Observational Research

The book presents a comprehensive reconceptualization of Geert Hofstede’s well-known concept of power distance, applying the theory to the specific case of judge–witness courtroom interactions in Polish regional courts.

In the light of the detailed critique of Hofstede’s original approach to power distance, the book first carefully develops a three-level concept of power distance, including personal preferences concerning the realization of power relations (subjective level); rules, practices and spatio-architectural arrangements  underlying power relations (organizational level); and individual demeanors that can, in practice, increase or decrease the asymmetry between parties to a power relation (interactional level). This reconceptualization provides a universal conceptual apparatus that is applicable to various social settings, but the authors have used it in extensive qualitative and quantitative research focused on courtroom interactions.

After laying the theoretical foundations, the book details the elements of judge–witness courtroom interactions (both verbal and non-verbal) that contribute to establishing power distance between judge and witness. These were identified over 6 months of observational research conducted in 2018 in the Kraków regional courts.

Lastly, the book addresses the issue of the relationship between the subjective level of power distance and opinions that laypeople can have concerning a judge’s demeanor in the courtroom environment. To do so, it describes specific quantitative research that involved the creation of original film clips depicting witness questioning by the judge in a courtroom in three power distance situations.

Offering a coherent framework for examining various interpersonal relations in legal contexts and illustrating how the framework can be applied on the courtroom interactions example, the book will appeal to a wide range of legal practitioners and academics. It also allows scientists outside the legal field to gain a new and broad understanding of power distance that they can easily apply in their respective fields. Furthermore, it provides non-academics with insights into courtroom interactional dynamics, as exemplified by the discussion of Polish judicial practice.

tAcross countries, there are important differences related to the goals, organization, and educationalphilosophies of care provided to young children prior to formal schooling. Those differences are likelyreflected in the classroom practices and teacher-child interactions within a country’s early childhoodeducation and care (ECEC) classrooms. This study aims to evaluate the within-country relevance of twoclassroom observation measures primarily based on a behavioral count approach focused on teacher andchild behaviors; and to examine preschool practices in Sweden, Portugal, and the U.S., as they reflect eachcountry’s ECEC goals, organization, and educational philosophies. Participants are 78 preschool settings inSweden, 42 in Portugal, and 168 in the U.S. Results show that the measures targeted culturally-relevantbehaviors and provided inter-rater reliability for the behavior count variables in the three countries.Future collaborations may address additional culturally-specific variables. The behavioral descriptionsyielded by combining behavioral counts of the measures are analyzed by researchers from the relevantcountry for insights to the country’s values related to early childhood as well as current debates regard-ing care for children. Measures that provide comprehensive descriptions of classroom settings and applyminimal external or comparative value judgments on the behaviors observed are of practical utility forcollaborative international work.