Territories

The strategic context of new burhs created by the West Saxon King Edward the Elder at Buckingham, Newport Pagnell, Towcester and probably Aylesbury in the period 914 to 917, is examined to determine the ways in which the foundation of these burhs as new fortified settlements was associated with the formation of new burghal territories to maintain their strategic functionality. These were arguably divided into units of around 300 hides, here termed 'proto-hundreds', in the late ninth and early tenth-century programmes of burghal formation. These in turn were divided into vills or estates, in most cases as 5-and 10-hide units. These developments are compared with processes which can be inferred from similar evidence from neighbouring shires of Bedfordshire, Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire, where similar proto-hundreds of between 200 and 400 hides formed primary landscape divisions within their burghal territories. All these are argued as comprising elements of a major reorganization of the administrative landscape as part of the essential infrastructure of the formation of the burhs. These new cadastral redevelopments demonstrate the organizational precocity of the West Saxon state at this period. These proto-hundreds were subsequently divided into 100-hide units as a development which was arguably concurrent with the creation of the shires, formed by fusion of the earlier burghal territories, in probably the third quarter of the tenth century. The course of development of burhs and burghal territories, and of hundreds, wapentakes and shires, as new elements in the administrative landscape of late Saxon England, raises fundamental issues about the ways in which both the Mercian and West Saxon states set about organising themselves to put in place the administrative infrastructure which was needed to meet their strategic and social agendas, in different historical contexts. While the shires of central Wessex were established well before the ninth century, those of western and central Mercia were later developments. It is argued in this paper that a crucial factor in these developments in Mercia was

"Amnesia”, the word keeps coming back in Westerners’ talks about the difficulties encountered whenever one wishes to understand historical and genealogical memory and models of social organization in Cambodia based on traditional supports, be it written or oral. This thesis seeks to
explore how "space", also considered as an object of research, could be used as a medium for the expression and the transmission of social practices and stories. Based on ethnographic research conducted with families living in the archaeological site of Angkor, this study begins with a reading of the social (re) construction on the basis of domestic space. The building of houses and the ways in which they are inhabited are examined from a technical, ritual and social point of view, in tandem with data on cardinal orientations and their symbolism. The research then expands to the hamlet, the village, and the " petit pays. " It explains how social and identity relations are articulated
and transmitted while being reformulated in a space formatted according to cultural representations as well as local and regional stories. The thesis ends with a study of the shaping of the sacred space.
Cartographic mappings of the spatial distribution of deities in areas previously studied reveal a hierarchical system of territorial and social control operated by powerful deceased personalities.
Starting with the house, this study ends with an interpretative essay on the temple seen as a spatial matrix from which social disharmonies could be regulated.

Conceptualizing Territories
By Frédéric GIRAUT
The social use of the term “territory” has tended to proliferate in the context of globalization. French-language geography has also indulged an immoderate use of the concept. The apparent paradox has made the contemporary notion of territory the target of detractors who see it as something obsolete (a product of modernity now superseded by a de-territorializing postmodernism), too reductive (not allowing for a grasp of the mobile aspect of spatial relationships), and mystifying (masking the true social issues, further dismantling the welfare state). These criticisms suggest that the term should be re-conceptualized rather than dropped, given that territorial complexity is a given of postmodernism. Nor dropping the term is likely to happen anytime soon, sinceusage currently ranges from a portmanteau word synonymous with region or area to a specifcally geopolitical notion based on the delimited extension of state sovereignty. Between the extensive and restrictive uses of the concept, cultural and political geographies converge on the necessarily “constructed” nature of the territorial object. Contradictions nevertheless remain between these constructivist approaches; the most promising paths for overcoming them call for a clear grasp of territorial confgurations and ideologies. Proposals are thus offered here for rendering the concept functional on a political level, notably by making a clear distinction between theterm and the zone or area it applies to.

