifestyle that the movers negotiate through their mobility practices and through the links they create and sustain in places. Thus, this thesis is situated in an evolving field of research on lifestyle mobilities. Lifestyle mobilities are here defined as those mobility practices undertaken by individuals based on their freedom of choice, of a temporal or more permanent duration, with or without any significant ‘home base(s)’, that are primarily driven by aspirations to increase ‘quality of life’, and that are primarily related to the individuals’ lifestyle values.
The thesis is based on four individual papers exploring different aspects lifestyle mobility. The aim is to understand how production and performance aspects of lifestyle mobilities are related, and how notions of identity and belonging are negotiated in relation to lifestyle mobility practices. The production aspect relates to those structures and frameworks that create, facilitate, or sometimes delimit opportunities for lifestyle mobility while the performance aspect focuses on individual agency and meaning of lifestyle mobility practices. The studies are based on in-depth interviews with Swedish movers in Malta, and focus on how structural frameworks and mediations influence the ways that movers manoeuvre, manipulate or adapt to structures and influences in order to arrange their life context to achieve ‘quality of life’. A second aim focuses on the ways that movers reflect upon their identities and belongings as they travel routinely between two (or more) significant places, and how this may influence mobility practices. It is concluded that structures and mediations are both facilitating and delimiting movers’ space of choice regarding mobility decisions. Through their agency, movers negotiate their space of choice by allocating resources and experience, accessing supportive networks and tailoring their access to entitlements. The production and performance aspects of lifestyle mobility practices are interlinked in complex ways. ""

Second homes are an important part of Finnish tradition, mobility and leisure behaviour, and a significant issue in rural planning and policy. The report aims to characterize the phenomenon of second homes in Finland from two perspectives: of their users and of local policy makers. It is structured into three sections and appendices. The first introductory section presents briefly the international context of second home research, and the existing statistical and geographic data about second homes in Finland. The next two sections each describe the results of two surveys produced as a result of the research project “HOBO Homes beyond homes: Multiple dwelling and everyday living in leisure spaces” (Academy of Finland, SA255424).
The first survey was conducted on a large random sample of the Finnish population and investigated how the Finns use second homes, specifically:
• How many Finns have access to second homes?
• How and when did they acquire their second homes?
• Where are these second homes located and what is their technical standard?
• How frequently and for what time do their users visit them?
• What are the economic and social relations of second home users with local communities?
• How do second home users perceive the quality of second homes environments and their own role in transforming it?
The second survey was sent to representatives of Finnish municipal governments and asked them about:
• The perception of the impacts of second homes on local environment and communities;
• The role of second homes in local development planning;
• Policies employed by municipal authorities to manage second homes development;
• How second home issues are addressed in planning regulations.
After concluding section, questionnaires of both surveys, as well as their full results are presented as appendices to this report. In the text, references to questions are made to locate data sources used for exact plots or figures. Question numbers are accompanied by Q to refer to the population survey and M
to the municipalities survey. Question numbers are followed by numbers of valid responses for the questions (N). Apart from the main text, information boxes are located in the body of the report that summarize and refer to more in-depth research conducted on the HOBO -project and published in Finnish and international academic publications.
The report is  published online both in Finnish and in English:

Finnish version:
https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/155089
ISBN 978-952-11-4501-8 (PDF), ISSN 1796-1726 (online)
https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/155090

Among the several types of migration, there can be identified several profiles of migrants and rationales on the base of the dislocations. In this sense, the “lifestyle flows” distinguish for being volunteer dislocations, normally associated to a group of individuals of retirement age, having good monetary dividends, as well as a high level of education and seeking other country to live based on a hedonistic life philosophy that defends that the quality of life is life is associated to geographic factors like the climate, landscape and cultural dynamic of the local communities, among other aspects. This generalized definition is in consonance with the Mediterranean migration flows, namely of the Northern Europeans moving, for example to countries like Spain, Greece, Italy, Malta, Turkey, or Croatia.
In the Portuguese case it has been intensified, yet in relative form, the presence of these retired or at the end of their careers foreigners, who face the low density rural areas, scarred by depopulation, as locations with high life quality. The rural idyll based on a ruralophiliac perspective of the territory, has transformed these immigrants into permanent residents, inhabiting regions with a strong repulsive character whether for the autochthones, whether for the traditional working immigrants. Bearing in mind the approach of the Portuguese perspective, in consonance with other experiences, in particular in Southern Europe, one question can be posed: are these lifestyle migrants the future of these depopulated areas?
This communication intends, in an initial theoretical approach, to discuss the meaning of “lifestyle migrants/migrations”, as well as questions related to its epistemological nature and conceptual aspects. Case studies at an international scale will be subsequently analysed, with special focus on the Mediterranean, aiming to understand where, how and why certain lifestyle migrant communities settled, having into account the similarities and differences among distinct geographic points. It will be presented the particular case of Portugal and, in the end, it will be debated the main conclusions about the importance of these migrants to the demographic, economic, social and environmental revitalization of the low density regions in the Mediterranean context.

