Media systems

Introduction
The twentieth century history of political journalism in Denmark is typically told as a story of a gradual transformation of a partisan press both personally and organizationally closely intertwined with the major political parties into relatively impartial news media central to most political processes but relatively independent of both political and economic pressures. In this chapter, I will argue that Danish political journalism from the late 1990s onwards has begun to move beyond the late-twentieth century independent news media towards a situation increasingly defined by a new and intensified competition for audiences, for advertising, and for privileged access to the authoritative sources that can generate journalistic scoops. With a term taken from institutional theory, we might think of this historical development as a change in the Danish “news regime” (defined as a relatively stable set of rules and resources for the production of news (Ryfe, 2006)).

Due to the rapidly changing norms and constant developments in technology, media and communication educators and practitioners are expected to (re)evaluate the functioning of ethics and reasoning in this field. This chapter discusses the relationship between ethics, reasoning, and the media, and the
integral role of ethical reasoning education for communication and media professionals. Ethical systems and theories are discussed to inform the debate on the importance of ethics and reasoning education. Globalization and the growing interconnectivity of global media systems are presented, providing insight on how different media systems function around the world. The large impact that the media have on
society necessitates the possession of rational and ethical skills; thus, the connection between reasoning and ethics is explained.

The Spanish media system is in a century-old transition which is conditioned by the political, social, and economic elements of that country. The socio-political history of Spain is characterized by political conflicts and struggles for power within the country itself, which have, on several occasions, led the country to state instability and a complete change in the form of government. Such circumstances influenced the development of all Spanish institutions, and thus the media system. The aim of this review is to present the chronological overview of the historical development of the Spanish media system, while looking at its causal relationship with other social actors, predominantly political systems, in the historical and social context of Spain. What distinguishes the Spanish media system from other European countries is the recent freedom of the media, and the question arises as to what extent they are today free from state control and whose interests they serve. Namely, as in the rest of Europe, the first media in Spain emerged as a tool of the aristocracy, intended to serve the interests of the rulers; followed by the dictatorial regime of Francisco Franco during whose rule the media system was also supervised and controlled. With Franco's death, Spain took over the democratic system in 1976, but as the aristocracy continues to participate in the running of the state, Spain is defined as a constitutional monarchy. Under these political circumstances, legislative reforms are taking place that has contributed to the development of media freedom, the increase of the media market, and the diversity of media content. Despite the shift towards democratic-liberal values, the Spanish media system remains subject to several challenges in the modern age as some habits from previous political systems are still present and the question is when and whether they will be eradicated.

"A médiapolitika határterület. Nyilvánvaló és szoros kapcsolódásokkal rendelkezik a médiaelmélet, a médiaszociológia, a médiajog, a médiagazdaságtan, sôt a médiatörténet irányába. Olyan alkalmazott médiatudományi diszciplínaként írható le, amely a médiatudomány más területein – illetve más társadalomtudományokban – elért eredményeket összegzi annak érdekében, hogy támpontokat adjon a médiarendszer szerkezetét és mûködését alakító célkitûzések és eszközök meghatározásához, illetve érvényesítéséhez. A médiapolitika ugyanakkor jóval korábban létezett politikai gyakorlatként, mint tudományos diszciplínaként, és tudományos diszciplínaként is elsôsorban a médiapolitikai gyakorlat megalapozását és értékelését szolgálhatja. A médiapolitika mibenlétét, céljait, eszközeit a tömegkommunikáció elméletével, illetve a média szabályozásával foglalkozó mûvek nagy része vizsgálja. E mûvek azonban általában megelégszenek egy-egy rövid áttekintéssel, fogalommeghatározással, problémafelvetéssel. Egyelőre a médiapolitikának mint médiakutatási területnek nincs „nagy klasszikusa”, mindenki által hivatkozott alapmûve. Az azonban nem véletlen, hogy az itt közzétett mûvek közül négynek szerzôje, illetve társszerzôje Denis McQuail, akinek a munkái a tömegkommunikáció kutatásának minden területén megkerülhetetlenek. A tanulmányok egy további, nagyobb része – Patrik Donges, Manuel Puppis, Otfried Jaren írásai, illetve az általuk szerkesztett kötetekbôl válogatott tanulmányok – a zürichi egyetem kommunikációtudományi és médiakutatási intézetéhez (Institut für Publizistikwissenschaft und Medienforschung der Universität Zürich, IPMZ) kötődik."