SUMMARY I apply the shire model of early medieval territories to an area within the kingdom of Bernicia corresponding tothe northern half of present-day Northumberland. Adopting a retrograssive analysis from post-Conquest feudal records,  I propose a geography for shires centred on Yeavering, Breamish and Bamburgh.

This study analyzes the legal status and the fundamental rights of the so-called Non-Self-Governing Territories, according to the Articles 73 and 74 of the Charter of the United Nations (1945). This paper particularly investigates the responsibilities of the management States regarding the rights of the Non-Self-Governing Territories to not be exploited and to have ensured, with due respect for the culture of the peoples concerned, their political, economic, social, and educational advancement.

Entre el intento de imperialización de la monarquía en los años ochenta del XVIII y la primera república federal mexicana, la provincia india de Tlaxcala logró sobrevivir como territorio. Este libro analiza este fenómeno como un caso que guarda similitudes con las provincias forales de la monarquía en su parte europea.

This article presents an overview of Kaingang ethnic territorialization processes in Southern Brazil. Based
on historical and ethnographic data, this article analyzes tensions found in the agencyings of territories,
emphasizing the resistance of the Kaingang in face of impositions from colonization. The analysis focuses
on the different periods of colonial expansion, highlighting the processes of territorial expropriation,
conflicts, struggles and negotiations between the Kaingang and different agents of the state. The main
objective is to broaden the debates about the importance of the ethnic territories in southern Brazil, based
on an appreciation of the perspective of the Kaingang about the processes of territorial confinement and
their “retakings” of territories in the past forty years.

This chapter examines how a new political regionalism pattern characterised by devolution and self-determination claims expressed and embodied via geo-democratic practices such as the ‘right to decide’ is emerging in three small, stateless and city-regional nations in Europe: Scotland, Catalonia and the Basque Country. Three main arguments are presented as the source of such diverse and pervasive city-regional ‘metropolitanisation’ processes: geo-economics, geo-politics and geo-democratics. This chapter posits that from the political regionalism perspective, geo-economic arguments claiming devolving powers are important, but in the event of being allowed the ability to hold a referendum by nation-states, however likely or unlikely, geo-political and geo-democratic manifestations count even more. Ultimately, is the ‘right to decide’ a potential ‘democratic’ extension of the ‘right to the city’? Insofar as these three small stateless nations are advocating a ‘civic nationalism’ appealing to ‘European’ values, the chapter concludes by exploring how devolution claims could increasingly ‘Europeanize’ the political regional agenda, in an ongoing push and pull of having ‘more say’ in the EU, fuelled by an increasing metropolitan drive and a bottom-up democratic experimentation towards the ‘right to decide’.

"Iceland was the first country to be hit by the 2008 financial crisis with dramatic democratic consequences. If there has been some democratic social innovation or regeneration in Iceland after the crisis, what relationship does it have with ethics? What is its moral core?

Because they share some features concerning their comparative small size and identity (unique local language and culture dealing with bigger players in a global arena), we wonder whether some of the transformations (innovations?) emerged in Iceland during the Kreppa years (2008-2013) could be applicable to the crisis in the Basque Country in the new post-violence scenario (ETA’s ceasefire from 2011 on). And what about micro social innovative cases (cooperativism, plurilingualism,…)?

Different as they are, both situations involve hopes of regeneration of the democratic system, and both raise questions such as: What has been really happening in Iceland? What is the nature of the change or innovation that has emerged? In what way is it special or different from the Basque case? "

