Ferry

States vegvesen region midt har ansvaret for regionens kulturminner i forbindelse med vegnettet. Dette omfatter blant annet steinhvelvsbruer fra 1800-tallet og gamle vegfar som denne tilstandsanalysen tar for seg. Denne rapporten forsøker å avdekke tilstanden til de synlige kulturminnene og vegens beskaffenhet i forbindelse med de gamle vegene over Gjevingåsen i Stjørdal, Sør-Trøndelag. Tre av de fire eldste vegene ble befart som henholdsvis er fra 1700-tallet, 1835 samt 1859. I tillegg ble fergeleiet "Ferjemannstuggu" ved Sandferhus og et segment av et ukjent vegfar befart. I noen tilfeller gir forfatteren forslag til utbedringer av eventuelle skader, slitasje eller neglisjering av vegfaret.


Norwegian Public Roads Administration has the responsibility for the region’s cultural heritage in connection with the road network. This includes, among other things, stone-arch bridges as well as old roads which this survey focuses on. This report attempts to uncover the physical state of the visible cultural heritage and the condition of the old roads over Gjevingåsen in South-Trøndelag, a hill south of Stjørdal (which lies in North-Trøndelag County). Three of the four oldest roads were inspected; the oldest was constructed during the 1700s while the other two were built in 1835 and 1859. The ferry port, "Ferjemannstuggu" at Sandferhus and a segment of an unknown road were also inspected. In some of the cases, the author gives suggestions for improvements on of any damage, wear or neglect of the roads.

The study adopts a complex approach to present and analyse how the annexed territories following the Treaty of Trianon and the new borders impacted transport in the western Hungarian county of Vas, and its largest transport hub of Szombathely. Neither the catchment areas nor the transport corridors were considered when the borders of the county were redrawn, while ethnic aspects were only partially asserted. The Pozsony (today: Bratislava)–Sopron–Kőszeg–Szombathely–Körmend–Zalalövő–Varasd (today: Varaždin) route dating back to ancient times (Amber Road) was simply sliced up by the new borders and split among 3 countries. Absurd situations emerged with the railways for example, where the rail lines connecting Kőszeg with Sopron and Csepreg were handed over to Austria – without any link to the Austrian railway network. In the years after World War I, the quality of both road and rail travel in Vas county fell well short of the customary standard of peacetime. On a positive note, however, international express trains still travelled from Szombathely to Bratislava, Brno, Graz, Prague, Rijeka, Vienna and Zagreb. The flight ban had little impact on transport in Vas county.

Günümüz küresel kentlerinde kamusallığı sorgulamak, kentlerin daha yaşanabilir yerler olabilmesi, daha iletişimi yüksek, kamusallık adına verimli alanlar olabilmesi için çok önemlidir. Bu çalışmada yapılan, günümüz İstanbul vapurlarında kamusallığı sosyallik, iletişim ve tecrübe (hareket, davranış) üzerinden okumaya çalışmaktır.
Herhangi bir durumu anlayabilmek adına o durumun hafızasını algılayabilmek yani tarihini bilmek önemlidir. Bu sebeple çalışmaya altlık olabilmesi adına öncelikle İstanbul’da kent içi ulaşım tarihi ölçeğinden, vapurlarının tarihi ölçeğine doğru bir yoğunlaşma çalışması yapılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında asıl olan tarihi süreç içerisinde de vapurların kamusallığına dair izler taşıyan “gündelik yaşam” kesitlerinden faydalanan bir çalışma yapmaktır. Fakat bu çalışmanın akademik kapsamı bu araştırma için yeterli alanı vermemektedir. Bu sebeple yapılan tarihi çalışma kronolojik olarak kamusallığa referans veren çeşitli başlıklar üzerinden olmuştur.
Vapurların kamusallığının sorgulandığı bölümde ise, çalışmanın sonuçlanması için gerekli araç olan teorik çerçeve açıklanmış sonrasında vapurlarda zaman- mekân algısından, hegemonyanın tesir alanı ve hegemonyayla mücadele alanı olarak vapurlar incelenmiştir. Bu iki süzgeçlerden faydalanılarak, “katılımcı gözlemcilik” yöntemi ve basın taraması, mülakatlar ile “vaka”lar tespit edilerek bu vakalar üzerinden vapurların kamusallığı sorgulanmıştır.

