Marathon

The objective of this work was to validate the Marathon Motivation Scale (MOMS) for its application in the Chilean context. The study used a non-experimental, descriptive and transversal design. The sample was non-probability and intentional and was composed of 250 subjects (143 male and 104 female) runners who participated in the International Marathon of Viña del Mar with an average age of 29.8 (TD=10.1) years. For the analysis of the data, an exploratory factorial analysis was carried out with free parameters, another one with seven factors fixed to the theoretical dimensions and a confirmatory factorial analysis with the items corresponding to the MOMS model. The validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the MOMS was checked in Chilean corridors. The original factorial model of 34 indicators grouped in seven factors did not present a good fit in the indicators of the exploratory factorial analysis. For this reason, seven indicators were eliminated that allowed a valid and reliable scale to be obtained to measure the reasons why Chilean runners participate in endurance races. The final model consists of 27 indicators distributed over the seven factors proposed by Ruiz and Zarauz (2011) in the Spanish version of the MOMS. Keywords: Motivation scale; Marathoners; Chilean validation.

The battle of Marathon marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece (492-490 BC). It was a remarkable achievement of the 10,000 Athenians and 1,000 Plataeans, who without cavalry and archmen defeated the Persians who were 20,000 - 25,000 strong and had both cavalry and archmen. The democratic system of the polis of Athens played a key role, as well as the military genious of Miltiades, the leading general of the Athenians.

The purpose of the study was to examine the motivations to participate in a half-marathon among women-local runners and sport-tourists-and also to evaluate the differences between these two groups of respondents. Most of the research concerns motivation to run among men. With the increase in the popularity of mass running events, the question what encourages women to engage in physical activity, especially outside their everyday place of residence, becomes very important now. The sample comprised 214 women that participated in the 6th Poznan Half Marathon in Poland. To evaluate the motivation to participate in the half-marathon event, a self-constructed questionnaire was used. Results indicated that local runners and sport-tourists have similar forms of motivation and similar meanings to the event participation with some significance differences. A socio-demographic profile of a half-marathon female participant was also examined. In general, the findings of the present study provide an understanding of motivation to participate in a half-marathon event in different women groups. Current research on the motivation of the running event participants was aimed at determining how meaningful some aspects are. These aspects were not only a willingness to stay fit, healthy, and slim, but also to build social relationships and look for the experiences and emotions that come with recreational sport. These results might be useful for sport managers and city government to analyze consumer behavior and utilize the results in the strategic planning, marketing and implementation of physical culture in connection with massive sport events organizations.

"Εργαστήριο Αρχαιολόγιας Ι. Το Ηρώδειο Συγκρότημα του Ιερού των Αιγυπτίων Θεών (2ος αι. μ.Χ.) στο Μικρό Έλος του Μαραθώνα: Ένας επισκέψιμος αρχαιολογικός χώρος υπό έρευνα και ανάδειξη. Ομιλία προβολής στο πλαίσιο κοινωνικής συνεργασίας και δράση προσφοράς στον αρχαιολογικό χώρο."

Ultramarathons are very popular among active citizens in Bulgaria, and this
popularity cannot be understood as just fashion. I believe that there is a deeper social
cause behind this phenomenon, namely the presence of a subculture. The present
study aims to describe the significance of this subculture, and how it is functioning in
Bulgaria in the XXI century. Of particular interest is the way in which the subculture
occurs, the values and worldviews of the participants as well as their class belonging.
This subculture is a micromodel in which we can see more clearly social changes
and attitudes in the dominant culture. I have paid special attention to gender relations
within the group, with the idea of finding out whether it exhibits the same sexists
attitudes toward women that are observed in the dominant culture of contemporary
Bulgaria.
Key words: Philosophy of Sport, Gender, female sport, ethnology, subculture,
long-distance running, sport

Section I of this paper briefly presents the new Erechtheid monument, with particular attention to the epigram. Section II attempts to place the monument in its original archaeological, literary and historical context. Part A offers a summary review of what is known of other early fifth century Athenian monuments to the city’s war-dead. Part B considers other epigrams associated by ancient sources or in the archaeological record with Marathon, and especially the fragmentary poems on IG I3 503/504 (the city cenotaph). Part C considers the larger question of the Athenian presentation of the battle, both immediately after it took place and in the wake of the invasion of 480–479 BCE, and attempts to place potential readings of the Erechtheid epigram in that context. Finally, Section III asks what recalling Marathon through the epigram may have meant to Herodes Atticus and his peers. The conclusions that emerge have as much to do with the fragility and contingency of the interrelated processes of reading and remembering as they do with the Battle of Marathon itself.

