Tax Planning

Italy has recently introduced a GAAR in its tax system. While the wording of the clause is not original, considering the experience the other countries might have about it, it is the context in which the provision shall operate that arose the interest of the firs commentators.
The article considers is particular the ways in which it will be arguably applied, taking into account the similar (although tailor-made) regulations that address the phenomenon, and that that have not been repealed by it. Treaty based, EU inspired, special law enacted clauses are still there and may potentially collide with the GAAR, making the overall outcome unpredictable for the Interpreter and for the taxpayer as well.

In 2012, public opinion focussed on what has been called 'aggressive tax planning of multinational enterprises'. Since then, the G20 and OECD developed the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Action Plan – a phenomenon that has received enormous attention. Despite this attention, the efforts, methodology and outcomes, and the instruments used to implement them, pose very little innovation. This article analyses the issues raised by the BEPS Action Plan from a historical perspective, showing that they remain grounded on the same basis of discussions that took place decades ago. This is probably because the project was triggered by a decrease in tax revenue, and not by an actual study of the failures of the system. The only real innovation of the BEPS Project is the change in the public state of mind and attitude towards tax planning, as well as a totally new way of developing international tax rules through consensus with the participation of a broad number of countries. Future steps should take advantage of this actual innovation, get rid of previous analysis and, taking into account of the current economic situation, study (1) the structure of the tax system and tax burden; (2) the jurisdiction to tax rules and the source and residence principles; and (3) the relationship between private law and tax law, i.e. legal personality and recognition of foreign persons and contracts. Without such in-depth analysis, any changes would be changes that only deepen already existent failing principles forming the base of the current system.

Taxes on corporate profits are mandatory and usually constitute a large outflow for firms that, if not planned, lead to disproportionate and unwilling transfer of corporate resources to the government with its negative impact on the operating capacity and firm value. In the light of this, the study examined the effect of tax planning on firm value. Ex-post facto research design was adopted. The study covered 50 firm-year observations for the period, 2010-2014. Data were drawn from the published financial statements of the sampled companies and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics centred on specified panel regression model. The joint effect of the considered tax planning proxies on the firm value was significant (F-stat. =2.580; P-value = 0.032). While Effective tax rate (ETR), Dividend (DIV) and Firm age (FAG) are positively and significantly related to firm value, firm size, leverage and tangibility exert negative effect on firm value. The Adj. R 2 value of 20.6% ...

Este capítulo do livro "PLANEJAMENTO TRIBUTÁRIO: limites e desafios concretos" analisa o Impacto do Tax Shaming nos planejamentos tributários internacionais, sob o enfoque da efetividade destes quanto à utilização de planejamentos tributários internacionais agressivos.

The study investigates the effect of ownership structure on tax planning of quoted non-financial companies in Nigeria. It aims to find out the ownership structure that improves tax planning thereby reducing tax liability of the firms. Data for the study were extracted from the annual reports and accounts of the companies for ten years (2008-2017). The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regressions. The study reveals that managerial and institutional ownerships have no significant positive effect on tax planning, while foreign ownership demonstrates no significant negative effect. Profitability measured using return on assets has a significant positive effect on tax planning of the sampled companies, and leverage shows a no significant negative effect. The findings imply that management-owned companies have fewer incentives to reduce tax, and there is a relationship in the attitude of management and institutional investors towards tax planning of t...

ES: A la luz del nuevo paradigma de la tributación internacional, encarnado en el Plan de Acción BEPS de la OCDE, la economía de opción (que permite a las empresas multinacionales la optimización del costo fiscal de sus operaciones a través del uso racional de la libertad contractual para la configuración de sus negocios) enfrenta limitaciones sustanciales, que procuran evitar la erosión de bases imponibles y el traslado de beneficios a través del abuso de las formas y la planificación fiscal agresiva, frente a las exigencias de justicia en la distribución de la carga tributaria entre contribuyentes y de ingresos tributarios entre Estados.

EN: In light of the new paradigm of international taxation, embodied in the OECD's BEPS Action Plan, economy of choice (which allows the optimization of the tax burden of multinational companies through the rational use of the freedom of contract for structuring of its business) faces substantial limitations, seeking to avoid the erosion of tax bases and profit shifting through the abuse of forms and aggresive tax planning, vis-à-vis fairness in the distribution of the tax burden between taxpayers and of tax revenues between States.

PT: À luz do novo paradigma da tributação internacional, encarnada no Plano de Acção BEPS da OCDE, a economia de escolha (que permite a otimização do custo fiscal das operações multinacionais através do uso racional da liberdade de contrato para a configuração dos negócios) enfrenta limitações substanciais, procurando evitar a erosão das bases da tributação e a transferência de beneficios através do abuso das formas e planejamento fiscal agressivo, respeito as exigências da justiça na distribuição da carga tributária ente os contribuintes e dos ingresos fiscais dos Estados.

