Temporal

Several long-term studies have monitored populations of algal symbionts,
Symbiodinium sp., in coral hosts over different temporal and spatial scales, and
among multiple host species. The extension of these studies to include environmental
pools of algal symbionts from sources such as the water column, sediments,
free-floating mucus mats and those settling on biofilms has only been
studied by a few, yet has the potential to enhance our understanding of the
dynamics and controls on symbiont populations. Adaptive changes in the coral
symbiont complement rely either on the uptake of new strains from the environment
or population expansion of rarer strains in the existing symbiont population.
The relative scope for these alternative pathways of uptake is
unknown. This study therefore examined spatial changes in Symbiodinium
clades within the water column at two different time periods and compared
these with other environmental pools (biofilms, sediments, and mucus mats)
and those within the dominant reef-building species at the study site, Acropora
muricata. A diversity of algal symbiont clades were detected in environmental
pools, with specific clades associated with different habitats. At an island scale,
there was significant variation in clade composition between sites separated by
0.5–7 km, a result which was repeated for both sample periods encompassing
different seasons (March 2009 and August 2010). Although no single environmental
pool contained a Symbiodinium complement comparable to that of the
host coral species investigated, the dominant coral Symbiodinium were available
in combinations of the environmental pools, indicating that the coral has the
potential to obtain its symbionts from a variety of environmental sources.

‬Textual coherence in cloudy semantic relations through which the relation is each piece of speech or writing acts as context. MA.k Holliday and R.Hassan played a key ale estabhshing the relationship in contchal shachre and the relationship among sentence elements. The believe that coherence applies to all kids of relations which link one element of the sentence to the element in previous sentence. The factors bringing about textual coherence among element in a sentence are divided into 3 categories: 1. Grammatical 2. Lexicon 3. Connectives
The present article is an  endeavor to survey. The fragmented and scattered writings of Shams-e- Tabriz as the mentor of Molavis Tariqat (way of thinking). The writings not published as a compiled book by Shams-e- Tabriz himself.
The Grammatical coherence of Shams,s articles is shied in two parts i.e. reference and omission, lexical coherence in two parts i.e. repetition and collocation. Finally the connechire coherence is shadied in 4 parts. Namely, additive, causative, contrastive and tempral

Cardiotonic glycosides are extracted mostly from leaves of Digitalis plants. Commercial production of bioactive secondary metabolites by traditional agriculture is an inefficient process and can be affected by climatic and soil conditions. Strategies, based on in vitro culture methods, have been extensively studied to improve the production of specific plant derived chemicals. The aim of the present research was to obtain biomass of D. purpurea using the temporary immersion system (TIS) and to determine the content of cardiotonic glycosides (digitoxin, digoxin and lanatoside C) as secondary metabolites of commercial value for the pharmaceutical industry. Shoots were cultured in 1,000 ml TIS during 28 days. The effect of four immersion frequencies (once every 2, 4, 6, and 12 h) was studied. Biomass accumulation was influenced by immersion frequency. The maximum biomass accumulation (values in respect of fresh and dry weight) was obtained with immersions every 4 h (six immersions per day). HPLC analysis revealed the presence of digoxin and digitoxin for all immersion frequencies. No lanatoside C was detected in the biomass cultured in TIS. Digoxin concentrations varied depending on the frequencies tested. In contrast, the digitoxin content showed no dependency on the immersion frequency. Net production of digoxin and digitoxin per TIS were found to be higher with immersions every 4 h. The best net production of digitoxin and digoxin per TIS were 167.6 and 119.9 μg, respectively. The development of organ culture based on temporary immersion system can be a reliable method for the steady production of biomass for cardiotonic glycosides production, which is reported for the first time for Digitalis genus in this communication.

Temporary intravascular shunts (TIVS) are synthetic intraluminal conduits that maintain arterial and/or venous blood flow. This technique can be used for: 1) replantation; 2) open extremity fractures with extensive soft tissue and arterial injuries; or 3) damage control (extremity/truncal). The literature defining TIVS is composed exclusively of small case series (primarily penetrating injuries). Our goal was to identify the injured population who actually undergoes TIVS using the National Trauma Data Bank (2001 to 2005). TIVS were placed in 395 patients (mean Injury Severity Score = 26; initial hemodynamic instability = 24%; mean based deficit = -7.2; mortality = 14%). Blunt mechanisms caused 64 per cent (251 of 395) of cases. Penetrating injuries were primarily gunshot wounds (97%). Concurrent severe extremity fractures and/or soft tissue defects were present in 185 (74%) blunt-injured patients. Only six of 111 centers performing TIVS used this technique five or more times. Only t...

Estimates of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) are widely used in irrigation engineering to define crop water requirements. A major drawback to application of the FAO Penman-Monteith is the relatively high data demand which unfortunately, for many locations; such meteorological variables are often incomplete and/or not available. Alternatively, the Blaney–Criddle (BC) equation is a simpler method for ETo estimation. In this study, the BC equation was calibrated using three methods: spatially calibration at each station for the whole period (ETo-BCS); two periods calibration (ETo-BCS2); and spatial and temporal calibration at each station for each month (ETo-BCS,T) using twelve stations a cross Jordan. The calibration coefficient of BC equation (a, b) were determined at all stations. The results of the calibration methods showed that: (1) the spatial calibration of BC had the highest RMSE, and ME and Lower R2 comparing to spatial and temporal calibration and two periods calibration. (2) Improvement was achieved for the BC equation when considering the spatial and temporal calibration for all months at each station. The values of a were negative for all months of any station. The higher values of a are coincided with cold or low temperature months while the high values coincided with high month temperature. The b values were positive for the whole stations and months. As the a values, it seems that b values had higher values in warm months than the cold one. A relatively good improvement could be obtained using two periods calibration instead of one period. The maps of a and b clearly show that a and b varied considerably in the study area and being aware of the spatial temporal variations of climatologically parameters is important in managing the limited water resources. Knowing the spatial temporal changes of such parameters, accurate calculations of ETo can be achieved which will lead to precise and elevate water resources management in the arid region such as Jordan.