Underground

As Manuel de Solà-Morales noted, urbanity relies on the variety and quality of relations between things, materials and human beings. Considered as such, how are we to achieve an underground urbanity? This paper seeks to address this question through a focussed reading of a number of European urban projects from the 20th century; all of which put special care into ensuring the quality of their subterranean passageways. We begin with the carrefour à giration, which was designed by Eugène Hénard in 1906, in order to identify four fundamental attributes of this kind of urbanity: legibility, spatiality, accessibility and activity. We then continue with a qualitative analysis of the 1933 Blå Bodarna passageway designed by Tage William-Olsson and Holger Blom in Slussen (Stockholm). Looking ahead some decades later, the sequence of passages under the Vienna Ring, built during the mayoralty of Franz J. Jonas, provides a good example of how fundamental the connectivity to the underground public transport system was to the success of these spaces. Finally, the article closes with a review of those underground places found in Santiago Calatrava's Stadelhofen Station and the Stationsplein by Manuel de Solà-Morales: from the carrefour à étages multiples to the 'inner street'.

The performance of underground gas storage in depleted oil reservoir was analysed with reservoir Y-19, a depleted oil reservoir in Southern region of the Niger Delta. Information on the geologic and production history of the reservoir were obtained from the available field data of the reservoir. The verification of inventory was done to establish the storage capacity of the reservoir. The plot of the well flowing pressure (Pwf) against the flow rate (Q), gives the deliverability of the reservoir at various pressures. Results of the estimated properties signified that reservoir Y-19 is a good candidate due to its storage capacity and its flow rate (Q) of 287.61 MMscf/d at a flowing pressure of 3900 psig

RESUMEN ¿Qué implica la condición de bohemio y cómo se puede caracterizar y comprender la relación del poeta ecuatoriano César Dávila Andrade (llamado por sus allegados como El Faquir) con la noche, el mundo marginal y el alcohol? Es la pregunta que articula el presente ensayo. La investigación en que se apoya considera fuentes como memorias y testimonios orales de los parientes y amigos cercanos al poeta; artículos de corte biográfico y estudios críticos sobre la obra daviliana. Para tal propósito Espinosa Apolo analiza la vida del poeta en un período crucial de su vida: su estadía en Quito entre 1944 y 1949, tiempo en el que fue protagonista, junto a otros escritores y artistas radicados o nacidos en la ciudad, de una intensa y alucinante bohemia. En esa turbulenta experiencia, "El Faquir" se convirtió en otro personaje popular de Quito, haciendo de su propia vida una leyenda que se tejió de anécdotas que hoy entusiasman, conmueven y suscitan reflexiones. Este anecdotario pone de relieve la fascinación del poeta por el mundo marginal urbano, la solidaridad con los personajes del underground quiteño, su íntima relación con la noche y su ejemplar inclinación alcohólica.

The infrastructure of a city, mainly the water supply and sewerage system are vital for urbanization, wastewater generated from urban area is a result of domestic and industrial activities, and domestic wastewater contains organic and inorganic matter in suspended, colloidal and dissolved form. The municipal wastewater management is a critical issue in an urban environment. If the municipal wastewater is not properly collected, treated and disposed, the related effects pose serious threat to the environment. Many small cities do not have proper drainage system, Islampur, Dist. Sangli; Maharashtra, India is one such. As on date all the domestic waste water is either send in open drain or in open area around the houses. This is resulting in hygienic problems and to cater for; Municipal Corporation of Islampur town has come up with underground sewage collection plan. This study aim at designing collection system for Islampur town, the work undertaken uses, GIS as a tool for mapping the collection system (primary and secondary) in order to facilitate further works.

The central focus of the research paper is on the urban fantasy novel by Neil Gaiman entitled Neverwhere. I would like to discuss the manipulation of memories imprinted in the urban space of London Below so as to prove that the cityscape can serve as a container for past times, now erased from contemporary society’s consciousness. The analysis of the fictional world will be supported by the discussion of urban theory.

London Below, one of the fictional worlds in Neverwhere, embraces vivid reminiscences of past times. These memories immersed in space are not only sheer representations of bygone times; they become literally alive, they create and model the reality around. The cityscape, the world of things lost and forgotten, embodies aspects that seem no longer worth remembering in a contemporary society. Particular components of the city figuratively plunged into darkness, such as ruins, forgotten buildings or family homes relate to different sorts of memories, not only those regarding the past, but also personal recollections. This paper is going to focus on how the issue of memories and foregone times is treated by the author and to what extent Gaiman’s depiction can be suggestive of the condition of contemporary society.

