Hybrids

Experimental parallel strand lumbers (PSLs) were manufactured from fast growing rotary peeled I-214 (Populus x euramericana) and I-77/51 (Populus deltoides) hybrid poplar clones veneer strands with melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) adhesive. The results showed that hybrid poplar clones can be used in PSLs manufacturing. Physical and mechanical properties of PSLs were affected by clone types. The I-77/51 clone had better properties and was found to be more suitable for PSLs manufacturing compared to the I-214 clone. PSLs properties were higher than those of solid woods (SWs) and laminated veneer lumbers (LVLs) of the same poplar clones. This increase may be due to materials, densification as a result of high pressure use, and the manufacturing techniques. The degree of contribution of SWs properties to the PSLs properties was lower than that of LVLs. This indicated that factors other than SWs properties played more important roles in the strength increase of PSLs.

В статье рассматриваются достижения биотехнологии, имеющие отношение к созда-
нию гибридов и химер человека и животного, в контексте изменения природы чело-
века. Делается обзор как исторических, так и современных экспериментов в данной
сфере. Поднимаются этические вопросы, связанные, среди прочего, с открывающи-
мися возможностями кардинального изменения человеческой природы.

Fascioliasis, caused by liver fluke species of the genus Fasciola, has always been well recognized because of its high veterinary impact but it has been among the most neglected diseases for decades with regard to human infection. However, the increasing importance of human fascioliasis worldwide has re-launched interest in fascioliasis. From the 1990s, many new concepts have been developed regarding human fascioliasis and these have furnished a new baseline for the human disease that is very different to a simple extrapolation from fascioliasis in livestock. Studies have shown that human fascioliasis presents marked heterogeneity, including different epidemiological situations and transmission patterns in different endemic areas. This heterogeneity, added to the present emergence/re-emergence of the disease both in humans and animals in many regions, confirms a worrying global scenario. The huge negative impact of fascioliasis on human communities demands rapid action. When analyzi...

Yellow dent corn is increasingly required by the Peruvian poultry and pork industry, given the increase in per capita national consumption of poultry meat by 150% since 2000, compared to 2017, and an increase of almost 50% in the per capita consumption of pork for the same period. This greater demand for corn has been supplied by foreign producers and in the year 2017, according to the National Superintendency of Tax Administration – SUNAT (Peru's Tax Administration) , the import volume registered has tripled compared to the year 2000, covering 73% of the total consumed by the industry. The total annual value of revenue is more than 600 million dollars in favor of the North American corn producers, who had 97% of the total imported, displacing our former main suppliers from Argentina and other neighboring countries. Also, this massive presence of US yellow dent corn coexists with the deterioration of the national production. As an alternative to increase the production of national yellow dent corn, it was considered the seed of the Peruvian National Institute of Agrarian Innovation (INIA) known as "Megahybrid INIA-619" (INIA-619). This seed costs almost 50% less than the imported hybrid and has a potential yield of up to 14 tons per hectare in the coastal valleys such as Huaura. An increase in approximately 1,000 soles net income per hectare is expected for Huaura producers that use INIA-619 instead of imported hybrid seed. On the other hand, there is an increase between 2,220 to 3,900 soles in net incomes per hectare for producers who will use INIA-619 instead of non-certified seeds. In addition, the result through a simulation of Montecarlo with the @Risk software, shows 88% of positive scenarios (Marginal B / C> 1) for producers who will use INIA-619 instead of certified seeds and 100% of positive scenarios for those who will use INIA-619 instead of not certified seeds.