This paper offers an overview of Bulgaria’s media landscape, putting it into its demographic, economic and political context. It gives a basic overview of the country’s media structure, including details on media markets; media regulation and regulatory authorities; and journalism culture. The aim is to present this information in such a way as to facilitate comparison across the ten nations studied by the project. The findings are based on secondary academic sources and a series of elite interviews conducted in Sofia in September 2010. The report was last updated in August 2011.

Criticizing
Four  Theories  of  the  Press  (1956)  as
normative  theories,  scholars  Daniel  C.
Hallin  and  Paolo  Mancini  anticipated  the
first empirical analysis of press models, in
their  book,  Comparing  Media  Systems
(2004).  There,  they  attempt  to  describe
what actually exists rather than what might
or  should  exist. In  2012,  Hallin  and  Mancini
published  another  combine  edited  book
Comparing  Media  Systems  beyond  the
Western  World,  where  prominent  media
researchers  from  the  globe  shared  the
difficulties  while  applying  these  three
models  into  the  non-Western  countries.
Some  researchers  found  the  models  are
challenging to apply it into  the non-Western
world. Some critics are of the opinion that
the  four  dimensions  as  framework  of
analysis cannot embrace all media aspects,
whereas  other  see  fault  in  research
methodologies.  Questions  regarding  the
model’s applicability during the changes in
political  systems,  transitional  period,  new
media and transnational media markets are
also  aroused  vibrantly.  But  most  of  these
queries remain unanswered  even  in Hallin
and Mancini’s second book. But meantime
some media practitioners admire Hallin and
Mancini’s work which seems  a bit close to
press  freedom and  professionalism. In this
piece of writing I have attempted to find the
fault and fort of Hallin and Mancini’s three
models of media.

منذ أن كتب جيل الرواد عن المدرسة الاشتراكية في الإعلام لم تصدر دور النشر العربية شيئا عن إعلام ما بعد زلزال انهيار الاتحاد السوفيتي السابق، وقد تعرض الإعلام الروسي في ربع القرن الأخير لانقلابات عدة على صعيد الملكية والحرية وسياسات التحرير وكذا على صعيد طبيعة جمهوره وصحفييه، ويحاول هذا الكتاب أن يقدم صورة بانورامية عن الإعلام الروسي، خاصة علاقته بالسلطة السياسية ورجال الأعمال، في الفترة التي سيطر فيها بوتين على مقدرات الأمة الروسية.