Keywords: Gaiman, Neverwhere, memory, London Below, the past, fantasy

Unfair contracting practices are a major contributor to the high cost, failed schedules, bankrupted Contractors and other abominations afflicting major subsurface projects in many countries. The new Emerald Book is an ITA/FIDIC joint initiative to create a fairer contractual framework for the construction of underground works and heralds an international recognition of the benefits of carefully apportioning ground conditions risk. Inappropriate risk allocation contributes to the cost, schedule uncertainty, business risk and complexity of underground infrastructure delivery. In recent decades ill-informed allied professionals have wrongly guided Employers to specify irresponsible contractual terms that entirely place ground condition risk (sovereign risk) with the Contractors and then invite the market to enter a fierce commercial battle in which the lowest bidding Contractor assumes the sovereign"s ground risk. Financiers are advantaged by such risk apportionment but rarely is this motivation for such practices acknowledged or discussed. Under the new Emerald Book, FIDIC arrangements commercial tension is directed to the price for construction and associated works for the execution of the excavation and lining works including design and construction methods and the reaction of the ground to such methods. The Geotechnical Baseline Report sets out the allocation of the risk between the parties for such subsurface physical conditions. Under the new FIDIC/ITA Emerald Book arrangements the Contractor is expected to perform in accordance with its bid and is only compensated for the conditions encountered. For the Employer this means that they can rely upon the Contractor to perform as warranted under the Contract-demanding the competence, skill and expertise required to undertake the anticipated task. For the Contractor it means that where the encountered conditions and reaction of the ground is not as warranted by the Employer, there is a mechanism to adjust the terms of the Contract to compensate for the consequences of unanticipated conditions. The attraction of this new FIDIC/ITA Emerald Book Contract framework is that for the most part it draws upon the well-known normal FIDIC forms of contracting providing reassurance to Employers, Contractors and Banks that the allocation of The Renaissance of Fairness in Ground Risk Allocation-The New Ita/Fidic Emerald Book http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 44 editor@iaeme.com risks, mechanisms for dispute and conduct of Contract management are sound, reliable and internationally understood. Innovative features of the new Emerald Book include a contractual mechanism to extend or shorten the time for completion, adjustments to remuneration and a focus on the expertise of the Contractor. Importantly these innovations are linked to Geotechnical Baseline Reports and therefore the rock. In this way rock beats paper because remuneration is based upon fact and not maneuvering for commercial variations and other elaborate desperate mechanisms.

Идея Вселенной возникла у тюрков еще издавна, со временем подвергаясь различным изменениям под влиянием новых культур и религий. Тюрки верили в то, что Вселенная состоит из небосвода, Земли и подземного мира, считая, что на небесах находятся Бог и духи, на Земле – живые существа и владельцы вод и земель, а под землей – храбрость и враждебные духи. В книге Деде Горгуда, считающейся произведением огузских тюрков переходного периода, литературный текст которого был составлен в 15 веке, также ясно выражена идея Вселенной. В данной статье рассматривается идея Вселенной, состоящей из 3-х компонентов, в книге Деде Горгуда и анализируются следы традиционной религиозной системы тюрков и влияние Ислама.
Özet
Türklerde evren tasavvuru çok eski dönemlerde teşekkül etmiş, zaman içerisinde
girdikleri yeni kültür çevreleri ve dinlerin de etkisiyle türlü değişikliklere uğramıştır. Türklerde evrenin, gökyüzü, yeryüzü ve yeraltından oluştuğuna; gökyüzünde Tanrı ile yardımcı ruhların, yeryüzünde canlılar ile yer-su iyelerinin, yeraltında ise Erlik ile kötü ruhların bulunduğuna inanılmıştır. 15. yüzyılda yazıya geçirilen ve Oğuz Türklerinin geçiş dönemi eseri olarak kabul edilen Dede Korkut Kitabı’nda da bu evren tasavvuru açık bir şekilde görülmektedir. Bu makalede, Dede Korkut Kitabı’nda yer alan bu üçlü evren tasavvuru incelenecek ve Türklerin geleneksel inanç sistemlerinin izleri ile İslamiyet’in tesiri değerlendirilecektir.
Abstract
The Turks had a concept of the Universe since time immemorial, which underwent
many changes under the influence of new cultures and religions. The Turks believed that the Universe consisted of the sky, the Earth, and the underground world; they thought that God and the spirits were in the sky, that living beings and the masters of the waters and lands were on the Earth, and that bravery and hostile spirits were underground. The concept of the Universe is also clearly expressed in “The Book of Dada Gorgud”, which is considered a work of the Oghuz Turks of the transitional period and was put into writing in the 15th century. This article considers the concept of the Universe as consisting of three components which is found in “The Book of Dada Gorgud”, and, at the same time, analyses the traces of the Turks’ traditional religious system and the influence of Islam.

