Social life

Computer games became more popular among the children with the wide use of internet, and its popularity brought about some criticisms along with it. Among these criticisms are the issues and problems regarding sociality. In this research, the effects of computer games on the secondary school students' social life and their academic behaviors were examined. The survey forms, which were developed by the researcher, were conducted on the 444 secondary school students who participated in the research. The result of the research shows that the respondents most prefer the action, sports, and brain training games and least prefer role-playing, educational and platform games. Besides, the results suggest that the computer games do not have a significant impact on the students' social life and academic behaviors and have a medium-level effect on the social loneliness and parents' criticism. It was also found that requesting permission for playing computer games in the 'Inform...

Ukunchik: la naturaleza del cuerpo y la salud en el mundo andino / Luis Mujica Bermúdez; prólogos de Augusto Castro, Timothy M. Thomson. – Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Instituto de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Territorio y Energías Renovables (INTEPUCP) : Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas (UNAJMA), 2019.

Özet:
Bu çalışmada 1923-1928 yılları arasında Türkiye'de Sosyal hayata dair bilgi ve bulgular tarih ve sosyolojik açılardan irdelenerek genel bir manzara ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Sosyolojinin sosyal hayat ve topluma dair görüşleri doğrultusunda yeni Türkiye'nin değişim ve dönüşüm serüveni, sosyal hayat ekseninde ele alınmıştır. Kaynakların konuya dair sınırlılıkları nedeniyle kesitler halinde işlenen konuda, değişim sürecindeki toplulukların geçirdikleri evreler mekânların ve değerlerin yeniden şekillenmesiyle farklılaşan sosyal hayat biçimleri aktarılmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti'nin son yıllarında batılılaşmanın toplumsal yansımalarından biri olan seçkinci sosyal hayat formları, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin ilk yıllarında gerçekleştirilen köklü değişikliklerle çok parçalanmış olan sosyal hayatın-Halkçılık ilkesi doğrultusunda-bütünleştirilmesi çabaları, Cumhuriyet'in ilk beş yılında etkili olmuştur. Birey, aile, toplum eksenleriyle ideal sosyal hayatın çeşitli biçimlerde somutlaştırılarak halka sunulduğu bu dönemde ideal köylü, kentli açıkça ifade edildiği gibi, çocuk, genç ve yetişkinlerin toplumsal konumları çok farklı kanallarla dile getirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Sosyal Hayat, Türkiye, 1923-1928.


Abstract:
In this study, the information and findings about social life in Turkey (between 1923-1928) were examined from history and sociological aspects and a general view was tried to be presented. The new adventure of change and transformation of Turkey in the direction of sociology's views on social life and collecting has been taken up in the axis of social life. Due to the limitations of the sources, the social life forms that are differentiated by the reshaping of the stages, places and values of the communities in the process of change are presented in cross section. In the last years of the Ottoman Empire, the social life forms, one of the social reflections of westernization, have been effective in the first five years of the Republic in the struggle to integrate the social life which has been fragmented by radical changes in the first years of the Republic, In this period where the ideal social life is presented to the public through various forms of ideal social life by the axes of individual, family and society, the social positions of children, young people and adults are expressed with very different channels as it is clearly expressed as ideal villagers and urban people.

Public Square is one of the main pillars in social life that has effects on the social quality of the urban public space, and improving the level of social interactions of the citizens. Considering the effect of public space in quality of social life, in many modern cities, the public squares that have recently designed and constructed aren’t responsive for social needs, improvement of communications and the social relations of citizens. This matter appears because of poor conditions of cities during modernization and lack of attention to cultural, sociological and psychological needs, therefore analyzing the contributing factors on urban quality of successful historical public squares for improving citizens’ quality of life can introduce a guideline for designers and planners to solve contemporary urban problems. In this research, that has been developed based on descriptive procedure, the characteristics of Naghshe-Jahan Square as an active and vibrant historical public square has been examined to realize the effective factors on improving the quality of citizens’ urban life. The results of research indicate that quality of citizen’s urban life indicators in historical public square included visual aesthetic (Spatial continuity and hierarchy, emphasis on the axis of symmetry, balance and visual contrast, Sense of closure and introspection, Sense of wideness based on observer’s field of view), functional qualities (Special location in city core, political, religious, economical, commercial, tourism, recreation, cultural, historical and social values of the square, pedestrian accessibility, inclusiveness  of square to different social groups, various ages and genders). However, results show that, in developing the design for this historical public square, a comprehensive attention was paid to non-physical aspects like social beliefs, culture, traditions and religion. Therefore, Naghshe-Jahan Square in Isfahan, served as a multifunctional historical public space for improving the quality of urban life in the Iranian urbanism history.

Hindistan’da yabani olarak yetişen bitkinin birçok sıcak ülkede kültürü yapılmaktadır. Beş metreye kadar uzayabilen fülfül (karabiber), yaprak dökmeyen tırmanıcı bir bitkidir. Odunsu ve çok yıllık olan bitkinin yaprakları yürek biçiminde ve damarlıdır. Meyveleri küçük ve sapsız, çiçekleri ise sarkık hâldedir. Meyveleri olgunlaşmadan önce toplanıp kurutulur. Görünüş olarak küre biçiminde olup dış yüzeyi buruşuk ve siyah renkli taneler şeklindedir. Keskin ve aksırtıcı bir kokusu olan fülfülün yakıcı ve acı bir tadı vardır. Sosyal hayattaki en küçük ayrıntıyı bile şiirlerinin malzemesi hâline getiren divan şairleri, mutfağın vazgeçilmez unsurlarından biri olan “fülfül”e de duyarsız kalamamışlardır. Şairler, fülfülle ilgili, onun çeşitli hususiyetlerini de göz önünde bulundurarak, türlü imgeler yaparak hayal hazinelerinin kapılarını aralamışlardır. Divan edebiyatında fülfülle ilgili kullanımların tespitine yönelik yapılan bu çalışmada birçok divan taranarak elde edilen veriler başlıklar hâlinde tasnif edilmiş ve incelenmiştir. Fülfülün şairler tarafından hangi özellikleri dolayısıyla ele alındığı, ne şekilde benzetmelere konu edildiği, divan şiirinin estetik sistemindeki yeri tespit edilmiş; böylece edebiyatımızda tuttuğu yer belirlenip etraflıca ortaya konmuştur.

