Passive optical network (PON) is one of the most successful broadband access architectures being deployed worldwide. PONs provide high capacity, increased reach, and low-power consumption at a very reasonable cost, on par with the cost of... more
Passive optical network (PON) is one of the most successful broadband access architectures being deployed worldwide. PONs provide high capacity, increased reach, and low-power consumption at a very reasonable cost, on par with the cost of DSL deployments today. This paper provides an overview of present and emerging PON technologies, and discusses PON's important role in the evolution of optical access from the architectural perspective. While describing the evolution of optical access architecture, we present two important integration options: optical+wireless access integration and metro+access integration. Potential PON capacity upgrades are discussed with special emphasis on achieving a seamless upgrade. We evaluate different PON evolution strategies in the context of next-generation PON, where gradual, demand-based migration demonstrates a number of significant benefits.
Two twelve-channel arrays based on surface-etched slot gratings, one with nonuniformly spaced slots and another with uniformly spaced slots are presented for laser operation in the O-band. A wavelength tuning range greater than 40 nm,... more
Two twelve-channel arrays based on surface-etched slot gratings, one with nonuniformly spaced slots and another with uniformly spaced slots are presented for laser operation in the O-band. A wavelength tuning range greater than 40 nm, with a side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) > 40 dB over much of this range and output power greater than 20 mW, was obtained for the array with non-uniform slots over a temperature range of 15°C-60°C. The introduction of multiple slot periods, chosen such that there is minimal overlap among the side reflection peaks, is employed to suppress modes lasing one free spectral range (FSR) from the intended wavelength. The tuning range of the array with uniformly spaced slots, on the other hand, was found to be discontinuous due to mode-hopping to modes one FSR away from the intended lasing mode which are not adequately suppressed. Spectral linewidth was found to vary across devices with the lowest measured linewidths in the range of 2 MHz to 4 MHz.
In this paper, we propose a simulation-before-test (SBT) fault diagnosis methodology based on the use of a fault dictionary approach. This technique allows the detection and localization of the most likely defects of open-circuit type... more
In this paper, we propose a simulation-before-test (SBT) fault diagnosis methodology based on the use of a fault dictionary approach. This technique allows the detection and localization of the most likely defects of open-circuit type occurring in Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor (CMOS) analog integrated circuits (ICs) interconnects. The fault dictionary is built by simulating the most likely defects causing the faults to be detected at the layout level. Then, for each injected fault, the spectre's frequency responses and the power consumption obtained by simulation are stored in a table which constitutes the fault dictionary. In fact, each line in the fault dictionary constitutes a fault signature used to identify and locate a considered defect. When testing, the circuit under test is excited with the same stimulus, and the responses obtained are compared to the stored ones. To prove the efficiency of the proposed technique, a full custom CMOS operational amplifier is implemented in 0.25 µm technology and the most likely faults of open-circuit type are deliberately injected and simulated at the layout level.
A 12-bit Digital-analog converter (DAC) with pseudo Fibonacci sequence was fabricated in a 0.18µm CMOS technology. Proposed 12-bit DAC is composed of a 6-bit pseudo Fibonacci sequence and 6bit unary sequence. The power consumption of the... more
A 12-bit Digital-analog converter (DAC) with pseudo Fibonacci sequence was fabricated in a 0.18µm CMOS technology. Proposed 12-bit DAC is composed of a 6-bit pseudo Fibonacci sequence and 6bit unary sequence. The power consumption of the ...
Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) microswitches are receiving increasing attention, particularly in the RF community. Low power consumption, low insertion loss, high isolation, excellent linearity, and the ability to be integrated with... more
Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) microswitches are receiving increasing attention, particularly in the RF community. Low power consumption, low insertion loss, high isolation, excellent linearity, and the ability to be integrated with other electronics all make microswitches an attractive alternative to other mechanical and solid-state switches. This article features a newly developed, surface micromachined, electrostatically actuated direct metal-to-metal microswitch which can be used in applications from dc through microwave.