Televízia ako médium sa už od svojich začiatkov tešila pomerne
vysokej pozornosti verejnosti. Aj keď ju spočiatku vnímala
rozpačito, vďaka rapídnemu pokroku televíznej technológie
rýchlo rozpoznala jej potenciál. Od 50. rokov 20. storočia sa z nej
– v krajinách západnej Európy a v Spojených štátoch amerických,
teda tam, kde sa v najväčšej miere televízny výskum realizoval –
stalo masové médium. Aj keď vývoj televízie prebiehal paralelne
v rôznych krajinách, boli to práve Veľká Británia a USA, ktoré ako
prvé začali s pravidelným televíznym vysielaním. Pochopiteľne,
v jednotlivých štátoch sa televízne odvetvie vyvíjalo rozdielne, a to
predovšetkým v závislosti od spoločensko-politických, ekonomických,
geografi ckých a sociokultúrnych faktorov. Kým na starom
kontinente položila verejná British Broadcasting Corporation
(od 1. januára 1927) základy vysielacieho modelu, ktorý postupne
inkorporovala väčšina európskych krajín, v Spojených štátoch
amerických sa rozhlas a televízia rozvíjali na komerčnom princípe.
Na mediálnej scéne sa tu televízia verejnej služby objavila
až po tom, ako Kongres v roku 1967 prijal Zákon o verejnom
vysielaní, ktorý ustanovil Korporáciu pre verejné vysielanie, aby
podporil neziskových lokálnych vysielateľov. Public Broadcasting
Service ako celoštátna sieť verejných televízií vznikla 5. októbra
1970. Vytvorila sa tak životaschopná alternatíva voči silným
televíznym sieťam National Broadcasting Company, Columbia
Broadcasting System a American Broadcasting Company, pod
ktoré dovtedy spadala väčšina existujúcich televízií vysielajúcich
celoštátne.
Publikácia Televízia v Spojených štátoch amerických sa venuje televízii ako médiu a vývoju televízneho vysielania v USA, a to od obdobia experimentovania na prelome 19. a 20. storočia, cez začiatok pravidelného vysielania
až po súčasnosť. Možno sa oprávnene domnievať, že je
jedným z prvých, ak nie vôbec prvým pokusom o zmapovanie
histórie televízneho vysielania v USA v domácich podmienkach.
Pochopiteľne, táto skutočnosť sa zákonite odrazila aj na výslednej
podobe textu. Napriek tomu, že stojí predovšetkým na faktoch,
informácie, ktoré čitateľovi predkladá, nie sú vzhľadom na charakter
a účel publikácie vyčerpávajúce. Ambíciou autora bolo okrem
historiografi e televízie a jej vysielania v USA poskytnúť hlbší
pohľad na vývoj a formovanie televízneho sektora v tejto krajine.
Napokon, podtitul knihy História, fakty, súvislosti na tento zámer
tvorcu textu aj upozorňuje. Na druhej strane, keďže výpočet
faktov nie je s ohľadom na cieľ publikácie konečný, prehľad
použitých knižných, časopiseckých alebo elektronických zdrojov
môže byť čitateľovi pomôckou v prípade jeho hlbšieho záujmu
o problematiku.
Učebný text Televízia v Spojených štátoch amerických s podtitulom
História, fakty, súvislosti je primárne určený poslucháčom
študijných programov masmediálna komunikácia, marketingová
komunikácia, žurnalistika, aplikované mediálne štúdiá
ako aj príbuzných študijných programov. Jej edukačnej funkcii
sa podriaďuje aj štruktúra textu. Autor pri spracúvaní pertraktovanej
problematiky postupoval chronologicky, pričom ju rozdelil
do šiestich tematických celkov. Napokon, s obdobným prístupom
sa stretávame aj v odbornej anglicky písanej literatúre venovanej
historiografi i televízie v Spojených štátoch amerických. Tá spravidla
rozlišuje obdobie experimentovania s prenosom obrazu
a vznik televízie ako média (1880 – 1940), jej existenciu v čase
druhej svetovej vojny a v povojnových rokoch (40. a 50. roky
20. storočia), vznik vysielania vo verejnom záujme, resp. verejnej
televízie (60. roky 20. storočia), obdobie deregulácie televízneho
vysielania a nástup káblovej a satelitnej televízie (70., 80. a 90. roky 20. storočia), prípadne proces digitalizácie
televízneho vysielania a existenciu televízie v ére nových médií,
predovšetkým internetu.
Pozornému čitateľovi iste neunikla skutočnosť, že v ostatnom
čase vyšlo na Fakulte masmediálnej komunikácie Univerzity
sv. Cyrila a Metoda v Trnave niekoľko publikácií, ktoré sa venujú
histórii vybraných médií v anglicky hovoriacich krajinách, predovšetkým
vo Veľkej Británii a v Spojených štátoch amerických.
Máme na mysli okrem iných publikáciu autorského kolektívu
pod vedením Dr. h. c. prof. PhDr. Juraja Vojteka, CSc. Dejiny svetových
novinárstiev (anglického a amerického) z roku 2010, pojednávajúcej
o vývoji a súčasnej situácii tlačenej, rozhlasovej i televíznej
žurnalistiky na Britských ostrovoch a v USA. Napokon,
autorovi týchto riadkov vyšiel v roku 2013 text mapujúci historiografiu televízie vo Veľkej Británii. Publikácia pokračuje v línii výskumu zahraničných mediálnych systémov a žurnalistík anglicky hovoriacich krajín s cieľom oboznámiť s nimi aj slovenského čitateľa.