El turismo residencial genera cambios rápidos en la estructura social y económica local. Entre otras cosas, impulsa una concepción de la tierra en el que predomina su valor de cambio sobre su valor de uso. En zonas rurales, muchas veces estos cambios comportan la marginación de las actividades económicas tradicionales como la agricultura o la pesca artesanal, y la desestructuración de las sociedades campesinas. El artículo analiza los mecanismos que convierten al turismo residencial en un vector que favorece fenómenos globales como la acumulación por desposesión en detrimento del mundo rural.

El turismo residencial genera cambios rápidos en la estructura social y económica local. En zonas rurales, muchas veces estos cambios suelen pasar por la marginación de las actividades económicas primarias tradicionales como la agricultura campesina. A través del estudio del desarrollo del turismo resi-dencial internacional en dos localidades rurales de los Andes ecuatorianos, Vilcabamba (provincia de Loja) y Cotacachi (provincia de Imbabura), el presente artículo analiza los mecanismos que explican este proceso. Concretamente, el texto muestra como el turismo residencial pone en riesgo los mecanismos de reproducción campesina y favorece la descampesinización del territorio.

Abstract: Residential tourism generates fast changes in the local social and economic structure. In rural areas, these changes cause many times the marginalization of traditional primary economic activities such as peasant agriculture. Through the study of the development of residential tourism in two rural communities of the Ecuadorian Andes, Vilcabamba (Loja Province) and Cotacachi (Imbabura), this article examines the mechanisms underlying this process. Specifically, the text shows how the residential tourism threatens the peasant mechanisms reproduction and promotes depeasantization of the territory.

The current book is part of a framework for reflection on social changes derived from the migratory movements in Spain. It is not focussed on the whole picture of immigration collectives but rather, on those retirees that move from the centre and north of Europe. Particularly, with regards to the manifestation of this social phenomenon in the south of Alicante (Costa Blanca) by British citizens. Central to this analysis is the interaction between migration, health and ageing. From a wider anthropological approach and, at the same time, situational, we endeavour to demonstrate a more complex and comprehensive analysis of these movements, the migrants and the relationship with the destination society. At the same time, links of meaning and possible connections between explanatory frameworks are identified.
European citizens of diverse sociodemographic and motivational profiles locate themselves in particular enclaves in the sun once they retire. This flow has been part of the Spanish migration map for four decades. Its impact on the borough where it locates is significant but usually it is not regarded as “immigration”. The social image of Europeans, usually identified as tourists and agents of economic activity, has remained in a social and political limbo. This condition has facilitated evasion of typical media debates that the non- member immigration incites and also excludes it from the institutional concerns regarding distribution of resources.
The socio-health field is especially sensitive to this phenomenon, as it is where the main demands demonstrate cultural logics regarding how and where to age, the role of the family and the State responsibility towards the sphere of “care”. This health scenario and the European retirees own experiences will highlight the crossed categorization of these social phenomena, the selective application of the cultural concept, the identity process generated under the new global conditions of mobility, the new social and assistance maps, the cross-cultural polysemy of health and illness concepts, the social transformations in ageing experiences, and the differences in representation models and “care” practices.

