Sahara

The original intention of Charles de Foucauld was to prepare the arrival of the missionaries in the Hoggar, by composing a Tuareg lexicon and grammar. Then the collection of poems became for him a goal in itself. The six thousand verses he has collected are one of the few documents that allow us to hear the voice of the Tuaregs of the pre-colonial era.

Au milieu des sables du désert et face aux vagues de l’océan,
plantée au bord de la route entre Laâyoune et Dakhla, la ville
de Boujdour s’est développée un beau jour de la fin de l’année 1975. Au départ, un phare, figure de proue du Cabo bojador, incon- tournable défi pour la navigation médiévale en direction de l’Afrique centrale et australe puis des Indes.
Point cardinal des verbes créateurs des cultures sahariennes et portugaises, Bojador fut le théâtre de l’épanouissement conjugué de la poésie saharienne et portugaise. Nés de la bouche des nomades et des marins, le gaf hassani et le fado portugais résonnèrent ensemble, sans le savoir, de part et d’autre du cap des poètes. Muse des poètes, Bojador vit jaillir de ses vagues d’imagination des maîtres comme Camoes, Pessoa ou Nuno Júdice, côté portugais, et plus récemment, Ruijel ou Ould Mlihah, côté saharien.
Suite au départ des Espagnols fin 1975, se sont agrégés à l’amarre du phare des tentes, puis des habitations en dur, des commerces, un port, le tout organisé en places, en rues puis en avenues... La ville de Boujdour typifie l’ingéniosité sociale en cours au Sahara atlantique depuis quelques décennies. Seule une incursion au cœur de l’histoire et de l’organisation sociale des tribus sahariennes est à même d’expliquer la rapidité avec laquelle un esprit urbain saharien a pris corps à Boujdour, à partir d’un simple phare et d’un campement.

Although the 19th-century Sufi figure al-Shaikh Māʾ al-ʿAynain led a major resistance movement in the Northwestern Sahara and Morocco and was one of the most widely printed authors on the Fez lithographic press, very little information on his literary and scholarly output exists in Europhone sources. This is largely due to the marginalization of texts inconsistent with Middle East-centered narratives of reform and revival inspired by the encounter with Europe. As part of a larger effort to read Maghrebi literatures on their own terms rather than imposing European or Middle Eastern timelines and concepts, this paper reads Māʾ al-ʿAynain’s 1858 riḥla (travelogue) to Mecca for how he conceptualized his world and traveled within it, including local, regional, and transregional elements.

[Paper in Italian]
The discovery of an ancient borrowing from Arabic in the domain of religion (FAKRU, the "name" of the she-camel of prophet Saleh, derived from "FA-‘AQARU..." i.e. the starting words of the quranic verses containing this story) suggests that the oldest relations with Arabs were not limited to secular, commercial ties, but included religious instruction.

Increasingly forced to switch from nomadic to urban lifestyles over the last few decades, lots of Kel Tamasheq in the Sahara and Sahel are being squeezed into sedentarization. Furthermore, the vagaries of international politics are pushing them into making transnational border crossings without
documents, nationalities or citizenships. Global economic interests, EU sanctions, as well as several local and supra local attempts to enforce political hegemony have turned nomadic life into a challenging business. Recent geopolitical changes have had a crucial impact on the Saharan-Sahel population, but the rest of the world has neglected them. The Sahara and Sahel are more and more being transformed into a gateway for
international politics and economic manoeuvres. Anthropologists should have a responsibility to bring the harsh political and economic circumstances with which these people are dealing to a broader audience.

The contributors to this volume were free to approach the Kel Tamasheq from a wide range of themes, angles and regions. Our aim in this book is to identify a population living in deserted areas in the central Sahara and on its Sahelian fringes in the context of ‘global interconnectedness, suggesting
a world full of movement and mixture, contact and linkages, and persistent cultural interaction and exchange’.