Zusammenfassender Beitrag zum Beitrag der archäologischen Funde zum Verständnis der Schlacht von Maratohon 490 v. Chr. und ihrer Rezeptionsgeschichte. Behandelt werden u.a. die Grabhügel der Gefallenen, der Helm des Miltiades, die Tropaia sowie die statuarischen Siegesdenkmäler.

The Treasury of Athens at Delphi has traditionally been viewed as encapsulating the messages that the newly-democratic Athenian state wished to portray in the wake of the victory over the Persians at Marathon.  Hitherto examinations have sought to understand the building by applying a dualist dynamic to the motives that led to its construction: Athens v Persia, War v Peace, Aristocracy v Democracy etc.  This essay seeks a new appraisal of the evidence to develop an alternative set of ideas around why the building was created, and how the complex interplay of people, clans, philosophies and ideas brought to light a building that not only sought to reflect these complexities, but also to shape them; both product and shaper of the politico-religious life of early-fifth-century Greece.

An overview of the excavations up to 2004, including a report of an investigation of the original (pre-Marinatos) stratigraphy.  Sections on chronology and on an interpretation of the necropolis' evolution to formalism in relation to its spatial organisation.  The significance of the Tsepi cemetry in understanding the mid-3rd millenium so-called 'early urbanisation', is assessed.

Have you ever questioned your “limits?” Maybe it was doing something athletic, or perhaps in your work or even personal life. I think no matter who you are, where you are, or what you do, pushing up against some type of limit is part of what makes a human a human. Some limits may be external or situational. But what about those that we self-impose? What about those we learned or believe to be true—but what if they were not?

Well then enter Alex Hutchinson, PhD, and his work, experience and latest book, the New York Times best seller, ENDURE: Mind, Body, and the Curiously Elastic Limits of Human Performance. Rich Roll said, “Alex’s examination of limits is not restricted to physical performance. Defined broadly as ‘the struggle to continue against a mounting desire to stop,’ Alex suggests that endurance is best understood as surprisingly universal, applicable to essentially every challenge we face, be it athletic, academic, professional or emotional.” Hear, hear!

In this episode we explore both the physical and the psychological components of human performance and endurance—what are the ingredients that lead to breaking a record versus throwing in the towel? 

We do go wide into the worlds of endurance athletes, and we do go way deep into running, but I suspect what you’ll learn in this episode will transcend any particular category.

Alex was also a two-time finalist in the 1500, at the Canadian Olympic trials, and has represented Canada internationally in track, cross-country, road racing, and mountain running competitions. Alex lives his life to the fullest, and does so with a curious mind and scientific eye that benefits us all.

We pray because we believe the Creator of the Universe can not only hear us but that He will answer us when we pray. This means that prayer is a form of spiritual communication with a superior transcendent reasoning power who responds often without human language. It was the regular practice of Jesus to engage in this form of communication with his heavenly Father. But He Himself would often slip away to the wilderness and pray. (Luke 5:16) And early in the morning, while it was still dark, He arose and went out and departed to a lonely place, and was praying there. (Mark 1:35) And immediately He made His disciples get into the boat and go ahead of Him to the other side to Bethsaida, while He Himself was sending the multitude away. And after bidding them farewell, he departed to the mountain to pray. (Mark 6:45-46) And they came to a place called Gethsemane; and He said to His disciples, "Sit here until I have prayed." And He took with Him Peter and James and John, and began to be very distressed and troubled. And He said to them, "My soul is deeply grieved to the point of death; remain here and keep watch." And He went a little beyond them, and fell to the ground, and began praying. (Mark 14:32-34) And when day came, He departed to a lonely place; and the multitudes were searching for Him, and came to Him, and tried to keep Him from going away from them.

Homer, Marathon and the spacious streets of Athens (Odyssey VII, 78-81).

