Automobile Industry

Total Innovation Management (TIM) is the system of forming an innovative synergy between technology, organization and culture to build innovation competence in organizations. Supply Chain (SC) is a global network used to deliver products and services from raw materials to end-customers via an engineered flow of information, physical distribution and cash. This paper appraised TIM on SC in the automobile industry in Nigeria using structured questionnaire and interview. The upshot indicated 40% of SC executives are more concerned with risk associated with supply and thus invest in insurance policies. 80% of trained SC staff applies ICT tools in visibility (trackability). All SC staff were receptive to innovative ideas, indicating sustainability of TIM ideology in the sector.

In manufacturing facilities, shipping and receiving traditionally have been concentrated in one or two areas of the building. The widespread introduction of just-in-time shipping policies in US manufacturing companies during the past 15 years, as well as the common use of decentralized receiving in the Japanese automobile industry, has motivated the consideration (and occasionally the adoption) of dock configurations to support decentralized receiving (also known as perimeter receiving). By providing multiple access points along the perimeter of the building, decentralized receiving generally reduces the time and cost associated with moving purchased parts to the locations within the facility where they are used, but also results in increased cost of construction, maintenance, and operation for docks and associated truck access/egress, as well as additional interior floorspace requirements. We develop an optimization-based procedure to determine which of several possible dock areas to construct, how many doors or gates each should have, how many unloading and internal material handling staff should be assigned to each group, and which inbound materials each group should handle. We consider the amortized cost of constructing and equipping the docks, the amortized cost of material handling equipment to support the unloaders and material handlers, the cost of operating the material handling equipment, and labor costs for both unloading and internal material handling.

Natural and wood fibre reinforced plastics as a relatively new group of environmental friendly materials have been extensively applied in interior, building applications and in the automobile industry. Among others, natural and wood fibre reinforced foamed polymer materials are of high significance because of the possibility of their reducing the density of automotive components which have a cellular structure. However, the properties of these materials have not been fully investigated and described. Microcellular composites of polypropylene containing natural and wood fibre was prepared using an injection moulding process. In the present work, the manufacturing technology of natural and wood fibre reinforced polymer microfoams was developed and the influence of fibre and microvoid content on its property spectrum was systematically investigated. The forming of microvoids and the degree of foaming related to the variation of the processing parameters in connection with manufacture technology was characterised. Measurement of density, cell size, tensile and flexural properties of the prepared composites was carried out. The cell structure is dependent on flow direction of foaming. The density of microfoamed wood fibre-PP composites was reduced by about 24% and decreased by as much as 0.77 g/cm3.Light microscopy showed that the cells are circular and it was also observed that the maximum cell sizes are between 10–50 μm. Water absorption and scanning electron microscopy of the composites were also investigated. Considering the experimental results, it can be deduced that the microcellular composites exhibit a possible combination of relatively good engineering properties and lower density for different technical applications. Natur- und holzfaserverstärkte Kunststoffe, als relativ neue Gruppe von umweltfreundlichen Werkstoffen, werden derzeit in beachtlichem Umfang in der Bauindustrie (Dach-, Boden- und Wändeabdeckungen) und Automobilindustrie verwendet. Ausserdem haben natur- und holzfaserverstärkte Polymerwerkstoffe –Mikroschäume, die wegen ihrer zellularen Struktur die Dichte der Bauteile noch reduzieren können, eine immer größere Bedeutung erlangt. Bisher sind die Eigenschaften dieser Werkstoffe nur beschränkt untersucht und beschrieben worden. Natur- und holzfaserverstärkte PP-Mikroschäume wurden im Spritzgießverfahren hergestellt. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Fertigungstechnik der natur- und holzfaserverstärkten Polymere-Mikroschäume entwickelt und systematisch der Einfluss des Faser-/ und Mikroporengehalts auf das Eigenschaftsspektrum dieser Werkstoffe untersucht. Mikroporen und Schäumungsgrad in Abhängigkeit von der Variation der Verarbeitungsparameter wurden in Verbindung mit dem Herstellungsprozess charakterisiert. Die Dichte, die Zellgröße, die Zug- und Biegeparameter der hergestellten Compositen wurden ermittelt. Die Schaumstruktur ist vom Fließweg abhängig. Die Dichte von geschäumten holzfaserverstärkten PP kann bis ca. 24% reduziert werden und erreicht Werte von 0,77 g/cm3. Die mikroskopischen Aufnahmen zeigen, dass die Mikroporen eine runde Struktur aufweisen, und der Porendurchmesser zwichen 10–50 μm liegt. Die Wasseraufnahme wurde ebenfalls untersucht. Die erzielten Ergebnisse belegen, dass diese Werkstoffe für verschidene Anwendungen in der Technik geeignet sind.