Taxes on corporate profits are mandatory and usually constitute a large outflow for firms that, if not planned, lead to disproportionate and unwilling transfer of corporate resources to the government with its negative impact on the operating capacity and firm value. In the light of this, the study examined the effect of tax planning on firm value. Ex-post facto research design was adopted. The study covered 50 firm-year observations for the period, 2010-2014. Data were drawn from the published financial statements of the sampled companies and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics centred on specified panel regression model. The joint effect of the considered tax planning proxies on the firm value was significant (F-stat. =2.580; P-value = 0.032). While Effective tax rate (ETR), Dividend (DIV) and Firm age (FAG) are positively and significantly related to firm value, firm size, leverage and tangibility exert negative effect on firm value. The Adj. R 2 value of 20.6% was not sufficiently strong in explaining the variation in firm value. The study concluded that wholistic approach to tax planning and optimal mix of tax planning strategies are important determinants of their effect on firm value.

Estimados

Espero se encuentren bien. Decidí hacer pública la obra que acompaño en link debido a que fue pensada para publicación inmediata y, en mérito de la pandemia que estamos viviendo y de las regulaciones internas (DR 260-2020 y sucesivos) entiendo prudente “conservar la actualidad de la obra” y colaborar con la comunidad de negocios en general.

La obra que acompaño discurre sobre diferentes cuestiones que hacen a la materia tributaria que encierra la Ley 27.541 pero, puntualmente, trato los siguientes temas:

(1) concepto de emergencia económica, límites y posibilidades del Poder Ejecutivo. Opinión de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación
(2) impuestos en contexto de emergencia económica
(3) objetivo general de la Ley 27.541 – deuda pública
(4) moratoria fiscal 2020
(5) seguridad social – reducciones en costos laborales
(6) modificaciones en el impuesto a las ganancias
(7) modificaciones en el impuesto sobre los bienes personales. Concretamente se tratan las alícuotas adicionales así como mi opinión respecto de lo que hubiera sido una solución justa
(8) impuesto PAIS
(9) impuesto sobre débitos y créditos bancarios
(10) derechos de exportación de servicios

Espero que esta obra ayude a comprender el contexto en el cual se encuentra la pyme. Su lectura debe considerar que la misma ha sido concluida los primeros días de marzo 2020.

Para su efectiva aplicación debe ser analizado el caso concreto a la luz de la normativa vigente a la fecha.

Ante cualquier duda o consulta estoy a su servicio.


Dr. Sergio Carbone
Contador Publico (UBA)
www.sergiocarbone.com.ar
carbonesergio@gmail.com
Tel: +54-011-4362-9602
Cel: +54-911-6660-9889

Pajak merupakan suatu gejala masyarakat, itu artinya pajak hanya dapat timbul apabila ada masyarakat. Begitu pula sebaliknya, apabila tidak ada masyarakat maka tidak akan ada pajak. Hal ini terjadi karena masyarakat terdiri dari individu-individu yang berkumpul di suatu tempat dalam jangka waktu pendek atau pun panjang dengan tujuan tertentu. Setelah masyarakat yang bersangkutan memutuskan untuk membentuk suatu organisasi (negara), maka kelangsungan hidup suatu negara dan individu-individu di dalamnya tentu memerlukan biaya. Untuk itu, dilakukanlah pemungutan pajak oleh negara kepada masyarakat.

Resumen: El presente artículo evalúa y plantea una crítica al Proyecto BEPS de la OCDE. En las primeras tres secciones del artículo se expone la lógica conductual de las empresas multinacionales, el contexto económico en el que se plantea la iniciativa BEPS y el desarrollo de las prácticas fiscales nocivas. En las secciones posteriores se aborda tanto los objetivos y principios del plan BEPS, como una evaluación crítica de su desarrollo. Finalmente, se concluye que el plan BEPS tiene defectos estructurales y funcionales que, aunque lo hacen el mejor esfuerzo contemporáneo para contrarrestar BEPS, es insuficiente para contener las prácticas de planeamiento fiscal agresivo por parte de las multinacionales.
Abstract: This article evaluates and proposes a critique on the OECD’s BEPS Project. In the first three sections of the article behavioral logic of multinational companies are exposed, as well as the economic context in which the BEPS initiative arises and harmful tax practices develop. In subsequent sections we approach the objectives and principles of the BEPS plan and also addressed a critique of its development. Finally, we conclude that the BEPS plan has both structural and functional defects, although they are the best contemporary effort to counter BEPS, it is insufficient to curb multinationals aggressive tax planning practices.
Palabras clave: Traslado de beneficios – Erosión de la base imponible – BEPS – Planificación fiscal agresiva – OCDE
Keywords: Profit shifting – Base erosion – BEPS – Aggressive tax planning – OECD

