Amalio Santacruz-Varela

SUMMARYThe worldwide cultivation of fig (Ficus carica L.) has achieved great economic importance, mainly, due to its important role as a food supplement. This situation has generated great interest in researching its methods of production, processing and conservation. The objective of this research was to evaluate six intensive production systems of fig in hydroponic and greenhouse conditions. The experimental phase started on November 15, 2010 and was completed in September 2011. Production systems were established by varying the number of productive stems between three and eight in each plant, with densities of 1.25 plants m−2. A completely experimental – randomized design was used with five replications, with a pot and a plant as an experimental unit. The results indicate that the highest yielding of fresh fruit was presented by eight productive stems (109.5 t ha−1), this one outperformed the seven productive stems (94.8 t ha−1) in 13.3% and six productive stems (78.6 t ha−1), at 26.8%. The handling of productive stems allowed an increase in the leaf area index, harvest index and fruit yielding. These results suggest that intensive production in hydroponic and greenhouse conditions of fig is an excellent alternative production, allowing to collect up to 20 times of fresh fruit yielding in relation to the plantations in the open field.

espanolLa variacion genetica de maiz (Zea mays ssp. mays L.) en Mexico ha sido estudiada especialmente en el centro-sur del pais. El estado de Sinaloa (primero en produccion) posee 23% de la variacion genetica racial nacional, pero su evaluacion es escasa. Recolectamos 144 muestras de maiz (Tuxpeno Norteno, Vandeno, Onaveno, Elotero de Sinaloa, Tabloncillo, Tabloncillo Perla, Bofo, Jala, Blando de Sonora, Chapalote, Dulcillo del Noroeste y Reventador) en distintos puntos del estado con el objetivo de describir las caracteristicas morfologicas y agronomicas relevantes para determinar un patron de agrupacion. Las accesiones fueron evaluadas en dos ambientes con un diseno de latice simple 12×12, analizando 27 variables. El ANDEVA detecto diferencias significativas entre accesiones (todas las variables), interaccion genotipo × ambiente (anchura/longitud del grano) y ambientes en la espiga (longitud del tramo ramificado, numero de ramificaciones primarias y longitud de la rama central), mazorca (diametro/ longitud, longitud del pedunculo y de mazorca) y grano (volumen y peso/volumen). Los tres primeros componentes principales (CP) explicaron 64% de la varianza, donde las variables: numero de hojas, diametro y longitud de la mazorca; la anchura y espesor de grano; anchura/longitud del grano y floracion; son las mas importantes. La representacion grafica de los CP1 y CP2 revelo seis grupos y la de conglomerados cinco. Algunas accesiones poseian caracteristicas compartidas con mas de un grupo racial y su posicion fue cercana a la de quienes compartian caracteristicas. Se confirma una amplia diversidad genetica de maices nativos en Sinaloa. EnglishThe genetic variation of maize (Zea mays ssp. Mays L.) in Mexico has been studied especially in the south-central part of the country. The state of Sinaloa (first in production) has 23% of the national racial genetic variation, but its evaluation is scarce. We collected 144 samples of corn (Tuxpeno Norteno, Vandeno, Onaveno, Elotero de Sinaloa, Tabloncillo, Tablaoncillo Perla, Bofo, Jala, Blando de Sonora, Chapalote, Dulcillo del Noroeste and Reventador) in different state locations in order to describe relevant morphological and agronomic characteristics so as to determine a grouping pattern. The accessions were evaluated in two environments with a simple lattice design of 12×12, analyzing 27 variables. ANDEVA detected significant differences between accessions (for all variables), for the genotype × environment interaction (width/length of the grain) and for environments in spikes (length of branched section, number of primary branches and length of central branch), in cob (diameter/length, length of the peduncle and of the cob) and in grain (volume and weight/ volume). The first three main components (PCA) explained 64% of the variance, where the variables number of leaves, diameter and length of the cob; the width and thickness of the grain; grain width and length and flowering; are the most important. The graphic representation of the PCA (1 and 2) revealed six groups, and that of conglomerates five. Some accessions shared characteristics with more than one racial group and their position was close to that of those sharing characteristics. A wide genetic diversity of native corn is confirmed in Sinaloa. portuguesA variacao genetica de milho (Zea mays ssp. mays L.) no Mexico tem sido estudada especialmente no centro-sul do pais. O estado de Sinaloa (primeiro em producao) possui 23% da variacao genetica racial nacional, mas a sua avaliacao e escassa. Coletamos 144 amostras de milho (Tuxpeno do Norte, Vandeno, Onaveno, Elotero de Sinaloa, Tabloncillo, Tabloncillo Perla, Bofo, Jala, Blando de Sonora, Chapalote, Dulcillo do Noroeste e Reventador) em distintos pontos do estado com o objetivo de descrever as caracteristicas morfologicas e agronomicas relevantes para determinar um padrao de agrupacao. As acessoes foram avaliadas em dois ambientes com um desenho de latice simples 12×12, analisando 27 variaveis. O ANDEVA detectou diferencas significativas entre acessoes (todas as variaveis), interacao genotipo × ambiente (largura/comprimento do grao) e ambientes na espiga (comprimento do trecho ramificado, numero de ramificacoes primarias e comprimento do galho central), espiga de milho (diâmetro/comprimento, comprimento do pedunculo e de espiga de milho) e grao (volume e peso/volume). Os tres primeiros componentes principais (CP) explicaram 64% da variância, onde as variaveis: numero de folhas, diâmetro e comprimento da espiga de milho; a largura e espessura de grao; largura/comprimento do grao e floracao; sao as mais importantes. A representacao grafica dos CP1 e CP2 revelou seis grupos e a de conglomerados cinco. Algumas acessoes possuiam caracteristicas compartilhadas com mais de um grupo racial e sua posicao foi proxima daqueles que compartilhavam caracteristicas. Confirma-se uma ampla diversidade genetica de milhos nativos em Sinaloa.

