Television Broadcasting

THE CONDITION OF EDUCATION IN THE FIELD OF RADIO, TELEVISION AND CINEMA IN KYRGYZSTAN, ACCORDING TO MEDIA SECTOR.
This work was prepared as a master thesis for a graduate of the Institute of Social Sciences of the Kyrgyzstan-Turkey “Manas” University. This work based on the qualitative and quantitative research in the media sector in Kyrgyzstan which aimed identifying the quality of education at the faculties of communication.
The purpose of this work is to analyze the level of conformity of communication graduates knowledge and skills to sector expectations and requirements.
This work consists of the three parts, introduction and conclusion. The first and second part are based on theoretical knowledge.
In the first part the overall structure of television broadcasting in the world and in Kyrgyzstan was analyzing and commercial, public and institutional structures of television were defined. Five different organizational structures were considered in detail. And also identified some of the approaches that provided opportunities used in these organizational structures. Kyrgyz and world media sector working groups and their roles and functions in the organizational structure especially have been studied.
The main theme of the second part is the theme of education: definitions, basic elements, approaches, concepts, objectives and functions. Educational models have been identified for the implementation of these functions. Established a connection between these functions and education in the field of communications, media sector.
With the help of professionals the main problems of education in the field of communications have been identified. After studying general information, the universities in Kyrgyzstan including the Kyrgyzstan-Turkey “Manas” University, providing education in the field of communications were considered. Lessons and goals of the lessons which are studied in the educational process were analyzed.
The third part includes the comparison of kyrgyz televısıon professıonals skılls and Kyrgyzstan – Turkey “Manas” university communication faculty graduates skılls. In this context, interviews with experts were conducted and questionnaires were filled. Specialists were asked questions about the teachers and graduates in the field of communication. Specialists were asked to rate education in universities of Kyrgyzstan in the field of communication using a point system. Thus, there was an attempt to identify the positive and negative aspects of the educational process of the Faculty of Communication of the Kyrgyz-Turkish University "Manas".

This paper evaluates the reliability of The International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) curves in Nigeria for television signal broadcast planning by determining the practical broadcast coverage of seven television stations in Lagos State to identify the reach of their transmission and determine the geographical zones where frequency allocated can be re-used. The field strength meter was utilized to take electrical field strength of the transmitted signal of each station in several locations in Lagos State. The result shows that the CCIR curves are not totally reliable for television broadcast planning. For effective television broadcast planning, television broadcast zones should cover broader geographical areas for proper frequency re-use.

The paper defines specific aspects of monitoring the television contents with citizens of Slovakia with visual and hearing impairment. It focuses on the analysis of respecting the
percentage of programmes with audio description, open or closed captioning and interpretation into sign language which is in Slovakia strictly defined by the Act on Broadcasting and Retransmission. The aim of the article is to compare the real broadcasted programmes percentage for specific groups of audience with the set minimal percentage defined by the legislation. The research study includes both public television and commercial television broadcasters. The statistics of broadcasted programmes up to 2012 show the recurrent violation of the quota set by the law with consequent sanctioning of televisions. More positive results appeared as a result of the amendment of the Act on Broadcasting and Retransmission from 2013 with the effect
from 1 January 2014. Televisions themselves show interest in the issue which can be proved by the fact that there was no violation of the percentage set by the law in 2013 and 2014. However, there are still several significant deficiencies in the legal amendment, e.g. the law does not specify the types of broadcasted programmes for the
group of handicapped audience, their broadcasting time and not even does it define whether rebroadcasting of once broadcasted programmes is included into the percentage of programmes broadcasted with multimodal approach.

Turkish TV broadcasting in Balkans firstly started on 16th April, 1969, in Macedonia Television, in Skopje. Following Macedonia Television, Pristina Television in Kosovo started Turkish broadcasting in 1974. Turkish television broadcasting is important for keeping Turkish language and culture alive and still being one of the most important witnesses of Turk existence in Balkans.
In this study, Turkish television broadcasting in Balkans is described from the beginning to the day with the emerging developments in countries having these broadcastings. Today, with a population of about 1.4 million Turks, there is no TV channel broadcasting in Turkish 24/7. But within Macedonia, Kosovo, Gagauzia and Bulgaria state televisions; and in two private television channels in Romania and Macedonia broadcasting in Turkish in limited times.
This study is limited to Turkish television broadcasting in Balkan countries. The fifty years of Turkish television broadcasts in five countries are described. But Turkish television broadcastings from Turkey can be watched thorough the Balkans via satellite broadcastings and internet. Therefore the importance and function of broadcastings those from Turkey for Balkan Turks was highlighted.