In contemporary world questioning publicness, having more livable and communicative spaces and discovering the ingredients of a more productive public spaces are very important. This study aims to understand publicness of Istanbul’s ferries with the lenses of socializing, communication and experience (movement, behavior).
It is vital to know the history of a situation to process the space-based collective memory of that state of being. Because of this, to set a background for this research, the first chapter focuses on the history of Istanbul’s urban transportation and history of Istanbul’s ferries. In the second chapter the contemporary publicness in ferries of Istanbul are analyzed based on personal and significant experiences. Because of the limits of this study the first chapter is a chronological documentation of the evolution of urban transportation and ferries, but it doesn’t include the past public space experiences in ferries.
In the second chapter the publicness and public being states of ferries are questioned, the theoretical perspective about the public space is presented, the time-space distinct in ferries and the hegemony shaped within ferries (and the moments of resistance to this hegemony) is analyzed. The research methodology is being a “participant observer”, looking thorough press records, doing interviews and determining the significant events to analyze.

Lamma Island, one of the first places in Hong Kong where living traces of a former people have been discovered, has a history dating back to the Neolithic Age. Existing historical research prefers the past over the present. There is hardly any literature based on the lived experience of the islanders in the modern age. This book explore the postwar changes of the captioned coastal village, hovering across the local and the global.  This is a labour of love of the author, who have been residing on the island for more than two decades. It is also the departure of her academic journey into the new realm of Island Studies.

In order to study the efficiency of a port as well as of the entire port system within a maritime state, it is best to observe the port as a multi-layered entity and to examine both the external and internal factors affecting port’s activity within its immediate as well as wider environment, to examine its business operation, results and more or less strong conjunction of its business operation micro and macro aspects. In the contemporary carriage of passengers by sea, distinction should be made between passenger liner service and cruising or tourist shipping service. While the distinction between these two categories has always been present, significant changes have been introduced recently in the organization of maritime passenger ports, with passenger terminals’ sophisticated design and organization representing the prerequisite for optimal operation and develo-pment of passenger liner shipping as well as cruising. In an effort to meet the increasingly demanding requirements of o...

"Connaissez-vous le mouvement des écoles du dimanche ? Pourquoi ce nom "d'école" et pourquoi parle-t-on de "moniteurs" et de "monitrices" ? Dans quelles
circonstances ce dispositif s'est-il développé en France ? A quels besoins ses artisans cherchaient-ils à répondre ? De quelle façon son action s'est-elle diversifiée au cours du XIXe siècle ? En restituant une part d'un héritage oublié, cet ouvrage apporte des réponses à ces questions.
Il souligne comment cette oeuvre, fruit du Réveil anglais, a su mobiliser de nombreux bénévoles en faveur de l'éducation de la jeunesse, palliant l'absence d'accès à l'instruction scolaire mais aussi biblique au sein de familles en zone rurale comme en zone industrielle. S'appuyant sur un vaste champ de sources documentaires et archivistiques, depuis le premier Comité d'encouragement pour les écoles du dimanche (1826-1828), aux publications de la Société des écoles du dimanche couvrant la période de 1852 à 1902, en passant par les textes d'artisans du mouvement comme les pasteurs Laurent Cadoret, David César Chabrand et Jean-Paul Cook, et les archives de la Société d'encouragement pour l'instruction primaire parmi les protestants de France, cette recherche cherche à retracer dans ce premier volume l'histoire méconnue de ce mouvement, émaillant le texte de citations d'époque pour rendre le lecteur plus proche des premiers acteurs.
Leurs propos ne manqueront pas d'encourager leurs héritiers contemporains tout en contribuant plus largement à stimuler la réflexion sur l'engagement bénévole dans l'éducation populaire aujourd'hui"""