The study of the media’s relation with the political system is a burgeoning area of inquiry in comparative media studies. A key framework in this regard is Hallin and Mancini’s (2004) Comparing Media Systems. This study attempts to conceptualize the Ethiopian media system in comparative perspective based on globally renowned media systems models. More specifically, it asks whether these media systems models are fit to explain the Ethiopian media system and
also attempts to identify unique features which should be considered in defining a suitable media system for Ethiopia.
The study was done using a qualitative research approach. Research data for the study was collected through in-depth interviews with 11 purposively selected informants as well as document analysis. The analysis concludes that globally renowned media system models are
inadequate to explain the historical development of media and politics in Ethiopia. Even though some features of the Ethiopian media such as a weak media market, low circulation of newspapers, dominance of electronic media, low professionalization, elite oriented press and
absence of commercialization resemble elements of the polarized pluralist model, issues such as circulation of newspapers and the relationship between media and politics differ remarkably from the model.
The research has also identified various distinct features that should be considered when defining a functioning media system model for Ethiopia. The nature of media and politics is seen to be influenced by the legacy of the previous regimes, the political history and philosophy of
the current ruling party, international influences which have led to superficial liberalization, and underdeveloped media markets and institutions. Based on these factors and together with elements it shares with the polarized pluralist model, the Ethiopian media system can be
understood as a media sector in need of development and an institutional environment which continues to be influenced by the ideas of both the past and current regimes, though still being sensitive to changes in the global world order.

This exploratory qualitative study utilizes a conceptual content analysis to better understand the prog-left media ecosystem. Prog-left media is short for the progressive left media in the U.S. The use of the term, “progressive” distinguishes them from the center left of the American political spectrum. We performed two rounds of coding on seven prog-left programs that appeared between June 2019 and January 2021. During the second cycle of coding, we used pattern coding to categorize the codes into themes: Guests, Neoliberalism, Professional Managerial Class, Elites and Elite Culture, and Mainstream Media. We then compiled these themes into four findings: the prog-left programs have diverse formats, but reoccurring guests; prog-left programming largely centers on critiques of neoliberalism; the prog-left programs frame U.S. political parties as anti- working class servants to wealthy elites; and the prog-left programming illuminates and denounces the influence of elite culture on U.S. institutions. This study contributes to the advancement of the application of media ecology theory in digital spaces, and provides a rich understanding for future research on the prog-left media ecosystem
Keywords: Prog-left, podcasts, identity, politics, cultural, hegemonych understanding for future research on the prog-left media ecosystem

The central argument of this chapter is that mediatization as a multi-level process needs to be empirically analyzed both at the institutional level and at the level of practice. Mediatization as structuration thesis (Hjarvard 2014) is expanded by relating the media system as structure to media use as agency. Several empirical studies that relate the structural and the action/practice level are examined as examples. To map the differences in the state of mediatization of media systems, a set of indicators for macro level mediatization are proposed and tested comparatively in 33 east and west European countries. Five clusters of digital media landscapes are obtained according to likeness of the indicator values. The chapter argues for further empirical study of the structuration process and the increased attention to agency within the institutional approach to mediatization, as well as for the adoption of a multi-level mixed methods research program for empirically investigating mediatization as a multi-level and multi-dimensional social process.