Le Maroc a longtemps été considéré comme un foyer émetteur de flux migra-toires avant de devenir un pays récepteur et un lieu de croisement de flux venus du Nord et du Sud [de Haas, 2013]. Il s'agit en fait de migrations récentes qui concernent à la fois des populations originaires des pays africains situés au Sud du Sahara et des populations issues des pays occidentaux et du Moyen-Orient. Mais si les migrants subsahariens sont contraints de se fixer au Maroc après l'échec de leur projet migratoire vers l'Europe, les Occidentaux, en revanche, s'y installent avec le projet de vivre une expérience selon des représentations qu'ils se font des lieux choisis [Berriane et al., 2013]. Nous nous trouvons de ce fait devant une double situation : la première renvoie à la discontinuité produite dans un champ migratoire traditionnel, alors que la seconde est en rapport avec l'émergence de nouveaux flux qui viennent s'inscrire dans ce même champ migratoire. À travers l'analyse des flux migratoires des Européens vers Fès, observés par-ticulièrement à une échelle microlocale, celle des quartiers les plus symboliques de la ville, sa médina classée « Patrimoine mondial de l'humanité », l'objectif de cette contribution est d'analyser le sens que prend cette forme nouvelle de circulation migratoire du nord vers le sud et le contexte transitionnel dans lequel elle s'inscrit [de Haas, 2010, 2013]. Généralement choisie et vécue comme moyen de repartir sur de nouvelles bases pour construire un nouveau projet de vie au Sud, ou manière d'être entre l'ici et là-bas, cette migration des Européens – conjuguée à celles de plusieurs autres nationalités occidentales et africaines – a ouvert le paysage social et territorial de la ville sur une requalification matérielle et sym-bolique, donnant lieu à de nouvelles situations urbaines. L'étude du cas de Fès, métropole régionale millénaire, permet de construire une réflexion autour de ces mutations du champ migratoire sur la rive Sud médi-terranéenne, en raison de son histoire urbaine et de ses dynamiques actuelles. Dans * Géographe, université Mohammed V, Rabat et IRD, laboratoire mixte international MediTer « Ter-roirs Méditerranéens : environnement, patrimoine et développement ». ** Géographe, université Mohammed V, Rabat.

International residential tourism is a recent phenomenon in the Andean area. However, in places where it has been established, rapid changes in social and economic structures have occurred. The Municipality of Cotacachi (Northern Ecuador) is paradigmatic. Having become a destination for American retirees, residential tourism has generated a sharp increase in the price of rural land and has decelerated a land market that once allowed young farmers to continue agricultural activities. Residential tourism has promoted land exchange value while sacrificing use value, threatening peasant reproduction mechanisms.

This paper looks at the concern North Americans express about the impact their relatively higher incomes are having on lower income workers in Cuenca, Ecuador. North Americans who retire to Cuenca often perceive their impact to be minimal or benign, yet a large amount of discussion within the community of “expat” migrants is about different ways North Americans are affecting the local economy, and how to minimise these impacts. Of particular concern is the racialised price system that migrants perceive to be in effect. North Americans racialise their economic impact, seeing “gringo pricing”, rather than their higher incomes, as a threat to the receiving community. Participants evoked moral codes to discuss price levels, and sought to diminish their impact – not merely out of concern for Ecuadorians who might be displaced by higher prices, but out of a sense of ruining the authenticity of Cuenca, a UNESCO World Heritage site.

The popularization of lifestyle migration epitomizes the individualization of contemporary lives, and the centrality of travel and spatial relocation in people's aspirational or real life projects. This paper examines the processes of sociolinguistic relocation of " lifestylers " in the polylingual city of Barcelona through the lens of their embracing or rejection of Catalan, the non-state, local co-official language. It aims to decipher to what extent these individuals see Catalan as relevant to their transnational life experiences, and how this relevance is embedded in their relational-emotional experiences and evolving sense of self. This paper, which examines two life stories gathered through ethnographic interviewing, is framed within biographical-experiential approaches to the multilingual repertoire (Busch 2012; 2015). The analysis shows that by assembling different narrative bits and by examining in detail the small stories informants tell to ground their accounts, a complex picture of language (dis)appropriation emerges. It argues that national identity rhetoric is a discursive strategy deployed by narrators to partly make sense and partly rationalize what is a complex bundle of identity (re)constitution reasons, emotional stances and interpersonal power dynamics. The paper concludes by arguing that presences or absences in people's repertoire are embodied struggles for personal coherence.