Goffman: Reality as Self-Fulfilling Expectation and the Theatre of Interiority

A critical exposition, in Spanish, of Erving Goffman's theories on the semiotic organization of social reality and on the structure of subjectivity and subjective experience (two sides of the same coin) through a detailed analysis of the conclusion to Goffman's "Frame Analysis" (1974). Goffman's insights into the interactional nature of subjectivity are related to other theorists' conceptions of the role of reflexivity in perception, consciousness and the structuring of semiotic artifacts (language, narrative, art).

Note: Downloadable document is in Spanish.

Keywords: Goffman, Reality, Frames, Expectations, Subject, Subjectivity, Interaction, Communication, Cognition, Reflexivity

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Este artículo lleva a cabo una exposición crítica de las teorías sobre la organización semiótica de la realidad social y sobre la estructura del sujeto y de la experiencia subjetiva (dos caras de la misma moneda) por medio de un análisis detallado de la conclusión de su libro FRAME ANALYSIS (1974). Además, se relacionan las aportaciones de Goffman sobre la naturaleza interaccional de la subjetividad con las concepciones de otros teorizadores sobre el papel de la reflexividad en la percepción, la consciencia y en la estructuración de artefactos semióticos (lenguaje, narración, arte…)

Öz
XIX. yüzyılının ikinci yarısından itibaren getirilen düzenlemelerle birlikte idari yapıda meydana gelen değişiklikler Osmanlı Devleti’nin tüm vilayetlerine yansımıştır. Kosova vilayetinin önemli merkezlerinden İpek sancağı da böyle bir dönemde teşekkül etmiş, Osmanlı idari mekanizmasının yeni yapılanmasını sancak yönetiminde uygulamıştır. Sancak idare meclisleri, muhasebe, vergi, belediye, mahkeme, maarif ve benzeri birimlerine sahip olan İpek sancağı yönetim kadrosu ve faaliyetleriyle Osmanlı taşra teşkilatının örnek bir modelini oluşturmaktadır.
Çoğunluğunu Müslüman Arnavutların oluşturduğu İpek sancağında dini ve etnik unsurlar itibariyle Müslümanların yanında Latin olarak isimlendirilen Katolik Arnavutlar ve Bulgarlar mevcuttur. Eğitim alanında ibtidai mekteplerden başlamak üzere, rüştiye mektepleri ve medreselerin faaliyette oldukları görülmektedir. Ekonomik açısından da İpek sancağının çoğunlukla tarım, ticaret ve hayvancılığa dayalı bir yapısı vardır.
Gerek idari teşkilatlanması, gerek eğitim kurumları, gerekse dini ve etnik yapısıyla İpek sancağı özelde Kosova vilayetinin genelde Balkan coğrafyasının önemli bölgelerinden birini teşkil etmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sancak İdaresi, Kosova vilayeti, İpek sancağı, Salname Sosyal Hayat, İdari Yapı, Dini ve Etnik Yapı

Abstract
After the regulations made in the second half of the nineteenth century, administrative changes were reflected in all provinces of the Ottoman State. The sanjak of Peja, one of significant centers in the Province of Kosovo, was formed in this period and the new structure of the Ottoman administration was realized there. Having had units such as administrative council, accountancy, tax, municipality, court of justice and education, the sanjak was a sample of the Ottoman provincial organization.
Considering religious and ethnic factors, there are Bulgarians and Catholic Albanians who are named Latin along with Muslims in sanjak of Peja where the majority consists of Muslim Albanians. It is seen that Ibtidai (First Schools), Rustiye (High Schools) and Medrese are active on education. Economy is mostly based on farming, trade and stockbreeding in sanjak of Peja.
With its managerial organizations, education instutions and religious and ethnic structure, sanjak of Peja is one of the important regions of Kosovo province in particular and of Balkans in general.
Key words: Sanjak Administration, the Province of Kosovo, the Sanjak of Peja, Yearbook, Social Life, Managerial Structure, Religious and Ethnic structure.

Përmbajtja/Contents:

1. Tariq M. Aziz
"Një perspektivë islame mbi ekonominë politike: Pikëpamjet e Muhammed Bakir es-Sadr"/
"An Islamic Perspective on Political Economy: The Views of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr"
UDC 330.342.14:28

2. Sayyid Muhammad Rizvi
"Prej pastërtisë rituale drejt pastërtisë shpirtërore"/
"From Ritual to Spiritual Purity"
UDC 28-1

3. Muhammad Akwan
"Njeriu dhe formimi i jetës shoqërore në tefsirin El-Mizan "/
"Man and the Formation of Social Life According to Tafsir al-Mizan"
UDC 316.728:28

4. Dr. Reza Ramezani
"Emrat më të Bukur (Esma el-Husna): Një këndvështrim kur'anor dhe gnostik"/
"The Divine Names (Asma al-Husna): A Quranic and Gnostic Study "
UDC 28-1, 28-12

5. Sayyid Hossein Nasr
"Jeta e brendshme në Islam"/
"Interior Life in Islam"
UDC 28-584

6. Fahredin Shehu
"Misticizmi, misticizmi islam dhe Suhrawerdiu"/
"Mysticism, Islamic Mysticism and Suhrawardi"
UDC 28-587, 141.135:28

