Panel Data

Recent research argues that robots could replace workers in dangerous work environments to reduce occupational injuries. However, robot development and usage in most developing countries remain at an infant stage, robots may increase the likelihood of occupational injuries due to conditions such as limited human capital and defects. By using a city-level dataset based on the Guangdong Province in China, we find that robot application is associated with an increase in the rate of occupational injuries in the first two years, and then exhibits nonsignificant and even negative effects afterwards. We also find that local governments can reduce or even eliminate the effect of robot application on occupational injuries by strengthening safety regulations. In addition, although local governments are keen on pushing robot application and industrial intelligence, the wide application of robots may impose a burden on the public health expenditure of local governments due to occupational injuries. This study extends our knowledge by challenging the traditional view that robot application can reduce the rate of occupational injuries, and also provides suggestions on the safety regulations of developing countries at the early stage of industrial intelligence.

The explosion of mobile phones into a region that, until recently, was nearly devoid of telecommunications infrastructure provides a valuable opportunity to explore the potential effects of information and communication technology on various economic and social outcomes. This article focuses specifically on the potential influence that mobile phones will exert on corruption in Africa. Two distinct empirical analyses test the

Zusammenfassung:
Im Längsschnitt einer Kohorte ehemaliger Gymnasiasten zwischen dem 15. und 43. Lebensjahr wird gezeigt, dass Lehrerurteile mit prognostischem Anspruch vermittelt über die Erfolgserwartungen der Schüler deren Entscheidungen bezüglich ihres weiteren Bildungsverlaufs zu beeinflussen vermögen und dadurch zu einer Self-Fulfilling Prophecy im Sinne Mertons (1948) werden können. Ursprünglich unzu-treffende Lehrerurteile können durch die Pfadabhängigkeit und Kumulativität des Ausbildungs- und Berufsverlaufes indirekt noch das Berufsprestige im 43. Lebensjahr beeinflussen. Die hier vor¬legten Analysen belegen zugleich, wie sich die Längsschnittperspektive der Lebens¬ver¬laufs¬for¬schung frucht¬bar mit der handlungstheoretischen Perspektive einer Wert-Erwartungstheorie ver¬knüpfen lässt.

Teachers’ Evaluations over the Life Course: Valid Prognosis or Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?
Abstract:
In a longitudinal study of former German high school students between age 15 and 43 it is shown that teachers' evaluations with prognostic claims may influence the students' educational decisions by shap-ing their success expectations. Thus initially false teacher evaluations may work like a self-fulfilling prophecy in the sense of Merton (1948). Because of the path dependency and cumulativity of educa-tional and occupational career processes they still affect the occupational prestige at the age of 43 indi-rectly. Finally, the following analyses offer prospects in terms of fruitfully connecting the longitudinal perspective of life course research to the action-theoretical perspective of a theory of subjective expected utility.

Using panel data econometric techniques and propensity score matching procedures, this study evaluates the impact of the MAUNLAD agricultural development program - a program designed to help alleviate poverty in Philippine coconut-producing communities. Our results ...

The aim of the study is the relationship between foreign direct investments, exports and economic growth. The analysis of this study included E7 (Emerging 7) the so-called developing countries are Turkey, Mexico, China, India, Brazil, Russia and Indonesia in the analysis in this context. This study covered the period of 1992-2018. Pesaran (2007) panel unit root test was used for the analysis of the series stationary. Panel ARDL approach, which allows short and long term relationship, is used for series with different levels of stationary. According to the results of the error correction model established for all panel, any shock in the gross domestic product equation was adjusted by approximately 0.86 % within the first year. Error correction models were estimated for all units, and error correction terms for all units expect India were obtained as negative and statistically significant. As a result of the panel causality test, one-way causality findings were found between economic growth and exports. Additionally, there was a causality relationship with foreign direct investments and exports.

Scholarship on the incorporation of Blacks in government and politics has focused on electoral gains and representational styles, but the broad, substantive benefits of inclusion have yet to be established. Utilizing data from 1994 to 2004 for 30 of the 60 largest U.S. cities, random-effects negative binomial regressions for panel data show that the political incorporation of Black elected officials reduces the likelihood of the incidence of lethal force over time, with significance reaching the .01 level in each of 3 models. This study confirms that inclusion contributes to democratic policing by reducing enforcement costs and increasing legitimacy.

Accounts receivable factoring is a financing arrangement that occurs when a business sells its accounts receivables.  Factoring has emerged as the most important source of working capital for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in many economies because weak laws, poor enforcement, and the associated informational opacity put the SMEs at a disadvantage when borrowing.  This paper presents an empirical analysis of cross-country differences in factoring activity to determine whether the quality of governance is a significant determinant of the level of factoring activity.  Our analysis is based on a reduced form model that relates a country’s factoring activity (turnover) to the quality of governance, while controlling for other determinants of factoring discussed in the literature.  We use data for a panel of 59 countries, over the period 1995 – 2005.  Our findings support the hypothesis that factoring is more prevalent in economies with weak governance.  Additionally, we prese...

This study re-evaluates the impact of natural resources on growth using panel data and a factor-efficiency accounting framework. The resource-curse thesis is dismissed as capital efficiency is improved by geographically-concentrated natural resources, which hinder institutional ...

Purpose – Academic research on the transgenerational performance differences among family firms in Bangladesh is still in its infancy. This paper delves into this issue to answer whether the financial performance of family firms run by second-generation family members is different from their predecessors and nonfamily firms.