Stone monuments are important cultural markers and as such
help to deciphers the population pattern and its variations through ages. Since it covers millions of square kilometres and very different geographic environments, various groups, with possibly different monuments and rites, are expected to have occupied the Sahara. The situation is quite different on either side of the T´en´er´e (Niger). Except for the Tibesti mountains, monuments are almost totally absent beyond 16◦E, and at least 95% are registered west of this line. While some of these stone monuments have a narrow distribution area, others, on the contrary, are known from the T´en´er´e (Niger) to the Atlantic Ocean. Data compiled for
eight different types reveal different orientation rules with time and location.
The “keyhole” monuments seem to have a luni-solar alignment as opposed to a the random distribution for rectangular tumuli for instance. The number of monuments registered so far is large enough for regional analyses in order to detect possible space variations.

This chapter identifies and explores the linkages between the changing human security of societies in the Sahel and the decision by individuals and groups of these societies to embark upon the dangerous route across the Sahara and into the Mediterranean Region.  Specifically, the lens is focused on those who live in the most fragile and marginal regions of the Sahel-Saharan band, in other contexts known as the pastoral zone in Niger, a country that shares its northern border with the currently politically unstable state of Libya.  In this part of Niger, households are dependent upon a temporary form of rural-to-urban migration, which has been considered a tradition for more than a century.  Yet, the key problems facing the rural system that dominates the nation’s economy are being exacerbated by uncertain and variable rainfall, the precarious, unequal, and haphazard development of the pastoral system, short-sighted governance and limited protection of ecosystems, and terms of trade that favor exploitation of smallholders.  Drought emerges as the most critical factor to smallholders (pastoralists) who attempt to adapt to the climatic shocks through the only economic and institutional means available.  For many this means migration for some or all family members. In critical times, those who stay behind become ‘trapped’ in their home territories and dependent upon remittances from migrants and the trickle-in of humanitarian aid.  The desperation  and exasperation of Sub-Saharan migrants has been evident in current times.  These complex factors form the basis of the context in which we will present the perspective of the migrants from their « trapped » families in Niger, exploring migration decisions and perceptions of the social and ecological changes to the rural system. The changes occurring in the Sahelo-Saharan zone indicate social and ecological tipping points for the rural populations, which foreshadows an increase of migration in the near future. 

Regards croisés israélo-marocains sur les Accords d'Abraham -  Abdeslam Bouteyeb et Yigal Bin-Nun. par Michel Dray -  Passages 208-209 Actuel Monde
Dans le cadre des Accords d'Abraham initiés par les États-Unis à la fin du mandat de Donald Trump, les pays arabes : Dubaï, Émirats arabes unis, Soudan et Maroc, ont reconnu et noué des relations diplomatiques avec Israël. C'est une percée politique pour l'État hébreu et une normalisation bienvenue entre Israël et une partie du monde arabe. Michel Dray a recueilli le double point de vue d'un intellectuel marocain, Abdeslam Bouteyeb, et d'un universitaire israélien, sur cette amorce de réconciliation israélo-arabe. Le dernier conflit entre Israël et le Hamas, dramatique par ses pertes humaines et ses dégâts intercommunautaires, ne semble pas devoir modifier la donne prometteuse des accords d'Abraham entre Israël et les nouveaux pays arabes qui ont reconnu l'État hébreu.

A l'occasion de la résidence à l'IISMM de Mounia Chekhab, conservatrice au musée d'Art
islamique de Doha (Qatar) et auteur de l'ouvrage Le qsar, type d’implantation humaine au
Sahara : architecture du Sud Algérien (Archaeopress, 2016), l'équipe de l'atelier Mondes
Sahariens organise une journée d'étude sur le thème des qsûr sahariens. Dans la même
optique que celle qui anime l'atelier mensuel, cette rencontre se veut être l'occasion de
faire dialoguer des spécialistes de champs disciplinaires variés (histoire, anthropologie,
géographie, archéologie...) autour d'un même thème, dans le but de dynamiser et enrichir
les travaux respectifs de chacun. Objet d'étude complexe, aux multiples facettes, le qsar
saharien sera abordé par le prisme de travaux récents menés dans différents espaces sahariens
(Maroc, Mauritanie et Algérie). En ménageant des plages réservées à la discussion,
l'équipe de l'atelier Mondes Sahariens espère que cette journée sera aussi l'occasion d'un
dialogue constructif entre les intervenants et les participants à l'atelier.

