Prepositions

In this paper, I will present a cross-linguistic analysis of the syntax of items signalling temporal distance. Basing on insight form cartography and nanosyntax, I will shown that the mechanism of Phrasal Spell-out (and the Superset Principle) can elegantly explain why in many language 'before' and 'ago' meanings are expressed with the same word. Above all, I will present a previously unnoticed *ABA constraint (cf. Caha 2009; Bobaljik 2012) on lexical spans in the  domain of temporal distance. The *ABA pattern will be crucial to account for possible counterexamples of Haspelmath's (1997) fairly robust descriptive generalization, which states that forms expressing spatial relations of front and back regularly express, respectively, anteriority and posteriority across languages when they are 'shifted' from space to time (namely, before ≈ in front; after ≈ back).

In this synchronic study we scrutinize multi-word sequences of different structure and complexity that fulfil the function of prepositions in contemporary Modern Standard Arabic (MSA). Many of these structures such as bi-sababi “because of”, natīǧatan li- “as a result of”, ‘alā r-raġmi min “in spite of”, bi-ġaḍḍi n-naḍari ‘an “regardless of” and ǧanban ʼilā ǧanbin ma‘a “side by side with”, which occur especially in more formal registers of MSA (including Media Arabic), underwent the process of grammaticalization and became a part of the Arabic lexicon. We gathered 230 multi-word sequences of this type and analyzed them as to their structure, syntax and semantics using a large corpus of newspaper texts. The complex prepositions in question, representing Prep-N, Prep1-N-Prep2 and indefNacc-Prep structural types, are used mainly as heads of prepositional phrases functioning as adjuncts, which express miscellaneous semantic relations.
Keywords: Modern Standard Arabic, Media Arabic, prepositions, complex prepositions, syntax, semantics.

Der Beitrag widmet sich einer diachronen Korpusuntersuchung zur Kasusrektion von Sekundärpräpositionen im Deutschen Textarchiv (DTA) und im DWDS-Kernkorpus über den Zeitraum von 1497 bis 1999. Untersucht werden exemplarisch die denominalen Präpositionen dank und laut sowie die deverbalen Präpositionen während und entsprechend. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die bisherigen Erklärungsansätze für die beobachteten Entwicklungstendenzen zu kurz greifen: Ein einheitliches Bild ergibt sich bei der Entwicklung der hier untersuchten Prä-positionen nicht. Für die Hypothese, der Wechsel der Kasusrektion werde zur Differenzierung vom Spenderlexem genutzt (Di Meola 2006), sprechen zwar die Entwicklung von laut zur Dativrektion und der Übergang von dank zur Genitivrek-tion, dagegen spricht allerdings, dass die ursprüngliche Genitivpräposition wäh-rend ihre Rektion recht lange und stabil beibehält.

Las lenguas indoeuropeas son lenguas flexivas: esto significa que tienen declinaciones y conjugaciones. Los casos caracterizan la
flexión nominal en griego y en latín, de manera que declinando un nombre y, por tanto, cambiando sus terminaciones podemos
expresar diferentes funciones sintácticas. A la sintaxis casual se añade la sintaxis preposicional: las preposiciones completan las
nociones expresadas por los casos. En nuestro trabajo (que se dividirá en cuatro partes) estudiamos preposición por preposición,
comparando las dos lenguas para ayudar a los alumnos y profesores de secundaria en la enseñanza y aprendizaje del griego y el
latín.

Dans la présente communication, nous nous sommes proposé de contribuer à la caractérisation sémantique de la préposition française dans, en examinant ses emplois et ses significations possibles et en confrontant les structures françaises contenant cette préposition avec leurs équivalents serbes. En partant de l'usage spatial de la préposition dans, nous avons essayé d' expliquer ses autres emplois plus abstraits (le temps, la cause, le moyen et la manière) à l'aide des notions introduites par Vandeloise: l'inclusion, la dépendance et la zone d'influence. Vu que ces notions se sont montrées insuffisantes pour justifier certains usages, nous avons également eu recours à l'analyse géométrique. Notre analyse a montré que les structures utilisées pour l'expression des relations spatiales sont aussi transposées dans les usages abstraits autant en français qu' en serbe. Cela implique que les usages non spatiaux sont en principe dérivés des relations spatiales dans les deux langues.