All diploid sexual organisms have two distinct haploid genomes, one from each parent. There is the male derived haploid genome and the female derived haploid genome. Each genome contains a distinct developmental control network that directs the development of the embryo to an adult. Run separately, independent of the influence of the other network, the each haploid genome produces a morphologically different organism. The interrelationship of the male and female haploid genome networks is governed by an interaction protocol that determines which parental network is in control in any given cell at any given point in development. The protocol consists of two interacting half-protocols, one for each parental hap-loid genome. The full interaction protocol is itself a higher-level, meta-network, or internetwork between the two lower-level, parental developmental control networks. Computer simulations show that if the interaction protocol is random then there is a loss of bilateral symmetry in the generated organism. Therefore, for all bilaterally symmetric organisms, the interaction protocol between the two parental genomes cannot be random. This implies that a nonrandom ur-protocol must have evolved with the first diploid bilaterians in the Precambrian more than 570 million years ago. Nonrandom protocols partition the embryo and adult into dynamic sections that are variably controlled by one or the other parental haploid genome network. Developmental networks and their meta-network protocols provide fundamentally new insights into embryonic and post-embryonic development, developmental pathologies, animal and plant hybrids, heterosis, and evolutionary dynamics.

The emerging field of synthetic biology aims to engineer novel biological entities. The envisioned future bio-based economy builds largely on "cell factories": organisms that have been metabolically engineered to sustainably produce substances for human ends. In this paper, we argue that synthetic biology's goal of creating efficient production vessels for industrial applications implies a set of ontological assumptions according to which living organisms are machines. Traditionally, a machine is understood as a technological, isolated and controllable production unit consisting of parts. But modified organisms, or hybrids, require us to think beyond the machine paradigm and its associated dichotomies between artificial and natural, organisms and artefacts. We ask: How may we conceptualise hybrids beyond limiting ontological categories? Our main claim is that the hybrids created by synthetic biology should be considered not as machines but as metabolic systems. We shall show how the philosophical account of metabolism can inform an ontology of hybrids that moves beyond what we call the "machine ontology", considering that metabolism enables thinking beyond the dominant dichotomies and allows us to understand and design lifeforms in a bio-based economy. Thus, the aim of this paper is twofold: first, to develop the philosophical ontology of hybrids, and second, to move synthetic biology beyond the problematically limiting view of hybrids.

Combining ability for grain yield and its contributing characters was carried out in maize through line × tester analysis of 60 hybrids developed by crossing 15 females and four testers along with parents and checks. The 60 hybrids along with 19 parents and three standard checks were grown in Randomized Completely Block Design with two replications and were evaluated for grain yield and its 12 contributing characters. The experiments were conducted at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V.C. Farm, Mandya, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka state during rabi 2010.The analysis of variance indicated the presence of significant variability among the genotypes for almost all the quantitative traits studied. Combing ability analysis showed the predominant role of non-additive gene action for inheritance of all the characters studied. The lines MAI31, MAI28, and MAI35 were best general combiners exhibiting high gca effects in a desirable direction for three traits each. The tester CM500 was identified as a best combiner for grain yield per plot and some other traits studied. The hybrids MAI45×CM202, MAI33×CM202 and MAI43×CM500 were promising with respect to sca effects for grain yield as they showed high sca for that trait. These best crosses involved high × low and low × low performing parental combinations. Further, the promising single cross hybrids having a parental combination of high × high, high × low gca effects could be used for the improvement of parental lines for desired characters by selecting in advanced generations. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-1-july-2015-ijaar/

Speaking of hybridization between humans and animals, in the ancient world (and not only in the ancient world), means referring to dealing with genetic chaos logoi of the mythic tradition. But it also means constructing human-animal boundaries in a view which anthropologists call "anthropopoietic". If Aristotle, in his "De generatione animalium", had rationalized all the beliefs dealing with extremely interspecific crossbreeding, secularizing also the ancient concept of teras and teratodes, Plutarch, in several loci of his work (e. g. Sept. Sap. Conv. 149 C ff., Bruta anim. 990 F ff., or even Per. 6, 1-5), seems to go back to a more flexible idea of nature, where prodigious births are again permitted. This does not mean an abjuration of the natural history principles which Greek philosophical tradition has fixed. Simply these principles - which are also used as rhetorical and polemical tools in the ancient debate about animal reason - are embedded in a larger the...