Ao definir como objeto de estudo o jornal O Popular, da cidade de Floriano, no Piauí, entre os anos de 1918 e 1921, este artigo investiga, de um ponto de vista deslocado do eixo Rio-São Paulo, as mensurações valorativas que permearam o campo literário nacional. Identificam-se a mecânica da anteposição underground-mainstream e, a partir dela, os horizontes de leitura que estavam por trás dos articuladores da referida folha de imprensa, em especial de seu editor, Daniel Paz, poeta teresinense que acumulou a função jornalística com a de juiz de direito no período e no espaço estudados. Parte-se do entendimento de que os referidos termos-problema devem ser avaliados a partir de critérios distintos, mas não isolados. Nesse sentido, enquadramentos em subvalorização e em sobrevalorização de escritores e de obras se mostraram relacionados, muitas vezes, a posições geográficas, infraestrutura e vínculos de ordem material e/ou simbólica. ABSTRACT: By defining as an object of study, the newspaper O Popular, in the city of Floriano, Piauí, between 1918 and 1921. This article investigates, from a point of view detached from the Rio-São Paulo axis, the evaluative measurements that permeated the national literary field. The mechanisms of the underground-mainstream preposition are identified and, from it, the reading horizons that were behind the articulators of that newspaper, especially its editor, Daniel Paz, a poet from Teresina who accumulated the journalistic function with of a judge of law in the period and space studied. It starts with the understanding that the aforementioned problem terms must be evaluated based on different criteria, not in isolation. In this sense, frames of undervaluation and overvaluation of writers and works were often related to geographical positions, infrastructure and material and/or symbolic links. RESUMEN: Al definir como objeto de estudio el diario O Popular, de la ciudad de Floriano, Piauí, entre 1918 y 1921, este artículo indaga, desde un punto de vista desplazado del eje Rio-São Paulo, las medidas evaluativas que permearon el panorama nacional del campo literario nacional. Identifica la mecánica de la anteposición underground-mainstream y, a partir de ella, los horizontes de lectura que estaban detrás de los articuladores de esa página impresa, en especial su editor, Daniel Paz, poeta del Teresina que acumuló una función periodística como juez de derecho en el período y espacio estudiado. Se parte del entendimiento de que los términos problemáticos antes mencionados deben evaluarse con base en diferentes criterios, pero no de forma aislada. En este sentido, los marcos de subvaloración y de sobrevaloración de escritores y obras a menudo se relacionaron con posiciones geográficas, infraestructura y vínculos materiales y / o simbólicos.

RESUMEN: Partiendo desde una reflexión neuro-evolutiva donde se pone sobre la mesa no solo la sensación y la emoción sino también toda la maquinaria que hay detrás de ella, desde la biología, el contexto y la cultura se hace una exploración buscando entender el porqué de la forma en la que actúan los humanos, el motivo que les impulsa a tomar las decisiones que toman.
Siendo así, y usando como grupo focal, a un grupo extensamente estudiado, como lo han sido aquellos humanos que han encontrado en unas sonoridades particulares formas de ser y actuar, y cuyas sonoridades han ocupado un lugar especial dentro de los estudios de identidad, se inicia un análisis donde entra en juego este estudio que busco hallar los motivos y las razones por las cuales aún habiendo tantísimas otras sonoridades y facilidades para expresarse, todavía haya un grupo que se fije en estos sonidos que con todo parecen ir a la contra de lo que sería la corriente del progreso e innovación.
Dando lugar a dos ejes de análisis como lo son: el ser enarmónico y los estímulos satisfactorios como una posible explicación a la pregunta por el motivo y el sentido de este.

ABSTRACT: Tarting from a neuro-evolutionary reflection where not only sensation and emotion are put on the table, but also all the machinery behind it, from biology, context and culture, an exploration is made seeking to understand the reason for the way humans act, the motive that drives them to make the decisions they make.
Thus, and using as a focus group, an extensively studied group, such as those humans who have found ways of being and acting in particular sounds, and whose sounds have found a special place within identity studies, an analysis begins where this study comes into play that seeks to find the reasons and reasons why, even though there are so many other sounds and facilities to express themselves, there is still a group that looks at these sounds that nevertheless seem to go against each other what would be the current of progress and innovation.
Giving rise to two axes of analysis such as: enharmonic being and satisfactory stimuli as a possible explanation to the question for the reason and meaning of this.

This chapter is part of Luke Bennett's edited volume Approaching the Ruins: Atmospheres, Bodies and Materiality in Cold War Bunkers. Series: Place, Memory, Affect (Campbell, N. and C. Berberich, eds), Rowman and Littlefield International Limited. Pp. 113-129.

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This study empirically investigates the extent of non compliance with the tax code and the determinants of federal income tax evasion in the U.S. Employing the most recent data we find that 18-19% of total reportable income is not properly reported to the IRS, giving rise to a “tax gap” approaching $500 billion dollars. Three time periods are studied, 1960-2008, 1970-2008, and 1980-2008. It is found across study periods that income tax evasion is an increasing function of the average effective federal income tax rate, the unemployment rate, public dissatisfaction with government, and per capita real GDP (adopted as a measure of income), and a decreasing function of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (during its first two years of being implemented). Modest evidence of a negative impact of IRS audit rates on tax evasion is also detected.