Strategic Intervention Material in English.
This is an instructional material meant to reteach concept or topics which are considered Least Mastered by the Students. The basic parts of which are; Guide card, Activity card, Assessment card, Enrichment card & Reference.

Abstract (in English)

This review talks about the main analysis of prepositions with regards to their relations with verbs in Malay predicates in the book 'Perkaitan sintaksis-semantik kata kerja dengan preposisi bahasa Melayu' [The relation between syntax and semantics of verb with prepositions in Malay] written by Maslida Yusoff in 2016 published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. The theoretical underpinnings of Role and Reference Grammar is used to explicate prepositions in the Malay language. It reveals a new characterization of malay prepositions which captures the whole gamut of the functions of structure and meaning of malay prepositions. One missing element of the book is the typology that Malay belongs to based on this new synergized description. The book engages in abstract discussions of the data and could be further concretize by language sample data for the undergraduate and teacher trainee audience who studies malay grammar.

Aspects négligés de l'emploi des prépositions en français parlé et écrit : critique des grammaires de référence et pistes d'amélioration du point de vue de la didactique du FLE (French translation of: Das Corpus de référence du français contemporain und sein Einsatz in der Grammatikographie am Beispiel des Präpositionsgebrauchs., in (2016): Christoph Bürgel & Dirk Siepmann, Sprachwissenschaft und Fremdsprachendidaktik: Zum Verhältnis von sprachlichen Mitteln und Kompetenzentwicklung, Baltmannsweiler: Schneider.)

The paper overviews the main trends of research into the semantics of spatial prepositions, as demonstrated by a plethora of papers on linguistic data from a variety of languages. The more traditional approach focuses on locative meaning with respect to other words—both syntagmatically and in paradigms—and considers multiple senses of the same preposition to be arbitrary. In contrast, the modern framework employs the principles of cognitive linguistics for semantic analysis, highlighting the conceptual structuring of entities or relations in extralinguistic reality. On the basis of geometric, functional, and other relations between the figure and the ground, it attempts to explicate not only prepositional synonymy, but also extensive polysemy as a form of categorisation. Consequently, the distinct meanings of a preposition are considered to be related, deriving either from the prototypical sense or any other sense which is related to it, and arranged in a network. The modern line of investigation may provide more possibilities for researchers interested in one language and/or in cross-linguistic studies, thus contributing to the development of lexicography, translation, and other fields of applied linguistics.

The field of TESL is constantly looking towards the field of linguistics for new and better ways of teaching English as a second or foreign language. Unfortunately, since the advent of generative grammars of almost a half century age, very little of the myriad of linguistic research has found its way into the ESL/EFL classroom in the form of practical teaching materials. In recent years, the field of cognitive linguistics has become more prominent and its theory more well-known. Some of its concepts and their representations outwardly appear to lend themselves to adaptation as classroom teaching materials with little alteration. Two of these concepts are image schemas and conceptual metaphors, which are interrelated. As the overwhelming majority of the work in the area of image schemas has had to do with particles (prepositions and phrasal verb particles), the graphical representations of some of these image schemas have been selected to test their efficacy as teaching material for the teaching of English particles.

Although there are a limited number of prepositions in English, they are vital in meaning. Any slight change in, omission or addition of a preposition to a sentence can alter its meaning altogether. English learners from different levels, educational backgrounds and nationalities face many difficulties when dealing with prepositions. This is because firstly, prepositions are “polysemous” (Lindstromberg, S. 2010); that is, they mean different things in different contexts. Secondly, difficulties arise because prepositions are different from one language to another. For example, Swan (2001) points out that good intermediate Turkish students unexpectedly omit basic prepositions because such prepositions do not exist in their L1. Moreover, and despite the importance of prepositions, “remarkably little space is devoted to prepositions in ELT coursebooks” Lindstromberg (1996: 277).