This paper presents the concept of a fully electrified ferry that aims to support and promote energy efficient, zero GHG emission and air pollution, free waterborne transportation for island communities, coastal zones and inland waterways in Europe and beyond. Existing state-of-the-art ferries with 100% electric drive train systems are suffering from major limitations in range and are thus only being built and applied for very short ferry connections. The E-ferry, goes beyond this limitation targeting medium range connections and aims to become the ferry with the largest battery pack ever installed on a vessel. Other state-of-the-art solutions are based on retrofit, integrating hybrid or 100% electric systems in existing ferries suffering from lack of energy efficiency due to an existing energy inefficient vessel design. The E-ferry concept also differs from all other known projects by a record breaking high charging power of up to 4 MW allowing for short port stays. This is importa...

The ignited fire at the eastern foot of Mt. Penteli on Monday, July 23rd, 2018, had uncontrollably unfolded into a blaze that destroyed a significant inhabited part of Eastern Attica, and caused unprecedented losses in human lives, infrastructure, and property. It is considered
today as the greatest urban catastrophic fire in Europe for the 21st century, and the 2nd at a global level (see 3.2.).
In this paper, we will compare the issue of crisis management, in pre-catastrophic, co-catastrophic and post-catastrophic stages, in relation to the scientific and empirical competence of the human resources that should comprise the coordination services of the security forces and rescue and we refer here to the need for lifelong learning, assessment, and academic specialization in environmental crisis management and disaster management by a variety of actors.
The preparation or revision of operational preparedness plans, not only at the Civil Protection of Regions and Municipalities level, but at a focused and adapted one, to each remote settlement with knowledge and education of the local communities themselves, all in combination with the familiarization of new technologies, is urgent and utterly necessary. Operational plans that provide for the appropriate evacuation of the population, depending on the threat (Fire, Earthquake, Flood, Tsunami, etc.), should be part of the basic training of the responsible groups and local communities, and there will be proven operational on it based on the infrastructure of each place.
In this study, we will negotiate the questions that were asked in a raw and clear way after the great catastrophe in Eastern Attica with a focus on Mati area, but with a cool, scientific and analytical disclosure of the evidence gathered. Specifically:
If (and to what extent) “climate change”, the flora of the wider area, the central and local road planning of the areas and especially the citizens themselves as residents and as passersby played a role. And finally, whether the attempt of responsibility transfer for the specific, and for other, catastrophic natural phenomena of our time, by the people in charge to the citizens themselves is something surreal, politically opportunistic or another habit that will take the form of a pattern in the future.
For the synthesis of the present thesis in a case study type, the methods that were mainly used were those of personal and collective experience of the surviving residents, on-site analysis of the escape and gathering points of the fire victims, search for historical data of the affected areas, and extensive bibliographic reviews to support the accurate conclusions.
Note: For reasons of economy of speech and practicality, the general term "Mati" will refer to the catastrophic fires of Eastern Attica as a whole, unless it relates to local spatial issues of the specific settlement.

Omni-optimization assumes a capability to perform any type of optimization, e.g. single- and multi-objective, using single optimization algorithm, or the omni-optimizer. This paper addresses a novel concept for omni-optimization, by coupling vectorization with genetic algorithms (GAs). Vectorization assumes converting constraints into objectives, and their optimization alongside the original set of objectives. The GAs show excellent potential to serve as omni-optimizers, as they are a successful tool to solve both single- and multi-objective problems. This new concept is applied to structural design of the midship section of an 88m long aluminium fast ferry for the minimal hull weight and vertical centre of gravity (VCG), under multiple constraints involving structural and technological aspects and classification rules and regulations. The obtained results range up to 10 per cent for weight minimization and 6.5 per cent for VCG with the fully defined Pareto front.

