Sevcan Ceren Gül

One of the generally accepted misconceptions is that the field of interstate law is no longer effective. However, although international law and international criminal law, which is one of the sub-branches of international law, have tried to evolve according to state interests,
throughout history, states have tried to impose themselves on the law to protect themselves and to legitimise themselves in the slightest political event. The notion of international law, which is mostly viewed from a liberal perspective in international relations and world politics, has convinced even the realist representatives based on the protection of
power politics and national interests, and even though they have ignored the existence of international law, it has been seen that they have tried to legitimise themselves based on law in certain scenes of history.
One of these historical scenes is the Ukraine-Russia war that we have recently witnessed,  which has been going on since February 2022. When we look at the war arguments, we can see both a Russia that has attempted to legitimise itself based on legitimization efforts that do not exist in international law, and Russia, which is still a permanent member of the  United Nations and the legacy of the Soviet Union, which still carries the veto flag in its hands; By making us question the actions and legitimization efforts of the United States in  Kosovo, in Afghanistan, and of France in Libya, we are witnessing a Russia that has made moves that will move important stones in world politics and international relations and has cleverly intimidated its rivals in world politics.  In this study, the history of the war which will add another repetition to the scenes of history and the background of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine since the Soviet Union will be analysed in detail, followed by the arguments presented by the President of the Russian  Federation Vladimir Putin after his speech before the start of the Ukrainian war.  Subsequently, the evaluation of these arguments, which seek to legitimise the war against  Ukraine in world politics, in the context of International Law and International Criminal Law will be discussed together with judicial decisions and concluded by interpreting the opinions of the International Court and various International Law treaty references.

Throughout history, Cyprus has been wanted to be taken under control by various civilizations that have played important roles in world politics, and this has not escaped the notice of world states. This situation has led to the determination of the future of Cyprus by the civilizations outside this island in almost every period. In this study, it will seek an answer to the question of whether the European Union's authority, especially as a requirement of the normative power definition, acts following the normative and egalitarian approach on the Cyprus issue that it tries to reflect in the International Arena, and how to act both legally and politically towards Turkey and the Rumi Cypriot Administration. While searching for this answer; By considering the historical development of the Cyprus problem, the characteristics of the state within the framework of international law, the major developments that affect the existence of Cyprus as a subject of international law, as well as the legal arguments and attitudes of the parties will be evaluated in terms of International Law and International Relations.

Every critical development in history has a symbolic starting point. Although the "Arab Spring" in the Middle East and North Africa region started with the self-immolation of Tunisian Mohammed Bouazizi on 17 December 2010; regional experts and political scientists had already drawn attention to the unrest of the people in the region, the accumulating tension and the growing legitimacy problems of the regimes in the area. In this study, the dynamics of the popular movements in Libya, which is generally located in the Middle East and North Africa region, the possibility of a democratic regime in the country, and the freedom and democracy index will be evaluated and it will be investigated which factors are most affected by the democracy movements in the country.

It is understood that the economic situation in the world has worsened since the Ukraine-Russia Crisis at the beginning of 2022 and that this tremor will probably continue to affect the global economy for a while. In the study, it will be tried to be explained by basing on the periods before the Russia-Ukraine Crisis, how especially Europe (EU member States) were affected by this energy crisis in 2022 and that Turkey, as a regional power, is in an indispensable position in the solution of this crisis.

The "European Political Community" (EPC) project proposed by French President Emmanuel Macron aims to increase the weight of Europe in world politics. For French President Macron, it is clear that this is an attempt to strengthen Macron's leadership position in European politics and world diplomacy. The attitude aimed in this position paper is that Macron, who aims to add a different dimension to the European Political Community and world politics, only has the opportunity to fill the power vacuum in Europe, especially after the Merkel era, and the effort of Macron to dominate in European politics. It will be explained that it presents a behind-the-scenes view.

Recognizing the fact that it will be possible by establishing an effective European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) on international problems and global politics, the European Union, in the late 1990s, established St. With the Malo and Cologne summits, it started to establish the institutional structure of the European Security and Defense Policy. The main purpose of this study, based on the past experiences of the European Security and Defense Policy and the historical background of the Policy, will be answered in terms of international law, how well this policy works, especially whether the sanctions of this policy harm Fundamental Rights; It will also be discussed how effective the sanctions are.

The disputes between the United Kingdom and the European Union lasted for a certain period, the Brexit referendum held on June 23, 2016, Britain's adventure with the EU ended, and the United Kingdom left the European Union membership and had to continue on its own in the international arena. In this study, considering the efforts made by the UK to reach Great Britain with its policy in the post-Brexit period, whether the Brexit process is an appropriate decision for the UK, especially in terms of International Law, with legal discussions in the doctrine will be answered. At the same time, it will evaluate the attitudes and approaches of the political leaders on the EC/EU, and the referendum process "Brexit", and the underlying dynamics will be examined in the context of the leadership attitudes and approaches, together with political and historical factors. On the other hand, with the decision to leave the European Union as a result of the referendum in the United Kingdom, many problems arose in terms of European Union Law. The study also aims to draw attention to the problems that may arise in these areas by taking into account the dynamics of European Union Law and discussing the problems through the main legal sources and the regulation on the recognition and enforcement of foreign court decisions.