In dieser Untersuchung wurden die Interferenzfehler, die sich auf die Valenz von Präpositionen und Verben im Türkischen und Deutschen beziehen, behandelt. Um die Ähnlichkeiten und Differenzen zwischen beiden Sprachen in Bezug auf die Präpositionalergänzungen darzustellen, wurde die kontrastive Methode verwendet. Die Untersuchungsgruppe bestand aus 38 Lernenden (N=38, 20 Frauen, 18 Männer), die im Studienjahr 2019-2020 in der Vorbereitungsklasse der Deutschlehrerabteilung an der Ondokuz Mayıs Universität studieren. Die Forschungsdaten wurden von Aufsätzen in der schriftlichen Zwischenprüfung erhoben und vergleichend analysiert. Bei der Auswertung dieser Daten wurde eine qualitative und induktive Vorgehensweise herangezogen. In den 38 Aufsätzen wurden insgesamt 124 fehlerhafte Präpositionalenergänzungen festgestellt. Fehler im Bereich der Präpositionierungsergänzungen sind hauptsächlich auf die Wertigkeit zurückzuführen. Die Interferenzursache bei den Temporalangaben liegt darin, dass die Lernenden Wörter wie "Ein Tag", "Abend", "Ein Morgen" durch türkische Äquivalente (bir gün, akşam, bir sabah...) wiedergeben. Ein anderer Grund dafür ist, dass der Fall Lokativ (-de-da) aus dem Türkischen übertragen wird. Des Weiteren zeigen die erhobenen Daten die Tatsache, dass die Lernenden nicht genug wissen, welche Ortsangabe mit welcher bestimmten Präposition gebraucht werden soll. Die höchste Fehlerquote wurde mit 45,19 % im Bereich der Verben mit festen Präpositionen festgestellt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie belegen, dass die Lernenden meist bei den Verben mit festen Präpositionen und den festen lokalen Präpositionen wegen der Kasusdifferenzierung große Defizite haben.

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the interference errors related to the valence of prepositions and verbs in Turkish and German. Contrastive methods were used to show the similarities and differences between the two regarding the prepositional supplements. The research sample consists of 38 learners (N = 38, 20 women, 18 men) who have been studying in the preparatory class of the German Language Teacher Education Department at Ondokuz Mayıs University in the academic year of 2019-2020. The research data were collected from essays through the intermediate written exam and these were analyzed. A qualitative and inductive approach were used to evaluate this data. A total of 124 incorrect prepositional supplements were identified in the 38 articles. Errors in the area of prepositioning supplements are mainly due to the valency. The cause of interference with the temporal prepositions is that the learners reproduce words such as “One day”, “Evening”, “One morning” using Turkish equivalents (bir gün, akşam, bir sabah ...). Another reason is that the locative (-de-da) case is translated from Turkish. Furthermore, the data collected show the fact that learners do not know enough which location to use with which specific preposition. The highest error rate was found at 45.19 % in the field of verbs with fixed prepositions. The results of this study show that the learners mostly have large deficits in the verbs with fixed prepositions and fixed local prepositions because of the case differentiation.

J'essaie de montrer ici, avec des exemples, que c'est la fréquence croissante des prépositions qui a fait un terrain favorable à la disparition des déclinaisons. Il s'agit d'un problème traditionnel de linguistique historique qui permet de bien voir l'importance de faits généraux. Ces cinq pages sont issues de remarques faites en avril 2015 à l'occasion du séminaire "Problèmes d'analyse et de comparaison des langues", au laboratoire LACITO du CNRS.