The national Public Service Obligation (PSO) sea and air passenger services of Greece are assessed in a E.U. context, utilizing a coherent approach: This analysis is the first in which both sea and air services are approached at the same time, outside the scope of modal choice. PSO services and routes are described and characterized using essential demand or supply related metrics and key performance indicators, assessing subsidy cost, relative effectiveness and synergy among them. Ferry PSO subsidy costs have risen significantly from 1990 and started declining after 2010, consistently with Greek GDP; however the amount or state resources spent for offering PSO services over so many islands, results to a relatively low level of service. A simple profitability model was developed for ferry PSO services, providing a constrained framework for policy assessment and decision support tool. Individual routes, the entire sea and air PSO networks, and the synergy among them display several inconsistencies, due to a large number of factors. These include high operational complexity, geography induced diversified requirements, effectiveness of lobby groups, demand uncertainty, seasonality and suboptimal network design. Additional research and data are warranted, for a new approach on PSO air routes profitability, as well as overall network design and synergy between sea and air PSO routes.

Dynamic development in practically all fields of science and engineering has not passed over shipbuilding. In last years, engineers got to their use computer software which makes it possible to perform strength and hydrodynamic calculations as well as to visualize design projects in 3 D space [1-4]. At their disposal they have full spectrum of modern solutions associated with the use of advanced materials and technologies [5-7]. More and more attention is also paid to impact onto the natural environment [8,9]. Every new object must influence the environment as low as possible, beginning from building phase through its service life up to final utilization - such approach is called „green-shipping“. However, not only practical reasons are important. Clients, i.e. ship owners and passengers of ships paid more and more attention to image of floating units. During decision taking on that from whom a transport service has to be ordered, the most modern ships of an attractive image matchin...

Given the magnitude of transport-problems in many large cities, the potential of rivers to serve as transport arteries is being recognized once again. However, some world cities, such as Paris, have failed to maximize their river potential. The Seine remains underutilized by mass commuter ferries serving the local population. Why, in the modern era, has Paris not taken advantage of its river for commuter transport? Will it do so in the future? This article answers these questions, which are important at the present time of grave sustainability concerns. The identified barriers include: (a) funding constraints; (b) competition by other modes; (c) lack of political and institutional will; (d) lack of opportunity; (e) local legislation; and (f) technical issues. The first three are common worldwide while the last three are specific to Paris.

Given the magnitude of transport-problems in many large cities, the potential of rivers to serve as transport arteries is being recognized once again. However, some world cities, such as Paris, have failed to maximize their river potential. The Seine remains underutilized by mass commuter ferries serving the local population. Why, in the modern era, has Paris not taken advantage of its river for commuter transport? Will it do so in the future? This article answers these questions, which are important at the present time of grave sustainability concerns. The identified barriers include: (a) funding constraints; (b) competition by other modes; (c) lack of political and institutional will; (d) lack of opportunity; (e) local legislation; and (f) technical issues. The first three are common worldwide while the last three are specific to Paris.

A. Akun-akun dan Pengelompokan Transaksi pada Siklus Penjualan dan Penagihan
Tujuan dari audit siklus penjualan dan penagihan adalah untuk mengevaluasi saldo akun yang dipengaruhi oleh siklus disajikan secara wajar berdasarkan standar akuntansi. Figure14-1 menunjukkan akun-akun yang termasuk dalam siklus penjualan dan penagihan menggunakan T accounts (asumsi dalam perusahaan dagang).

B. Fungsi Bisnis dalam Siklus dan Hubungannya dengan Dokumen dan Catatan
Siklus penjualan dan penagihan melibatkan keputusan dan proses yang dibutuhkan untuk transfer kepemilikan barang dan jasa ke pelanggan setelah barang dan jasa tersebut tersedia untuk dijual. Hal tersebut dimulai dengan permintaan seorang pelanggan dan berakhir dengan konversi material atau jasa ke dalam piutang dan akhirnya kas.
Delapan fungsi bisnis untuk siklus penjualan dan penagihan ditunjukkan pada kolom ketiga Table 14-1. Delapan fungsi bisnis tersebut terjadi dalam setiap pencatatan lima kelompok transaksi pada siklus penjualan dan penagihan.

