MMA

Being aggressive have been acknowledged in combat sports competition to be adaptive and socially acceptable, essential for athletes be motivated in training and competition phases, Go-ahead, Tripping someone, and Assertive styles are Aggressive styles that had been tested with Mental Toughness, a developmental psychological construct that would involve a feeling of self-efficacy, emotional regulations, feeling of autonomy and control perceived with extensive combat experiences. Correlation results of the study show a positive correlation with Go-Ahead and Assertive aggressive styles, using a Regression analysis, the results show that Go-ahead and assertive aggressive styles are predictors of high Mental Toughness scores. The implications of the study can help in creating an Aggressive Efficacy oriented mentoring and coaching program that fighters, coaches, can use in screening mental preparation and aggressive styles of their members. this would also aid in reducing any unwanted conflicts that can lead to legal and safety concerns, and encourage members both beginners and veteran to try competitive combat sports as a learning and developmental experience

This article begins by focusing on the presumed relation between the toughness fostered by mixed martial arts (MMA) and the stimulation, promulgation or maintenance of traditional 'hard man' forms of toxic masculinity. However, it adds an extra dimension to this discussion. It argues that (first) the UFC and (thereafter) MMA as a whole were in very tangible ways invented within and thanks to reality TV. As such, it contends that MMA's often debated relation to 'real' fighting needs to be approached in full awareness to the implications of its indebtedness to media representation. Because of this debt, it argues that media representation itself ought to be understood as having agency, and playing a role in the invention, maintenance or modification of gendered representation. Finally, it proposes that, so to speak, if a kind of 'MMA toxic masculinity' is the problem, then the solution may not simply be to 'change MMA'. Rather, both the problem and the solution may more precisely be located in the kinds of media representations that circulate about MMA subjects and subjectivities.

For this case study, an Internet-based survey was posted on a popular mixed-martial- arts (MMA) blog to ascertain its users’ demographics and usage trends. Data analysis revealed that users were predominantly White men between the ages of 23 and 39, with some college education and an annual income of $40,000–59,999. An exploratory factor analysis revealed 6 dimensions of gratification: evaluation, community, information gathering, knowledge demonstration, argumentation, and diversion. The most salient motivation statements were related to the speed of information access, the depth of information and coverage, and the availability of information not typically found through traditional media outlets. Most users spent 1–5 hr/wk watching MMA programming and 1–10 hr/wk on MMA blogs, making 1–20 comments per week. Findings indicated that users used this particular blog for both interactive and information-gathering purposes.

Mixed martial arts (MMA) is frequently criticized as barbaric and inhumane. This stands in stark contrast with the booming popularity of the sport. What little has been written depicts MMA as something inherently wrong (Dixon 2015) or at best merely permissible (Weimer 2017; Kershnar and Kelly 2019). Contrary to these foregoing analyses, this chapter argues that MMA is not only permissible, but a morally praiseworthy and virtuous endeavour in virtue of developing moral character and recognizing the intimate connection between body and mind.

From the knockout of the enemy to the victory of the righteous: “salvation” projects and religious strategies for young MMA righters in Rio de Janeiro. 2015. 161p. Dissertation (Master Science in Social Sciences). Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ. 2015.

The purpose of this study is to analyze and interpret the process of building a socio-religious project where the practice of MMA is used as a religious conversion tool for vulnerable teenagers and youth in the city of Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro. By tracing the footsteps of its founder, as well as the net of social agents that he develops and manages, the goal is to understand the project as a “machine” that creates a new morality in the religious field. From a different point of analysis, this paper studies how a social project such as this uses a secular sport as a tactic to bring young evangelicals and MMA fighters together. Finally, this study investigates other social projects that are directed at youth and managed by governmental agents. These projects also use MMA as a “salvation” strategy  for the slum populations by offering a “violent” sport as a means for “peace”.