7. S. Iram-Zahra Zaidi
"Rrugëtimi shpirtëror në fjalët e mistikëve shi'itë"/
"Spiritual Journeying in the Words of Shi'a Mystics"
UDC 141.135:28

8. S. Muhammed Baha Safavi
"Rrugëtimi shpirtëror dhe shkallët e nefsit e të dashurisë"/
"Spiritual Wayfaring and the Stages of Nafs and Love"
UDC 28-584.5

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Botues/Publisher:
Fondacioni për Kulturë dhe Shkencë GNOSA
GNOSA Foundation for Culture and Science

Kryeredaktor/Editor-in-chief
Numan Mustafa

Përkthimi/Translation
Ahmed R. Ramadani
Numan Mustafa
Mezhdi Mezhdi

Redaktimi gjuhësor/Proofreading
Prof. dr. Fatmir Sulejmani

Kopertina & faqosja / Cover design & Paging
Nilsu Köroğlu

Teksti në kopertinën e pasme / Text on the back cover
Fragment nga 'Duaja e Arafatıt' e Imam Husejnit (a.s.), siç përcillet në përmbledhjen "Mefatih el-Xhinan" të Shejh Abbas Kummiut (1877-1941)

Përgjegjës i shtypit / Print coordinator
Mujadin Bajrami

Adresa e redaksisë / Address of the editorial office
Rr. Dervish Cara nr. 5
1200 Tetovë, Maqedoni

ISSN 2545-4412


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Founded in 2017, the Mejdani Journal on Religious, Philosophical and Scientific Thought is a quarterly publication of the GNOSA Foundation for the Culture and Science in Tetovo, Macedonia (www.gnosa.mk).

The main goal of the Mejdani journal has been to present the depth and diversity of Islamic intellectual thought, by publishing scientific papers and studies from different authors in the field of human sciences, with special emphasis on religion, philosophy, history, mysticism, sociology, philosophy of science etc. The Mejdani journal was conceived neither as a strictly academical journal aimed at expert scholars of the fields mentioned above, nor as a magazine aimed at the general populace, with short articles and superficial information. Rather it takes a middle position between the two and is aimed at the general educated class of the old and new generation, particularly individuals who would like to have a deeper insight into what Islamic thought has to offer. Despite occasionally having some articles which require prior knowledge of a certain field, the general approach has been to make Islamic wisdom accessible for this spectrum of the audience.

Apart from original articles written in Albanian, the journal has mostly featured translated articles from foreign languages, particularly English, Turkish, Bosnian and German, which have been meticulously translated, edited and proofread, in order to offer texts of highest quality. /

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E themeluar në vitin 2017, revista Mejdani mbi mendimin fetar, filozofik dhe shkencor, është botim periodik i Fondacionit për Kulturë dhe Shkencë GNOSA në Tetovë, Maqedoni (www.gnosa.mk).

Qëllimi kryesor i revistës Mejdani ka qenë paraqitja e thellësisë dhe shumëllojshmërisë së mendimit intelektual islam, duke botuar punime shkencore dhe studime nga autorë të ndryshëm në fushën e shkencave humane, me theks të veçantë mbi fenë, filozofinë, historinë, misticizmin, sociologjinë, filozofinë e shkencës etj. Revista Mejdani nuk është konceptuar as si një revistë rreptësisht akademike që u drejtohet ekspertëve të fushave të sipërpërmendura dhe as si një fletushkë që u drejtohet shtresave të gjera të popullsisë. Mejdani ndodhet në një pozitë të ndërmjetme dhe i drejtohet kryesisht shtresës së arsimuar nga gjenerata e re dhe e vjetër, e në veçanti individëve që kanë dëshirë të fitojnë njohuri më të thella lidhur me mendimin intelektual dhe shpirtëror islam.
Krahas artikujve autorialë në shqip, revista Mejdani ka botuar kryesisht artikuj të përkthyer nga gjuhë të huaja, veçanërisht nga anglishtja, turqishtja, boshnjakishtja dhe gjermanishtja. Këta artikuj janë përkthyer dhe redaktuar me kujdes të veçantë, për t’i ofruar lexuesit tekste të një cilësie të lartë gjuhësore.

Individuals are at risk when they use the Internet. Video gamers playing online games are at risk when they play too much. What is too much? The amount of time is often used for assessing the border between a safe and a potentially dangerous gaming practice. Quantitative research on addiction to video games uses the amount of time played as a strong indicator to foresee problematic behavior. Easy to measure and easy to ask, the amount of time played appears to be the perfect indicator for any potentially harmful practice. Gamers are even classified according to playing time. The scholarship strongly indicates a link between time played and prevalence of problems. However, the massive number of video gamers in today's world does not coincide with a huge threat of gaming addiction. Why not? Among intense gamers, most drastically reduce the time played or even suddenly stop. Although time played is an indicator for problematic play, why do some gamers play intensely without encountering any issues? This chapter argues that intense gaming does not encroach upon gamers' lives because gamers prioritize their activity according to their available time, their social life and their commitments. To better understand this moment of rupture in intense playing 20 in-depth interviews were carried out with intense and former intense players of Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOG). Results showed that intense players handle their activity because video gaming is a passion resulting from a history of play. Then, the integration of their gaming into their lives is related to the overall amount of free time, not just the time played. Last, gamers strongly advocate for their autonomy to make choices and to commit to their engagements. Video gaming is a passion that is lived with ups and downs, that is as necessary as the air we breathe and that makes the players' heart beat.