While it is common to highlight the negative aspect of cartels, it has also been argued that cartels have positive aspects that can be illustrated with concrete examples. With regard to economic growth, the issue of cartels thus remains extremely controversial issues. This article analyses the impact of the emergence of a cartel from the early stages of development of the Korean automotive industry. The Korean government encouraged this cartel in order to improve the efficiency and the competitiveness of the industry and it actively intervened, in particular during economic downturns. As a result, the Korean automotive industry stabilized and enhanced its competitiveness sufficiently for Korea to become one of the top five automobile-producing countries in the world.

talking realistically, ultracompetitive market condition has led manufacturing sector to such a phase where continuous improvement is inevitable in terms of increasing desired profit margin in a business. With these changes comes the serious need of an efficient as well as effective development system.
Irrespective of business domain, companies must focus on speed, efficiency, cost of production, customer service, product value

Abstract: MIX is an ESPRIT project aimed at developing strategies and tools for integrating symbolic and neural methods in hybrid systems. The project arose from the observation that current hybrid systems are generally small-scale experimental systems which couple one symbolic and ...

This paper investigates the effect of intra-firm Research and Development expenditure and inter-firm collaboration on firm performance. It is proposed that R&D expenditures enable a company to improve knowledge and assimilate the exchange of information within non-routine collaboration activities. The hypotheses are tested by an empirical study on inter-firm technical collaboration in Japanese Automobile firms during the years 1975–1995, using the method of first-order auto-regression on a panel data set. The findings indicate that R&D expenditure increases performance, but do not allow clear conclusions on the effects of collaborations.

The increasing demand for more fuel efficiency and environmentally friendly cars coupled with the consumers' drive for more comfort, safety and luxury has led to the introduction of more electrical and electronic systems in the passenger car. This is further impacted by the current trend in automotive industry to replace mechanical and hydraulic systems with their electrical counterparts. The handling

DIe Seminararbeit untersucht Strategien der Krisenkommunikation vonseiten des Volkswagen-Automobilkonzerns rund um den Abgasskandal ("Dieselgate") im Jahr 2015, die Auswirkungen auf den weiteren Verlauf der Krise und die langfristige Beziehung zu Kunden, Stakeholdern und Mitarbeitern hatten.

Nach einem Überblick über Aufdeckung und Verlauf des Skandals und die Entwicklung hin zu einer schwerwiegenden Unternehmenskrise wird das Kommunikationsverhalten von VW gegenüber der Öffentlichkeit anhand mehrerer Pressemitteilungen und eines Videostatements analysiert, in denen sich VW zu Beginn der Krise äußerte. Eine kritischer Abgleich mit Modellen zur erfolgreichen Krisenprävention und -bewältigung zeigt, an welchen Stellen der Konzern durch gezielte Kommunikationsmaßnahmen dem Vertrauensschwund seiner Kunden und Partner zumindest hätte entgegenwirken und so die Krise abmildern können.

The autonomous vehicle (AV) appears to be very much on the minds and screens of the motoring public, if not yet in automobile dealership showrooms or on the roadways in large numbers. A great deal of funding is being made available to develop AV technologies by government and within industries associated with such technologies. The AV is also receiving unprecedented, often uncritical--if not confused, attention in the mass media around the globe. The latest technological advance--or setback, is becoming front page material in print media and receiving prominent coverage in the broadcast media. This article will explore the history, various types and promotion of this curious invention’s trajectory as well as evaluating the claims made on its behalf and possible limitations for its adoption on a grand scale. The goal of this article is not a technological or technical evaluation of automated vehicles but rather a review of some of the claims made on its behalf by its promoters in ord...