C. Metodologi Mendesain Pengujian Pengendalian dan Pengujian Substantif pada Transaksi Penjualan
Figure 14-2 mengilustrasikan metodologi untuk memperoleh pemahaman pengendalian internal dan mendesain pengujian pengendalian dan pengujian substantif transaksi penjualan.

D. Retur dan Penyisihan Penjualan
Untuk retur dan penyisihan penjualan, auditor biasanya menekankan pengujian transaksi tercatat untuk membuka pencurian kas dari penagihan piutang yang ditutupi oleh retur dan penyisihan penjualan fiktif.
E. Metodologi Mendesain Pengujian Pengendalian dan Pengujian Substantif Transaksi Untuk Penerimaan Kas
Pengujian pengendalian penerimaan kas dan prosedur audit pengujian substantif transaksi dikembangkan dengan kerangka kerja yang sama dengan penjualan tetapi tentu saja tujuan spesifik ditetapkan untuk penerimaan kas. Bagian penting dari tanggung jawab auditor dalam mengaudit penerimaan kas adalah untuk menentukan kelemahan pengendalian internal yang meningkatkan potensi fraud. Tipe penggelapan kas yang sangat sulit bagi auditor deteksi adalah apakah itu terjadi sebelum kas dicatat dalam jurnal penerimaan kas atau pencatatan kas lainnya, khususnya jika penjualan dan penerimaan kas dicatat secara serempak.
F. Pengujian Audit Untuk Penghapusan Piutang Tidak Tertagih
Hal yang menjadi perhatian auditor pada audit penghapusan piutang tidak tertagih adalah kemungkinan klien menutupi penggelapan dengan menghapus piutang yang sudah tertagih. Pengendalian utama untuk mencegah penipuan ini adalah otorisasi tepat penghapusan piutang tidak tertagih dengan suatu level manajemen yang ditunjuk hanya setelah melalui investigasi alasan pelanggan belum membayar.
G. Pengendalian Internal Tambahan terhadap Saldo Akun dan Penyajiannya
Jika pengendalian internal untuk masing-masing kelompok transaksi telah dilakukan secara efektif dan pengujian substantif transaksi yang berhubungan mendukung kesimpulan, kesalahan penyajian dalam laporan keuangan akan berkurang. Pada siklus penjualan dan penagihan, yang paling terpengaruh adalah nilai yang dapat direalisir, hak, dan kewajiban. Auditor umumnya mengatur risiko inheren setinggi nilai yang dapat direalisir. Idealnya, klien merancang beberapa pengendalian untuk mengurangi piutang tidak tertagih. Salah satunya adalah persetujuan kredit melalui orang yang tepat. Dua pengendalian yang lain adalah:
• Persiapan accounts receivable trial balance secara periodik untuk direviu dan di-follow-up oleh personel manajemen yang sesuai.
• Kebijakan penghapusan piutang tidak tertagih ketika sudah tidak lagi dapat ditagih.

H. Pengaruh dari Hasil Pengujian Pengendalian dan Pengujian Substantive
Bagian audit yang paling terpengaruh oleh pengujian pengendalian dan pengujian substantif transaksi pada siklus penjualan dan penagihan adalah saldo piutang, kas, beban piutang tidak tertagih dan penyisihan piutang tidak tertagih. Pada penyelesaian pengujian pengendalian dan pengujian sustantif transaksi, auditor harus menganalisis masing-masing pengecualian baik audit publik maupun nonpublik untuk menentukan penyebab dan implikasi dari pengecualian risiko pengendalian yang ditetapkan, yang mungkin mempengaruhi risiko deteksi pendukung dan pengujian substantif. Pengaruh signifikan dari hasil pengujian pengendalian dan pengujian substantif transaksi pada siklus penjualan dan penagihan adalah pada konfirmasi piutang.