Keywords: Underground economy; unreported economy; tax evasion; tax gap; non compliance; Federal income tax.

JEL Classifications: E26; H26; O17; E41; E52

The research paper aims at the thorough analysis of the underground spaces depicted in Neil Gaiman’s Neverwhere, Jeanne DuPrau’s The City of Ember and Dmitry Glukhovsky’s Metro 2033. Particular emphasis is placed on the representation as well as spatial semiotics of the represented worlds and the social relations generated there, with reference to the concept of the space beneath as a locus of cultural development.

The subterranean space is employed to create underneath cities submerged into darkness and mysteriousness. The urbanites there are forced to develop particular patterns of social interactions in order to ‘tame’ the surroundings and, consequently, transform the underground into a zone of signifiers. The created worlds are examined comparatively in terms of Mark Augé’s non-places and anthropological places, Michel Foucault’s concept of heterotopia, or according to the theory of the postmodern cities. My aim is to prove the heterochronic and heterogeneous nature of London Below, the city of Ember and the Moscow Underground.

Hernan Gené nació en Buenos Aires en 1960. Es actor, dramaturgo, director de teatro y docente. En 1984 fundó el grupo El Clú del Claun-pionero en la técnica del clown en Argentina-junto a Batato Barea, Cristina Marti, Daniel Miranda, Gabriel Chamé Buen Día y Guillermo Angelelli. En 1985, dirige Arturo, primer montaje de los siete espectáculos que presentó el grupo, entre los que también se destacaron Escuela de Payasos (1986), espectáculo con el cual el elenco viajó por varios países de América Latina y Europa. Hernan Gené reside en Madrid desde 1997, en donde fundó su propia escuela de teatro; además continua dirigiendo y actuando en teatro y circo y es docente varias instituciones de Latinoamérica y Europa.
En esta entrevista aborda sus años de formación con el emblemático Clu del Claun, grupo pionero del "underground" porteño de los años 80.

From the 13 th to the 17 th of April of 2015, Cuban cave explorers and scientists, or speleologists, gathered to celebrate the 75 th anniversary of the Sociedad Es-peleológica de Cuba (SEC) in the city of Camaguëy. This organization, dedicated to the exploration, study, and conservation of the country's many caves, was founded in 1940, and was the first of its kind in the Americas. While scholars have examined the achievements of Cuba's biotechnology sector, Cuban science beyond academic institutes and laboratories has been overlooked. In this paper I present ethnographic and interview data obtained during the Camaguëy conference as an entry point into Cuba's " geographies of speleology " (Cant 2006). Such geographies emphasize the complex relations between geographic knowledge, individual and institutional identities, and the state. Moreover, these geographies, much like the sense of identification with and belonging to the Sociedad Espeleológica de Cuba, are at times conflicting and contested. I develop this argument by drawing on insights in cultural geography that emphasize the importance of presence of absence. Here I invoke absence in two senses, both in terms of those absent in the Camagüey conference and those deceased but whose memory live on embodied in the collective history and knowledge of the SEC. This research illustrates the importance of stepping out of the (biotechnological) laboratory, and even the formal spaces of institutionalized scientific practice, to assess the history and potential futures of a geographically-based amateur field science in Cuba. Moreover, this work contributes to the growing focus on Latin American geographies of science and, in particular, the importance of Science and Technology Studies in/ of Cuba that examine the fuzzy boundaries of science as practice in a complex spatial network. Finally, the ongoing dynamics of foreign scholars conducting research in Cuba are considered, dynamics that are intimately tied to the very geographies this project purports to analyze.

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Et demain les journaux publieront
La banalité d'un  mort incompris
Découvert à un recoin de banc public
Inerte de la langueur d'une overdose
C'est ainsi que meurent les moineaux
Frigorifiés affamés et esseulés
Quand le monde s'enhiverne
D'un froid rejet sans amis

Glapit la trompe
Les portes glissent
Le métro tremble
Off
Off
we are

To estimate and analyse the underground economy phenomenon, different methods and approaches have been provided in literature. However, such approaches are very often based on static and linear equilibrium models and seldom adopt simulation tools. This paper results from a research project conducted in the Sicily Region (Italy) aimed at investigating – through the System Dynamics methodology – main causes-and-effects relationships underlying the phenomenon of the "hidden workers" at both firm and self-employment level. By combining micro and macro-analysis, the authors present a preliminary causal loop diagram of the investigated phenomenon. Such feedback structure has been built through the support of managers and representatives of private and public organisations.