Se evaluaron 63 cultivares de mandarina (Citrus spp.) provenientes de la colección del Campo Citrícola Experimental Francisco Villa, Tamaulipas, México, usando marcadores morfológicos y AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism). Se usaron 20 caracteres ...

While prevailing theories of crop evolution suggest that crop diversity and cultural diversity should be linked, empirical evidence for such a link remains inconclusive. In particular, few studies have investigated such patterns on a local scale. Here, we address this issue by examining the determinants of maize diversity in a local region of high cultural and biological richness in Southern Mexico. We collected maize samples from villages at low and middle elevations in two adjacent municipalities of differing ethnicity: Mixtec or Chatino. Although morphological traits show few patterns of population structure, we see clear genetic differentiation among villages, with municipality explaining a larger proportion of the differentiation than altitude. Consistent with an important role of social origin in patterning seed exchange, metapopulation model-based estimates of differentiation match the genetic data within village and ethnically distinct municipalities, but underestimate differentiation when all four villages are taken together. Our research provides insights about the importance of social origin in structuring maize diversity at the local scale

espanolEl ganado es un activo importante para las comunidades rurales y tiene una funcion fundamental en el sustento y la intensificacion de la productividad agricola en los sistemas de secano. En este estudio, se evaluaron cultivares de cebada locales (HAIDER, SNOBER-96 y JAU-83) y extranjeros (ICABA y ASTARIAN), para forraje y semilla en condiciones de secano, en Pothwar, Pakistan. El diseno experimental fue de bloques completamente al azar con tres repeticiones. Las variables analizadas fueron la altura de la planta, los tallos por planta, el peso seco de los brotes, la raiz y la espiga y el rendimiento del forraje y la semilla. El cultivar local JAU-83 tuvo los niveles maximos de altura de la planta, tallos por planta y de rendimiento de forraje (8.95 Mg ha-1) y semilla (1.76 Mg ha-1), mientras que los porcentajes mas bajos de rendimiento de forraje (4.04 Mg ha-1) y semilla (1.31 Mg ha-1) se registraron en el cultivar extranjero ASTARIAN. Los cultivares de cebada locales son mejor opcion que los cultivares extranjeros, para las condiciones de secano en Pothwar, Pakistan, en terminos de rendimiento de forraje y semilla. EnglishLivestock is an important asset of the rural community and plays a vital role in livelihood and intensification of agricultural productivity in rainfed farming systems. In this study, local (HAIDER, SNOBER-96, and JAU-83) and foreign (ICABA and ASTARIAN) barley cultivars were evaluated for forage and seed yield under rainfed conditions of Pothwar, Pakistan. The experimental design was randomized complete block with three replications. Variables analyzed were plant height, tillers per plant, shoot/root/spike dry weight, forage and seed yields. Local cultivar JAU-83 gave the maximum plant height, tillers per plant, forage (8.95 Mg ha-1) and seed (1.76 Mg ha-1) yields, whereas the lowest forage (4.04 Mg ha-1) and seed yields (1.31 Mg ha-1) were recorded in the foreign cultivar ASTARIAN. Local barley cultivars are a best option for the rainfed conditions of Pothwar Pakistan in terms of forage and seed yields than foreign cultivars.