The developing world has become home to multi-faceted socio-economic problems. Previous research findings witness that the prevalence of debilitating pandemics like HIV/AIDS have been placing life and development at the worst. Unless immediate measures are taken, the severity of the pandemic, as research predict, will proceed to take life with an alarming rate. The absence of cure or vaccine for HIV/AIDS has restricted professionals to concentrate on mass education about the concept, prevention and spread of the epidemic. To this end, the mass media, particularly radio, have been used as essential tools of combating the pandemic. Yet, the effect of radio with the presence of its top-down nature which let the audiences to be passive recipients of what comes from stations is being repeatedly questioned. Integrating radio stations with interpersonal communication efforts has been recommended for better results. In such countries as India, Philippines, Ghana, the integration of radio with interpersonal communication was proved to be effective. Accordingly, this research is conducted to analyze whether integrating radio with interpersonal communication is effective in terms of developing the knowledge of the listeners by taking Yichalal Radio into consideration. Yichalal Radio is targeted at four districts of North Gondar, Ethiopia, to teach about HIV/AIDS, harmful traditional practices (HTPs) and child right to the youth and children of the area. The station is trying to redress the shortcomings of radio by establishing groups of listening students, 21 students at each school, in most of the elementary and junior schools of the districts. These students undergo formal follow-up discussions every Saturday after Yichalal radio is over. This research is, thus, a quasi-experimental study that measured the knowledge of the listening groups and matched up to the non-listening ones who regularly listen to Yichalal Radio at home or somewhere else but do not have listening groups of Yichalal Radio at their school, hence do not undergo formal follow-up discussions. By using convenience sampling, all members of the listening groups were chosen from the two nearby elementary and junior schools that had listening groups in the year 2010/11. By using the same sampling method and by purposefully matching the age, grade level and gender of the samples with the listening students, the same number of non-listener students were chosen from other elementary and junior schools where listening group members of the radio did not exist. The study revealed that while students in both groups did not show significant knowledge disparity about HIV/AIDS between students of age group 10-13 and 14-17 and 7th and 8th graders, the females of both listeners were found to be less knowledgeable than their male counterparts. While the listening group students of Yichalal Radio were found to have a very good knowledge of the concept, spread and prevention of HIV/AIDS, the non-listeners fairly knew these issues. Yet, the non-listeners failed to understand the concept HIV and AIDS well. When the knowledge about HIV/AIDS of the two groups of Yichalal Radio listeners was measured, the listener group members had in many ways significantly outdone the non-listeners. Given the attempt made to match both groups of listeners in access to HIV/AIDS information, grade level, academic performance, age and gender, it might be safe to say that the exposure of the listening group members to the formal follow-up discussions after listening to the radio programs significantly improved their knowledge about the epidemic. The follow-up discussion was found to contribute a lot to the listening group students in that it gave them a chance to search information for their discussion, better understand the broadcast messages, develop their knowledge of HIV/AIDS, pass their knowledge to people around them, internalize what they listen and discuss and see many angles of a story/an idea.

Over the last years, the development of the periodical press in early modern Germany and Europe attracted a lot of scholarly attention. This report is dedicated to highlight and discuss the current state of research on the early modern periodical press in German speaking Europe. From the relevant literature on the topic published between 2000-2013 both the most ambitious and dedicated studies, and the most characteristic activities in the field have been selectively chosen and reported on.


Die Erforschung der periodischen Presse in der Frühen Neuzeit hat in den letzten Jahren, insbesondere bezogen auf den deutschen Sprachraum Europas, erheblich an Konturen gewonnen. Der vorliegende Forschungsbericht zeigt jüngere, charakteristische historiographische Tendenzen in der Erforschung und Kontextualisierung der im deutschen Sprachraum periodisch-seriell erschienenen Druckerzeugnisse seit circa dem frühen 17. Jahrhundert auf; der Berichtzeitraum umfasst, mit wenigen Ausnahmen, die Jahre 2000-2013. Als Gliederungen für den Forschungsbericht dienen vier bedeutsame pressehistoriographische Tendenzen, welche mit den Schlagworten ›Grundlagenarbeit‹, ›Vernetzungsarbeit‹, ›Zeitschriften‹ und ›Theorie‹ gekennzeichnet sind.