In commenting the celebrated passage of the Odyssey (VII 78-81) that describes the visit of the goddess Athena to the “well-built house of Erechtheus” on the Acropolis of Athens, scholars have focused on isolated features, such as the hapax legomenon name of the city in the singular accusative, or the attribute euryagyia. Other elements have been overlooked, such as the seemingly inconsistent route of the goddess from Scheria to Athens and the obscure mention of Marathon. This
paper reappraises these elements to put forward a new interpretation of the passage. Rather than hinting at a Late Bronze Age origin, the unparalleled form of the city-name was necessary for metrical reasons, as it was modified by an attribute
exclusively recurring in the singular to realize the fifth dactyl of the hexameter. The adjective euryagyia is used to equate Athens to both Mycenae and Troy in urban splendor and political importance. The reference to Marathon seems to imply that the goddess landed on the northeast coast of Attica, as if she were coming from Euboea or some other North Aegean island. This is entirely inconsistent with all the ancient traditions, which located the mythical island of Scheria at the westernmost limits of the world, but seems to hint at Peisistratus’ march in 547/6 BC, which started from Marathon and led to his victory in the battle of Pallene. The author argues that Marathon is mentioned in this passage to acknowledge its connection with Peisistratus, and that the goddess Athena is accordingly represented as retracing Peisistratus’ route. This suggests that the passage is an interpolation of the late 6th century BC.

The recovery sleep of a 21-year-old normal woman was assessed after she had endured 11(1/2) days of sleep restriction in a world record-setting film-viewing marathon. An exceptional sleep debt was observed as indicated by an instanteous sleep onset, a high sleep efficiency, and a total sleep duration of over 20 hours. Other striking features of this recovery sleep were very short latencies to stages 3 and 4 sleep, return of Stage 4 sleep after 14.5 h, REM and SWS sleep rebound, and a linear increase in REM sleep efficiency across 14 consecutive REM-NREM episodes. Seven of nine home dreams reported after this recording contained competition themes, but none relating to the marathon films. Comparisons of the present results with those from subjects in previous record-setting events suggest possible explanations for the extremely long recovery sleep. Results also suggest that analyses of multiple consecutive sleep cycles may provide novel ways of assessing hypotheses about regulation of the REM-NREM cycle.

In describing the Athenian agora, Pausanias mentions, around the hieron of Ares, a series of statues, three of which scholars have never written about: Heracles, Theseus and Apollo anadoumenos tainia ten komen. This paper focuses on these sculptures and proposes their comparison with a well-known Athenian relief, today exhibited in the Barracco Museum in Rome. This comparison has also inspired the identification of two of the three statues: Heracles, recognized in the original of the so-called Dionysus Philadelphia, and Apollo, identified with the Diadumenos of Polykleitos, or a very similar statue.

Die Schlacht zwischen den Athenern und dem persischen Invasionsheer im September 490 v. Chr. bei Marathon gehört zu den bekanntesten militärischen Ereignissen der Weltgeschichte. Sie gilt als einer der sogenannten Wendepunkte der Geschichte. In einem kritischen Überblick zur historiographischen Überlieferung der Schlacht werden Fragen diskutiert zur Lage des Schlachtfeldes, zum Ablauf der Schlacht, zur Schilderung des Sterbens auf dem Schlachtfeld, zur Hierarchisierung der Gefallenen sowie zur propagandistischen Gegenüberstellung der Gefallenenzahl auf Sieger- und Verliererseite Im Zentrum des Beitrages steht die Analyse der archäologischen Befunde.

Στο πλαίσιο της πανελλαδικής δράσης «Περιβάλλον και Πολιτισμός 2016 - Παντέχνου πυρός σέλας – Λαμπερές ιστορίες φωτιάς» της Γενικής Διεύθυνσης Αρχαιοτήτων και Πολιτιστικής Κληρονομιάς του Υπουργείου Πολιτισμού και Αθλητισμού, η Εφορεία Αρχαιοτήτων Ανατολικής Αττικής στο Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Μαραθώνα πραγματοποίησε σειρά εκδηλώσεων υπό τον τίτλο «Οι λύχνοι της Ίσιδας», με δράσεις εκπαιδευτικού περιεχομένου που σχεδιάστηκαν για μαθητές της πρωτοβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης και ειδική θεματική ξενάγηση για οικογένειες και ενήλικες. Με κύριο στόχο την ανάδειξη του πολιτιστικού αποθέματος της περιοχής παρουσιάστηκε, για πρώτη φορά στο ευρύ κοινό, μια ιδιαίτερη ομάδα "αθέατων" ευρημάτων που φυλάσσονται στις αποθήκες του μουσείου. Πρόκειται για πήλινους λύχνους ιδιαίτερα μεγάλου μεγέθους που κατασκευάστηκαν σε μήτρα πιθανότατα από κορινθιακά εργαστήρια και φέρουν στο δίσκο ανάγλυφες παραστάσεις προτομών Ίσιδος και Σαράπιδος. Οι λύχνοι αποτέλεσαν λατρευτικά αφιερώματα στο ιερό του Κανώβου που ιδρύθηκε περί τα μέσα του 2ου αι. μ.Χ. στο Μικρό Έλος του Μαραθώνα από τον σοφιστή και ισχυρό άνδρα της εποχής, Ηρώδη Αττικό.