Mixed martial arts (MMA) is frequently criticized as barbaric and inhumane. This stands in stark contrast with the booming popularity of the sport. What little has been written depicts MMA as something inherently wrong (Dixon 2015) or at best merely permissible (Weimer 2017; Kershnar and Kelly 2019). Contrary to these foregoing analyses, this chapter argues that MMA is not only permissible, but a morally praiseworthy and virtuous endeavour in virtue of developing moral character and recognizing the intimate connection between body and mind.

Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is considered to be a legal sport in the United Kingdom, in the sense that it is not unlawful.  This is confirmed in Parliament’s decision to amend legislation to entail the licensing of MMA bouts in the UK.  The Licensing Act 2003 (Descriptions of Entertainment) (Amendment) Order 2013 (the "Order") extended the definition of "regulated entertainment" under the Licensing Act 2003, to include entertainment "which combines boxing or wrestling with one or more martial arts".  The problem however is that its legality remains untested in UK courts which means that is theoretically possible for a court to deem an MMA bout at a licensed event illegal.  This essay will examine the status quo in the UK and any legal risks arising from the manner in which MMA events are currently regulated.  It will draw a comparison to boxing and why it is exempt in the eyes of UK law as well as examining other jurisdictions where MMA poses ambiguous legal difficulties.

A new method of wet welding was investigated to evaluate potential improvements in weld quality, ease of use, increased welding speed and the elimination of welding skill. The new welding process, which has been called Hammerhead ‘wet-spot’ welding, removes the need for skilled welder-divers and eliminates traditional cleaning and preparation techniques, normally associated with conventional (MMA) wet welding. In addition, the process also allows welding to be conducted in nil visibility, yet remains a Manual Metal Arc (MMA) process, using a specially designed Cr-Ni-Mo electrode. 

The process utilises a control device, which needs to be pre-set before the diver enters the water and through this device weld parameters are controlled and quality is maintained. The role of the diver is simplified and is to make contact with the material, strike the arc and maintain pressure to the electrode while welding. 

A series of spot welds were produced both wet and dry, on 8.0mm carbon steel plates. The welds were evaluated with regards to ease of use, setting up of the device, speed and final weld quality. Initially, the performance of the process was assessed and usage diagrams produced. Work regarding an automated version of the system has also been proposed.

Artykuł dotyczy sposobu budowania przekazów medialnych wokół największej jak dotąd gali MMA w Polsce – KSW 39 „Colosseum”. Korzystając z teorii ramowania (ang. framing), analizuję materiały promocyjne – zapowiedzi walk zamieszczone na oficjalnym kanale organizacji KSW w serwisie YouTube. Podstawowym celem opracowania jest weryfikacja, czy (i na ile) omawiane filmy są perswazyjnie ramowane w konwencji „my–oni”, kreując protagonistów i antagonistów wydarzenia sportowego na podstawie przynależności narodowej.

The aim of this article is to investigate bodily experiences through an autoethnographic fieldwork study in a mixed martial arts (MMA) club, and to analyze what experiences of pain can contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon of MMA in general and the violence associated with the sport in particular. We argue that the experience of pain can give one the opportunity to sense the emotional and instrumental effects of MMA practice. We have crafted a definition of scripted violence in MMA, comprehended the body's development and evaluated the bodily accomplishments gained from the fighting process. Informed by Julia Kristeva's notion on horror and Maurice Merleau-Pontys' phenomenology of the body, we discuss the concept of " stained-violence " by applying an inter-subjective approach to the notion of a body's inner abject. The autoethnographical knowledge we acquired in this study allows us to assert that a researcher's own bodily reformation is an important asset to apply to examine the consequences of engaging in MMA training. We also apply a body-based method of performing autoethnographic research in order to examine the kinds of bodily improvements that can develop through MMA practice.

