History and Archeaology

Titolo in greco: Το «ζήτημα των ελλήνων στρατιωτών του Bergamo». Οι πολιτικές προεκτάσεις μιας «εκκλησιαστικής υπόθεσης» (1622-1624)
La natura del caso dei soldati di Bergamo è apparentemente ecclesiastica: il locale inquisitore e i vari esponenti della chiesa cattolica, guidati dalla Sacra Congregazione, cercarono ripetutamente di convertire al dogma cattolico i soldati mercenari ortodossi della regione. I soldati greci ricorsero, tramite il loro sacerdote, alle autorità veneziane rivendicando il diritto alla libertà di culto che avevano guadagnato con le loro preziose prestazioni in campo di battaglia. Due volte il Senato si mobilitò emettendo risoluzioni a difesa degli ortodossi. Le inchieste e gli sviluppi politici rivelarono progressivamente che l’attività papale nella regione mirava a creare una crisi locale, che gli Spagnoli potessero sfruttare in caso di estensione della guerra con Venezia. Culmine dello scontro romano-veneziano fu la scoperta dell’esistenza di una bolla segreta contro gli eretici, sulla quale Paolo Sarpi espresse l’opinione che avesse come bersaglio l’impedimento della formazione di un’alleanza antispagnola.
Il caso dei soldati Greci di Bergamo si svolge in un periodo di importantissimi rivolgimenti politici e sociali in campo europeo, che giustificano il tardivo interesse di Venezia per gli ortodossi. Anche se tutto l’affare fu definito come problema essenzialmente ecclesiastico, assunse tuttavia importanti estensioni politiche, che condussero ad un’aspra contrapposizione Venezia e la Santa sede per più di un triennio (1622-1624). Il complesso dei dati qui raccolti ha condotto alla revisione dei fatti storici relativi a questo problema, ma anche all’adduzione di preziose informazioni sui gruppi dei mercenari ortodossi che si ammassarono in questa regione fin dalla prima metà del XVΙI secolo.

Μετά από νέες έρευνες και συνδυασμό ανέκδοτων πηγών, εξετάζονται με μεγαλύτερη λεπτομέρεια: η πολισχιδής δράση του Ιωάννη Πλουσιαδηνού στον επισκοπικό θρόνο της Μεθώνης και οι πολιτικοκοινωνικές συνθήκες εντός και εκτός της βενετικής κτήσης, ελάχιστο χρόνο πριν από την τουρκική κατάκτηση. Ενδιαφέρον παρουσιάζει  η ταύτιση μνημείων που αναφέρονται στις αρχειακές πηγές, με έγινε με τη βοήθεια της 26ης Εφορείας Βυζανινών Αρχαιοτήτων Νομού Μεσσηνίας.

Παρουσιάζονται δύο σημαντικά  τεκμήρια για το φρούριο της Μεθώνης: Κατά πρώτον, δυο ανέκδοτα ημερολόγια πολέμου, τα οποία καταγράφουν λεπτομερώς την πολιορκία της πόλης από τους Βενετούς τού Francesco Morosini το καλοκαίρι του 1686• ακολούθως, δίδεται μια επίσης ανέκδοτη δικογραφία από το Κρατικό Αρχείο της Βενετίας, η οποία σχηματίστηκε από τα βενετικά δικαστικά όργανα μετά την παράδοση του φρουρίου στους Τούρκους, τον Αύγουστο του 1715.

The paper deals with the prosopography of the greek military commander in the venetian fleet Antonio Eudemonogiannis through his presence in Crete. Behind his efforts to obtain a fief in the region of Souda, emerge the process of new social allies' recruitment followed by the Venetian rulers as well as the terms of a simmering social tension on the island, during the last decades of the 16th century.