This paper presents the wireless network architecture to provide multilingual speech translation and local positioning system during Hajj operations. The pilgrims require low power, low cost and compact ear connected devices to receive... more
This paper presents the wireless network architecture to provide multilingual speech translation and local positioning system during Hajj operations. The pilgrims require low power, low cost and compact ear connected devices to receive the information in their native language. The proposed RF transceiver front-end design consists of multiple numbers of oscillators tuned within spectrum of 5-to-8.5GHz. In transmitting mode, oscillators
This paper explains problematic of EMG (electromyography) signal measurements. We used differential amplifier designated as a part of modular biomedical sensor system (MBSS) which can be used for EMG, ECG and EEG signal measurements.... more
This paper explains problematic of EMG (electromyography) signal measurements. We used differential amplifier designated as a part of modular biomedical sensor system (MBSS) which can be used for EMG, ECG and EEG signal measurements. Except the ...
This paper proposes energy efficient automatic street lighting system based on low cost microcontroller. The main objective is to design energy efficient based controller for controlling the Light Emitting Diode (LED) based street lamp... more
This paper proposes energy efficient automatic street lighting system based on low cost microcontroller. The main objective is to design energy efficient based controller for controlling the Light Emitting Diode (LED) based street lamp via appropriate lighting levels control. This system consists of a microcontroller, light sensor, PIR sensor and a set of the LED module. The controlling and managing of the system is based on the density of traffic and five different level of street light brightness has been used for lighting up street proportional to the density of traffic. The system was programmed to automatically turn off during the night. Several numbers of tests have been conducted to test and validate the proposed prototype in the different environment. As conclusion, around 77%-85% reduction in power consumption can be achieved through this proposed automatic street lighting system for energy efficiency system design.
Automatic Street Light with Motion Sensor is a very useful and energy efficient technique. Relay is used as the automatic switch in this system. It releases the manual work at most up to 100 per cent . As soon as the sunlight goes under... more
Automatic Street Light with Motion Sensor is a very useful and energy efficient technique. Relay is used as the automatic switch in this system. It releases the manual work at most up to 100 per cent . As soon as the sunlight goes under the visible region of our eyes this system automatically switches ON lights if an only if there is some traffic in the road. This system is designed by integrating light sensor and pressure sensor. As soon as the sunlight comes, visible to our eyes it automatically switches OFF lights even though there is some motion in the road. Such type of system is also useful for reducing energy consumption.
Keywords - LDR, Pressure Sensor, Energy efficient, low power consumption.
This paper presents comparative study of high-speed, low-power and low voltage full adder circuits. Our approach is based on XOR-XNOR design full adder circuits in a single unit. A low power and high performance 9T full adder cell using a... more
This paper presents comparative study of high-speed, low-power and low voltage full adder circuits. Our approach is based on XOR-XNOR design full adder circuits in a single unit. A low power and high performance 9T full adder cell using a design style called " XOR (3T) " is discussed. The designed circuit commands a high degree of regularity and symmetric higher density than the conventional CMOS design style as well as it lowers power consumption by using XOR (3T) logic circuits. Gate Diffusion Input (GDI) technique of low-power digital combinatorial circuit design is also described. This technique helps in reducing the power consumption and the area of digital circuits while maintaining low complexity of logic design. This paper analyses, evaluates and compares the performance of various adder circuits. Several simulations conducted using different voltage supplies, load capacitors and temperature variation demonstrate the superiority of the XOR (3T) based full adder designs in term of delay, power and power delay product (PDP) compared to the other full adder circuits. Simulation results illustrate the superiority of the designed adder circuits against the conventional CMOS, TG and Hybrid full adder circuits in terms of power, delay and power delay product (PDP). .