Transfer pricing pada dasarnya dapat diterapkan untuk tiga tujuan berbeda yang masing-masing berasal dari perspektif yang berbeda pula, yakni dari perspektif akuntansi manajerial, perspektif hukum perseroan dan perspektif perpajakan, yang penjelasannya sebagai berikut:
1) dari perspektif akuntansi manajerial, transfer pricing dapat digunakan untuk memaksimalkan laba suatu perusahaan melalui penentuan harga barang dan jasa oleh suatu unit organisasi lainnya dalam perusahaan yang sama. Namun belakang ini, praktik transfer pricing tidak hanya dikaitkan dengan kontribusi masing-masing unit organisasi dalam suatu perusahaan saja, tetapi juga meluas pada kontribusi masing-masing perusahaan dalam perusahaan lain yang berskala nasional dan tergabung dalam grup yang sama;
2) dari perspektif hukum perseroan, praktik transfer pricing dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu media untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan sinergi antara perusahaan dengan pemegang sahamnya;
3) dari perspektif perpajakan, transfer pricing merupakan suatu kebijakan harga dalam transaksi yang dilakukan oleh pihak-pihak yang mempunyai hubungan istimewa. Selain itu, kebijakan ini juga menentukan besaran penghasilan dari setiap entitas yang terlibat dalam praktik transfer pricing.
Tiga bentuk penerapan transfer pricing untuk tiga tujuan yang berbeda di atas masing-masing mempunyai paradigma yang obyektif atau netral yang dilihat dari tiga sudut pandang yang berbeda.  Pada penelitian ini, penulis menitikberatkan pada paradigma dari perspektif perpajakan.

RESUMO A alta carga tributária do Brasil e a complexidade da sua legislação trazem a necessidade de estudos acerca do Planejamento Tributários para empresas, sendo que o conhecimento da legislação torna-se essencial nas tomadas de decisão. Tendo como objetivo descobrir de que forma a reestruturação societária impactará no valor dos tributos apurados em uma empresa fabricante de concreto e brita, foi realizado um estudo de caso, descritivo e qualitativo. A partir dos relatórios disponibilizados pela administração da empresa, foram realizadas diversas projeções acerca dos tributos envolvidos em diferentes simulações e projeções. Com a estratégia de reestruturação, separou-se os ramos de atividade da empresa em estudo, criando assim duas empresas, cada uma com uma forma de tributação diferentes, permitindo com que fosse possível realizar três simulações distintas. Dentre essas simulações, uma delas apresentou uma efetiva economia tributária, sendo que as outras duas acarretariam em uma elevação de tributos. Concluiu-se que a reestruturação societária pode impactar tanto positivamente quanto negativamente nos tributos apurados pelas empresas, sendo que uma análise realizada previamente é um fator determinante para uma tomada de decisão assertiva. ABSTRACT The high tax burden in Brazil and the complexity of its legislation bring the need for studies on Tax Planning for companies, and the knowledge of the law becomes essential in decision-making. Aiming to find out how the corporate restructuring will affect the amount of taxes recorded in a company that makes concrete and gravel, it conducted a case study, descriptive and qualitative. From the reports provided by management, there were several projections about the taxes involved in different simulations and projections. With the restructuring strategy, separated from the company's fields of activity under consideration, thus creating two companies, each with a different form of taxation, allowing it to be possible to carry out three separate simulations. Among these simulations, one of them had an effective tax savings, while the other two would entail an increase of taxes. It was concluded that corporate restructuring can influence both positively and negatively in taxes recorded by the companies, and an analysis previously performed is a determining factor for an assertive decision-making.

Secara umum kewajiban perpajakan WP Badan Non Komersial sama dengan Wajib Pajak badan lainnya yang berorientasi mencari laba. WP Badan Non Komersial tetap memiliki kewajiban untuk melaporkan SPT Tahunan PPh, SPT Masa PPh, Dikukuhkan sebagai Pengusaha Kena Pajak (jika melakukan penjualan/penyerahan BKP/JKP dan melampaui batasan omset), dan Menjadi Pemotong/Pemungut PPh. Contoh Wajib Pajak Badan Non Komersial: Yayasan Pendidikan, Lembaga Penelitian, Partai Politik, dll. Pembahasan dalam subtopik ini akan mengambil pendalaman untuk Wajib Pajak Badan yang bergerak sebagai yayasan pendidikan/penelitian.