As the substantive law to be applied to the merits in the resolution of international disputes in arbitration or International Arbitration; Conventions on International Commercial Arbitration and corporate arbitration, which are defined as "Law", "Rules of Law", "Contractual Provisions", party behavior, customary practices applicable to the contract, fairness and propriety or "amiable compositeur" and which are particularly prominent as substantive law. organizations have been used in the substantive legal clauses of the arbitration rules. In this study, first of all, the general definition and types of Arbitration will be mentioned, and then the regulations of arbitration law in Turkish law will be mentioned. The definition of International Arbitration, which is one of the widest areas of arbitration and which is of great importance both for International Law and for ensuring peace between states in the field of International Relations, and then its basic legal regulations will be mentioned. After mentioning the International Commercial Arbitration, which is one of the most important types of arbitration that can be specified as a subtitle of International Arbitration, from the structure and operation of the International Court of Arbitration; In addition, the opinions and criticisms of our valuable professors in the literature will be mentioned and the study will be concluded.

Kişiler, sağlıklarında malvarlıklarına ilişkin olarak istedikleri hukuki sonuçları elde etmek amacıyla çeşitli hukuki işlemlerde bulunabilmektedirler. Hukuk düzeni kişilerin sahip olduğu  bu hakkı sadece sağlıklarında sonuç doğuracak işlemler bakımından değil; aynı zamanda ölümlerinden sonra sonuç doğuracak işlemler bakımından da kullanabileceklerini düzenlemektedir. Nihayet kişinin ölümünden sonra hüküm ve sonuç doğuran bu tür hukuki işlemlere ölüme bağlı tasarruf denilmektedir. Türk Medeni Kanunu’nda ölüme bağlı tasarruflar için sadece iki şekil türü kabul edilmiştir ve bunlar vasiyetname ve miras sözleşmesidir.

Today, there are many methods that countries use to closely monitor their economies. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one of these methods and it is one of the techniques used by all the countries of the world. This method, which is used by all countries in the world, shows closely how much the country has developed in certain periods. The Gross Domestic Product method is used to closely monitor the country's 3-month, 6-month, or 1-year development. Gross Domestic Product is very important to meet the needs of the citizens, keep the economy alive and build a more developed country compared to other countries. This expression, which also shows the growth rate of the countries, is usually compared with the previous period to determine the direction of the economy. The most used GDP calculation method is; Consumption + Investment + Government spending + (difference between exports and imports) (Hürriyet, 2021). Another issue that is mentioned in the study and needs to be defined is; that OECD stands for Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. The OECD was created to support and improve European economies after the Second World War. The organization started to operate in line with the Marshall Plan to distribute approximately $12 billion in financial aid from Canada and the United States at that time. OECD was established on30.09.1961 with the signing of the Paris Convention on 14.12.1960. The OECD is the heir to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), which was established in1948 to restructure Europe in line with the Marshall Plan. The Republic of Turkey ratified the OECD Convention on 02.08.1961 and joined the OECD as a founding member. Countryeconomies are structures that can be affected by global developments. The OECD, which has been in existence since 1961, is an organization that closely follows these processes as an organization and takes action on the necessary issues. It is possible to follow up-to-date information on both a country and a global basis with OECD data published periodically. In this context, while examining our countries in our study, OECD data and GDP ratios will be mentioned frequently and connections with contemporary energy resources will be
established (İşbank, 2021).
Energy has been at the forefront of the indispensable basic resources of humanity since the first ages. Energy is one of the main cost elements as well as providing the growth and development of the country's economies and businesses. Therefore, the relationship between energy and businesses, capital markets, and national economies is very important. In this study, the impact of today's contemporary energy resources on the GDP of OECD countries will be enriched with specific definitions and references to current data analysis. Energy is also one of the most important factors that directly or indirectly determine the production level, national and international competitiveness, budget balances, current account deficits, and economic growth levels of countries (Esen, 2013). In this respect, for the continuity of economic growth; It is important to provide timely, low-cost, high-quality, reliable energy sources (Bayraktutan, 2012).

This study focuses on economic, political, and social development and change dimensions from the perspective of international relations, as well as current events and political situations in the history of Hungary. In the study, the historical development of Hungary, respectively, is expressed with political results, and the current Hungary evaluation of this situation is carried out. The European Union law is also assessed in the context of International law through political parameters such as Hungary's decline in the index of freedom and democracy, the reaction of the European Union (EU) countries to the situation, the state of Hungarian domestic politics and foreign relations, and their evaluation of economic social and cultural meaning. The assessment aims to build the political, economic, social, and cultural development and the axis of change from the establishment of Hungary to the present day as a Central European country.