The purpose of this research has been to examine the era of securitization in the Sahara-Sahel meta-region of West Africa. It begins with an executive summary of the research, followed immediately by a historical perspective on the Sahara-Sahel, one that is crucial to understanding the current (socio)political economy of the wider region and the crises that are manifest there. It then discusses the role of an energy-security nexus in heralding the securitization era of the Sahara-Sahel, and the role the United States and Algeria played in prompting it. This discussion gives way to the stepped-up role of the European Union in the region, which increasingly views the Sahelian countries as an externalized, southern border of the supranational bloc largely through the prism of a supposed security-migration-development nexus. This nexus is examined (as is, briefly, the alleged climate-conflict nexus) and, while it certainly exists, this research demonstrates current approaches of securitization in the region have wreaked much harm on the local communities there, while encouraging rent-seeking behavior from corrupt governments and leading to proliferation of instability, especially by pushing average people into the fold of organized crime and smuggling to eke out a living. Focus is on Mali, a state which has faced numerous revolts since independence by alienated communities in its northern regions, most recently in 2012 which captured international attention. It concludes with a series of recommendations that American and EU policymakers ought to heed in order to avoid fanning the flames that have already spread from Mali and seem to be shifting southward, towards states such as previously tranquil Burkina Faso. It is hoped this research may provide crucial insight into a widely misunderstood region in both Western popular imagination and policymaking circles.

Η Αλ Κάιντα του Ισλαμικού Μάκρεμπ είναι μία τζιχαντιστική τρομοκρατική ομάδα, η οποία δρα στη Βόρεια Αφρική. Οι στόχοι της οργάνωσης έγιναν ευρέως γνωστοί το 2008, όταν ο Abdelmalek Droukdal έδωσε συνέντευξη στους New York Times. «Πρωταρχικός μας σκοπός είναι η εγκαθίδρυση της Σαρία και η υποτέλεια στον Αλλάχ. Οι γενικοί στόχοι μας είναι οι ίδιοι με της μητέρας Αλ Κάιντα, και τους γνωρίζετε...»
Στο κείμενο που ακολουθεί, γίνεται μια σκιαγράφηση των στόχων της Οργάνωσης, αλλά και της στρατηγικής της, συνεπικουρούμενη από την ιστορική της διαδρομή.

Environmental activist and ardent advocate for children’s rights and well-being, Jamaican laureate of the 2008 Jamaican National Literature awards, Diana McCaulay, published her critically acclaimed debut novel Dog-Heart in 2010. This paper will first focus on the legacy of colonial racism in Jamaica, before addressing the main characters’ quest for identity in a crime-ridden society.

Este artículo se propone reflexionar sobre las actuaciones humanitarias que se han llevado a cabo en los campamentos de Tinduf, Argelia. Y más en particular se desea explorar cómo el desplazamiento a la hamada argelina de la población saharaui significó más que la pérdida física del lugar donde habitaban, supuso interrelacionarse con diversas formas y redes de ayuda y conllevó la completa reconfiguración de su ser. Así, el refugio en los campamentos saharauis permea la
vida social del pueblo, determinando su dinámica. Si bien, desde 1975 hasta ahora, múltiples son las transformaciones que han sucedido y que muestran también la capacidad del pueblo saharaui para reinventarse y no someterse al refugio.

This paper examines the issue of gender inequality in education in sub-Saharan Africa. It argues that in sub-Saharan African countries, the provision of education for boys and girls is uneven, and biased through gender, location, class and region- resulting to high illiteracy rates for girls and women. The paper concludes that political instability and violence, poverty and economic challenges, negative cultural values, female genital mutilation, early marriage, and sexual harassment are some of the leading contributors to gender inequality in education. Other factors that exacerbate gender inequality are lack of gender responsiveness among the teachers, ineffective teaching, and lack of learning materials, poor learning environment, and impact of HIV/AIDS. The paper contends that gender inequality in education holds back the growth of individuals, the development of countries and the evolution of societies to the disadvantage of both men and women if not addressed-should be at the beginning. Strategies and interventions that have the potential to eliminate gender disparities in education in developing countries are discussed in this paper.