The question of freedom is recurrent in the theory of habitus. In this paper I propose that the notion of freedom is an essential and necessary component for the coherence of the analyses which mobilize habitus both in terms of their theoretical articulation and in terms of their grounding in empirical reality. This argument can seem surprising considering that the theory of habitus has often been accused of being deterministic. Yet I show that, from an epistemological point of view, habitus theory is not deterministic. Bourdieu’s treatment of this concept implies at least three principles that exclude determinism: (1) the production of an infinite number of behaviors from a limited number of principles, (2) permanent mutation, and (3) the intensive and extensive limits of sociological understanding. After identifying and describing these principles, I show the reason for their incompatibility with a deterministic perspective and consider their implications for the corresponding model of action. I illustrate this analysis by a discussion of Loïc Wacquant’s carnal sociology of the pugilistic universe which reveals why it is essential to understand and explain the relation between habitus and freedom.

Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is a severe metabolic disorder, particularly with complete deficiency of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Dietary restriction has led to overt signs of deficiencies including skin rashes, hair loss, and poor growth. More liberal intake of the restricted amino acids has resulted in better growth and less frequent episodes of illness.

Mixed martial arts (MMA) competition involves one-on-one, full-contact fighting, most often held within the spatial confines of a steel cage and in front of a paying audience. The spectacular entertainment value of this sport, as well as its intrinsic psychological appeal to competitors, is steeped in risk. While the perspectives of athletes and fans on this issue are reasonably well-researched, little is known about a crucial third party in the production and maintenance of risk in competitive fights: that of the referee. In this paper, I attempt to bridge this gap by arguing that referees' work is centrally important in the construction of socially desirable forms of risk. Specifically, their role involves protecting fighters' bodies from the damaging excesses of the action which otherwise constitutes the sport's raison d'être in the eyes of competing athletes and paying fans; but at the same time, this action is something which referees themselves both facilitate and promote. As such, this work sees referees navigate a core tension residing at the heart of MMA, as with other highrisk sports: how and when to define dangerous action as either desirable or undesirable; as exciting or excessive. The paper concludes by highlighting some wider contextual factors shaping referees' work, which may bear consideration in future studies of the production of risk in sport.

This is version 1 of a paper written for the workshop Masculinities and Martial Sports: East, West and Global South Workshop, organised by Professor Kay Schiller, Institute of Advanced Study, University of Durham, 6-7 December 2018. I welcome comments by email (BowmanP@cardiff.ac.uk), as I hope to develop this into a chapter for publication

Background. Body worn accelerometry has been shown to be reliable in measuring training Intensity in several sports including
MMA and has been used to assign training intensity in sports such as football and rugby, but not in MMA.
Material and methods. Eight male MMA trained participants (age 25.5 ± 4.5 yrs) were equipped with a Catapult Minimax x3
accelerometer between the T3 and T4 vertebrae and completed a series of MMA specific movements in isolation and a MMA
sparring bout each (3 x 5 minute rounds). Mean playerload was recorded for each isolated movement and the equivalent movements
in the sparring bouts.
Results. Paired sample t tests (p≤ 0.05) found that jabs, crosses and left hooks had significantly higher playerload in isolation
that in sparring, single leg takedowns have higher playerload than double leg takedowns in isolation but not in sparring, whilst
takedowns cause significantly greater playerload than strikes in both isolation and sparring according to one way ANOVA (p≤
0.05). It was also found that there is no difference in playerload between an unsuccessful takedown and a successful takedown
in sparring, either for the offensive participant or the defensive participant.
Conclusions. These results demonstrate the differences in movements in MMA and can be used to more accurately prescribe
training intensity.

This paper will piss a lot of idiots off, and by that I mean people who practice fighting and think it is martial arts.

The paper is a discussion of how to have a thought before an action, and, having achieved that ability, to use it to walk through any dangerous situation, even a riot, even a full blown war, without encountering any threat to oneself.