Surge in industrial activities has led to increase of GHG levels in the atmosphere which is continuously resulting into heating the earth and creating global warming and climate change. Currently, India is the third-largest emitter of CO2 in the world. The automobile sector is the second-largest contributor to the CO2 emission from fossil fuel after the power sector in India. There is pressure from various stakeholders to integrate sustainability with organizations’ operations in order to deal with climate change. The present study attempts to study barriers in implementing sustainable practices based on the firm’s characteristics in automobile industry using one-way ANOVA and Welch & Brown-Forsyth statistics. The paper also examines the impact of these practices on organization’s performance (environment, economic and operation) using multiple regression analysis. Structured questionnaire was used to conduct empirical survey and collecting responses using convenience sampling method from various companies operating in passenger vehicle and its component manufacturing companies. The study suggests that barriers in implementing sustainable logistics practices differs significantly among different characteristics of the automobile organization. It was also observed that sustainable logistics practices have positive impact on organization performances. However, characteristics of the organizations also play very important role on these performances

At Toyota Ghana Company Limited, the core mandate is the sale of brand new vehicles from Toyota Motor Corporation (Japan), spare parts as well as servicing. To expand its assess network, TGCL introduced a new service strategy authorising private garages known as Toyota Ghana Authorized Service Shops (TGASS) to offer accessibility to clients outside of the four catchment areas of the company. In that vein, the current study sought to assess the impact of the new service strategy on the performance of the supply chain of TGCL. The study employed the mixed method approach in conducting the study using a total of 90 participants (15 managerial staff and 75 clients) selected through the purposive and convenient sampling techniques. Data was collected using questionnaires and unstructured interviews. The results show that respondents perceived TGCL's supply chain performance improved significantly after the introduction of the TGASS service strategy. The study, therefore, concluded that introducing alternative service strategies has a significant effect on the service output of the supply chain of private organisations.

The Toyota Prius is today's leading mid-size hybrid sedan in the world mass market. The Prius offers a stylish exterior; Hybrid Synergy Drive and an EPA label fuel economy of 52 miles per gallon (mpg) in the city and 45 mpg on the highway. The Toyota name is an important feature for the Prius. Toyota is the world's largest manufacturer of automobiles in both unit sales and net sales, and is the front-runner for new technology, including hybrid and fuel cell cars. In Indonesia, Prius was launched by the month of July 2009 and by the year of 2009 and it is only 43-unit population, way far from Japan and US sales of 208.900 and 139.682 unit respectively in the same year. The main problem of this lack of sales during our market audit was the product price. Prius as a product by nature has already attracted the Innovators and Thinkers even though there were no significant marketing efforts from Toyota Indonesia. The lack of marketing effort on Innovators and Thinkers are actually can be developed to attract more customers on these segments. The demographic and psychographic of the target market of Prius lead to the strategy of positioning the product. While repositioning is usually as a result of a mature brand that is not attractive, repositioning on Prius brand is more into redefine the competitive edge of Prius in Indonesia so the market can perceive the product as the one that fulfill the market needs. Toyota Indonesia needs to keep up the distribution channel and promotion based on price point set up. Of course, price point has high correlation on Toyota Indonesia investment on making Prius available to the market. If Prius assembled locally in Indonesia, then the price point of Prius is possibly lower. However, local assembly would result to high investment. Consequently, relying on correct distribution and promotion will possibly increase Prius sales by 20% in the near future. Finally having marketing audit and then analyze them into series of marketing plan, from S-T-P, Marketing Mix then goes to IMC as a final stage of our marketing plan proposal, herewith some IMC spot strategies: 1. Aligning with the communication objective, which is to create the needs in hybrid car and how to use and do its maintenance, the message strategy should communicate the benefit first, followed by a glance of the use of hybrid car. Since it's a kind of new car category, Toyota Indonesia needs to put more descriptive explanation in communicating the message 2. Prius marketing should be more aggressive in their communication and use mass channel such as TV commercial and business magazines in addition to their current events channel since we targeted wider group of potential consumers than the current one.