ABSTRACT
The main objective of this dissertation is to demonstrate that the meta-operational approach can be applied to Italian prepositions; for this purpose, a, one of the most recurrent and broad-spectrum prepositions is analysed. The analysis pattern is the same as the one provided for the Spanish homographic and homophonic preposition a in the Gramática comunicativa del español by Francisco Matte Bon.
Another but not less important objective, is to confirm the validity of the  prepositions category, which in modern grammar risks becoming a mere label, justified only by tradition. Such conclusions are reached after a threefold analysis, through which the main present-day Italian and Spanish grammar books and some relevant linguistic studies of the last few decades are examined.
The first step - Chapter 1 - consists in a morphological and syntactic introduction to prepositions, carried out in a traditional way, in which particular attention is paid to the prepositional phrase.
The second step - Chapters 2 and 3 - focuses on the semantics of prepositions and provides an answer to two questions: the first is whether the meaning of a preposition completely depends on the context in which it is being used or whether it is possible to formulate a universal meaning which applies to each occurrence. The second question is whether it is still possible to establish the prepositions category according to semantic criteria: Osuna García upholds this theory by considering prepositions as objective semantic markers.
In the third step – Chapters 4 and 5 – firstly the meta-operational approach is introduced through one of its three axes, by contrasting meta-linguistic and referential information; such introduction is followed by the presentation of the meta-operational analysis carried out by Matte Bon of the Spanish preposition a; then, the same procedure is proposed for the Italian a; starting from a list of the uses described in most grammar books, more and more abstract values are presented, until a sole, meta-linguistic value is reached – that of marker of association. All concrete uses in the language originate from that meaning, therefore listing them means carrying out an extra-linguistic analysis. The second axis that is dealt with compares data which is new to speakers with already-shared data: thus, the two a's are compared with other particles - in the prepositions paradigm -  with which they can be often commutated, assuming that each and every element of a language has value if considered set against other elements. Therefore, the existence of the prepositions category is confirmed according to meta-operational criteria.

RESUMEN
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal demostrar la aplicabilidad a la lengua italiana del enfoque gramatical metaoperacional para el estudio de las preposiciones, y, para alcanzar dicho fin, analiza una de las más frecuentes y polivalentes: a. El patrón de análisis es el proporcionado, para la homógrafa y homófona española a, en la Gramática comunicativa del español de Francisco Matte Bon.
Un segundo objetivo, no menos importante, es reflexionar sobre los fundamentos de la categoría preposiciones, que en la gramática hodierna corre el riesgo de reducirse a una mera etiqueta, justificada sólo por la costumbre. Dichas conclusiones se alcanzan después de un análisis articulado en tres momentos principales, que compara tanto las principales gramáticas contemporáneas de las lenguas italiana y española, como algunas relevantes investigaciones lingüísticas de las últimas décadas.
La primera sección (capítulo 1) consiste en una presentación morfológico-sintáctica de las preposiciones, realizada según la modalidad tradicional, y que dedica mucho espacio al grupo preposicional.
En la segunda sección (capítulos 2 y 3) se enfoca en la semántica de las preposiciones, y brinda una respuesta a dos interrogantes: el primero es si el significado de una preposición depende totalmente del contexto en el que se encuentra o si es posible postular un invariante semántico detectable en toda ocurrencia. El segundo interrogante es si es posible mantener en vida la categoría preposiciones en base a criterios sintácticos: una respuesta positiva es proporcionada por Osuna García, que propone considerar estas partículas como marcadores semánticos objetivos.
En la tercera sección (capítulos 4-5), se introduce ante todo el enfoque metaoperacional con uno de sus tres ejes, es decir la contraposición entre información metalingüística y referencial; se sigue con la presentación del análisis metaoperacional realizada por Matte Bon sobre la preposición española a, y con la propuesta de un análisis análogo para la italiana a: a partir de la lista de usos de ésta indicados en la mayoría de las gramáticas, se presentan valores cada vez más abstractos, hasta llegar a un valor metalingüístico y unívoco para a, el de indicador de asociación. De tal invariante se derivan todos los usos concretos en lengua, cuyo elenco representa un análisis extralingüístico. El segundo eje de la gramática metaoperacional que presentamos contrapone la información ya compartida entre los hablantes con la que presenta rasgos de novedad: en base a esto, las dos preposiciones a se cotejan con otras partículas del paradigma con las que a menudo pueden conmutarse, recordando que todo elemento de la lengua adquiere valor si es considerado en oposición con otros elementos. Así pues, siempre en base a criterios meta-operacionales, se confirma la legitimidad de la categoría preposiciones.