أهميــة هذا البحث أنه يتناول الخطـاب الإسـلامي المعاصـر بـشأن الثوابـت الإسلاميــة؛ التي لا يمكن للحضارة الإسلاميـــة، والأمـة ‏‏الإسلاميــة، بطبيعـة تكوينها العقدي والحضاري، أن تنهض وتنمو وتزدهر، ما لم تتمثلـها وتلتزمهــا أساسـاً حقيقياً عملياً لحياتها وحركتها ‏‏الاجتماعية والحضاريـة‎.‎إن الغاية من هذا البحث؛ هي إدراك أهميــة الإصلاح الفكري للأمـة، ودعـوة المفكرين والعلماء لإعادة النظر في ‏خطابات الأمــة بشأن ‏ثابتها؛ بالمنـهج والأسـلوب العلمي الإسلامــي القويم؛ الذي يقنع العقول، ويستهوي النفوس، ويستجيب لحاجـات ‏فطرة الإنسان ونوازع ‏الخير فيه‎. ‎‏ ‏

A new suprageneric classification of the Foraminifera is here presented based on fundamentally new concepts of their evolution and classification. The predominant significance is given to the shell morphology as the most conservative feature, while the wall composition and shell wall ultrastructure are considered as having important but nevertheless subordinate meaning. Foraminifera are regarded as a phylum that includes five classes: Astrorhizata Saidova 1981, Spirillinata Mikhalevich 1992, Miliolata Saidova 1981, Nodosariata Mikhalevich 1992 and Rotaliata Mikhalevich 1980. Each of the five classes unite forms that can be characterized by a complex of common features of their shell morphology reflecting the building plan of the organism (number of chambers, their form, the predominant mode of coiling, position and character of the aperture and its inner structures, the presence or absence of additional apertures , the presence or absence of integrative systems and their peculiarities, and some other features – all of them having evolutionary significance). Each of these classes represents independent and well-outlined phyletic lines. Some characters of the cell structure and nuclear apparatus are also used as taxonomic features of some higher-ranking taxa where the accumulated data permit. Isomorphic agglutinated forms differing from their calacareous analogues in their shell wall composition are separated as subclasses within the appropriate classes: the subclasses Ammodiscana Mikhalevich 1980, Miliamminana Mikhalevich 1980, Hormosinana Mikhalevich 1992, Textulariana Mikhalevich 1980 within the Spirillinata, Miliolata, Nodosariata and Rotaliata correspondingly (the latter also includes two calcareous subclasses – the Rotaliana Mikhalevich 1980 and Globigerinana Mikhalevich 1980). Within the class Astrorhizata, sub-classes with organic (Lagynana Mikhalevich 1980) and agglutinated (Astrorhizana Saidova 1981) shell walls are included. In total, the phylum Foraminifera embraces 73 orders, 27 suborders, 98 superfamilies, 499 families and 368 subfamilies among which 2 orders (Cymbaloporida, Cassigerinellida), one suborder Duostominina, two families (Cymbaloporettidae, Haynesinidae), and two subfamilies (Cushmanellinae and Tristixinae) are described as new. The composition of the classes and subclasses is also partially revised. The largest changes were made within the classes Spirillinata, Miliolata and Nodosariata: thus the Fusulinids were included into the Miliolata, the Chapmaninids-into the Spirillinata, the Stilostomellids, Pleurostomellids and Paleozoic Nodosariids – into the Nodosariata. The former suborder Textulariina (= Textulariacea Ehrenberg 1838 sensu lata Loeblich and Tappan 1987) was shown to be heterogenous and its representatives are split out into several subclasses of the different classes according to their shell morphology. The composition of the subclasses is here given up to the family level; most of the subclasses need further revision at the family and generic level. Under the new approach the morphologically similar agglutinated and calcareous shells within each class could be regarded as closely related rather than convergent forms. The rise and development of the classes took place independently and in parallel in each of the phylogenetic lines examined.

أهمية هذا البحث أنه يتناول الخطاب الإسلامي المعاصر بشأن الثوابت الإسلامية؛ التي لا يمكن للحضارة الإسلامية، والأمة ‏الإسلامية، بطبيعة تكوينها العقدي والحضاري، أن تنهض وتنمو وتزدهر، ما لم تتمثلها وتلتزمها أساساً حقيقياً عملياً لحياتها وحركتها ‏الاجتماعية والحضارية.‏
‏        وإذا كان هذا الأمرُ شرطاً أساسياً لنهضة الأمة وإحياء الحضارة الإسلامية وإعادة بنائها في عالم اليوم بمتغيراته وتحدياته، فإنه لا ‏بد للمفكرين والعلماء والمثقفين المسلمين، والذين هم العقول والأيدي التي تحرك مفتاح تشغيل حركة الإحياء والتغيير، ألا تنام جفونهم ‏حتى يدركوا السبب في أزمة تمثُّل الأمة لهذه الثوابت والإقبال عليها، ووعيها نصاً وروحاً ومنطلقاتٍ عمليةً فاعلةً يمكن الاقتناع بها، ‏والتزامها في حياتهم وحركة مجتمعاتهم.‏
وكما هو الحال فإنه لا بد من أن هناك خللاً في الخطاب الإسلامي المعاصر بشأن هذه الثوابت وتمثُّلها في واقع حياة الأفراد ‏وحياة الأمة؛ لتكون الأمة على ما نرى من حيرةٍ وسلبيةٍ في تمثُّل كثير من هذه الثوابت، فإذا أدركنا ما أصاب رؤية الأمة الكونية من ‏تشوهٍ، وما أصاب منهج معرفتها وفكرها من خللٍ، وما أصاب ثقافتها من تلوثٍ، وما أصاب نفسيتها ووجدانها من تأثير الأساليب ‏التربوية السلطوية والممارسات الاستبدادية؛ أمكننا أن ندرك ما أصاب الخطاب الإسلامي المعاصر من تشوهاتٍ تفسِّر إلى حدِّ كبيرٍ حال ‏الأمة وإفرازاتها المريضة في مختلف جوانب الحياة الاجتماعية المعاصرة، وفي أداء نظمها وممارستها الفعلية.‏