In this paper, we present a feasibility analysis for performing vehicular dynamic spectrum access across vacant television spectral channels via a queueing theory approach that is primarily based on a multi-server, multi-priority, preemptive queue. Queueing theory has been extensively employed in the open literature to model wireless multiple access architectures as well as analyze network performance in both wired and wireless communication frameworks. On the other hand, to the best of the authors' knowledge, there does not exist a queueing theory approach designed to analyze dynamic spectrum access networks on a system level, including the specific case of vehicular dynamic spectrum access (VDSA). Leveraging previously reported quantitative measurements obtained from a wireless spectrum measurement campaign conducted along a major interstate highway (I-90) located in Massachusetts, we modeled vacant TV channels as a multi-server queueing system in which available servers represent vacant channels. The servers become unavailable in a time/location-varying fashion such that they represent spatially occupied TV channels. Both M/M/m and M/G/m models are employed to evaluate the probability that a vehicle finds all channels busy, as well as to derive the expected waiting times and the expected number of channel switches. We also consider cases where there are multiple priority classes of service requests such as a channel request by a first-responder vehicle.

Virtuality based network society provides online togetherness of millions of people at the same time and so that ensures a great opportunity to socialize and organization. The most prominent feature of this socialization is establishing virtual partnerships on the basis of common interest even people who have never met each other in the physical sense. These new communities consist of people that connect via the internet and make common sharings such as business, games, activities and chat. On the one hand these people create virtual communities of the internet, on the other hand, social networks are transformed the new public sphere of these people.
The purpose of this study is to show the effects of social media on television broadcast policies in Turkey and to argue whether social media is a tool of social resistence or not. For this purpose the researcher has tried to reveal that role of social media about tv series called Behzat Ç. remain on the air for three television seasons although on all political pressures, criminal sanctions of RTÜK and bumpy rating graphics. The importance of this study lies to handle social media is a power on television broadcast policies. Data of this study were obtained from secondary sources, examining sharings and comments about Behzat Ç. on Behzat Ç. pages of Twitter and Facebook and structured interview with Sadullah Şentürk who was director of Behzat Ç. tv series.

This paper describes the feasibility study on the traffic information provision which is suitable for TV broadcasting by using floating car data (FCD). Recent telematics services provide traffic information via on-board car navigation units or portable navigation devices which facilitate interactive use but for limited number of users. On the other hand, the information provision via TV broadcasting has large number of viewer and may seems have significant influence on their travel behaviors especially in the case of singular traffic conditions. However the way of expression of traffic information via broadcasting has limitation in the interaction and the sparse resolution on TV monitors. In this paper, we will propose the mesh-wised traffic indices in terms of the fluidity and the singularity in traffic conditions based on the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) of traffic flows. After the discussion on the theoretical framework, the preliminary studies using taxi probe data in Tokyo will be presented.

Employing wireless technologies to provide connectivity for rural areas is an active topic in the academic and industrial communities. In this article we begin by discussing the challenges of rural communications and reviewing existing wireless technologies that have been proposed or implemented for this market. We then focus on an emerging technology, cognitive radio, that promises to be a viable solution for rural communications. The most notable candidate for rural cognitive radio technology is the IEEE 802.22 standard that is currently being developed and is based on time division duplexing, orthogonal frequency division multiple access, and opportunistic use of the VHF/UHF TV bands. We address two important issues that can affect the success of IEEE 802.22 technology in rural deployments, namely, to: 1) Provide suitable service models 2)Overcome the problem of long TDD turnaround time in large rural cells For the first issue, we introduce a service model that combines TV broadcasting and data services to facilitate service adoption. For the second issue, we propose an adaptive TDD approach that effectively eliminates the requirement for long TDD turn-around time and thus, increases the efficiency of large-coverage rural networks.

Bu çalışmada TRT'nin, 1974'ten günümüze uzanan dizi film yayıncılığının popüler ve kültürel bir metin olarak üretildiği yıllardaki tarihsel, kültürel ve politik anlamda değişen dönemleri ve tutumları değerlendirilmiştir. TRT'nin, kendine özgü yapım koşulları ve dönemler arası siyasi atmosfer içinde ele aldığı tarih dizisi yapımlarının hangi dönemlerde, sayılarda ve başlıklarda ele alındığını, izleyicilerin de geçmişten günümüze televizyondan beklentilerini anlama adına yeniden gözden geçirmek bu manada anlamlıdır.
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TRT has served as popular and cultural text for TV series broadcasting since 1974, a function that can be evaluated within the context of changing circumstances and attitudes in terms of history, culture and politics. TRT's historical series productions have developed in unique production conditions and inter-political atmosphere. Taking these facts into consideration, it is worth revisiting the various production periods, titles, and examining the viewers' expectations from television from past to present.

Employing wireless technologies to provide connectivity for rural areas is an active topic in the academic and industrial communities. In this article we begin by discussing the challenges of rural communications and reviewing existing wireless technologies that have been proposed or implemented for this market. We then focus on an emerging technology, cognitive radio, that promises to be a viable solution for rural communications. The most notable candidate for rural cognitive radio technology is the IEEE 802.22 standard that is currently being developed and is based on time division duplexing, orthogonal frequency division multiple access, and opportunistic use of the VHF/UHF TV bands. We address two important issues that can affect the success of IEEE 802.22 technology in rural deployments, namely, to: 1) Provide suitable service models 2)Overcome the problem of long TDD turnaround time in large rural cells For the first issue, we introduce a service model that combines TV broadcasting and data services to facilitate service adoption. For the second issue, we propose an adaptive TDD approach that effectively eliminates the requirement for long TDD turn-around time and thus, increases the efficiency of large-coverage rural networks.