The historical phenomenon of the "stradioti", the light-armed mercenary cavalry of the venetian army, has not yet being properly percived in its long-term prospect by the Greek and foreign historiography. This article focuses on the stradioti connection to the land they received by the venetian authorities at the Ionian islands, in order to provide their military services regarding their social status (military governors, small-holding and/or middle ranged soldiers).
[in greek]

[= εκδ. Ελληνικό Ινστιτούτο Βυζαντινών και Μεταβυζαντινών Σπουδών Βενετίας, Αθήνα-Βενετία 2012, σσ. 430 / ed. Istituto Ellenico di Studi Bizantini e Postbizantini di Venezia, Atene-Venezia 2012, pp. 430.]
The book uncovers the legal position of the Greek community of Venice during the "formation" period (1558-1601) and the hardly achieved internal social balances through the records of its administrative organs' assemblies (elections and decisions). [Prologue and summaries in greek, text in italian].

[= εκδ. Ελληνικό Ινστιτούτο Βυζαντινών και Μεταβυζαντινών Σπουδών Βενετίας, Αθήνα-Βενετία 2013, σσ. 498 / ed. Istituto Ellenico di Studi Bizantini e Postbizantini di Venezia, Atene-Venezia 2013, pp. 498. ]
Following the previous "formation" period, the second book continues to record the elections and decisions taken by the administrative organs of the Greek Community of Venice (1601-1618). It is a crucial period for the Venetian history during which the priorities of Venice were translated in manifesting broader support,  on behalf of the authorities to the Community, a condition which enabled a more active greek presence.

Με αφορμή νέα στοιχεία που εντοπίστηκαν για δύο επιφανείς βορειοηπειρώτες, τους Ματθαίο Παπαγιάννη και Πάνο Στόλικο, επιχειρούμε να συμβάλουμε στη συνολική εικόνα της ευρύτερης περιοχής Αργυροκάστρου τον 16ο αιώνα και ιδίως για την πολιτική δραστηριότητα του ελληνικού πληθυσμού την περίοδο της τουρκοκρατίας.

On the occasion of new data found in the Venetian National Archive concerning two prominent Northern Epirus subjects, Matthew Papagiannis and Panos Stolikos, we aim to contribute to capture the overall image of the region of Gjirokaster in the 16th century and particularly to describe the political activity of the Greek population during the first centuries of the Ottoman occupation.
(Article written in greek)

Αντικείμενο της εισήγησης είναι το δικαιικό ποινικό φαινόμενο στα Επτάνησα του 16ου αιώνα βάσει δικογραφιών που εντοπίστηκαν στα βενετικά αρχεία: η ισχύς των πηγών του δικαίου• τα δικαιοδοτικά όργανα και η δικονομία• οι αρχές σχηματισμού της δικανικής κρίσης• ο χαρακτήρας της απονεμόμενης δικαιοσύνης• ο τρόπος λειτουργίας των δικαιοδοτικών θεσμών. Η προσέγγιση του εγκληματικού φαινομένου χωρεί παράλληλα με την εξέταση των μηχανισμών κοινωνικού ελέγχου που αναπτύχθηκαν ως απάντηση σε αυτό και κυρίως με το σύστημα της βενετικής ποινικής δικαιοσύνης.
The presentation’s aim is to describe and evaluate the Venetian system of criminal justice as it was developed in the Ionian Islands during the 16th century, based on case files found in the Venetian archives: the validity of the sources of law; courts, judicature and criminal procedure· principles forming the judgment; the nature of justice; the functioning of judicial institutions.

Στην κορυφή του προσφυγικού κύματος που δημιούργησε η απώλεια του Ναυπλίου και της Μονεμβασιάς το 1540 εντοπίζεται η οικογένεια Μούρμουρη (Μόρμορη, για τους Βενετούς), η οποία κατέληξε στο νησί της Κρήτης. Η μελέτη της οικογένειας Μούρμουρη και της εξέλιξής της δεν περιορίζεται στη γενεαλογική περιγραφή. Μέσα από την ανακατασκευή του βίου και της πολιτείας των μεμονωμένων μελών της αναδύονται όψεις των κοινωνικών, οικονομικών και πολιτικών μεταβολών που συντελέστηκαν στο νησί στα τέλη του 16ου αιώνα. / The Mourmouri family (Mormori for the Venetians) is mentioned among the refugees who came to the island of Crete during the refugee wave created by the loss of Napoli di Romania (Nafplio) and Malvasia (Monemvasia) in 1540. The study of Mourmouri family and its evolution are not limited to plain genealogical description. Through the reconstruction of life and deeds of its individual members, are emerging different aspects of social, economic and political changes that took place on the island in the late 16th century.