Introduction: Mass gatherings (MGs) often bring together professionals and organizations that collaborate irregularly or have never engaged in joint working. They involve interaction and communication among multiple and diverse services, which can often prove challenging. Planning such an event is of paramount importance for its success, and interorganizational communication ranks among its most important aspects. Nonetheless, there is limited empirical evidence to support interagency communication in MGs. Objective: This study used the 2017 Athens Marathon (Athens, Greece) as the empirical setting to examine how interorganizational communication was perceived among the multiple public health and safety professionals during the planning and implementation phase of the event. Methods: Data comprised 15 semi-structured in-depth interviews with key informants, direct observations of meetings and the event itself, and documentary analysis. Open coding and thematic analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: Findings indicated three key components of interorganizational communication in such an event: (1) shared situational awareness; (2) interorganizational understanding; and (3) implementing liaison officers. Conclusion: This study outlined the factors that influenced interorganizational communication before and during a MG. Practical implications arising from this study may inform the way organizers of marathons and other mass sporting events can engage in effective interorganizational communication. Bistaraki A, Georgiadis K. Interorganizational communication at mass gatherings: professionals' perceptions during the planning and implementation stage of marathon events.

The sub-2-hour marathon is a new barrier in endurance running performance, and it has been widely debated in the scientific community. In this review we present a mathematical model to estimate the possible year when a male could break through the sub-2-hour barrier, and also an estimation of when a female could break Paula Radcliffe's marathon running record. Further, we present several aspects (ie, physiology, nationality, age, biomechanics, pacing, and drafting) that are associated with marathon running performance in elite runners and, finally, the possible characteristics of the male to break the sub-2-hour barrier. In summary, with the results of the developed equations, it is possible that a male athlete can break through the sub-2-hour barrier in the next decade (with Nike ® Breaking2 performance 1920-2018 [NBP]: y =0.0417x 2-14.18x +3,128; year of 2026; without NBP 1920-2018: y =0.045x 2-15.12x +3,194; year of 2027). This marathoner will possibly have a maximal oxygen uptake >85 mL•kg-1 •min-1 and should perform the race at a pacing higher than 85% of maximal oxygen uptake. In addition, this runner should pay more attention to strength training, endurance strength, speed training, and focus on running training at an intensity above the anaerobic threshold. Most likely, this runner originates from East Africa (especially from Ethiopia) and will have an age of ~27 years. For the females, there is poor evidence regarding the physiological profile of the female marathoner who will break Radcliffe's record, but the available literature suggests that it will not happen any time soon.

«...τί δὲ ὑμῖν διενήνοχεν, εἰ ἐγὼ τοῖς ἐμοῖς ἐμπαίζω λιθαρίοις;»
Τα αναθήματα των ερμαϊκών στηλών του Ηρώδη Αττικού από τον Μαραθώνα
(β' μισό 2ου αι. μ.Χ.). Παρουσίαση και ερμηνευτικές προσεγγίσεις.


Πέλλη Φωτιάδη, αρχαιολόγος - υποψήφια διδάκτωρ Κλασικής Αρχαιολογίας, ΕΚΠΑ
pelly_fotiadi@yahoo.com

1ο ΠΑΝΕΛΛΗΝΙΟ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟ ΜΕΤΑΠΤΥΧΙΑΚΩΝ ΦΟΙΤΗΤΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΥΠΟΨ. ΔΙΔΑΚΤΟΡΩΝ ΑΡΧΑΙΑΣ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΚΛΑΣΙΚΗΣ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ «ΠΟΛΕΜΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΡΗΝΗ ΣΤΗΝ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΤΗΤΑ», Αθήνα, 6-7 Νοεμβρίου 2017, Αμφιθέατρο Ιωάννης Δρακόπουλος, Ε.Κ.Π.Α.


ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ

Ο Ηρώδης Αττικός από τον Μαραθώνα (101/3 - 177/9 μ.Χ.) είναι μία από τις επιφανέστερες προσωπικότητες του δημόσιου βίου του 2ου αι. μ.Χ. Η πολυσχιδής δράση του στην πολιτική, κοινωνική, πνευματική και θρησκευτική ζωή της εποχής του συνδέεται με αναρίθμητα και πλούσια αρχαιολογικά τεκμήρια. Ιδιαίτερη βαρύτητα για τη μελέτη του ιδιωτικού αλλά και του δημόσιου βίου του έχουν τα ευρήματα του Μαραθώνα, τόπου καταγωγής, γέννησης και αγαπημένου καταφυγίου του έως τον θάνατό του.
Ιδιάζουσα αποτελεί η συνήθεια του Ηρώδη της ανάθεσης πολυάριθμων αναμνηστικών γλυπτών εικόνων των μαθητών και τροφίμων του, κυρίως επάνω σε ερμαϊκές στήλες. Για να διασφαλίσει τη μνήμη τους και σε δήλωση του πένθους του για τον πρόωρο θάνατό τους, πιθανώς από επιδημία πανώλης στα μέσα της δεκαετίας του 160 μ.Χ., ανάθεσε γλυπτά των μορφών τους στην ύπαιθρο, σε σταυροδρόμια αλλά και σε απομακρυσμένες θέσεις, μέσα σε δάση, σε αγρούς ή δίπλα σε πηγές και σε λουτρά. Για να προστατέψει τα αφιερώματά του συνέγραψε κατάρες για όποιον τολμούσε να προξενήσει ζημία ή αλλοίωσή τους και ευχές για όποιον απέδιδε τις δέουσες τιμές. Η συνήθειά του αυτή έφθασε, μάλιστα, σε τέτοιο βαθμό υπερβολής ώστε ο ίδιος να αποτελέσει τον στόχο καυστικών σχολίων και εμπαιγμού, όχι μόνον μεταξύ των Αθηναίων, αλλά και εξεχουσών προσωπικοτήτων της αυτοκρατορικής πολιτικής σφαίρας, όπως οι Κυντίλιοι, έκτακτοι διοικητές της Ελλάδος για το διάστημα 171-175 μ.Χ. (Φιλόστρατος, VS 2.559).
Από τον Μαραθώνα προέρχονται έως τώρα περί τις είκοσι αποσπασματικά σωζόμενες ερμαϊκές στήλες των τροφίμων του Ηρώδη (του Πολυδευκίωνα, του Αχιλλέα και του Μέμνονα). Οι στήλες έχουν βρεθεί διάσπαρτες σε ευρύτατη περιοχή: στη Μακαρία Πηγή και στον Ι.Ν. Αγίου Αθανασίου στο Κάτω Σούλι, στο Μπέη, στο Πλάσι, στο Σκόρπιο Ποτάμι, στο Καζάνι δυτικά του όρους Κοτρώνι, στην Οινόη, στον Βαρνάβα, ακόμη και στο μακρυνό Πολυδένδρι (Μάσι).
Στην παρούσα ανακοίνωση θα γίνει παρουσίαση του συνόλου των σχετιζόμενων ευρημάτων που έχουν εντοπισθεί έως τώρα και ερμηνευτικές προσεγγίσεις των αναθημάτων αυτών σύμφωνα με νεότερα δεδομένα της έρευνας.

The timing of hosting sport tourism events during tourism high season can socially impact the quality of life of the residents living within the host community. Therefore, in order to successfully assess the impact of these types of events on the social well-being of residents, the perceptions of those who reside in close proximity to the event should be taken into consideration. Social impact assessments of sport tourism events, though seemingly important, are often avoided by scholars who give precedence to the perceived economic benefits of hosting a tourism sporting event. Avoidance in measuring the social impact stems from the limited credibility that this type of assessment is believed to have, as the perceptions of residents can change over time. Regardless of this, the manner in which local residents view a particular event is critical to its long-term success. From a social sciences perspective, this paper examines the impacts of hosting a sport event in tourism high season...