This book presents the reader a detailed analysis of the animal world in relation to Saharan and North African children's toys and play activities. To begin with, the toy dromedaries are described, then the toys referring to horses, mules and donkeys, cattle and livestock, other domestic animals, and non-domestic animals. Each of the subdivisions starts with a summary putting forward the main characteristics of the group of toys and games concerned. In 'Conclusion and Perspectives', a synthesis is proposed, together with a discussion of some environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects, and a socio-semiotic analysis. Then follows the chapter 'Perspectives' in which I have tried to offer some suggestions for the practical use of this play and toy culture. In an appendix a detailed and systematic description, in French, of the Saharan and North African toy animals of the collection of the Musée de l'Homme can be consulted.
For their play activities referring to the animal world the Saharan and North African children use certain animals as living toys as well as playing with toy animals. Yet, the child's body can be enough to imitate an animal such as a dromedary or a horse. The animals used as living toys are little dromedaries, donkeys, mules, sheep, turkeys, cats, sandmice, jerboas, fennecs, lizards, salamanders, tortoises, insects and even scorpions. However, I have not found any reference to rabbits or dogs serving as living toys, except a Ghrib boy playing in 1975 with a herddog.
The described toy animals represent dromedaries, horses, mules, donkeys, cows, zebus, sheep, rams, goats, dogs, cats, rabbits, hedgehogs, chickens, gazelles, antelopes, ostriches, birds, rats, snakes, monkeys and scorpions. The omnipresence of the dromedary is not amazing at all. Just as Jan Bujak notices for the horse in Poland where its economic and cultural importance is reflected in the little horse and the 'lajkonik', two popular Polish toys, the importance of dromedaries in North Africa and the Sahara explains its popularity in the play activities of the children from these regions.
10
From the gathered information as well as my personal observations in Morocco and Tunisia, I think one can conclude that the games and toys related to the animal world are more limited in the cities than in the countryside. This can be explained by the greater familiarity of rural children with animals. The boys are the ones most often playing games referring to animals or to the relationship between humans and animals. According to all the information at my disposal, these games are less current among girls. Although my own observations confirm this remark, one should bear in mind that the consulted authors mostly are men, that the children's sex is not always specified and that most of my informants on these kinds of play activities are boys or men. Among the Tuareg, boys and girls play together with their toy dromedaries and they divide the tasks when making them.
Although the data rarely reveal this, the toy animals described here only make sense in the context of the children's games which are most of the time collective and open-air play activities involving children of the same family or neighborhood. For these games the children use a good number of toys or other objects. Moreover, the way of communicating with domestic animals and the whole language referring to the animal world is practiced in these play activities.
If some games directly refer to the life of the animals and their behavior, many other games find inspiration in the way adults use these animals. The children play at organizing a nomadic encampment, at being a shepherd, a dromedarist, a horseman, a mule driver, a caravaneer, a hunter, a cattle-breeder, a farmer, and almost all male occupations.
Leaving aside the psychological, pedagogical and socialization aspects, the least one can stress is that a comprehensive learning of the physical, vegetal and animal environment is achieved through these play activities.
Toys representing animals can be very simple, necessitating no work at all. A stone becomes a goat, a sheep or a dromedary. A long reed or stick is transformed into a horse. The majority of the toys representing animals made by Saharan and North African children, from the simplest ones to the most elaborated ones, are hand-made. With few exceptions these toys remain figurative and realistic representations regarding the overall appearance and sometimes also the details.
11
The Saharan and North African children themselves have made almost all these animals in miniature. Therefore they use a lot of material of mineral, vegetal, animal and waste origin. Only rarely adults make such toys, like the servants and artisans of the Moors or the artisans from Rabat and Marrakech. With only few exceptions of former as well as recent times, the toy animals are made locally. Yet, the importation in these regions of European toys exists already for a long time.
The oldest toy animal described in this book is a ram of painted clay made before 1889. The other toy animals of the collection of the Musée de l'Homme have been made between the 1930s and the 1960s. The toy animals I saw myself were made between 1975 and 1977 for those of the Ghrib children or between 1992 and 2002 for those of the Moroccan children.