Oleh: Erikson Wijaya, S.Akt
Materi Brevet Pajak A & B

This paper discusses differences between concepts of tax avoidance, tax evasion, aggressive tax planning and tax mitigation. Also, relationships between concepts of tax avoidance and tax abuse, and concepts of tax evasion and tax fraud are provided. At the end of the paper, a comprehensive scheme shows the most significant features of concepts in question which allows easily to draw borderlines between these concepts.

This study aims to examine the influence of tax planning, deferred tax expense and firm size on earnings management in the consumer goods industry sector in Indonesia Stock Exchange. The samples studied were 55 companies of Consumer Goods Industry Sector. using the method of puposive sampling. This study used multiple linear regression analysis using IBM SPSS 20.0. The results showed that tax planning and firm size had a positive and significant effect on earnings management while the deferred tax expense did not affect earnings management. keywords: tax planning, deferred tax expense, firm size, earnings management ABSTRAKSI Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh tax planning, beban pajak tangguhan dan ukuran perusahan terhadap manajemen laba pada perusahaan sektor industri barang konsumsi di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Sampel yang diteliti sebanyak 55 perusahaan sektor industri barang konsumsi. Teknik sampling dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode puposive sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda dengan bantuan program IBM SPSS 20.0 Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tax planning dan ukuran perusahaan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap manajemen laba sedangkan beban pajak tangguhan tidak berpengaruh terhadap manajemen laba. Kata kunci : Tax Planning, Beban Pajak Tangguhan, Ukuran Perusahaan dan Manajemen Laba.

La movilidad del contribuyente, la necesidad de realizar negocios “a escala global”, las nuevas tecnologías o, incluso, los efectos de “la nueva globalización”, nos colocan ante el reto constante de analizar una realidad cada vez más compleja.

Ante la expatriación del contribuyente o la necesidad de realizar negocios en extraña jurisdicción, si bien siempre ha sido necesario analizar el evento considerando el derecho tributario de las jurisdicciones de residencia del sujeto y de fuente de la renta, en la actualidad, en un contexto de incremento sistemático de sistemas y regímenes de intercambio de información tributaria y de creciente presión fiscal, se hace imperioso controlar, planificar y prever todos los aspectos de las relaciones jurídico-tributarias desplegadas en el plano internacional.

La relación jurídico-tributaria, derivada del hecho imponible definido en una norma fiscal y creada por imperio del derecho local, tendrá impacto a nivel internacional cuando la fuente de la renta se encuentre disociada de la residencia fiscal del contribuyente. La falta de coordinación4 de los sistemas fiscales de diferentes jurisdicciones podría llevar la tributación global del contribuyente a límites insostenibles y, con ello, resentir los negocios a nivel internacional.

The main aim of this study is to check an individual’s knowledge of tax planning and
management and to measure it with demographic factors. This study focuses on
professional help and advice for return filing and tax planning. Primary data has been
collected with a structured questionnaire by using Google doc. The data is collected
from 250 salaried individual assesses of Bardoli region through convenience sampling.
For statistical analysis, Chi-square test has been applied. The findings of the study show
that demographic factors of salaried people affect the knowledge of tax planning. The
analysis reveals that higher-income individuals need professionals’ help to manage their
tax, but qualified people are having sufficient knowledge for the same. The respondents
are investing and knowing 80C and 80D deductions but they are not taking education
loans and giving donations for the purpose of deduction.

Taxes on corporate profits are mandatory and usually constitute a large outflow for firms that, if not planned, lead to disproportionate and unwilling transfer of corporate resources to the government with its negative impact on the operating capacity and firm value. In the light of this, the study examined the effect of tax planning on firm value. Ex-post facto research design was adopted. The study covered 50 firm-year observations for the period, 2010-2014. Data were drawn from the published financial statements of the sampled companies and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics centred on specified panel regression model. The joint effect of the considered tax planning proxies on the firm value was significant (F-stat. =2.580; P-value = 0.032). While Effective tax rate (ETR), Dividend (DIV) and Firm age (FAG) are positively and significantly related to firm value, firm size, leverage and tangibility exert negative effect on firm value. The Adj. R 2 value of 20.6% ...

The globalisation process and, within the European framework, the implementation of the EU Single Market have led numerous corporations to overstep the national boundaries either to conduct phases of their economic process where it is more convenient or to expand their business abroad. Hence, the involvement of the diverse tax regulations of the countries, whose territories host such businesses, cannot be avoided. Thus, the lack of neutrality of taxation1 has brought the managers of big corporations to take more and more into consideration tax issues in their decision-making process, especially during periods of crisis.