Özet
Osmanlı Devleti'nin son iki asrında yapılan Huzur-ı Hümayun Dersleri, devrin en önemli âlimleri ile sultanların buluştuğu meclistir. Bu meclislerde zaman zaman sultanlara tavsiyede bulunan açık sözlü âlimler olmuştur. Bunlardan birisi Reisü'l-Ulema Tikveşli Yusuf Ziyaeddin Efendi'dir. Tikveşli Yusuf Ziyaeddin Efendi, bir ders takririnde Sultan II. Abdülhamid'e eğitim ve idare ile ilgili bazı tavsiyelerde bulunmuştur. Bu tavsiyelerini kaleme aldığı metin, dönemin giderek sekülerleşen Osmanlı aydın tipinin savunduğu değerlerden çok farklı bir alana dikkat çekmektedir. Bu doğrultuda yirminci asırdan itibaren çok tartışılan dinin devlet içerisindeki yerine, toplumsal hayatta dinî kuralların hakimiyetine ve eğitimde din derslerinin oranına dair geleneksel tavsiyeler sunmaktadır.
Abstract
Lessons of Huzur-ı Humaayuun, which was practiced in the last two centuries during the Ottoman period, is one of the most important scholars of the time and a council meeting the sultan. Outspoken scholars occasionally advised the sultans in these councils. One of these scholars was Reisü'l-Ulema Tikveşli Yusuf Ziyaeddin Efendi. Tikveşli Yusuf Ziyaeddin Efendi gave some advice to Sultan Abdulhamid about education and administration at a lesson. The text in which he writes his recommendations, draws attention to a very different area than the values of the secularized Ottoman intellectual. He offers recommendations about the place of religion in the state, dominance of religious rules in social life and the proportion of religious lessons in education, which are a very controversial issues from the beginning of the twentieth century.

Toplumların en büyük özellikleri olarak; ortak tarihi ve kültürel değerleri, yaşadıkları coğrafya veiklim koşullarına bağlı benzerlikleri, dini inanışları, ahlak yapıları ve dünya görüşleriyle şekillenenortak etik değerleri, sosyo-ekonomik farklılıklarını oluşturan unsurlarla açıklana gelmiştir.Toplumsal yaşamın başladığı İlk Çağ’dan bu yana Avrupa ve Asya’nın kültürel unsurlarına bağlıdeğerlerinin farklılıklarından dolayı, birbirinden farklı toplumsal gelişmeler yaşanmasına nedenolduğu görülmüştür. Bunların etkileriyle değişen kültürel, sosyo-ekonomik yapı; toplumsal yapı vemekânsal tasarım süreçlerinde bir takım farklılık veya benzerlikler yaşanmasına neden olmuştur.Bunun nedeni Adorno (2012, s.19)’nun analiziyle “günümüzde kültür her şeye benzerlik bulaştırmakta” teşhisinde saklı bulunmaktadır. Her toplumun kendi kültürü ve toplumsal yaşamı,mekânsal kararlarını belirlerken bazen benzer bazen farklı kentsel mekân üretme süreçleriniyaşanmıştır. Tarihsel süreç boyunca, insan bilgiyi üretmiş ve bunu yeni kuşaklara aktarmış; böyleceuygarlıkları ve toplumsal süreçleri yaşatarak dönüştürmüş ve toplumsal hayatın inşasını günümüzekadar sürdürmüştür. Mekân tasarımları; barınma ihtiyacını karşılamak üzere öncelikle konutyapıları ile başlamış, gelişen ve değişen toplumsal yaşamla birlikte kentsel konut ve kentsel mekân
tasarım ve düzenlemelerinin biçimlendirilmesi şeklinde olmuştur. Önceleri temel ihtiyaçlarınkarşılandığı küçük ve işlevsel konut olarak tasarlanırken, daha sonra sosyalleşmeyle birlikte;  bireylerin rahatı, zevki, estetik duygusu ve konfora olan düşkünlüğüne koşut biçimde şekillenmeye başlamıştır. Ekonomik yapı, toplumsal statü ve refah seviyesine göre; planların formları, üretim yapı malzemeleri, mekânların büyüklükleri ve çeşitleri de artmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında yaşanangelişmelerin, toplumları sadece kültür, ekonomi ve sosyal boyutlarda değil, yaşamları vezihinleri biçimlendiren mekân tasarım süreci ve mekân üretme biçimleri açısından dadönüştürerek evirilmesini sağladığı ortaya konacaktır. Bu tarihlerden sonra değişen yaşamşartları ve insanların değişen ihtiyaç ve gereksinimlerine göre biçimlenen mekânların toplumsalyapıda yarattığı değişimler ele alınacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Mekân Anlayışı, Sosyal Hayat, Toplumsal Yapı, Mimari Özellikler
Kamusal Alanlar.

THE APPROACH OF THE SPACE EVOLUTION BY SOCIAL LIFE
As the biggest characteristics of societies; the common historical and cultural values, their similarities to the geography and climatic conditions, their religious beliefs, moral structures and their common ethical values shaped by their world views have been explained by the elements that make up socio-economic differences. Since the beginning of social life, it has been seen that due to the differences of European and Asian cultural elements, different social developments have been experienced. Cultural, socio-economic structure that changes with their effects; social structure and spatial design processes have caused differences. Throughout the historical process, it has transformed human beings to produce knowledge and transfer it to the new generations, to live civilization and social processes and to continue the construction of social life to this day. Space designs to meet the need for housing, it has been in the form of shaping urban housing and urban space design and arrangements with the developing and changing social life which started with residential buildings. I designed it as a small and functional housing where basic needs were met, then with socialization; It has taken shape under the comfort, taste, aesthetic sense of the individuals and the devotion to comfort. According to economic structure, social status and welfare level; forms of the plans, production building materials, the size and types of spaces increased. It will be revealed that the developments experienced within the study not only transform the societies in terms of culture, economy and social dimension but also their transformation by transforming them in terms of the space design process and space production forms shaping lives and minds. After these dates, the changing living conditions and the changes in the social structure of the spaces formed according to the changing needs and needs of people will be discussed.
Keywords:  Space Concept, Social Life, Social Structure, Architectural Features, Public Spaces