Nowadays, sport is very popular as a way of spending free time, taking care of one's health and physical condition, as well as being an entertainment worth watching; sport is also judged positively, when it comes to moral aspects. However, there are disciplines that may cause doubts, because of the possible risk for the contestants (e.g. extreme sports), especially combat sports. The purpose of this article is to present an ethical analysis of full-contact combat disciplines. Their history shows a process of gradual brutalisation, in antiquity from battles during the Greek Olympics, to competitions in Roman arenas; in the modern age from regulations introduced in the 19 th century and the beginning of the 20 th century, to formation or restoration of combat, where almost no rules exist. Rules that apply in modern combat sports, lead to aggressive behaviour towards rivals, and give an advantage to the person who, not only strikes more technically correct blows or uses grips, but also reduces the opponent's ability to fight further. It leads to serious injuries whose consequences remain until the end of a contestant's life and make him a disabled person as time passes. Aggression that seriously harms a contestant, makes it impossible to morally excuse those sports.

Este trabalho relata a prática de uma tradução de um ranking esportivo, de atletas de MMA – Mixed Martial Arts, esporte de luta antes conhecido como vale tudo. Utilizaram-se as metodologias do protocolo verbal e do relato retrospectivo da tradução, ou seja, a verbalização dos pensamentos do tradutor; e a descrição do processo realizado até a redação final do texto traduzido.  O objetivo geral do artigo é descrever as fases do processo tradutório, as estratégias utilizadas e as impressões do tradutor em relação à tradução de um texto esportivo do inglês para o português. O trabalho relata, ainda, as facilidades e dificuldades encontradas no processo, além das ferramentas utilizadas para a redação final do texto traduzido.

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the practice of translating a sport ranking, of MMA athletes - Mixed Martial Arts, combat sport formerly known as “vale tudo”. The methodologies of the verbal protocol and the retrospective translation were used, i.e, the verbalization of the thoughts of the translator; and the description of the process undertaken by the final version of the translated text. The overall objective of the paper is to describe the phases of the translation process, the strategies used and the impressions of the translator regarding the translation of a sport text from English to Portuguese. The paper also reports the facilities and difficulties encountered in the process and the tools used for writing the final version of the translated text.

Ez a tanulmány a Magyar Művészeti Akadémia történetének első évtizedét vizsgálja. Szemben a mai kiemelt státuszával, ebben az időszakban az intézmény anyagi és szimbolikus elismertsége sem volt stabil. Ezt a bizonytalanságot akarta megszüntetni az Akadémiának a köztestületté válásra és az anyagi biztonságra törekvése. Erre a két irányra fókuszálva amellett érvelek, hogy az Akadémia működése kezdetektől a rendszerváltás után a világgazdasági viszszakapcsolódást menedzselő „nyugatos” piacliberalizáló és „nemzeti” protekcionista pólusok mentén polarizálódó elitblokkok küzdelmébe ágyazódott. Azonban, ahogy tanulmányom érvel, a vizsgált időszakban az Akadémia alárendelt helyzetben volt a hozzá közel álló elitfrakcióhoz képest, mellyel csak ideiglenes, töredezett együttműködések valósultak meg.
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This article examines the post-socialist history of the Hungarian Academy of Arts that since 2011 serves as the cultural flagship institution of the Orbán-regime. I scrutinize the 1992–2003 history of the institution by focusing on the puzzle of why no previous right-wing government elevated the Academy to its current position. By deploying the toolkits of world-system analysis and the historical sociology of elites, intellectuals, and cultural producers, I place the Academy’s struggle for statesubsidies and the state-recognized public body status in the context of the competing nationalistprotectionist and Westernizer market-liberalist postsocialist elite-factions. I argue that despite the Academy’s sympathy towards the former elitefaction the Academy was their coalition was not forged in this period, and instead of a hegemonic bloc, only fragmented cooperation was realized.