Les representacions de la ruralitat i de les persones que habiten els nostres paisatges s’ha trobat constantment travessada per les veus de qui passa caps de setmana, per les veus de qui dibuixa la vida al camp com un ball, entre ideals imaginats i nostàlgies d’infantesa. Aquesta recerca busca desfer-se d’aquestes mirades que cronifiquen, estigmatitzen i dominen les lectures sobre la ruralitat. És una aproximació als processos de construcció i representació de qui habita-treballa-cuida l’espai rural, a través de les seves pràctiques quotidianes, de qui posa el cos per a la sostenibilitat dels territoris i modela el paisatge. L’objectiu d’aquesta investigació és visualitzar les narratives d’afectes, cures i solidaritat que travessen les representacions rurals com a formes de resistència, que són motors de reconeixement i de resignificació d’imaginaris col·lectius. És en aquest context, on Ramaderes de Catalunya i les seves produccions audiovisuals prenen la paraula.
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Representations of rural life and the people who inhabit our landscapes have been constantly crossed by the voices of those who spend weekends, by the voices of those who draw life in the countryside like a dance, between imagined ideals and nostalgia for childhood. This research seeks to get rid of those looks that chronify, stigmatize and dominate readings about rurality. It is an approach to the processes of construction and representation of those who inhabit-work-care for the rural space, through their daily practices, of those who put their bodies into the sustainability of territories and shape the landscape. The aim of this research is to visualize the narratives of affection, care and solidarity that run through rural representations as forms of resistance, which are the driving force behind the recognition and re-signification of collective imaginaries. It is in this context that Ramaderes de Catalunya and its audiovisual productions take the floor.

Nation States have three defining characteristics: government of a territory, rapport with a group of people and ownership of a sovereign power. All three of these characteristics are undergoing changes. Several developments involve a redefinition of the " State " and produce numerous contradictions, which can only be solved if we consider the historicity of both the phenomenal essence and the conceptual essence of the State. We need to rethink and reconceptualise the State within the context of the new tendencies and transformations delineated by globalisation.

In contrast to its own stated rejection of the creation of an Palestinian state as part of its 1999 Likud party platform, a June 2009 official statement by party leader Benjamin Netanyahu spoke to the conditions for the creation of said state utilizing the theory of realism. Furthermore, since 2010 there has been increasing pressure on Mr. Netanyahu as prime minister to return to the negotiation table from Western allies and pressure by ultra-orthodox and ultra-nationalist parties that comprise his coalition government not to negotiate. Though not inconsistent with previous Likud government policy, any actual negotiations that would produce a peace treaty that offers specific territorial land for a Palestinian state would be inconsistent with Likud ideology.

Chama-nos atenção nas narrativas sobre o Novo Mundo o destaque dado às descrições sobre elementos da natureza como parte constitutiva das crônicas, particularmente aquelas elaboradas entre os
séculos XVI e a primeira metade do XVIII. O mesmo pode ser verificado nos relatos produzidos pelos missionários da Companhia de Jesus que atuaram no Brasil. A produção do conhecimento sobre o mundo natural
americano fez parte das estratégias de conquista e ocupação das novas terras. A partir das cartas, crônicas entre outros escritos analisaremos como o texto dos missionários entre outros colonos contribuíram para a
delimitação geográfica do Brasil. Estes homens que tiveram a experiência de viver na América portuguesa e acabaram por compartilhar e forjar, ao nosso ver, uma unidade geográfica sob o nome de Brasil, ainda que este espaço no século XVI fosse uma extensa linha costeira limitada a Leste pelo Atlântico e a Oeste pelo meridiano de Tordesilhas. Desta forma, acreditamos que ao delimitar o espaço em seus escritos, os missionários, senhores de engenho e funcionários do Estado contribuíram diretamente na conquista e construção do território português na América.