In this work, we propose a quick response circuit to improve the load transient response of fully low dropout voltage linear regulator (LDO) which is operable with a very low power consumption. Simulating by HSPICE with 0.35 mum CMOS... more
In this work, we propose a quick response circuit to improve the load transient response of fully low dropout voltage linear regulator (LDO) which is operable with a very low power consumption. Simulating by HSPICE with 0.35 mum CMOS technology shows that we can achieve the transient responses with less transient overshoot or undershoot when driving large current loads. Comparing to the generic LDO, for example, in case of 1 muF decoupling capacitor, about 95% output drop and 27% settling time for 0.1 mA to 100 mA load current and 88% output overshoot and 63% settling time for 100 mA to 0.1 mA load current have been together improved. The proposed circuit only dissipates low static power, so we could achieve the above LDO with only 3.3 muA consuming current at V out + 1 V and 150 mA load current. V out is the output voltage of the regulator.
In this letter, we propose a dielectric modulated double-gate tunnel field-effect transistor (DG-TFET)-based sensor for low power consumption label-free biomolecule detection applications. A nanogap-embedded FET-based biosensor has... more
In this letter, we propose a dielectric modulated double-gate tunnel field-effect transistor (DG-TFET)-based sensor for low power consumption label-free biomolecule detection applications. A nanogap-embedded FET-based biosensor has already been demonstrated experimentally, but a TFET-based biosensor has not been demonstrated earlier. Thus, a concept of TFET-based sensor is presented by analytical and simulation-based study. The results indicate better sensitivity toward two different effects (dielectric constant and charge of biomolecule) in comparison with a FET-based biosensor, and the additional advantages of CMOS compatibility, low leakage (low static power dissipation), and steep subthreshold slope make TFET an attractive alternative architecture for CMOS-based sensor applications.
Micro/nanostructure photonic devices offer a variety of enabling properties, including low power-consumption, cost-efficient, compact size, and reliability. These distinctive features have been exploited in a wealth of applications... more
Micro/nanostructure photonic devices offer a variety of enabling properties, including low power-consumption, cost-efficient, compact size, and reliability. These distinctive features have been exploited in a wealth of applications ranging from telecommunication and optical interconnect to photonic network on chip. In this paper, we review two main classes of micro/nanostructure photonic devices, to provide the kinds of functions for optical signal processing.
A Wireless Nano Sensor Network (WNSN) is a collection of Nano Sensor nodes that dynamically self organize them in a wireless network without a need but with possible utilization of any pre-existing infrastructure. WNSNs may be employed on... more
A Wireless Nano Sensor Network (WNSN) is a collection of Nano Sensor nodes that dynamically self organize them in a wireless network without a need but with possible utilization of any pre-existing infrastructure. WNSNs may be employed on the wildlife health and condition monitoring. Most of the current research in WNSNs on wildlife monitoring is performed on theoretical basis involving simulations of abstract, unrealistic situations. The research focusing on the real life evaluation of the WNSN techniques involves usually nano-scale studies with the very limited number of nodes attached with the body of the wild animals. The major problem with the Sensors/ Radio Collar which are attached to the body of wild animals is size of the mote. For which reasons they feel uncomfortable and when they try to be free from it, the mechanism would be damaged. Then it is needed to be changed and it affects the cost. And for the macro size of the Sensors/ Radio Collar, the power consumption is also high which is the main problem is for the maintainer. It requires changing the battery frequently. Finding the location of that certain animal and putting it into a cage after tranquilization claimed a huge amount time and labour.
This paper presents the design of a two-stage CMOS differential voltage-controlled ring oscillator (VCO). The VCO is designed to operate as a module of the frequency synthesizer in a PLL to generate the local oscillator (LO) of a... more
This paper presents the design of a two-stage CMOS differential voltage-controlled ring oscillator (VCO). The VCO is designed to operate as a module of the frequency synthesizer in a PLL to generate the local oscillator (LO) of a multi-band acquisition system, providing quadrature output. The goal is a wide operating frequency tuning range of 440 MHz-1.4 GHz in the VCO with low power consumption, 90 dBc/Hz @ 600 KHz phase-noise performance and good linearity between the frequency and control voltage. Simulation results verify the theoretical development as well as the final layout design. The symmetric load transistor operation region controls the frequency behavior achieved by the ring VCO, which shows a monotonic relation with the control voltage when the loads are operated in saturation. The circuit was designed, implemented and simulated in a 0.18 mum IBM CMOS technology.