This paper offers an overview of the Czech Republic’s media landscape, putting it into its demographic, economic and political context. It gives a basic overview of the country’s media structure, including details on media markets; media regulation and regulatory authorities; and journalism culture. The aim is to present this information in such a way as to facilitate comparison across the ten nations studied by the project. The findings are based on secondary academic sources and a series of elite interviews conducted in Prague and Brno in May and June 2010. The report was last updated in August 2012.

This paper offers an overview of Slovakia’s media landscape, putting it into its demographic, economic and political context. It gives a basic
overview of the country’s media structure, including details on media markets; media regulation and regulatory authorities; and journalism culture. The aim is to present this information in such a way as to facilitate comparison across the ten nations studied by the
project. The findings are based on secondary academic sources and a series of elite interviews conducted in Bratislava in July and August
2010. The report was last updated in August 2012.

(Please scroll down for English) Popülist söylemlerin yaygınlaşmasında ve popülist hareketlerin başarısında medyanın önemli bir rolü olduğu göz ardı edilemez. Farklı bağlamlarda medyanın etkin kullanımı popülist aktörler için değişiklik gösterir. Bununla beraber, retorik ve eylemleri ile medyayı etkileyebildikleri gibi kimi zaman medyada çok fazla görünür olamayabilirler de. Bu noktada, makalemizin amacı popülist aktörlerin medyada neden/nasıl görünür oldukları (veya olamadıkları) ve medyayı nasıl kullandıklarını açıklamaktır. Hallin ve Mancini (2004) karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde medya sistemlerinden bahsederek, üç farklı modelde ülkeler arasındaki değişiklikleri anlatmaktadır. Liberal, demokratik korporatist ve kutuplaşmış çoğulcu modeller dört farklı boyutta birbirinden ayrılır: gazete endüstrisi, siyasal paralellik, profesyonellik ve devletin rolü. Bu makale de popülist aktörlerin medya kullanımlarını ve görünürlüklerini dört farklı boyutu göz önüne alarak medya sistemleri ile ilişkili olduğunu savunmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda üç farklı modeli açıklamak için Birleşik Krallık, Hollanda ve Türkiye incelenmektedir.

The role of media is not ignorable in relation to the expansion of populist discourse and achievement of populist movements. In different contexts, the active usage of media indicates differences for populist actors. Furthermore, the leaders can influence the media through their populist rhetoric and behaviours; on the one hand, they may not be visible as well. At this point, our article seeks to explain how and why
populist actors become visible (or not) and use media efficiently. Hallin and Mancini (2004) has a comparative perspective on the media systems, clarifying differences among countries over three different
models. Liberal, democratic corporatist and polarized pluralist models are distinguished with four dimensions, such as: media industry, political paralellism, professionalization, and the role of the state. This article argues that the media usage of populist leaders and their visibility are associated with the media systems, regarding to those mentioned four dimensions. Thus, three models are explained through the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Turkey

This book examines the professional activity of public television journalists in Poland operating in the still unstable system of a postcommunist state, to demonstrate how the media can work in the public interest to strengthen democracy. Drawing on in-depth interviews with Telewizja Polska (TVP) journalists, the author shows how public television in Poland has become highly politicised and commercialised, and must defend against constant attacks on its autonomy. She draws parallels with the media systems in Hungary and the Czech Republic to analyse potential legal solutions and to highlight how Poland's journalists are subject to influences from the political class as well as from the market-a situation brought about by flawed legislation, the absence of a political culture, an inefficient internal regulating process and lack of suitable training for the journalists themselves. Adding an important perspective on recently developed media systems, this book will be an important resource for scholars and students of journalism, media studies, media industries, politics and media history. Agnieszka Węglińska is an associate professor in the Department of Journalism and Communication, the Faculty of Applied Studies at the University of Lower Silesia, Poland. Her research concentrates on public service media and transformation of media systems in Europe.