O governo tem a responsabilidade de garantir a coesão económica, social e territorial, e o desenvolvimento sustentado. Contudo, pela sua proximidade às populações, é no poder local que recai a responsabilidade de garantir estes direitos em cada um dos seus territórios e consolidar as condições para garantir a qualidade de vida dos seus munícipes.
Perante a pandemia de Covid-19, e a crise de saúde pública, as autarquias foram obrigadas a dar respostas imediatas e diretas aos cidadãos que ultrapassaram as indicações das autoridades de saúde e a legislação dos estados de emergência.
Para um governo merecer a confiança dos cidadãos são necessárias transparência, boa prestação de contas e respostas adequadas. As iniciativas de open government tornaram-se veículos para aumentar a legitimidade e a confiança no poder local, especialmente quando a informação é clara, atualizada e responde a necessidades imediatas.
Todos os municípios portugueses atualmente têm sites. Durante a pandemia, muitos adotaram as redes sociais para gerir situações de crise, pois são acessíveis e eficazes. As respostas dos governos locais à pandemia de Covid-19 são importantes para verificar os níveis de confiança dos cidadãos nas decisões das autoridades, já que as informações fornecidas são essenciais para a aceitação das estratégias para a redução da transmissão da doença.
Analisa-se assim a utilização das TIC e das redes sociais pelas autarquias para responderem às crises económicas e sociais provocadas pela pandemia. Esta investigação, centrada na análise dos conteúdos das mensagens nos sites e nas redes sociais por parte de uma seleção de municípios, faz parte de um projeto mais vasto para construir uma base de dados com os 308 municípios portugueses. Esta situação pandémica é assim apresentada como um estudo de caso para verificar o interesse do poder local na transparência e no aumento da confiança e da participação dos cidadãos.

This doctoral research focused on ceramic ware from the period of social change and the transition of the two Iron Ages in the Upper Rhine. Bilateral analyses and comparisons are conducted from the corpus of four hillforts in the northern Black Forest. These were studied according to an exhaustive and retroactive technological, typological or statistical analysis. The adaptation of a uniform morphological classification on a cross-border scale, based on concrete data, corresponds to the first stage of research; in parallel with the development of a digital acquisition method and a working reference framework. Particular attention is then given to the characteristic assemblage of the beginning of La Tène and to the question of its significance as a marker of social integration. Multifocal comparisons of sets, particularly of decors, make it possible to identify local and regional particularities that are intertwined and overlapping. Thus, highlighted cultural contacts make it possible to sketch out the many identities of the first latenian societies, combining tradition and innovation, at local, regional and European level. These multiscalar links lead to reflections on the diffusion of productions in the economic context of the Upper Rhine during the early La Tène. Particular emphasis is placed on the networks for the diffusion of metal production, which are perceptible by the many deposits of bipyramid semi-finished products. Finally, territorial modelling, carried out using conceptual tools, presents the synthesis of the preliminary results in this region, which is located both in the centre of the northern-alpine area and on the fringe of the "princely" phenomenon.

La llamada migración por estilo de vida representa un fenómeno socio-cultural y espacial que ha adquirido particular relevancia en áreas de montaña y grandes lagos de la Norpatagonia chilena. Para examinar las consecuencias y repercusiones que este tipo de movilidad tuvo en los lugares de destino utilizamos entrevistas semiestructuradas con la población migrante. El análisis de la información recopilada permitió mostrar que las iniciativas, emprendimientos y prácticas desplegadas por los migrantes exhiben importantes grados de creatividad que están asociados con la re-significación de los lugares. Estos elementos sugieren que los nuevos residentes adquieren un rol que hemos denominado agentes de transformación.

The so-called lifestyle migration represents a socio-cultural and spatial phenomenon that has become particularly important in mountain and large-lake areas of the Chilean Northern Patagonia. To examine the consequences and repercussions that this type of mobility had in the places of destination, we have used semi-structured interviews of the incoming migrant population. The analysis of the data collected enabled us to show that the initiatives, undertakings and practices deployed by the migrants exhibit important degrees of creativity that are associated with the re-signification of places. These elements suggest that the new residents acquire a role that we have denominated agents of transformation.