TUAREG SOCIETY WITHIN A GLOBALIZED WORLD
ANJA FISCHER & INES KOHL (eds.)

The Tuareg (Kel Tamasheq) are an ancient nomadic people who have inhabited the Sahara, one of the most extreme environments in the world, for millennia. In what ways have the lives of the Tuareg changed, and what roles do they have, in a modern and increasingly globalized world? Here, leading scholars explore the many facets of contemporary Tuareg existence: from transnational identity to international politics, from economy to social structure, from music to beauty, from mobility to slavery.
The ancient ways of the Tuareg were largely uninterrupted until the arrival of the colonial powers during the nineteenth century. Colonial forces divided traditional Tuareg territory across five separate new countries, causing profound changes in the social, political and economic structure of the Tuareg. The Tuareg today continue to face the risk of marginalisation within national and international politics. At the same time, the Tuareg are seen as a link between the Arab and African worlds, and their familiarity with the Sahara makes them a port of call for African migrants traversing the desert to reach Europe. Tuareg (Kel Tamasheq) between Niger, Algeria and Libya.

Ce chapitre, extrait d'une biographie de Henri Duveyrier publiée en 2007 (Henri Duveyrier, un saint-simonien au désert), porte notamment sur les relations entre Henri Duveyrier et Charles de Foucauld, et analyse les lettres du second au premier. Il fait suite au chapitre 8 (https://www.academia.edu/773021).

Le témoignage d'Isabelle Eberhardt (1877-1904) peut présenter, une matière ethnographique de haute valeur ; une plume qui lance un nouveau style de littérature coloniale, dénuée de préjugés et d'exotisme, consolidé par un regard posé, venant du fin fond de la société algérienne d'entre 1897 et 1904.

Ce texte fourni une bibliographique essentielle sur Isabelle Eberhardt, en organisant chronologiquement sa publication journalistique et éditorialement sa publication littéraire posthume, et enfin, en présentant une filmographie réalisée autours de sa vie et de son oeuvre.

We examined the composition and dynamics of spontaneous vascular vegetation in Lake Ayata (Valley of Oued Righ Algerian, Low-Sahara). The site is located between 33°29’17’’N to 33°29’48’’N and 05°59’10’’E to 05°59’37’’E. A systematic sampling of the flora has revealed 13 species belonging to 8 families and 13 genera. The waterbody is free of submerged plants. The plant life forms, structure and physiognomy of vegetation were determined. In addition, vegetation-land-cover was mapped to illustrate seasonal distribution of dominant plant species. Geostatistics on areas covered by vegetation and its seasonal dynamics were obtained and then discussed. The most common plant life forms were chamaephytes (53.8%) and therophytes (23.1%), which characterize desert vegetation that has low recovery and low height. Furthermore, vegetation mapping revealed the existence of 3 types of vegetation: (i) halophytic vegetation represented mainly by Chenopodiaceae species, which were extended all around the edges of the waterbody; (ii) hydrophytic vegetation represented mainly by Phragmites communis and Juncus maritimus, and (iii) sparse vegetation represented by Limoniastrum guyonianum and Triganum nudatum. Lake Ayata’s flora is poorly diversified but well adapted to adverse environmental conditions prevailing on the ground (salinity) and climate (drought).