The purpose of prototyping is to validate the material and geometrical shape of the design created for a product. The properties and quality of the prototype created plays a vital role in validating the design. The selection of an appropriate process parameters for making the prototype has more influence over the mechanical properties and quality characteristics of the finished prototype. In other words, the success and market life of a product entirely relies upon the prototyping results. Rapid prototyping techniques generally involve numerous process parameters which need to be optimized to build a prototype with superior performance. Fused deposition modeling is one of the familiar and fascinating RP technique which has gained interest in the field of prototyping products of Engineering, Architecture, Medical, Automotive and Aerospace due to its simplicity and flexibility in creating conceptual models and functional parts with desired quality. In the present work Impact Hammer testing of FDM processed PolyEthylene Terephthalate Glycol-modified(PET-G) and Acronitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastics is conducted to observe the influence of FDM process parameters. The major FDM parameters such as Infill Density (ID), Layer Thickness (LT) and Printing Speed (S) are considered to obtain Frequency Response Function (FRF) for PET-G and ABS plastics. The test results have shown considerable changes in vibration properties (Frequency and amplitude) in both the materials. A 23 (2 Levels, 3 Factors) design L4 Orthogonal Array is created using Minitab 17.0 is used for conducting the experiments.

The paper will consider the period prior to the mass diffusion of the use of the automobile in Spain. The Spanish early motorisation can be divided into three clearly differentiated stages. The incipient first stage, up to World War I; a highly dynamic second stage between 1919 and 1935; and finally, there was the abrupt interruption to the rate of motorisation during the last period, triggered by the Civil War and the early years of Franco’s regime. This paper will particularly focus on the first two stages, and above all on the second and inquire into a big Spanish difference: the greater Spanish car import market. The paper will conclude by referring to other characteristics of pre-war Spanish motorisation, particularly those related to the spatial inequalities and put forward some econometric hypotheses about its possible causes.

Key words: Spain; History; Automobile; Motorisation; Import market; 20th Century.

Indian automobile industry is currently facing an unpredictable slowdown in demand for light motor vehicles. 2-3 years back story was totally different. Everyone was expecting India to be one of the biggest emerging markets for automobile sector. Even few experts declared that India would be the biggest automobile market by 2020. But after seeing the current scenario, it looks impossible. It's been more than hundred years since people in India using cars. But boom in industry took place when maruti came to India in 80's. But real growth took place after globalization when most of the automobile giants came to India & started their operations. This thing kept on increasing as disposable income & standard of living of middle class started increasing. Along with that Indian government liberalization measures such as reduction in import tariff, banking liberalization, reduction in taxation helped a lot in automobile sector's growth. All this went well till 2009-10. In this particular time period (2000-2010) automobile sector grew like anything. But since last 2-3 years automobile sector has lost its continuous growth. As poor government policies, hike in petrol prices, emerging second hand car market have caused major problems for automobile industry. Very few automobile companies are performing up to expectations & rests are going down rapidly.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the concept which is implemented by organizations to address all the stakeholders' ethical, legal, commercial and other expectations towards its business decisions. The concept of CSR has emerged as a combination of concept of corporate citizenship, strategic philanthropy, shared value, corporate sustainability and business responsibility. The Indian automobile industry, which contributes 7.

RCA is an effective technique for solving production-related problems and used for distinguishing the root causes of significant problems. The present study is conducted to find the root causes of the faulty production line in the automobile industry in Bangladesh that resulted in poor productivity rate and low product quality. Significant QC tools such as Check sheet, Histogram, Pareto diagram, and Cause and Effect diagram are used to collect data and make the analysis to eliminate the defects during the production of Pajero Sport QX automobiles. The outcomes identified that by using Root Cause Analysis (RCA) method, the production line defects can be reduced by about 56.66% on average along with better product quality and productivity.The analysis demonstrated that the procedures can be employed in the automobile assembly plant to mitigate/reduce the faults, in the prioritizing manner. This article presents insight into the possible arisen causes of the faulty production line in an automobile assembly plant and the way to minimize those.

This case relates to the Indian subsidiary of South Korean automaker Hyundai Motor Company, Hyundai Motor India Limited (HMIL), and how it faces the customer retention problems. It made their products appealing to Indians of the upper middle class who had little alternative but the blandly built versions offered by market leader Maruti Suzuki. With the launch of models like the Fluidic Verna and the Elantra, HMIL slowly began to emerge as a leader in many high-end automobile segments. In the automotive industry, customer retention is a big problem with the purchasing cycle of consumers ranging from at least 3 to 5 years and the cost of brand switching being negligible. Consequently, the challenge for marketers is to provide the customer with continuous satisfaction by providing a quality product, excellent after-sales service and regular customer engagement to make him more engaged with the company.