Therefore, multinationals can pursue the aim of optimizing their fiscal burden by exploiting the legal options that the countries involved have given to their taxpayers, which constitute, de facto, the tax competition among the governments.
Such planning of the cross-border activities of a business, taking into consideration the different tax laws of the concerned states, is known as tax planning.

This phenomenon is becoming increasingly concrete even within the European borders, as companies located in one of the Member States of the European Union are entitled to take advantage of the numerous European directives issued in order to guarantee the European freedoms2.

Academic writings about tax planning encompass a great variety of legal matters concerning those operations that may be implemented by corporations to reduce their tax burden.
Conversely, the aim of this research is to point out the most common tax planning schemes, highlighting what are the limitation on benefits (LOB) provisions that are used in the Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital by the OECD and in the US Model Income Tax Convention and describing how they work with reference to the treaty shopping practice and to the employment of the so-called base companies.
In addition, the work by the OECD in BEPS 2015 Final Reports is taken into account with reference to the above-mentioned fields and the relevant innovations provided by the document are presented and inspected: those supplementary anti-avoidance provisions are critically analysed in order to provide solutions to their weaknesses and to develop other solutions that enable tax administrations to achieve the same goal.

Furthermore, attention is paid to Action 12 in BEPS 2015 Final Reports, whose mandatory disclosure regime can be seen as a means to bypass the need of the anti-avoidance provisions exposed in the research, since the disclosure of the relevant information is set as a legal obligation in such system.
Under this perspective, the most suitable implementation of the mandatory disclosure regime is presented by making reference to the main characteristics that distinguish each tax jurisdiction.

Di Indonesia, transfer pricing diartikan sebagai penentuan harga dalam transaksi antara pihak-pihak yang mempunyai hubungan istimewa.  Dasar hukum pengaturan perpajakan yang terkait dengan transaksi yang dilakukan oleh para pihak yang mempunyai hubungan istimewa yang berpotensi melakukan praktik transfer pricing tercantum dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1983 tentang Pajak Penghasilan sebagaimana terakhir kali diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2008. Dalam penjelasan pasal tersebut, diterangkan bahwa maksud diadakannya ketentuan tersebut adalah untuk mencegah terjadinya penghindaran pajak yang dapat terjadi karena adanya hubungan istimewa. Adanya hubungan istimewa antara para pihak berpotensi mengakibatkan penghasilan yang dilaporkan oleh wajib pajak kurang dari semestinya ataupun pembebanan biaya melebihi yang seharusnya. Dalam hal ini Dirjen Pajak berwenang untuk menentukan kembali besarnya penghasilan maupun biaya sesuai dengan keadaan yang seandainya para pihak tersebut tidak mempunyai hubungan istimewa. Demikian pula apabila terdapat penyertaan modal terselubung dengan menyatakan penyertaan modal tersebut sebagai utang, Dirjen Pajak juga berwenang untuk menentukan utang tersebut sebagai modal perusahaan.

Pengantar Perencanaan Pajak
Resume Zain (Manajemen Perpajakan)

1. Sifat dan Cara Pendekatan Perencanaan Pajak.
Yang dimaksud dengan Perencanaan Pajak adalah suatu proses yang mendeteksi cacat teori dalam ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan perpajakan tersebut

La práctica fiscal internacional no es solo un ejercicio intelectual sumamente desafiante, sino que, al albor de los tiempos que corren, podemos afirmar que se configura en un desafío constante dado por la diversidad de conceptos a los que, inicialmente, el analista o estudioso puede estar sometido, pero adicionalmente, por la forma en que estos conceptos se combinan para lograr algo útil para la sociedad toda y para el consultante (cliente) en particular .

Estudiar (y practicar) fiscalidad internacional implica tener cuenta de los principios generales que la informan para, posteriormente, someter a escrutinio estricto la apariencia de verdad con que estos se nos presentan, siempre al albor de las nuevas prácticas y tendencias internacionales nacidas, todas y cada una de ella, de la influencia (si se quiere política) de los grandes centros de coordinación de voluntades internacionales. De ello, en materia fiscal, podemos afirmar sin temor a equivocarnos que la OCDE  será el mayor exponente.

This paper examines some of the factors a country must consider when deciding which method, or combination of methods, to use to implement double tax relief, including foreign tax credit, exemption or the deduction method. It examines economic double taxation and juridicial double taxation with a focus on the most common of the two, juridicial double tax.