Est-il possible et utile de comparer les cultures ludiques tangibles et intangibles de l’antiquité gréco-romaine et du monde rural nord-africain et saharien et de trouver une similitude entre les activités ludiques de ces deux mondes séparés par tant de siècles et différenciés par des milieux naturels et humains, des croyances, des coutumes et des organisations sociales spécifiques ? En élaborant ce document de travail je suis parti de l’hypothèse que cela pourrait être possible et suite à l’analyse des différences et similarités des jeux et jouets et de leur contexte matériel et socio-culturel j’ai remarqué assez bien d’affinités prouvées aussi bien par des descriptions que par des images (voir le PowerPoint joint à cette analyse).
Peut-on parfois parler d’une continuité ? Je pense que cela pourrait être possible car
historiquement il y a eu dans l’antiquité des contacts entre la civilisation gréco-romaine et la civilisation amazighe (berbère), puis entre le monde musulman et le monde chrétien aussi bien en Afrique du Nord, en Orient que dans la Péninsule Ibérique. Cependant, il me semble que prouver pareille continuité ou influence directe n’est guère possible et ne pourrai pas dépasser le niveau d’hypothèse car les preuves semblent manquer.
Dans la première partie je propose quelques différences entre les jeux et jouets de l’Antiquité gréco-romaine et les jeux et jouets des enfants du monde rural nord-africain et saharien. Dans la deuxième partie sont analysées les similarités. La conclusion essaye de souligner les résultats de ce premier essai de comparaison.

Ever since oasis-based tourism took off during the 1970s in Draa valley, its rapid growth has attracted numerous geographers interested in studying the complex social and local dynamics, as well as assessing the impact tourism has on the wildlife.
This paper provides additional contribution to the concept of "tourist island" within the Draa valley, through a case study of Oum Laalag, a 15 hectares large oasis, 50 km off Mhamid El Ghizlane and 12 km close to the dunes of Chegaga, in the South-East of Morocco.

This oasis enjoys elements of tourist infrastructure (housing, restaurants, leisure, transport, etc...) and fits the traditional picture of oasis and desert. Oum Laalag is indeed on the ancient caravan track to Timbuktu and its own expansion vindicates that of tourism South of Mhamid and on to the Algerian border.
There is however concern over the oasis' sustainability with respect to the large tourist turnout, although there is a hope its success can turn it into a poster child as a benchmark for sustainable oasis tourism.
Keywords: Oasis, Tourism, Sustainable Development, Draa Valley, Mhamid, Morocco

Le littoral mauritanien, entre 16°30 N et 18°30 N présente une morphologie très régulière qui juxtapose des milieux salés à divers milieux dunaires.  Son climat  présente un double dégradé : décroissance de la pluviométrie du sud au nord, et présence de l'air maritime frai et humide  diminuant d'ouest en est. Il en résulte une végétation fortement structurée tant par les conditions édaphiques que climatiques. L'analyse factorielle de correspondance des quelques 200 relevés botanique montre un premier axe structuré par le gradiant de pluviométrie, et un second axe structuré par un gradiant de salinité.
Les groupements végétaux observés sont monotones : quelques associations se partagent  l'espace. L'analyse des groupements végétaux observés sur les substrats dunaires, déterminés par la pluviométrie, montre une succession de 3 associations s'étageant du sud au nord, plaçant la limite entre groupements sahéliens et saharien juste au nord de la ville de Nouakchott

"Islamization of Bedouin judiciary among the tribes of Awlad Aly in Matrouh, Egypt.