“Advanced Topics” is Part 8 of a ten part presentation series "Automotive Dynamics and Design". The intent is to form a comprehensive series of lectures providing instruction in the design of automobiles from both a practical and a stylistic viewpoint. The ten segments constitute the core (reading assignments, homework, and test material not included) of a class to be given over a period of about twelve weeks. The ten course segments are:
1) "Automotive Dynamics and Design"
2) "Longitudinal Dynamics"
3) "Lateral Dynamics"
4) "Vertical Dynamics"
5) "Mass Properties Analysis and Control"
6) "Tire Behavior"
7) "Aerodynamics"
8) "Advanced Topics"
9) "Design (Styling)"
10) "Summary"
Part 1 is essentially an introduction to, and a syllabus for, the course of study. Part 2 constitutes a study of automotive acceleration, braking, and crash deceleration. Part 3 constitutes a study of oversteer, understeer, directional stability, rollover, lateral acceleration: transient and steady state. Part 4 constitutes a study of springing, damping, shock attenuation, road contact, road vibration transmissibility, ride motions. Part 5 constitutes a study of the ten mass properties equations, the ten mass properties uncertainty equations, standard deviation, normal distribution, regression analysis, coefficient of determination, correlation, degrees of freedom, total weight estimation, unsprung weight estimation, sprung weight estimation, estimation of the total weight c.g., estimation of the unsprung weight c.g., estimation of the sprung weight c.g., estimation of the total mass moments of inertia,  estimation of the unsprung mass moments of inertia, estimation of the sprung mass moments of inertia, estimation of the total products of inertia, estimation of the sprung roll moment of inertia. Part 6 constitutes a study of friction vs. traction, normal load vs. deflection, normal load vs. contact area, load capacity, vertical stiffness, lateral traction, longitudinal traction, %Slip, Slip Angle, Traction Ellipse, rolling resistance, temperature effects, speed effects. Part 7 constitutes a study of Navier-Stokes Equations, dimensionless indicators (Reynolds Number, Mach Number), streamlines, Bernoulli’s Equation, drag, lift, boundary layer, separation, wake, vortices, center of pressure, aerodynamic stability, wings, fences, spoilers. Part 8 constitutes a study of camber, caster, toe in/out, scrub, kingpin angle, scrub radius, effective spring rate, roll stiffness, suspension geometry, roll axis, steering geometry, turn centers, geared and equivalent gearless systems, products of inertia, gyroscopic reactions, fuel economy, standing wave, hydroplaning. Part 9 introduces the concept of Design (a.k.a. Styling), Design Schools, Design Practitioners, Design Process, Exterior Design, Interior Design. Part 10 deals with the business and manufacturing aspects of automotive endeavors: business plan (product, market, cash flow, P&L, capitalization, ROI, etc.), profit and loss statements, break-even analysis, in-house or subcontract decisions, plant location and layout, jigs and fixtures, equipment, supply and inventory, customer service & relations strategy.

This case relates to the Indian subsidiary of South Korean automaker Hyundai Motor Company, Hyundai Motor India Limited (HMIL), and how it faces the customer retention problems. It made their products appealing to Indians of the upper middle class who had little alternative but the blandly built versions offered by market leader Maruti Suzuki. With the launch of models like the Fluidic Verna and the Elantra, HMIL slowly began to emerge as a leader in many high-end automobile segments. In the automotive industry, customer retention is a big problem with the purchasing cycle of consumers ranging from at least 3 to 5 years and the cost of brand switching being negligible. Consequently, the challenge for marketers is to provide the customer with continuous satisfaction by providing a quality product, excellent after-sales service and regular customer engagement to make him more engaged with the company.

Green supply Chain Management (GSCM) is an approach to improve performance of the process and products according to the requirements of the environmental regulations. GSCM has emerged in the last few years and covers all phases of product’s life cycle from design, production and distribution phases to the use of products by the end users and its disposal at the end of product’s life cycle. Awareness level of customers of Green practices opted by organizations has got raised in India also. So organizations need to focus on the utilization of energy and resources for making environmentally sound supply chain.The objective of this paper is to identify various barriers to implement GSCM in Indian automobile industry, to identify further the contextual relationship among the identified barriers to implement GSCM, to classify these barriers depending upon their driving and dependence power and finally to develop ISM based model of these barriers. Limitations of the study and scope of the future work have also been discussed.
ntroduction