As artes marciais mistas (em inglês, MMA) nascem da mistura, do desejo de romper as barreiras entre as artes marciais, que já eram tradicionalmente estabelecidas até o momento da criação desta modalidade. Assim, o MMA pretende promover uma mistura destas em um estilo próprio. Partindo dessa premissa, cabe um questionamento: essa origem híbrida permite que haja a inclusão de atletas de alto rendimento com diferentes perfis corporais? Isso é aplicável para indivíduos com deficiência (PcD) e indivíduos com depressão? O objetivo é responder a essa problemática de pesquisa observando duas manifestações empíricas: a inclusão técnica através da prática de alguns atletas e a inclusão pelo reconhecimento social. Na primeira frente de dados, foram investigados 3 casos: Nick Newell, Rose Namajunas e Matt Hammil, atletas de alto rendimento e que já discutiram publicamente suas características, acessando suas experiências por via de entrevistas concedidas a sites com bastante relevância; já na segunda frente há uma investigação através do estudo de comentários de internautas, postadas em notícias na internet relacionadas aos sujeitos dos três casos, selecionados por via de saturação. A análise agiu por indicadores, encontrando os conceitos construídos pelo corpus de maneira espontânea. Nossa conclusão é que a inclusão técnica acontece, mas que o reconhecimento social é condicionado à construção de uma narrativa de superação pessoal. Inclusão. Mixed Martial Arts. Reconhecimento. Nick Newell. Matt Hammil. Rose Namajunas. 1 Doutorando em Sociologia. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.

Anthropometry and chronological age have been demonstrated to have an effect on individual performance in competitive sport, with the relationship between stature and wingspan being found to be selective criteria in many sports, although evidence for this in MMA is negligible. In this study, n = 278 professional MMA bouts were analysed with the winners and losers being compared in terms of chronological age, stature, wingspan, stature-to-wingspan ratio (S:W) and method of win/loss using paired samples t tests, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, one way ANOVAs, Kruskal-Wallis tests (all ≤ .05) and Bayes Factor (BF 10). The results showed that for the most part anthropometric differences have no effect on who wins the bout, but taller bout losers are most likely to lose via strikes. The exception to this is at welterweight where taller participants were most likely to win, but with an anecdotal BF 10. Also at welterweight, participants with greater wingspans were most likely to lose via submission. Across the full cohort and several competitive divisions, it was found that older participants are significantly more likely to lose, and are also significantly more likely to lose via strikes. Participants who won via decision were found to be significantly older than those who won via strikes or submission.

The Multisensory, Multicognitive Approach (MMA) introduced in this paper is premised on the belief that the seat of language is in the brain prior to its physical manifestation in the form of speech being in the mouth. Hence, in teaching pronunciation, the identity of speech as a cognitive entity prior to being a physical one should be seriously considered in relevant language learning and teaching situations – more so in L2 situations than in L1. The traditional assumption that the ideal and the exclusive sensory modality of teaching pronunciation is the auditory modality is no longer acceptable because a holistic view of speech – in production, transmission and perception – manifests itself not only via the auditory sensory modality, but also equally significantly via the visual and tactile-kinesthetic sensory modalities. It is due to this fact that MMA is described as multisensory, a fact that determines the diversified auditory, visual and tactile-kinesthetic implementational te...

Tri-axial accelerometry has previously been shown to provide a reliable technique for the assessment of MMA specific activities during isolated training movements. However, this method has yet to be used for the analysis of competition demands. Six male MMA trained participants took part in a single simulated MMA bout each comprising of 3 rounds of 5 minutes with 1 minute rest between rounds. Participants wore a tri-axial accelerometer positioned between the T3-T4 vertebrae in a harness. Mean accumulated player load (PLdACC) and mean accumulated player load per minute (PLdACC.min-1) were calculated for each round and for the bout overall. Capillary blood lactate samples were also taken prior to warm up, post warm up, upon completion of each round and 5 minutes post bout whilst video based time motion analysis was completed post hoc. PLdACC was 224.32 ± 26.59 au, whilst PLdACC.min-1 was 14.91 ± 1.78 au. Participants had a mean post bout lactate of 9.25 ± 2.96 mmol.L whilst there was significant differences in lactate levels across all six sampling points. The group was found to have a work rest ratio (W:R) of 1:1.01 whilst a significant difference was found between bout winners and bout losers in terms of the amount of successful takedowns.