The archbishop of Philadelphia enjoyed absolute jurisdiction over the Orthodox clergy and monks, who in turn had the so called "privilegium fori". However, his jurisdiction was also extended to the Orthodox laymen who applied to the archbishop of Philadelphia in order to solve their private disputes, which concerned family law (especially matrimonial law). This paper is about the specific jurisdiction of the archbishop of Philadelphia and mainly its exercise as far as the arbitration is concerned.

Lo studio presenta una biografia del noto avvocato e benefattore della Conraternità Greca di Venezia Tommaso Flangini, basata principalmente su materiale inedito trovato nell'Archivio di Stato di Venezia e nell'Archivio dell'Istituto Ellenico di Studi Bizantini e Post-Bizantini di Venezia, combinato con materiale già pubblicato.

    Η μελέτη παρουσιάζει μια βιογραφία του γνωστού δικηγόρου και ευεργέτη της Ελληνικής Αδελφότητας Βενετίας Θωμά Φλαγγίνη, βασισμένη σε ανέκδοτο κυρίως υλικό, που εντοπίστηκε στο Κρατικό Αρχείο Βενετίας και στο Αρχείο του Ελληνικού Ινστιτούτου Βυζαντινών και Μεταβυζαντινών Σπουδών Βενετίας, το οποίο συνδυάστηκε με δημοσιευμένο υλικό.

According to the "suppliche" of the Venetian archives (that is the formal appeals of various nature which the mercenary cavalry of the 16th century called stradioti addressed to Venetian authorities), Napoli di Romania (nowadays Nafplio) was their "ancestral homeland". However, most of these people were not natives but settlers, of Greek or Albanian ethnotic origin. They settled in Venetian occupied territories of Peloponnese  in exactly the same way their ancestors had colonized the lands which once upon a time constituted the domain of the Despotate of Morea, in the early 15th century. The settlement of this type of emigrants from which the Venetians could recruit mercenary troops of the light cavalrymen type, served as a tool for fiscal and security purposes. By combining the pieces of information that the Venetian archival sources give us, we make an effort to unveil the ways by which the sense of the “homeland” is evolved. Since the ethnotic identity was not absolute and the relevant ethnotic groups were not stable as far as their composition was concerned, the process of integration was facilitated by the open, extroverted orientation of the Albanian origin ethnotic groups as well as promoted by the struggle of gaining land in order to survive in the first place; in a second level, the sense of "homeland" was evolved as a point of self determination, a  myth of descent which was inevitably accepting other groups as well.
We follow the examples of certain types of stradioti, such as those coming from the social class of the "nobili" (Mormori, Paleologi, Boccali) as well as those who are the leaders of the Albanian origin tribes and the local stratiotai, people coming from the lower social groups who were entering the Venetian army hoping to end up well respected farmers. Social alliances and internal conflicts in the micro-community of the stradioti concerned always land possession. As time went by, it was that feeling of belonging to a place that nourished the sense of “home” for these people who started as adversaries but ended up compatriots of a lost land -in other words, ended up forming a new ethnotic identity which encluded the locals and referred to the common experience.

Το νησί της Σκοπέλου, μέσω της δραστηριότητας της οικογένειας Δαπόντε, μέλη της οποίας διαδραμάτισαν σημαντικό ρόλο ως κόνσολοι των δυτικών εμπορικών κρατών - κυρίως της Βενετίας. Αυτά τα γνωστά και σημαίνοντα δημόσια πρόσωπα, αναδείχτηκαν την εποχή του  σφοδρού εμπορικού ανταγωνισμού που έλαβε χώρα στην ανατολική Μεσόγειο του 17ου και 18ου αιώνα. / The island of Skopelos, through the activity of the Daponte family, members of which played an important role as consoli of the Western trading nations – mainly of Venice. These well-known and influential public figures emerged in the era of intense commercial competition in the eastern Mediterranean of the 17th and 18th centuries.