Неустоявшаяся терминология отечественных медиаисследований
сегодня отражает революционность современного этапа в развитии медиа. Переход на «цифру» большинства процессов сбора, производства, распространения и хранения медиасодержания, традиционно характеризовавших индустрию СМИ, появление новых экосистем, сред, платформ, форматов потребления медиа, а также вытекающие из этого новые социальные последствия заставляют медиаисследователей задуматься над происходящим в журналистике, медиасистемах, в общественных процессах, в практиках повседневности.

Esta tesis analiza en profundidad la evolución de los periódicos generalistas en Guadalajara desde 1990 hasta 2010, enfocándose en su historia, estructura económica, producción y financiamiento. La investigación se sitúa en el contexto de las crisis globales que impactaron la industria periodística, observando cómo estos cambios influenciaron localmente en Guadalajara. A través de un modelo teórico histórico-estructural, examina cómo las dinámicas globales y nacionales, incluyendo la apertura comercial de México y la digitalización, afectaron los periódicos de Guadalajara. Se presta especial atención a los cambios en la propiedad y concentración de los medios, así como a la transformación en los modelos de negocio debido al declive de la publicidad impresa y el aumento de la digital. El estudio se basa en una revisión bibliográfica, fuentes hemerográficas, registros públicos, y entrevistas semi-estructuradas con actores clave en la industria. Este enfoque metodológico permitió construir un panorama detallado de la prensa en Guadalajara, destacando la aparición y desaparición de periódicos importantes como "Siglo 21" y "Público-Milenio", y cómo estos respondieron a los cambios políticos y económicos del período. La tesis concluye que la prensa en Guadalajara enfrentó retos significativos por la concentración del mercado, la reducción de ingresos publicitarios y la competencia de nuevas tecnologías, lo que llevó a una reconfiguración del paisaje mediático local. La tesis sugiere que los periódicos que sobrevivieron fueron aquellos que pudieron adaptarse a la economía digital y diversificar sus fuentes de financiamiento.

Spring School
Media Systems: comparative and transnational perspectives. Focus on China 2nd to 6th, April 2017


We are happy to announce that the First Spring School on “Media Systems: comparative and transnational perspectives. Focus on China” will be taking place in Perugia from April 2nd to April 6th, 2017 right before the well known International Journalism Festival.

The Spring School is directed by Gabriele Balbi (USI Università della Svizzera italiana), Daniel Hallin (University of California San Diego), and Paolo Mancini (Univeristà di Perugia) and organized by the China Media Observatory of the USI Università della Svizzera italiana (Switzerland), in collaboration with the Department of Political Sciences at Università di Perugia (Italy) and the Department of Communication at University of California San Diego (US).

Addressed to advanced Master students, PhDs and junior researchers in communication, media studies, journalism, political communication, sociology of communication and other related fields, the Spring School is based on lectures, discussions of attendees’ research projects, and meetings with participants in International Journalism Festival (Perugia, 5th - 9th, April 2017).

Application to be sent to springschool.mediasystems@gmail.com by January 15th, 2017.

More information will be available by https://springschoolmediasystems.com

All the most important theoretical models developed for comparing media systems stress theimportance of the structural aspect in defining the main dimensions that shape the media field. In this text we focus on audience behaviour in media systems as an aspect of agency, understood in sociological terms as part of the structuration process, and we expand the boundaries of mediasystems theory by including phenomena related to media use. We apply a cluster analysis to structural variables of media systems and to audience practices in terms of media use in order to find out how similar or different are media structures and practices in different European countries, in relation to Hallin and Mancini’s (2004) theoretical model of media systems. The study finds that European audience practices show a clear North/South, rather than the expected East/West differentiation. The expectation that all post-socialist European countries belong to the same model is also not supported in relation to structural media variables; some post-socialist countries are more similar to countries in the other two models of media systems in their structural aspects.The study interestingly re-groups European countries into three distinctive structural models which differ
somewhat from the original Hallin and Mancini (2004) classification.