This report discusses factors to consider when evaluating transportation economic stimulation strategies. Transportation investments can have large long-term economic, social and environmental impacts. Expanding urban highways tends to stimulate motor vehicle travel and sprawl, exacerbating future transport problems and threatening future economic productivity. Improving alternative modes (walking and cycling conditions, and public transit service) tends to reduce total motor vehicle traffic and associated costs, providing additional long-term economic savings and benefits. Increasing transport system efficiency tends to create far more jobs than those created directly by infrastructure investments. Domestic automobile industry subsidies are ineffective at stimulating employment or economic development. Public policies intended to support domestic automobile sales could be economically harmful in the long run if they increase future energy consumption and transportation system ineff...

“Lateral Dynamics” is Part 3 of a ten part presentation series "Automotive Dynamics and Design". The intent is to form a comprehensive series of lectures providing instruction in the design of automobiles from both a practical and a stylistic viewpoint. The ten segments constitute the core (reading assignments, homework, and test material not included) of a class to be given over a period of about twelve weeks. The ten course segments are:
1) "Automotive Dynamics and Design"
2) "Longitudinal Dynamics"
3) "Lateral Dynamics"
4) "Vertical Dynamics"
5) "Mass Properties Analysis and Control"
6) "Tire Behavior"
7) "Aerodynamics"
8) "Advanced Topics"
9) "Design (Styling)"
10) "Summary"
Part 1 is essentially an introduction to, and a syllabus for, the course of study. Part 2 constitutes a study of automotive acceleration, braking, and crash deceleration. Part 3 constitutes a study of oversteer, understeer, directional stability, rollover, lateral acceleration: transient and steady state. Part 4 constitutes a study of springing, damping, shock attenuation, road contact, road vibration transmissibility, ride motions. Part 5 constitutes a study of the ten mass properties equations, the ten mass properties uncertainty equations, standard deviation, normal distribution, regression analysis, coefficient of determination, correlation, degrees of freedom, total weight estimation, unsprung weight estimation, sprung weight estimation, estimation of the total weight c.g., estimation of the unsprung weight c.g., estimation of the sprung weight c.g., estimation of the total mass moments of inertia,  estimation of the unsprung mass moments of inertia, estimation of the sprung mass moments of inertia, estimation of the total products of inertia, estimation of the sprung roll moment of inertia. Part 6 constitutes a study of friction vs. traction, normal load vs. deflection, normal load vs. contact area, load capacity, vertical stiffness, lateral traction, longitudinal traction, %Slip, Slip Angle, Traction Ellipse, rolling resistance, temperature effects, speed effects. Part 7 constitutes a study of Navier-Stokes Equations, dimensionless indicators (Reynolds Number, Mach Number), streamlines, Bernoulli’s Equation, drag, lift, boundary layer, separation, wake, vortices, center of pressure, aerodynamic stability, wings, fences, spoilers. Part 8 constitutes a study of camber, caster, toe in/out, scrub, kingpin angle, scrub radius, effective spring rate, roll stiffness, suspension geometry, roll axis, steering geometry, turn centers, geared and equivalent gearless systems, products of inertia, gyroscopic reactions, fuel economy, standing wave, hydroplaning. Part 9 introduces the concept of Design (a.k.a. Styling), Design Schools, Design Practitioners, Design Process, Exterior Design, Interior Design. Part 10 deals with the business and manufacturing aspects of automotive endeavors: business plan (product, market, cash flow, P&L, capitalization, ROI, etc.), profit and loss statements, break-even analysis, in-house or subcontract decisions, plant location and layout, jigs and fixtures, equipment, supply and inventory, customer service & relations strategy.

Today in a highly competitive and globalized market, to cater to increase in market demand, the objective of a manufacturing firm will be to deliver its products to its customers with zero defects and within target date. To compete successfully in the market, adoption of lean manufacturing techniques will help the manufacturing firms to stay at the top. This study focuses on reducing the cycle time of a manual assembly line for the first two stations, manufacturing four variants of light commercial vehicle at XYZ firm. Results showed that with introduction of fastener tray and two kitting trolleys as counter measures, there was significant reduction in cycle time. This study also highlights that with successful and proper implementation of kaizen applications has reduced ambiguity, overburdens on the operator and unevenness in the workplace.