سعت الحرآة الإسلامية خلال العقدين الماضيين إلى إحداث تغيرات اجتماعية في المجتمع البدوي بصفة عامة.يأتي ذلك في إطار الرغبة نحو تأسيس مجتمع إسلامي جديد، ليس في البادية فحسب، وإنما في المجتمع المصري ككل. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلي رصد أبعاد عملية أسلمة القضاء البدوي بين أولاد علي بمطروح، والتي نتج عنها تأسيس القضاء الشرعي آنمط من الحكم يقوم على فض المنازعات بتطبيق نصوص من الشريعة الإسلامية. تكمن أهمية الدراسة في تقليل الفجوة المعرفية القائمة حول أسلمة المجتمع البدوي، ولفت انتباه صناع القرار إلى أهمية الإسراع في تحقيق الاندماج الاجتماعي للبدو في مصر. تم الاعتماد على بيانات ميدانية باستخدام أدوات البحث الكيفي ببعض القبائل. ورآزت الدراسة على اسلمة المجتمع البدوي، والتغيرات المصاحبة لهذه العملية، وأهمها دور المهاجرين في التوجهات الدينية، وآذلك تأثير التعليم على تكوين عصبية دينية بدوية، وتجاوب النخبة البدوية الجديدة معها. ورصدت الدراسة مظاهر التغير في القضاء البدوي عبر مراحله المختلفة، بدءا من التوسط في النزاع، ثم التفاوض حول المشورة، وجلسات التحقيق، وإصدار الحكم، وصولا إلى تدابير تنفيذ الحكم الشرعي.
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During the past two decades, the Islamic movement sought to ring about social changes in the Bedouin community in general. This comes within the framework of the desire to establish a new Islamic society, not only among Bedouins in the desert, but in the Egyptian society as a whole. The study aims at monitoring the dimensions of the islamization process of Bedouin judiciary rules among the tribes of Awlad Aly in Matrouh, which resulted in the establishment of Islamic ruling as a mode of governance for conflicts resolution. The importance of the study is to reduce the gap in the existing knowledge about the Islamization of the  Bedouin community, and to draw the attention of decision-makers to the importance of accelerating the achievement of social integration of the Bedouin in Egypt. The study relied on field data using the tools of qualitative research for some tribes. The study focused on the Islamization of the Bedouin community, and the changes associated with this process, the most important of which is the role of migrants in religious orientation; the impact of education on the composition of Bedouin religious fanaticism; and the response of the new elite Bedouin to the Islamization. The study monitored the manifestations of the change in the Bedouin judiciary  system through the various stages from mediating in the disputes, to negotiation advice and hearings, sentencing, leading to measures to implement the Islamic ruling.

"

The record labels Sahel Sounds and Sublime Frequencies position themselves as insurgent alternatives to the mainstream music industry’s capitalist profiteering in the global circulation of Tuareg music. While they are rooted in an art scene promoting a new media ethics and mode of world music circulation characterised by David Novak [2011. ‘The Sublime Frequencies of New Old Media’. Public Culture 23(3): 603–34] as ‘World Music 2.0,’ the relations of production among the Tuareg artists and American producers involved, in many respects, differ little from those of other labels. I argue that these producers’ claims to subversive subject positions are primarily motivated by the values of their U.S. social worlds rather than those of northwest Africa, though these worlds are entangled. To this end, I situate these labels within a particular global network of music circulation, examining their remediation of salvaged recordings, production of new studio albums, and competing claims of ethnographic authority to show their ambivalent reckonings with the commodification process.

Suivi de l'évolution diachronique du piémont sud du djebel Amour (Atlas Saharien, Algérie) par télédétection satellitaire durant la dernière sécheresse (1970-1986).
Développement méthodologique de traitements d'images satellites concernant particulièrement la discrimination et le suivi de la végétation steppique caractéristique de ces milieux, ainsi que les formes et formations sableuses.
Caractérisation des processus d'évolution (dynamique éolienne, dégradation des sols et du couvert végétal, sociaux, …) et de l'impact respectif de l'homme et des sécheresses dans les processus de dégradation des milieux observés.

Foreword by Brian Sutton-Smith 7
1  Introduction 9
2  Toy design: reflections of an anthropologist 19
2.1 Who is Barbie? 19
2.2 Who is Brownie the Gnome? 25
2.3 Toy design with natural and waste material 27
2.4 Toy design and safety 38
3  Toys, play, signs, meanings and communication 43
3.1 Toys, play and communication 43
3.2 Toys, signs and meanings 49
3.2.1 Material aspects 50
3.2.2 Technical aspects 57
3.2.3 Cognitive and emotional aspects 60
4  Toys, play, socio-cultural reproduction and continuity 81
5  Toys, play and creativity 93
6  Toys, play, girls and boys   105
7  Toys, play and generations   117
8  Toys, play, rituals and festivities   139
9  Toys, play and change   149
9.1 Changing North African and Saharan childhoods   150
9.2 Changing toys and play in Morocco and Tunisia   161
10  Conclusion   183
11  Using North African and Saharan toy and play culture   187
11.1 Pedagogical & cultural action in developing countries   189
11.2 Intercultural & peace education in a Western context   205
List of illustrations   211
References   221
Appendix 1: 
    Scheme for a description of play, games and toys   239
Appendix 2:
    Autobiographical notes   243
Map of North Africa and the Sahara   249
Map of Morocco   251
Author Index   253
Geographic and Ethnic Index 255