Tags:
"Double taxation"
"Double tax relief"

The primary purpose of this research is to examine the effect of Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) on the profitability of universal banks in Ghana. The study is focused on the effect of non-performing loans on return on assets and return on equity of universal banks in Ghana. The study uses quarterly time series data collected by Bank of Ghana on all universal banks operating in the banking sector for the period 2007-2018. The multiple regression technique is used to analyse the models developed. The study reveals that non-performing loans have a significant negative effect on return on equity of universal banks in Ghana. The study also reveals a significant negative relationship between non-performing loans ratio and return on asset. The study recommends an improvement in the profitability of universal banks by reducing non-performing loans in individual banks. Universal banks must improve their loan monitoring strategies and manage their loan risk exposure to customers. The study recommends an improvement of the regulatory system of the central bank. Appropriate guidelines must be instituted by the central bank to prevent universal banks from advancing loans to customers with high credit risk.

Resumen:
El objetivo de este artículo es identificar las áreas de riesgo de la planeación tributaria agresiva en un grupo de empresas antioqueñas multilatinas. Para ello, se desarrolló un estudio de caso múltiple, basado en un método de análisis de contenido de la información financiera pública, del periodo 2005-2014, de un grupo de empresas de la región, con un importante portafolio de inversiones en el exterior. Como resultado se identificaron, de manera precisa, las principales áreas de riesgo de la planeación tributaria agresiva, a la luz del plan de acción de la OCDE. La  singularidad de las empresas estudiadas impide que los resultados sean generalizables.

Abstract:
The aim of this article is to identify the areas of risk of aggressive tax planning in a  group of multi-Latin companies of Antioquia. For this purpose, a multiple case study was carried out based on a method of content analysis on public financial information of the 2005-2014 period of a regional group of companies, with an important investment portfolio abroad. As a result, the main areas of risk of aggressive tax planning were identified, in an accurate manner, in light of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) action plan. The singularity of the companies studied prevent from applying the results indiscriminately.

Nos dias de hoje, uma das formas mais frequentes de planeamento ou de evasão fiscal lato sensu consiste na utilização de paraísos fiscais, que são países, territórios ou regiões com regimes de tributação privilegiada ou inexistente para não residentes.

La verdad sea dicha cuando afirmo que, posiblemente, el Estado de Flujo de Efectivo es el estado del juego de estados contables menos comprendido, más despreciado, al que menos atención se le presta y el que termina, en muchos casos, siendo compuesto sobre bases mecánicas sin mayor indagación sobre sus objetivos, fines y disposiciones normativas que regulan el instituto.

Adicionalmente a lo expuesto, en el referido estado, de seleccionar uno de los métodos habilitados por la norma contable profesional (RT 8) es donde, con mayor frecuencia, daremos cuenta de la efectiva verdad de la frase “los contadores sacamos todo por diferencia”. Cierto es que en la composición del Estado de Flujo de Efectivo por método indirecto el impulso de las diferencias patrimoniales habilitan, si se quiere, la tentación de una construcción casi automática del mismo.

El novel profesional o quién no se encuentre entrenado en la mecánica y técnica contable pueden encontrarse ente la tentación de pretender que su composición se explicará, cuanto menos, sobre la base de diferencias entre partidas al inicio y cierre del ejercicio (sobre la base del método indirecto) evitando, con ello, indagación en referencia a ciertos movimientos que deben ser informado bajo diversos criterios. Este esquema de trabajo solo aplica a limitados casos (extremadamente acotados).

Las dificultades inherentes a la composición del estado que será objeto de nuestro estudio se “magnifican” en un contexto de deterioro sistemático del valor del dinero para el cual debemos decidir como exponer el efecto RECPAM en el estado de referencia obligándonos, según el mecanismo de trabajo con que decidamos conducir la tarea, a indagar en el efecto de la inflación en las partidas que conforman el efectivo y equivalente.

La falta de tiempo, la acumulación de obligaciones, y el contexto dinámico en diferentes ámbitos (laboral, societario, contable y fiscal, por mencionar algunos), obligan al profesional en ciencias económicas a realizar una gran variedad de tareas para las que no siempre se permite hacer el tiempo necesario al constante entrenamiento profesional.

En este contexto nos encontramos con Estados de Flujo de Efectivo confeccionados (o con riesgo de ser confeccionado) sin bases ciertas en el sentido de realmente saber y comprender lo que se está haciendo.

El principal objetivo de esta obra es acercar un procedimiento de trabajo sugerido para la confección del Estado de Flujo de Efectivo por Método Indirecto en un contexto de deterioro sistemático del valor del dinero (inflación); método que ha sido perfeccionado luego un razonable tiempo de reflexión y será expuesto a los efectos de ayudar a comprender la mecánica del estado.

La obra se basará en el desarrollo de un ejemplo, paso a paso, con dificultad incremental. Se asume que el lector tiene dominio de la RT 8 (y específicamente el capítulo que hace referencia al estado bajo estudio), de la Interpretación 2-2003 FACPCE y del mecanismo de ajuste por inflación dispuesto por la RT 6. El presente no es un estudio abarcativo de todas las posibilidades a las que se podría enfrentar debiendo ser comprendido como notas orientativas para incorporar una lógica sistémica en el trabajo del estado objeto de nuestro estudio.