Ушбу мақолада “очиқ жамият” концепцияси моҳияти, унинг асосчилари яратган асарлар ва уларда илгари сурган ғоялар тадқиқ этилган. Шунингдек, ушбу концепциянинг давлат ва жамият  бошқарувида  тутган  ўрни  ҳамда  сиёсий  плюрализмни  таъминлашда  оммавий ахборот воситаларининг аҳамияти илмий-назарий жиҳатдан ўрганилган. Шу билан бирга, мақолада Шарқ ва Ғарб тамаддунида “очиқ жамият” концепцияси, “фуқаролик жамияти” тушунчасининг  ривожланиш  эволюцияси  илмий  жиҳатдан  ўрганилган  ва  Ўзбекистон Республикасида  ахборот  соҳасида  амалга  оширилаётган  ислоҳотлар  баён  этилган.  Мавзу юзасидан тегишли илмий хулосалар берилган.Калит  сўзлар:сиёсат; очиқ  жамият; фуқаролик  жамияти; давлат; фуқаро; матбуот; оммавий ахборот воситалари.

В статье исследована сутьконцепции «открытого общества», научные произведения и идеи основателейданной концепции. Также теоретически изучена роль данной концепции в государственном  и  общественном  управлениии  роль  средств  массовойинформации  в обеспечении  политического  плюрализма.  Кроме  этого, в  статье исследована эволюция концепции «открытого  общества» и  понятия«гражданскоеобщество» в  восточных  и западных цивилизациях, также изложены реализуемые реформы в информационной сфере в Республике Узбекистан. Приведены соответствующие выводы по данной тематике.Ключевые слова:политика; открытое общество;гражданское общество; государство;гражданин; пресса;средства массовой информации.

There is explored the essence of the “open society” concept, scientific works and ideas of the founders of this concept. So it is scientifically and theoretically learned the role of this concept at state and public administration, and the role of mass media in ensuring political pluralism. Besides the  article  scientifically  studies  the  evolution  of  “open  society”  concept  and  the  “civil  society”  notion  in  Eastern  and  Western  civilizations,  and  describes  the  ongoing  reforms  in  the  sphere  of  information in the Republic of Uzbekistan. There are corresponding conclusions given for this topic.Keywords: politics; open society; civil society; state; citizen; press; mass media.

The concept of space can be defined as, what the individual percieves and experiences on an object plane, through the relationship that he/she establishes with the space. The acquired knowledge is a real life experience gathered by the effort to catch the essence of this concept. Every space is a different area for different experiences and a plane that holds the capacity to create different questions for the individual. Through this effort to understand, experience and interpret the space, every individual forms their own specific response for the space using their own and unique experience. In this context, each question regarding every space has many different answers creating rich diversity of meaning for perception of the space; meanwhile putting forth the different mental structure with the interpretation ability of the individual. The study shows why the concept of space gives space flexibility and abstraction richness provided by the diversity of interpretation. In this sense, the study has been formed by a large literature review which put forward the ideas of the theorists who contribute to the definition of space concept. The perception of space has gained different meanings with different approaches of theorists in the context of the relationship established with the individual and has revealed its own richness and diversity of meaning through its own ontology.

Keywords: Space, Space Theories, Individual - Space Relationship, Creativity, Social Life.

Considering vicinity as a mere prerequisite but not an ample cause needed for creation of a relationship, the paper investigates the interfering factors playing a significant role in social life of residential complexes habitats.Data for survey were collected through dividing the residential complexes in two groups of homogeneous and heterogeneous. In this way, we selected four residential complex in Esfahan, using a site-based questionnaire originated from the literature reviewed. As a result, social interaction among residents was measured and significant factors influencing this quality were studied and evaluated. Before which an open interview was conducted with residents and scholars in order to specify the hypothesis of the survey.The results of this study led to the following conclusions. Existence of a base for triple activities supports and facilitates social interaction among residents the most. Prompting a sense of place attachment, privacy and safety consequently correlate with social interaction as an independent factor. After all, social homogeneity has been recognized an influential ground factor.

Global food systems are no longer sustainable for health, the environment, animal biodiversity and wellbeing, culinary traditions, socioeconomics, or small farmers. The increasing massive consumption of animal foods has been identified as a major determinant of unsustainability. However, today, the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is also questioned. The main objective of this review is therefore to check the validity of this new hypothesis. We first identified the main ingredients/additives present in UPFs and the agricultural practices involved in their provision to agro-industrials. Overall, UPF production is analysed regarding its impacts on the environment, biodiversity, animal wellbeing, and cultural and socioeconomic dimensions. Our main conclusion is that UPFs are associated with intensive agriculture/livestock and threaten all dimensions of food system sustainability due to the combination of low-cost ingredients at purchase and increased consumption worldwide. However, low-animal-calorie UPFs do not produce the highest greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) compared to conventional meat and dairy products. In addition, only reducing energy dense UPF intake, without substitution, might substantially reduce GHGEs. Therefore, significant improvement in food system sustainability requires urgently encouraging limiting UPF consumption to the benefit of mildly processed foods, preferably seasonal, organic, and local products.

Spatial design is a multi-dimensional volume that encompasses all life with its wide size and can define any open or closed area where individual or social life is staged. When considering large scale spatial design city examples we find that micro and macro spaces constitute every level of our daily life. The macro space covers all the living spaces of the socially used urban scale (all the open and closed spaces within the urban structure; public spaces and parks, all the structures that make up the city and the transportation network); on the other side, micro place includes spatial designs (indoor spaces and surroundings)used by individuals. In this study, Green public spaces, which are the elements of urban design in the macro plane, are considered as flat transport areas that allow experience, reproduction, potential to meet their demands, liberty and originality in terms of the relationship between the Social actor and the individual with the place. Inrealization of sustainable urban design, Designing the public places within natural environment by the green design and using them as cityparks will be discussed. Moreover, the spatial and social importance of designing public spaces in natural structural environment and using them as urban parks will be discussed in the study.