In this study, we used ethyl 2-bromopropionate (EBrP) as an initiator of activators regenerated by electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA). We investigated in detail the effect on polymerization of different kinds of reducing agents and ligands, the amounts of the reducing agent and catalyst, and reaction temperature. We determined the molecular weight and dispersity of the polymers by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results reveal glucose to be the best reducing agent for this system. The monomer conversion increased with increases in the reaction temperature and in the feeding amounts of the reducing agent and catalyst. The optimum amount of the reducing agent and minimal amount of catalyst required depend on the particular system. For example, we polymerized MMA with 200 ppm of catalyst and 15-fold of glucose/CuCl2 resulting in a PMMA with high Mn (Mn,GPC = 48 700, Mn,theo = 48 500) and low dispersity (1.27). The first-order kinetics show that the molecular weights increased linearly with the monomer conversion and are consistent with the theoretical values, the chain extension reaction and end group analysis results also demonstrate that the characteristics of polymerization process belong to a typical "living"/controlled radical polymerization. Moreover, 1 H-NMR analysis results indicate the stereoregularity of the polymer is given priority over syndiotactic architecture and the effect of the type of ligand on the stereoregularity is very slight.

This article examines media participation through affective political economy, using as a case study the documentary Knuckle, a profile of Irish Traveller fighting. The film incorporates videos recorded by fighters and their families. Boasts and threats from one clan to another expand in circulation and become increasingly monetized as they are repackaged. Combing media political economy with Sarah Ahmed's concept of affective economies, this article explores how, through such circulation, the videos help accomplish the affective work of world building, not only within Traveller society but also beyond it in realms such as mixed martial arts (MMA).

En esta comunicación me propongo presentar distintas núncias en el campo investigado. Se trata de la construcción de un proyecto social y político-religiosa con amplias operaciones en los barrios ubicados en la ciudad de Nova Iguaçu, en Río de Janeiro. Me refiero al Faixa Preta de Jesus, proyecto social que hace seis años en Río de Janeiro con el fin de ofrecer clases de MMA para los jóvenes vulnerables. El Faixa Preta de Jesus se inserta en un momento muy específico en el tiempo en el país. En los últimos años, la escena de la práctica del deporte en Brasil ha experimentado cambios radicales, y digo ló mismo en el campo de la religion. Es innegable que gran parte de este movimiento se debe al espacio que projectos de esa naturaluza está compitiendo y ganando en los medios. Así, este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el camino de las artes marciales combates han sido entrelazadas en la religion a través de proyectos sociales para los jóvenes.

The lack of power experienced by medical professionals working in various sport settings has been consistently evidenced by sociologists researching the provision of medical care to athletes.  In this paper, which focuses on the work of medical professionals within ‘unregulated’ combat sports in England, we extend this discussion by focusing on the means by which such professionals attempt to (re)construct power within contexts where it cannot be taken for granted.  To explore this issue we conducted 200 hours of observational fieldwork at competitive combat sports events, along with interviews with 25 medical professionals with experience in this field, 7 combat sports referees, and 9 event promoters and their staff.  Employing the concept of power as ‘intersubjective accomplishment’, we argue that the influence necessary for medical professionals to undertake their work must be actively won within specific situations, principally relying on their ability to tactically interact with various other people.  In so doing, we evidence both successes and failures of medical staff in this respect, arguing that such informal means of securing power make caring for the health of combat athletes a particularly challenging proposition.

ABSTRACT Why do some athletes use performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs), while others opt not to use? Past research has focused on individual player attributes associated with PED use, but has left social factors unstudied. Utilizing novel datasets on PED use in Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) and Major League Baseball (MLB), we explore the role that social forces play in PED use in pro sports. We find that PED use is concentrated in certain teams, that teams experience team-specific periods of heightened drug use, and that clean MLB players who transfer to a new team with PED users on it are more likely to begin using PEDs than those who transfer to a clean team. While we stress the limitations to the use of observational data on PED use (most significantly, false negatives), we take these findings to suggest that an athlete's decision to use PEDs is, to an important degree, determined by the immediate social environment.