Tümce içinde sözcükler arasında anlam ilişkisi kuran ve tek başlarına kullanıldıklarında doğal olarak bir anlam ifade etmeyen dilsel ögeler olarak tanımlanan ilgeçlerin, Fransızca'da fiillerle kullanımına yönelik yapılan bu çalışmanın amacı; Fransızca öğrenmekte olanlara bu dildeki ilgeçlerin hangi fiillerden sonra geldiğini ve bu fiillerin anlamının kullanıldığı ilgece göre nasıl değiştiğini göstermektir.

İlgeç alan fiiller aldıkları her ilgeçle birlikte ayrı ayrı örnek cümleler içinde Türkçe çevirileriyle kullanılmış, böylece öğrenenin her iki dildeki ilgeci karşılaştırarak öğrenmesine olanak sağlanmıştır.

Prepositions have long been characterized by its arbitrary meaning compared to content words, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and sometimes, adverbs. However, such classification often failed to account for the wide range of senses for a number of prepositions. Formalist approach, which ruled an abstract monosemantic trait for each word, has also failed to capture the diversity of senses a preposition may possess. With the aid of new insights into the field of cognitive psychology, Cognitive Linguistics looks as prepositions from a different viewpoint. One of those viewpoints is image schema. This approach looks at prepositions as construction of meaning based on a schematic presentation deriving from embodied experience. Through descriptions of such constructions, it is concluded that image schema does play a role in determining the basic sense of a preposition. It has also been found that different image schemata may all contribute to the meaning construction and/or expansion of such preposition. This has a few implications on how translation may be carried out, should equivalent effect be concerned.

นักภาษาศาสตร์ที่สนใจศึกษาชนิดของคำในภาษาไทยได้เสนอแนวคิดเกี่ยวกับคำ  บุพบทไว้หลากหลายทรรศนะ บทความนี้จึงมุ่งสำรวจวรรณกรรมที่ศึกษาคำบุพบทในภาษาไทยว่า มีการศึกษาและการอธิบายคำบุพบทในภาษาไทยไว้เพียงใดและในแง่ใดบ้าง อีกทั้งยังได้เปรียบเทียบแนวคิดเกี่ยวกับคำบุพบทในวรรณกรรมดังกล่าว พร้อมทั้งแสดงความคิดเห็นเกี่ยวกับแนวคิดเกี่ยวกับคำบุพบทเหล่านั้นด้วย

ผลการศึกษาพบว่า แนวคิดเกี่ยวกับคำบุพบทในภาษาไทยอาจแบ่งออกเป็น 2 แนวคิดหลัก คือ (1) แนวคิดที่ว่ามีคำบุพบทในภาษาไทย และ (2) แนวคิดที่ว่าไม่มีคำบุพบทในภาษาไทย อนึ่ง แนวคิดทั้งสองแนวคิดยังมีข้อจำกัดในการอธิบายคำบุพบทในภาษาไทย ทั้งในแง่การจำแนกหมวดคำและหน้าที่และความหมายของคำ

The linguists interested in studying lexical categories in Thai have widely proposed the concepts of prepositions. Then, this article is aimed to explore the literatures of such concepts as portraying prepositions in Thai. Moreover, those concepts are here compared and commented as well.
It is found that the concepts of prepositions in Thai have likely split into 2 principle categories, viz., that verifying prepositional category and that denying prepositional category. Likewise, for both, there are some limitations in terms of explanations on parts of speech, and on word functions and meanings.

Las preposiciones siempre han supuesto un difícil caballo de batalla para los estudiantes de lenguas extranjeras. Incluso en lenguas próximas pueden requerir de grandes esfuerzos para su dominio. Con este trabajo de investigación tratamos de establecer la hilazón entre las funciones preposicionales expresadas por los inventarios clásicos de las preposiciones del español y del inglés, así como analizar otras características interesantes de la traslación lingüística entre ambos conjuntos.