En cuanto al mecanismo de trabajo general nos orientaremos a la descripción de casos en moneda histórica y su flujo de efectivo para luego pasar a su comparación de la mecánica operativa en un contexto de ajuste por inflación.

Espero haya disfrute leyendo y practicando esta obra tanto como yo he disfrutado escribiéndola. Su distribución es gratuita, en colaboración y en respeto de toda la ayuda que recibí al dar mis primeros pasos (12 años atrás!!!) por aquellos colegas que, sin quererlo, con sus respuestas, me invitaron a estudiar. Lo que recibo vuelve a la matrícula. Espero que ud, estimado lector, en un futuro próximo pueda devolvernos parte de su experiencia.


www.sergiocarbone.com.ar

La Ley Nº 20.780, siguiendo los postulados de la OCDE, introdujo en la legislación tributaria un ilícito de carácter administrativo que sanciona al asesor tributario que ha diseñado o planificado actos, contratos o negocios constitutivos de abuso o simulación. Su estructura dogmática
recoge las normas del compliance penal, pues en el caso de infracciones atribuibles a las personas jurídicas, la sanción se aplicará si los directores o representantes legales han incumplido sus
deberes de dirección o supervisión.

The 20.780 Act, following the OECD’s requirements, introduced into the tax’s law an administrative illicit that fines to the tax advisor who has designed or planned acts, contracts or arrangements which are constitutive of abuse or sham. Its dogmatic structure references to
the criminal compliance. Thus, in the case of the infringements attributable to legal entities, the sanction will apply to the directors and legal representatives who have failed to comply its direction and supervision obligations.

In October 2015, the OECD made a best practice recommendation in Action 4 of its BEPS project, suggesting a Fixed Ratio Rule in place of thin capitalisation rules. This review was almost 3 decades in the making, with the most recent OECD report on thin capitalisation rules published in 1986, which omitted guidance on how these rules could best be designed.

Thin capitalisation rules’ strong emphasis on revenue base protection has resulted in their exponentially increasing popularity internationally since the 1960s. However, there is a growing body of literature critiquing the effectiveness of thin capitalisation rules. Accordingly, this paper approaches the issue of thin capitalisation from a novel perspective by conceptualising the cross-border debt bias as the ‘disease’ and thin capitalisation as merely the ‘symptom’. Grounded in the tax principle of efficiency, the overarching question guiding this paper is whether, given the opportunity to start over, the tax-induced cross-border debt bias would be better addressed by retaining thin capitalisation rules in their current form or whether an alternative reform would be more suited to dealing with this ‘disease’.

The optimisation model developed in this paper shows that the OECD’s Fixed Ratio Rule is more effective than the current regime of thin capitalisation rules at protecting the tax revenue base from the most tax-aggressive multinational enterprises (MNEs). However, the model also indicates that it is ultimately more effective to align the tax treatment of intercompany funding to eliminate the ‘underlying disease’ (the tax incentive for thin capitalisation), rather than adopting rules that mitigate the ‘symptom’ (such as the OECD’s Fixed Ratio Rule).

This research presents a unique contribution to the literature by simulating complex cross-border intercompany tax planning strategies. This facilitates a formal analysis of one of the most significant challenges presented by the mobility and fungibility of capital; namely, anticipating how an MNE structures its internal affairs in a tax-optimal manner given the current tax regime and suggesting tax administrative responses to BEPS accordingly.

O artigo versa sobre o planejamento tributário internacional, com foco na figura do esquema do irlandês duplo (Double Irish Arrangement). Para tanto, o artigo considera como a globalização e operações transnacionais afetam os Estados em diversos aspectos, em especial o tributária. Examina-se o que vem a ser o planejamento tributário internacional e como é realizado, buscando, a partir de atuação nos sistemas tributários ao redor do globo, estratégias que possibilitem a maior economia tributária possível. Ressalte-se que o termo planejamento tributário aqui utilizado se refere a práticas lícitas sob o ponto de vista do direito privado, baseado na liberdade negocial. Muitos países adotam políticas fiscais muito benéficas, visando em sua grande maioria atrair investimentos externos para os seus territórios, além de outras estratégias que envolvem a formação das empresas. Cite-se como exemplo a alíquota do Imposto de Renda de Pessoa Jurídica na Irlanda, que é de 12,5%, bem abaixo da média dos países no mesmo status de desenvolvimento. Tais circunstâncias geram o denominado planejamento tributário agressivo, que pode ser considerado contrário à legislação tributária, e objeto de reconsideração pelo Fisco. A figura do Double Irish Arrangement é uma forma de planejamento tributário que se utiliza de possibilidades de arranjos negociais, tanto na legislação tributária norte-americana como na legislação tributária irlandesa. Tal arranjo é utilizado por empresas que comercializam propriedade intelectual, como softwares, resultando...