Retirement  is  the  time  in  a  person’s  life  when  he  is  no  longer  employed.  The  retirement  age  varies  and
generally lies between 55 to 60 years. This study was conducted to explore the lifestyles of retired people as well as
their pastimes. The data was collected through snowball sampling technique from district Chakwal under Union Council
Dhudial  with  the  help  of  semi  structured  questionnaire  by  drawing  a  sample  of  103  respondents  from  different
professions  from  four  villages  of  Union  Council  Dhudial.  The  findings  suggested  that  most  of  retired  people  were
having a lot of health problems  and  liked  to stay home all the time with their families. They had limited  social life after
retirement  and spent most the time with  their children and grandchildren. Another  factor  affecting their psychological
health  was found to be  economic crises. The data was collected over four and half weeks which was then analyzed  on
SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences).

The article's subject discusses love, mercy, and social justice from the perspective of Christian personalism presented by Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński. The author's interpretation of source materials aims to present the above values as fundamental Christian virtues of a complementary nature, shaping the good of the human person's goodness, both in the individual and social dimension. In the personalist-praxeological sense, both love, mercy, and social justice, understood as attitudes that which mean commitment and fidelity, are formed primarily in the Christian reality of everyday life, particularly with regard to one's family and nation. The author of this article asks whether the aretology of Cardinal Wyszyński's personalist concept of social life can be applied to the specific realities of the contemporary social life. The answer to such questions is extremely important, especially in the context of the currently proclaimed "ideological pluralism," characteristic of present-day postmodern culture, which emphasizes the moral ambivalence of "liquid" postmodernity.

Sense of community and social life are two key concepts related to social cohesion, which have been the subject of extensive studies in several disciplines including sociology, psychology and built environment. Social life studies have been mostly conducted in the built environment discipline focusing on city centres; while sense of community studies were mostly the target of sociologists and psychologists focusing on neighbourhoods. As a result, the role of the built environment on the sense of community and social life of neighbourhoods is considered as a missing gap in the literature. This paper, through defining the concepts of social life and sense of community, aims to develop a conceptual framework for further implementation in future research. Accurate implication and interpretation of the concepts show that neighbourhoods can include the sense of community in the residential environment and the social life in the commercial environment. This is because residential environme...

يتناول عدداً من القضايا المهمة التي تؤسس للإصلاح الإسلامي الإنساني، تستعيد بها الأمة مكانة العقل ‏والتفكير المنهجي في تحقيق مقاصد الشريعة، وتعيد بناء مناهج التربية التعليم لتحقيق الأصالة الإسلامية ‏المعاصرة.‏‎ ‎كما بقدم إعادة نموذجية لقراءة الأنظمة الإسلامية قراءة منهجية، تزيل ما أصابها تشوه، وتجسيد ‏بذلك نموذجاً جيداً للأصالة المعاصرة. ويعرض كذلك قواعد الحوار والتواصل بما يحقق الغايات الإنسانية ‏الراشدة لعالم تسوده روح الإخاء والعدل والسلام. كما يضع هذا الكتاب بين يدي القارئ الكريم تجربة الجامعة ‏الإسلامية العالمية بماليزيا، وما قدمت من إصلاحات منهجية غير مسبوقة في الفكر التربوي والتعليمي ‏والبحث العلمي وتأهيل الكوادر الفكرية والمهنية؛ مما أهل هذه الجامعة العالمية لمكانة عالمية مرموقة،‎ ‎ويقدم ‏أيضاً مزيداً من الاصطلاحات والتطوير للتعليم عامة،‎ ‎والجامعي على وجه الخصوص‎.‎

Are people who spend more time with others always happier than those who spend less time in social activities? Across four studies with more than 250,000 participants, we show that social time has declining marginal utility for subjective well-being. In Study 1 (N=243,075), we use the Gallup World Poll with people from 166 countries, and in Study 2 (N=10,387) the American Time Use Survey (ATUS), to show that social time has declining returns for well-being. In Study 3a (N=168) and Study 3b (N=174), we employ the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) to provide initial evidence for both intra-domain (principle of diminishing satisfaction) and inter- domain mechanisms (principle of satisfaction limits). We discuss implications for theory, research methodology, and practice.

This study comments on the relevance of inclusive educational theories and policies within English higher education (HE), with reference to disabled international students' experiences. The project is both timely and appropriate as there is an acute shortage of documentation on the application of policies for the inclusion of disabled students, and disabled international students in particular, in English universities. The methodology adopted was essentially qualitative but did, where possible, adhere to 'emancipatory' principles. Data collection strategies included content analysis of relevant literature and policy statements, and field studies involving a focus group and semi-structured interviews with 30 disabled international students in English universities. The study provided an up-to-date snapshot of disabled international students' accounts and the multiple disadvantages they experienced in their universities based on their identities as disabled, international and sometimes mature students. In conclusion, a number of insights have been provided which will contribute towards a more inclusive HE system.