In this thesis, I propose that the distribution of nominal phrases is constrained by the relative positions of phi-features that nominal phrases contain. More specifically, I propose a condition according to which two syntactic nodes bearing visible phi-features cannot be directly merged. This constraint results in the well-described generalization according to which Agreement is severely limited in the Nominal Domain and complements to nominals may not bear direct case-marking, unlike the complements of verbs and prepositions. Next, I suggest that the propagation of phi-features can be blocked by a formal feature – epsilon – that is borne on such morphemes as prepositions and linkers, as well as oblique case markers. A nominal phrase merged with an epsilon may combine with another nominal phrase when a bare nominal phrase may not. Next, I argue that the syntactic identity of nouns can be fully reduced to phi-features. The proposed approach is shown to extend to adjectives – another category whose syntactic behavior is largely determined by the presence of phi-features. To that effect, I show that the ban on direct marking of the complements of both adjectives and nouns can be understood as a constraint on the merger of two phi-bearing structures. I show how the proposed theory can account for several well known syntactic phenomena, including the ban on double Absolutives in Ergative languages and the lack of Structural Dative marking in the Nominal Domain. The empirical data is mainly drawn from Slavic, Romance, Germanic and Iranian languages of the Indo-European family and from Nakh-Dagestanian languages.

The present work consists in a theoretical practical reflection of our teaching experience as a teacher intern of Portuguese foreign language, accomplished at Stockholm university in the school year of 2015-2016, with an Eramus+ internship programme. This experience had as a main focus the teaching of some prepositions in portuguese, following two methodologies: grammatical workshop and speeche pedagogy, having oral communication as the major practice. Such choice resulted from the difficulties that we have diagnosed in the use of the prepositions by the students. The fact that we have chosen that grammatical domain, does not mean that we have only worked grammar, more specifically, the prepositions.
Divided in three parts, in this report we problematize, firstly, the implications of the pluricentric nature of the Portuguese language, considering the specific characteristics of the students and teachers in Stockholm. We continue with a presentation of what the main portuguese grammars refer, concerning the grammatical preposition category, making a brief presentation of that grammatical topic; then, after presenting our informants, our teaching strategy as well as the material developed throughout this teaching practice, in a free course, at Stockholm university, critically presenting the obtained results. We finish this paper with some conclusions.

Avec cet article, nous nous proposons d’abord de contribuer à la caractérisation sémantique de la préposition pour en analysant ses emplois dans des contextes où elle introduit un circonstant de cause ou de but, quelle que soit la nature de son régime (le nom ou l’infinitif). Notre objectif est également de confronter les structures françaises contenant cette préposition avec leurs correspondants en serbe pour en relever les ressemblances et les différences.
Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous intéresserons tout particulièrement à l'ambiguïté pouvant apparaître dans les interprétations causale ou finale de certaines tournures syntaxiques. Par exemple, dans la phrase Le musée est fermé pour travaux, on peut comprendre que le musée est fermé pour être refait, mais aussi que les travaux sont la cause de la fermeture du musée. Nous tenterons de voir quels facteurs activent la lecture causale/finale de la préposition pour dans les constructions analysées, ainsi que la manière dont ce même rapport est exprimé en langue serbe.

In my PhD thesis on the development of the ergative construction, I investigated the function of enclitic pronouns in Bactrian, Parthian, and Persian. Among the various functions, I also described the Placeholder Construction, but I did not offer a historical explanation for it. I would like to take the occasion to summarise the main points concerning the positions Middle Persian enclitic pronouns can occupy and to attempt an explanation for the Placeholder Construction.