In October 2015, the OECD made a best practice recommendation in Action 4 of its BEPS project, suggesting a Fixed Ratio Rule in place of thin capitalisation rules. This review was almost 3 decades in the making, with the most recent OECD report on thin capitalisation rules published in 1986, which omitted guidance on how these rules could best be designed. Thin capitalisation rules’ strong emphasis on revenue base protection has resulted in their exponentially increasing popularity internationally since the 1960s. However, there is a growing body of literature critiquing the effectiveness of thin capitalisation rules. Accordingly, this paper approaches the issue of thin capitalisation from a novel perspective by conceptualising the cross-border debt bias as the ‘disease’ and thin capitalisation as merely the ‘symptom’. Grounded in the tax principle of efficiency, the overarching question guiding this paper is whether, given the opportunity to start over, the tax-induced cross-border...

Il Tribunale dell'Unione Europea ha annullato la decisione con cui la Commissione aveva affermato che i tax ruling adottati dall'Irlanda a favore di alcune società appartenenti al gruppo Apple costituirebbero un aiuto di Stato non compatibile con il mercato interno. Non sarebbe infatti dimostrato il vantaggio selettivo. Con la sentenza del 15 luglio 2020, relativa alle cause T-778/16 e T-892/16, il Tribunale dell'Unione europea ha annullato la decisione 2017/1283 della Commissione europea, con la quale era stato richiesto all'Irlanda di recuperare presunti aiuti di Stato, pari a circa 13 miliardi di euro, relativi a imposte sul reddito delle società che non sarebbero state versate da alcune società del gruppo Apple al fisco irlandese. La Commissione Europea, con la decisione 2017/1283, ha affermato che i tax ruling adottati dall'Irlanda il 29 gennaio 1991 e il 23 maggio 2007 a favore di Apple sales international (Asi), e Apple operations Europe (Aoe), società appartenenti al gruppo Apple, costituirebbero un aiuto di Stato non compatibile con il mercato interno ai sensi dell'articolo 107, paragrafo 1 del Tfue. Secondo la Commissione, l'aiuto di Stato in questione sarebbe stato concesso illegalmente dall'Irlanda in violazione dell'articolo 108, paragrafo 3, del Tfue, in quanto a tali società sarebbe stata offerta la possibilità di calcolare la propria base imponibile ai fini delle imposte dirette in Irlanda in maniera agevolata. Secondo la Commissione Europea i metodi di attribuzione degli utili alle società irlandesi del gruppo Apple (Asi e Aoe) si sarebbero discostati da un risultato basato sull'applicazione del principio di libera concorrenza, che rappresenta uno dei principi cardine nell'ambito della disciplina del transfer pricing a livello internazionale. Nello specifico, i ruling fiscali contestati avrebbero determinato una riduzione della base imponibile di Asi e Aoe e quindi una riduzione dell'imposta sulle società dovuta dalle stesse in base al regime ordinario di tassazione degli utili societari in Irlanda, conferendo pertanto un vantaggio selettivo alle stesse società ai fini dell'articolo 107, paragrafo 1, del Tfue. Il Tribunale dell'Unione Europea, con la sentenza in commento, ha invece stabilito che la Commissione Europea non ha dimostrato in maniera sufficiente la sussistenza di un vantaggio selettivo ai sensi dell'articolo 107, paragrafo 1, del Tfue. Da un punto di vista tecnico, nella sentenza del Tribunale dell'Ue hanno giocato un ruolo rilevante le linee guida Ocse in materia di transfer pricing. Nella decisione della Commissione Europea era stato contestato, tra l'altro, che né la scelta dei costi operativi come indicatore del livello di utile nei ruling fiscali contestati, né l'uso del «Berry ratio», sarebbero stati indicatori adeguati per determinare una remunerazione conforme al principio della libera concorrenza per le funzioni svolte dalla società irlandese del gruppo californiano denominata Asi. Al paragrafo 372 della sentenza del Tribunale dell'Ue è stato invece stabilito che le condizioni previste dalle linee guida Ocse in materia di transfer pricing per l'utilizzo del "Berry ratio" sono invece soddisfatte.Le autorità irlandesi non hanno quindi concesso ad Asi e Aoe un vantaggio fiscale derivante dalla mancata attribuzione ad Asi ed Aoe delle royalties del gruppo Apple ottenute dalle vendite del gruppo al di fuori del Nord e del Sud America.