Two dialogues of Lucian are discussed in order to further evaluate the critique of contemporary philosophy that so often pervades the author’s satirical works. In Lucian’s Zeuxis and Symposium, the reader is offered two distinct ‘versions’ of the hybrid animal. In the first instance, the traditionally uncivilised centaur is portrayed as almost human in nature and representative of successful hybridity, while the hybrid philosopher-sophist is a corruption of the ideal form.

Drought-induced losses in crop output have forced the scientific community to develop efficient management strategies to
cope with the adversities of drought stress. This field trial was done to assess the role of seed priming techniques and planting methods for
improving drought resistance in Pakistani hybrid maize in 2011. Maize seeds were soaked in an aerated solution of CaCl2 (osmopriming;
ψs –1.25 MPa) and distilled water (hydropriming), while untreated dry seeds were taken as controls. Primed and untreated seeds were
sown on either ridges or a flat seedbed and were subjected to drought at vegetative and tasseling stages. Drought was imposed by stopping
irrigation up to ~50% of field capacity (FC), while well-watered conditions (~75% FC) were taken as control. Drought at different
phenophases, the tasseling stage in particular, impaired the root system, leaf score, yield-related attributes, and yield. Seed priming,
osmopriming with CaCl2, mitigated the damaging effects of drought on the root system, yield, and related traits. Moreover, ridge
sowing helped to maintain its supremacy, securing a well-developed root system, i.e. greater root length and proliferation. This led to
notable expansion in yield-related attributes compared with flat sowing under well-watered and stressed conditions. Interestingly, under
vegetative drought, hydropriming performed better than osmopriming for 1000-grain weight; however, the supremacy of osmopriming
over hydropriming was evident in all other yield-related attributes under vegetative and terminal drought stress. Net returns and benefitcost
ratio (BCR) declined under drought conditions; nevertheless, priming techniques over control and ridge sowing over flat sowing
were helpful in improving the net returns and BCR of maize exposed to drought conditions. In conclusion, a combination of ridge
sowing and osmopriming with CaCl2 can play a vital role in mitigating the adverse effects of drought stress, increasing the production
of maize and net returns under normal and deficit water conditions.

The use of hybrid cultivars in the field of vegetable production has speared over the entire world especially in the field of vegetable production. Most of the hybrid cultivars are owned and produced by the big seed companies in the USA, Europe and Japan. Very limited number of hybrids is produced in the third world countries which is the main user of such cultivars. That means the farmers of poor countries have to pay high prices to buy such cultivars. This study will focuses on what vegetables are economically can be grown and produced from hybrids and what vegetables can be produced from traditional local cultivars through some economic tools and measurements.
Key words: vegetable, hybrids, third world, Egypt, economy.

The main objective of the study is to evaluate the performance and profitability of different corn hybrids under Claveria condition. Fifteen hybrids of yellow corn were used. Different yellow corn hybrids vary significantly in their agronomic parameters except for the plant height in the wet season which showed no significant difference among treatment means. The yield and yield components also showed slightly to highly significant difference among the corn hybrids giving NM08A5 as the high yielding hybrid with 7.46 tons/ha during the 1st cropping and NM08A4 in the 2nd cropping as the high yielding hybrid of 9.34 tons/ha. The highest return of investment (ROI) for the 1st cropping was obtained by NM08A5 corn hybrid of 1.98 per peso invested and MM888 gave the lowest ROI of 0.74 per peso. In the 2nd cropping, NM08A4 obtained the highest ROI of 2.76 while MM888 showed to have a losing production of - 0.15 computed ROI. Based on the result of the study, NM08A4 and NM08A5 are the two hy...

Beyleveld, D., Finnegan, T. & Pattinson, Shaun D. (2009). The Regulation of Hybrids and Chimeras in the UK. In Chimbrids: Chimeras and Hybrids in Comparative European and International Research: Scientific, Ethical, Philosophical and Legal Aspects. Taupitz, J. & Weschka, M. Berlin: Springer. 34: 645–666