Bu araştırmada Batı Türkçesinin temelini oluşturan Eski Anadolu Türkçesine ait metinlerde hâl ve iyelik ekleriyle birleşen çekim edatları yapı ve anlam bakımından  incelenerek tasnif edilmiştir. Eski Anadolu Türkçesinin her döneminden önemli eserler örneklem olarak alınmış, bu kapsamda 1079 sayfa mensur, 1060 sayfa (yaklaşık 14500 beyit) manzum eser fişleme yöntemiyle taranmıştır. İncelenen eserler şunlardır: Selçuklu Dönemi’nden Behcetü’l-Hadâik fî Mev’izati’l-Halâik; Anadolu Beylikleri Dönemi’nden Süheyl ü Nevbahar, Marzubân-nâme Tercümesi, Kâbus-nâme Tercümesi, Dede Korkut Hikâyeleri; Osmanlılar Dönemi’nden Har-nâme, Cemşîd ü Hurşîd, Ahmed-i Dâî Divanı, Dede Korkut Hikâyeleri-Soylamalar ve 13. Boy. Bu araştırma sonucunda hâl ve iyelik ekli isim unsuruyla birleşen 46 çekim edatı tespit edilmiş, bulunan örnekler her edat için ayrı başlık hâlinde, birleştikleri eke ve anlamlarına göre alt başlıklara ayrılmıştır. Ayrıca edatların cümle içinde hangi işlevi üstlendiği yay ayraç içinde belirtilmiştir. Örnekler maddeler halinde sıralanmış ve her örneğin sonunda yay ayraç içinde eserlerdeki yerleri kısaltılarak verilmiştir. Örneklerin imlâsı değiştirilmemiştir.
Bu çalışma giriş, inceleme ve sonuç olmak üzere üç ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde edatlarla ilgili genel bilgilendirmenin yanı sıra dil bilginlerinin bu konu hakkındaki görüşlerine yer verilmiştir. İnceleme bölümünde metinlerdeki örnekler yapı ve anlam bakımından sınıflandırmaya tâbi tutulmak suretiyle alfabetik olarak sıralanmış ve her başlık altında o edatın etimolojisi ve kullanımıyla ilgili bilgilendirmeler yapılmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde ise elde edilen örneklerden yola çıkılarak veriler analiz edilmiş, grafik ve tablolardan yararlanılarak bazı tespitler yapılmıştır.
Araştırma sonucunda 3005 örnek bulunmuştur. Bunlardan bazılarında birden fazla çekim edatı örneği bulunmaktadır. Bu durumda olan örnekler dipnotta ayrıca belirtilmiştir. Bulunan örneklerde öncül bir hâl ekiyle isim unsuruna bağlanan veya iyelik ekli isim unsuruyla birleşerek anlam kazanan edat grubunun cümle içindeki işlevleri incelenmiştir. Bu örneklerin %82’sinde zarf, %10’unda sıfat ve %8’inde isim işlevinde kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca bulunan 46 edattan 34’ü tek bir tür ekle (örneğin degin edatı sadece yönelme hâli ekiyle) isim unsuruna bağlanabilirken 12’si, birden fazla ekle (örneğin içün edatı hem ayrılma hem ilgi hâli hem de iyelik ekiyle) isim unsuruna bağlanabilmektedir. Bu edatlar isimlere bağlanırken %43 ayrılma hâli ekini, %20 yönelme hâli ekini ve %15 oranında ilgi hâli ekini tercih etmişlerdir. Ayrıca bulunan edatların %22’si iyelik ekli isim unsuruna bağlanarak grup oluşturmaktadır. En çok ile, içün, bile/ birle ve gibi/ kibi edatları kullanılmıştır. Bu edatlar, bulunan örneklerin %60’ını oluşturmaktadır.

The paper characterizes the PP–nominal (prepositional phrase + nominalization) pattern in Biblical Hebrew and Rabbinic Hebrew (e.g., עלינו לעשות ‘it is our duty to do’) and discusses its relation to the so-called evaluative or חג״ם pattern (e.g., טוב לנו עבֹד ‘it would have been better for us to serve’). In spite of the resemblance between the two, it is argued that the former is a distinct pattern both historically and typologically, but that both share similar generalizations within predicate-initial sentence patterns. Historically, the PP-nominal sentences are a unique case of prepositional phrase predicate sentences with simple noun phrase subjects, having fixed word order and nominalized subjects. Typologically, they are essentially marked for person. Changes in the PP-nominal pattern in Rabbinic Hebrew suggest that it grew closer to the evaluative pattern