espanolLos criterios predominantes para definir e identificar razas del complejo genetico de Zea mays L. se basan en atributos morfologicos, agronomicos y de distribucion geografica. En algunas ocasiones estos presentan inconsistencias de la autentica identidad genetica de las poblaciones. Los metodos moleculares pueden revelar detalladamente la identidad y variabilidad de individuos y poblaciones mediante las huellas geneticas, por lo que su aplicacion en la identificacion y caracterizacion de razas confiere ventajas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la diversidad genetica de maices nativos del norte de Mexico mediante microsatelites. La diversidad, el perfil alelico y la estructura genetica de ocho razas de maiz nativas del norte de Mexico (Apachito, Azul, Conico Norteno, Cristalino de Chihuahua, Gordo, Palomero de Chihuahua, Raton y Tuxpeno Norteno) y una de teocintle (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Iltis y Doebley)) se determino con analisis de microsatelites (SSR). Veinticinco individuos de 63 recolectas, de las razas senaladas, se evaluaron mediante 31 loci de SSR. Los parametros de diversidad genetica estimados fueron numero total de alelos, numero de alelos por locus, proporcion de loci polimorficos, heterocigosidad esperada y estructura genetica de las poblaciones por medio de los estadisticos F de Wright. La distribucion de la diversidad se determino mediante analisis de coordenadas principales y de conglomerados. En total se encontraron 570 alelos, con promedio de 18.3 por locus y 87.9 % de loci polimorficos. El 75.6 % de la diversidad genetica reside dentro de las poblaciones de las razas de maiz cultivadas en el norte de Mexico y el restante 24.4 % entre las mismas. Los marcadores moleculares agruparon a las colectas en razas de una forma concordante solo de manera parcial con respecto a la clasificacion tradicional. EnglishThe predominant criteria for defining and identifying races of the genetic complex of Zea mays L. are based on morphological and agronomic attributes along with geographic distribution. In some occasions these present inconsistencies with respect to the authentic genetic identity of the populations. The molecular methods can reveal in detail the identity and variability of individuals and populations through genetic footprints, thus their application in the identification and characterization of races offers advantages. The objective of the present study was to determine the genetic diversity of maize landraces of northern Mexico through microsatellites. The diversity, allelic profile and genetic structure of eight maize landraces of northern Mexico (Apachito, Azul, Conico Norteno, Cristalino de Chihuahua, Raton and Tuxpeno Norteno) and one of teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Iltis and Doebley)) were determined by means of analysis of microsatellites (SSR). Twenty-five individuals of 63 accessions of the abovementioned races were evaluated using 31 loci of SSR. The parameters of genetic diversity estimated were total number of alleles, number of alleles per locus, proportion of polymorphic loci, expected heterozygosity and genetic structure of the populations using the Wright’s F-statistics. The distribution of diversity was determined through principal coordinates and cluster analyses. In total 570 alleles were found, with an average of 18.3 per locus and 87.9 % of polymorphic loci. A 75.6 % of the genetic diversity resides within the populations of the maize races cultivated in northern Mexico and the remaining 24.4 % among populations of these races. The molecular markers grouped the accessions in races in a form that was only partially concordant with respect to the traditional classification

Background. The husk tomato (Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Horm.) is an obligated allogam species with gametophyte auto-incompatibility, which impedes the generation of endogamic lines by auto-fecundation to obtain hybrids. Objective. To evaluate the effect of six doses of 60Co gamma rays (from 0 to 300 Gy) applied to seeds, over seedling vigor, growth and reproductive features of M1 plants of three husk tomato varieties (Manzano, Verde Puebla, and San Miguel). Methodology. The 18 treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design with five replications for the variables related to seedling vigor and 10 replications for the morphological and reproductive plant variables. Results. The radiation decreased emergency and survival of seedlings, height, and length of roots of M1 seedling. Regarding the growth of M1 plants, the doses of 100 and 300 Gy stimulated only height, the other doses had the same response as the control. Irradiation did not change self-incompatibility, as no...

Los granos de maíz de alta calidad proteica (QPM) contienen el doble de lisina y triptófano en comparación con los granos de maíz normales. Aunque la mutación opaco-2 (o2) es la causa subyacente de este cambio beneficioso, otros genes como la aspartato quinasa-2 (Ask2) afectan en menor grado el contenido de aminoácidos en el endospermo. Hasta el momento, los informes sobre la interacción entre ambos loci son escasos y no existen ensayos de alto rendimiento para la identificación de los alelos de estos genes. Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron: 1) estudiar la interacción entre los genes o2 y Ask2 con respecto a la acumulación de aminoácidos en el endospermo de una población F2, 2) identificar SNPs conservados en el gen o2 que puedan ser utilizados como marcadores, 3) estimar la frecuencia de un SNP de Ask2, asociado con la acumulación de lisina en el endospermo, en germoplasma del CIMMYT, y 4) desarrollar ensayos de marcadores de alto rendimiento para estos SNPs. El estudio d...

En un programa de mejoramiento genético de fresa (Fragaria × ananassa) es importante contar con la metodología para evaluar la integridad genética de la planta en todas las etapas de incremento, desde diferentes criterios, como el fisiológico, morfológico y el molecular; para este propósito, una de las herramientas más apropiadas son los marcadores moleculares denominados Secuencias Simples Repetidas del inglés Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), ya que permiten, por ejemplo, identificar poblaciones con una diversidad genética reducida, revelar genealogías, conocer el grado de parentesco entre individuos, proporcionar elementos sólidos en la defensa de la propiedad intelectual, evaluar la pureza del material vegetal, identificar el grado de variación somaclonal y  evitar la mezcla de material vegetal en bancos de germoplasma. En este sentido, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo obtener la huella genética de las variedades de fresa CP0201, CP0204, CP0615, CPLE7 desarrolladas en el Cole...

Four isolates of PSB (Pseudomonas cepacia, Xanthomona maltophilia, Enterobacter cloacae and Acidovorans delafieldii, formerly called P. delafieldii) and four strains of Azotobacter chroococcum, isolated in a previous work were chosen. They did not show antagonism among themselves, by means of in vitro tests made on GISA medium (PSB-Azotobacter modified medium). A dual inoculum was made with the 8 isolates in