Design/methodology/approach – The study employs panel data analysis that attempts to conceptualize the performance difference, quantified in terms of profitability and return, between founder- and second generation- run public companies in Bangladesh. Moreover, cross-sectional regressions extend the research paradigm to investigate and validate whether heir-controlled family firms perform differently than nonfamily firms or firms that are yet to experience ownership succession within a family.

Findings – The study indicates that family firms perform better when founding family members are in control compared to second-generation-run family firms. Moreover, further analysis suggests that heir-controlled family firms do not show a significant difference in performance compared to firms that never had a family succession in its managerial positions. The implications are that there could be nonfinancial family-centric motivations for family business ownership transition.

Practical implications – Family succession of firm ownership is venerated without necessarily a validation of its financial merit. In Bangladesh, this is too often a de facto transfer of leadership within family firms. This study can act as a reference point to understand that family succession of firm ownership in Bangladesh may not necessarily be in the best financial interest of a firm.

Originality/value – The literature on family firms propounds a plethora of vacillating conclusions and opinions. This paper adds this body of empirical literature into an exercise of formal logic. Such an empirical investigation into the financial performance of Bangladeshi family firms, visualized through the lens of leadership transfer to a second-generation family member, has not been extensively studied in contemporary literature.

To get more insight into how people were affected by and fared during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic, the Swiss Household Panel launched an additional Covid-19 Survey among participating households. It was fielded between May and June 2020, right after the strictest regulations ended, but numerous restrictions were still in place. This paper presents the main findings of this study with respect to a wide variety of domains: the occurrence of Covid-19 infections in people’s networks, changes with respect to work, finances, time use, family life, following education from home, health and wellbeing, worries, social networks and social cohesion, and the evaluation of the political measures taken by the federal government. Refle, J.-E., Voorpostel, M., Lebert, F., Kuhn, U., Klaas, H.S., Ryser, V.-A., Dasoki, N., Monsch, G.-A., Antal, E., & Tillmann, R. (2020). First results of the Swiss Household Panel –Covid-19 Study. FORS Working Paper Series, paper 2020-1. Lausanne: FORS.DOI:...

Conventional growth theories in the literature explain the poor economic performance of African economies by stressing the inadequacy of savings, human capital, and poor institutional quality. However, the key question is how to enhance savings for the accumulation of both physical and human capital in order to spur growth. A common thread that runs through the existing models is that the dependency ratio, not only remains constant over time, but has no long-run negative impact on economic growth. By relaxing this rigid assumption, this paper constructs a growth estimating equation which accommodates this demographic factor. The analytic results from the modified model suggest that economies with high dependency ratio face their stable equilibrium at lower levels of their income per capita. Moreover, econometric results from analysis of panel data drawn from Sub-Saharan Africa economies suggest that the growth puzzle can be well explained in terms of the demographic factors, especia...

PR systems often are credited with producing more equitable outcomes between political parties and encouraging wider social group representation than majoritarian systems. Theory suggests that this should instill greater trust, efficacy, and faith in the political system. We assume that citizens disadvantaged by majoritarian rules (political minorities) will have a relatively greater shift toward positive attitudes about democracy following a

Savings is known as a major factor in the economic development (Najafi, Ghorbani, 1998, p.48). Economists have always realized the importance of savings in the economic development (Komayjani, Rahmani, 1993, p.3). Each country needs investment to achieve economic growth; the necessary condition for investment is savings. (Mojtahed and Karami, 2003, p. 3). One of the problems in the economy of Iran and developing countries is the low rate of savings, and so the weak growth of investment. Thus, capital is considered as the main scarce factor in these countries. Hence, capital accumulation for economic growth and development of these countries is of great importance (Permeh, 2004,p.170). The purpose of this study, is to study the effect of growth rate of real GDP per capita on the savings rate in twelve (12) developing countries, (Islamic Republic of Iran, Botswana, the Dominican Republic, Zimbabwe, Niger, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Rwanda, Togo, Nepal, Benin) and seven (7) developed countries (United States of America, Iceland, Luxembourg, Norway, Singapore, Greece, United kingdom). Data analysis as panel data with annual data from 1965 to 2010 is expressed in eviews7 and stata11 software. The results show the positive effects of the lags saving rate and the growth rate of real per capita GDP on the savings rate. The results are statistically significant. Also,The results show that the structure between the two groups (developed and developing countries) is different. Effectiveness rate and the growth rate of real GDP per capita on the savings rate in developed countries is lower than in developing countries.

This paper investigates the effect of intra-firm Research and Development expenditure and inter-firm collaboration on firm performance. It is proposed that R&D expenditures enable a company to improve knowledge and assimilate the exchange of information within non-routine collaboration activities. The hypotheses are tested by an empirical study on inter-firm technical collaboration in Japanese Automobile firms during the years 1975–1995, using the method of first-order auto-regression on a panel data set. The findings indicate that R&D expenditure increases performance, but do not allow clear conclusions on the effects of collaborations.

The main objectives of this study are to identify and analyze variables that have an impact on the export performances of seven East African countries and suggest practical solutions to improve export performance in East Africa. Using data from the World Development Indicators database we conducted panel data analysis for the period of 1990-2014. Empirical results show that labor force, industrialization, foreign direct investment, and exchange rate have a positive impact on export value. On the other hand, inflation has a negative impact on export performance while GDP growth is the only variable that does not affect the export value of East African countries. Finally, we suggest some recommendations, including the need of replacing agricultural exports with industrial export, improving infrastructural facilities as well as the quality of human capital, and the need for policies for attracting international investors.