Literature reflects the artistic form of various elements such as intellectual, empirical, imaginative and art-intellectual. A sophisticated form of these elements reflected in various literary forms is 'lyrical literature.' As well as being a means of entertainment, the song also carries cultural values, social responsibility, and historical significance. According to the characteristics and period of Assamese lyrical literature, it can be divided into two categories- ancient Assamese lyrical literature and modern Assamese lyrical literature. Rudra Baruah is one of the leading writers in the field of modern Assamese lyrical literature. Rudra Baruah's songs reflect various aspects of contemporary Assamese social life. Assam's agriculture, nature, rural society, economic society, social reform, humanitarianism and other social aspects can be found in Rudra Baruah's songs. In discussing this subject, Rudra Baruah's song deals with the context of social life in Assam

In 2018, the journal Sociološki Pregled/Sociological Review celebrated its 80th anniversary. The first Serbian sociological journal Društveni Život/ Social Life was published in Belgrade in 1920 and 1921, and then renewed in 1930 in Novi Sad. The editor-in-chief and publisher of this journal was Mirko Kosić, a professor at the Faculty of Law in Subotica. After establishing Society for Legal Philosophy and Sociology in 1935 and Society for Sociology and Social Sciences in 1938, a new sociological journal - Sociological Review , edited by a professor from the Faculty of Law in Belgrade, Đorđe Tasić - began to be published. Thematically it covered various sociological disciplines and other social sciences for sociology is a multidisciplinary science. The work of the Sociological Society and the journal was interrupted by the II World War, in which Đorđe Tasić was killed. Other members of the Society for Sociology and Social Sciences and associates of Sociološki Pregled were no longer interested in sociology and sociological topics. Sociološki Pregled was renewed in 1961 by the Serbian Sociological Society, first as a collection of papers and then as a journal in 1964. Since then, the journal has been an active participant of scientific and academic life in this region providing an overview of current trends in sociology in the world and in our country. The intellectual elite of Serbia has participated in its publishing both directly and indirectly, both its oldest and prominent members and the youngest ones. About 200 issues of Sociološki Pregled with more than 30,000 pages were published from 1938 to 2018 and present a valuable material for sociological life and an irreplaceable information manual on decades of contemporary history of Serbia and Yugoslavia. Such a role could not have been played by any other journal. Sociološki Pregled is a theoretical journal, a manual, an informative newsletter, a reminder, a witness, an informer - all at the same time. That is why it is necessary to consider the journal in both historical and contemporary perspectives.

I was invited by Professor Karen Wells to contribute a chapter to the book 'Teen Lives around the World: A Global Encyclopedia'. This 2-volume encyclopaedia published by ABC-CLIO is intended for USA high school students and undergraduates.


The main purchasers of these editions are high school, college, and public libraries. It is a great opportunity to shape US students understandings of their peers in the world and of the connections and disconnections between their lives and the lives of teens elsewhere.


In this chapter, it introduces different aspects of Chinese teenage cultures, including country overview, schooling and education, extracurricular activities, family and social life, religions and cultural rites of passage, rights and legal status, inequalities and issues today.   

https://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=A5269C

Marriage is ubiquitous in human societies. But any examination of marriage in ancient Egyptian society requires us to disengage from modern social and theological norms and reconsider the role of the state in aspects of everyday life. Today state interference in our everyday lives is constituted legitimate, but this was not the case in aspects of social life in ancient Egypt such as marriage. In order to define how marriage was perceived in New Kingdom Egypt (ca. 1550-1070 BCE), a different method of interpretation is required.

Computer games became more popular among the children with the wide use of internet, and its popularity brought about some criticisms along with it. Among these criticisms are the issues and problems regarding sociality. In this research, the effects of computer games on the secondary school students’ social life and their academic behaviors were examined. The survey forms, which were developed by the researcher, were conducted on the 444 secondary school students who participated in the research. The result of the research shows that the respondents most prefer the action, sports, and brain training games and least prefer role-playing, educational and platform games. Besides, the results suggest that the computer games do not have a significant impact on the students’ social life and academic behaviors and have a medium-level effect on the social loneliness and parents’ criticism. It was also found that requesting permission for playing computer games in the ‘Information Technology...

Spatial design is a multi-dimensional volume that encompasses all life with its wide size and can define any open or closed area where individual or social life is staged. When considering large scale spatial design city examples we find that micro and macro spaces constitute every level of our daily life. The macro space covers all the living spaces of the socially used urban scale (all the open and closed spaces within the urban structure; public spaces and parks, all the structures that make up the city and the transportation network); on the other side, micro place includes spatial designs (indoor spaces and surroundings)used by individuals. In this study, Green public spaces, which are the elements of urban design in the macro plane, are considered as flat transport areas that allow experience, reproduction, potential to meet their demands, liberty and originality in terms of the relationship between the Social actor and the individual with the place. Inrealization of sustainable urban design, Designing the public places within natural environment by the green design and using them as city parks will be discussed. Moreover, the spatial and social importance of designing public spaces in natural structural environment and using them as urban parks will be discussed in the study.
Keywords: Urban Space, Sustainable Urban Design, Social Life, Green Public Spaces and City Parks

‘Law must be stable and yet it cannot stand still. Hence all thinking about law has struggled to rec­oncile the con­flicting de­mands of the need of stability and the need of change. The social in­terest in the ge­neral security has led men to seek some fixed basis for an absolute ordering of human action whe­reby a firm and stable order might be assured. But conti­nual changes in the circumstances of so­cial life demand continual new adjust­ments to the pressure of other social interests . . .  Thus the legal order must be flexible as well as stable. It must be overhauled continually and refitted continually to the changes in the actual life which it is to govern.’

This paper reports the findings from a research project that examines the relationship between urban design and the physical environment, and aspects of social and communal life in suburbs. Australian suburbs are perceived to be lacking in vitality and sociability. To address this, three suburban commercial streets were selected for investigation. Through documents and maps of the residents' activities and behaviour, this study aims to identify the popular zones of activity and investigate the physical characteristics that encourage a sociable atmosphere in activity zones. The observation of activities in the three streets has been registered in tables relative to the date and time of occurrence. According to the behavioural mappings, the zones of activity are mostly shaped around pavement cafes and popular everyday food stores. Since more than half the activities have been observed to be initiated from the pavement cafes, this paper will investigate how the physical qualities o...