Anyone who has ever watched a movie set in the deserts of the Middle East has probably seen the exotic, but familiar representation of the area’s nomads. These nomads, known as Bedouins, are almost always shown in traditional dress and riding camels through the sand dunes of the Sahara Desert. While this image of the precarious lifestyle of the Bedouin may have been accurate at some point in time, with the incursion of modernity, expanding cities, and the complications of living such a close and isolated lifestyle, this nomadic group may be slowly slipping into the annals of time.

http://www.orgonelab.org/cart/xdemeo.htm#SAHARASIA
Ancient humans were peaceful - modern violence is avoidable. That's the basic message contained in "Saharasia", a controversial "marriage of heresies" over 10 years in the making. It will change forever your way of looking at the world, your home culture, and current events. Saharasia constitutes a revolutionary new discovery on a geographic pattern to global human behavior as deeply embedded within the scientific literature of anthropology, history and archaeology. It covers issues and events which typically are ignored in the "politically correct" academic environment, even though it was produced within that same environment. Saharasia presents the first cross-cultural, anthropological, archaeological and historical survey of human family and social institutions, tracing human violence back in time to specific times and places of first-origin. Saharasia also presents an additional controversy, given the factual identity of the violence-prone Saharasian region to be the homeland of the Islamo-fascist terror brigades. Saharasia has at several times in human history been the region from which massive armies marched out to conquer those moister regions lying at its periphery: into Europe, China, India and sub-Saharan Africa. These would be the early Indo-Aryan, Kurgan and Battle-Axe warriors, the Scythians and Huns, the Mongols, Turks, and Arab-Muslims, all of whom formed gigantic empires encompassing desert Saharasia and parts of its moister borderlands. While the analysis contained in this book starts around 12,000 BC and ends at around 1900 AD, the suggestion is clear, that the modern problem of global terrorism also springs forth from basic Saharasian-warrior roots. If you really want to know why so much of the world is in such a miserable condition, and to fully understand the current "march to war" within Islamic nations, this book will provide answers. One of the largest and most ambitious scientific and systematic, cross-cultural evaluations of human behavior ever undertaken. Originally a doctoral dissertation undertaken by the author at the University of Kansas, now supplemented with new chapters, and with hundreds of maps and illustrations. "Saharasia" is scarsely known to the wider public, given the controversial conclusions which precipitated from its development. But its findings, made as early as 1980, have been validated repeatedly by subsequent scientific discovery, and by world events. The new edition contains all-new Appendix documentation: "Update on Saharasia"reviewing archaeological evidence suggestive of an ancient period of generally peaceful human social conditions, world-wide.

... Titre du document / Document title. A Hieroglyphic Inscription found at Jebel Uweinat mentioningYam and Tekhebet = Une inscription hiéroglyphique découverte à Jebel Uweinat mentionnantyam et Takhebet. ... Inscription. ; ... Faire une nouvelle recherche Make a new search.

يعالج هذا المقال مناطق الجنوب الجزائري خلال العهد العثماني من خلال أوضاع الصحراء و الواحات و القصور و القبائل و علاقتها بالسلطة المركزية في دار السلطان. وهذه المؤشرات من واقع الدراسات الفرنسية خلال الفترة الإستعمارية.
This article deals with the regions of southern Algeria during the Ottoman era through the conditions of the desert, oases, palaces, and tribes, and their relationship with the central authority in Dar Al-Sultan. These indicators are based on French studies during the colonial period.