This article offers a comparative study of three media scandals arising from two types of leaks: official ones (the Monedero Case and the Pujol Case) and those originating from citizens (the Falciani List). Official leaks are carried out by elites and respond to private/partisan interests. Citizens' leaks come from anonymous individuals who deliver huge databases to the media for journalistic treatment. Our objective is to analyze the coverage received by both types of leaks in the Spanish press. The results show the use of official leaks as a political weapon in Polarized Pluralism media systems. Scandals based on citizens' leaks, which refer to transnational problems with greater ramifications, receive less attention. We discuss the extent to which the polarization of conventional political communication has increased and the future of new formats of information based on citizens' digital participation in an emerging Networked Fourth Estate.

This article questions the role of the media in times of political transformation. In doing so, it draws on theories on the interconnectedness of the different fields of society to explain the sets of roles that media outlets and journalists adopt during phases of transition. Before 2011, the Egyptian media mostly acted as collaborators of the ruling regime and rarely as an agent of change. Journalists took over the latter role more often following the advent of privately-owned media outlets, thus helping to pave the way for the events of the so-called Arab Spring. This case study focuses on the development of the online news portal Mada Masr and therefore traces the development of two newsrooms. Starting as the English edition of a privately-owned Arabic newspaper in 2009 and changing its status to an independent news outlet in 2013, Mada Masr is one of the few voices which still openly criticise the Egyptian government. Founded in a time of political turmoil and struggling against...

Les participants ont convenu de la nécessité de préserver le droit qu’ont tous les citoyennes et citoyens d’être informés adéquatement des enjeux d’intérêt public et de renforcer le rôle des médias pour la démocratie, tout en identifiant plusieurs défis qui ont émergé des discussions : 1) Les disparités territoriales au sein du Canada; 2) Le financement des médias; 3) La diversité dans les médias; 4) La relation entre médias et publics.

From the 1980s international organizations have devised strategies to develop national media systems to make them more diverse and inclusive, and preserve local cultures. In many countries, these strategies have been unsuccessful and information has become a commodity as the interests of private actors prevent many groups from full access to communication rights. This paper outlines a perspective on media development from a rights-based approach, derived from a critique to dominant perspectives from international organizations with a strong focus on technology provision. The paper argues for media development based on the right to communication as an alternative to commodification of information. Through examples from Brazil and Kenya the paper illustrates that viewing communication as a basic right can lead to the inclusion of more voices in the public discourse. In addition, a model for media development is proposed suggesting that the state and national civil society should play a significant role in promoting diverse national public spheres.

This paper is an analysis of Esser and Umbricht work: "Competing models of journalism? Political affairs coverage in US, British, German, Swiss, French and Italian newspapers" focused on its implications with the journalistic professional ideology. Their work is inspired by Hallin and Manicini research about different media systems in 18 Western Countries: "Comparing Media Systems". Starting from the three modes of journalism presented in Hallin and Mancini's book, Esser and Umbricht tryed to describe empirically the different journalistic styles of 6 Countries. What I will try to argue in this paper is that we can read Esser and Umricht's results as an effective tool to identify three different professional ideologies which correspond to the three journalistic models builted by Hallin and Mancini.

Current studies of political communication offer valuable contributions to assessing and measuring mediated deliberation. But in our understanding of the news media's role in a deliberative system a number of questions remain unanswered, especially concerning problems posed by social complexity. This paper aims to contribute to closing this gap by conducting an empirical analysis on how distinct contributions to public deliberation – namely the provision of publicity and intelligibility – are articulated via outputs offered by different types of media outlets, specifically in the case of the Brazilian coverage of the 15th UN’s Climate Change Conference (COP15). Our results suggest that this coverage seems to have fostered citizens to search for more information about this Conference and augmented the visibility of UN’s climate negotiations. This gives support to the idea that news media system works like a prism of the public sphere, promoting accountability of complex governance processes by offering information and public scrutiny adequate for a heterogeneous citizenry.