Analyser les performances des communes au plan urbain, économique, social ou fiscal est nécessaire. Un autre critère d’évaluation est l’accroissement démographique, indicateur pertinent du dynamisme d’une commune, surtout dans une optique comparative. Or, en France, cette dernière met en évidence de fortes disparités : des communes ont nettement augmenté leur population ; d’autres, au contraire, ont vu leur population diminuer. Il en résulte une géographie précise des évolutions démographiques communales.
[Analyze common performance at the urban, economic, social or fiscal need. Another evaluation criterion is population growth, relevant indicator of the dynamism of a common, especially in a comparative perspective. But in France, it highlights significant disparities: municipalities have significantly increased their population; others, on the contrary, have lost population. The result is a precise geography of communal demographic changes.]

The article is devoted to the study of whether historical, cultural and tourist attractions can be a factor in the development of territories. The authors examined aspects of cultural tourism. We analyzed the activities of international organizations involved in historical, cultural and tourism issues, in particular, paid a lot of attention to the main UNESCO programs in the field of culture. Namely World Heritage, Intangible Cultural Heritage and Memory of the World. The study showed that historical, cultural and tourist attractions could become a driving factor in the development of territories, but this aspect must be managed at the highest levels. Therefore, the authors developed an algorithm for the development and
implementation of a comprehensive program for the development of territories using historical, cultural and tourist attractions. An integrated approach to the formation of +the program will allow you to fully and quickly solve tasks, attract specialists from related industries.

"STALKSCAPES. Cinematic experiments in Landscape Architecture and beyond". Lecture & Film (100 photograms / 1 hour) by Eunate Torres-Modrego, Keynote Speaker (IAUG University of Geneva, Switzerland) in ATMOSPHERE SYMPOSIUM 2011. University of Manitoba, Faculty of Architecture, CANADA, February 2011.

Stalkscapes Lecture in Vimeo:  https://vimeo.com/240546852/settings

Atmosphere Symposium was created in 2009 by Dr. Marcella Eaton, B.E.S. (Manitoba), Ph.D. (Edinburgh Coll. of Art, Heriot Watt), Associate Dean (Academic), Chair, Environmental Design Program, Associate Professor, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Manitoba, CANADA.

"Every year the University of Manitoba's Faculty of Architecture hosts a symposium in the series Atmosphere.

The Atmosphere symposia explore the intangible and overlooked dimensions of architecture and the city: those difficult to pin down, document, record with conventional instruments and methodologies.

Atmosphere 2011 will focus on MEDIATED CITIES, the image of architecture, space, and place in cinema and other media. There is a long history of "city films" which have portrayed the experience of urban life, exploring through that experience the qualities and conundrums of modern life. Today that history is updated as cinema is supplemented by new forms of media including video, internet, and portable media. These new forms of media emerge from and articulate shifts and developments in architecture, landscape and cities as well as global geographies, technologies and politics. They include imaginary as well as documentary narratives, and works that blur the two. They are also being incorporated, rapidly, into the practice of all design disciplines.

The conference will build bridges between disciplines, between research and creation, between the academy and the community – contributing to the production of a truly mediated city."

Se exponen algunas reflexiones producto de los resultados del proyecto “Kiva Pedagógica”, surgido de la participación de maestros de las redes Chisua (colectivo de educadores colombianos) y Red de Comunicación Popular (colectivo de maestros, sabedores y sabedoras, líderes sociales en Latinoamérica)[1], durante los procesos de levantamiento cartográfico/social de experiencias educativas en territorio, explorando la relación de saberes ambientales de frontera, tejidos alrededor de la ciudad y la región en el diálogo cultural-comunicativo, a través de las experiencias de maestros y sabedores regionales, en este caso, de Santander. La pregunta guía fue: ¿Cuáles son las acciones educomunicativas que caracterizan a maestras o sabedoras ambientales en contextos territoriales y flujos migratorios como los dados desde la relación ciudad-región? Algunos resultados permiten revisar dinámicas dadas en un contexto de conflicto, pos-acuerdo y migración interna y externa, que crea saberes ambienta...

Plusieurs collections armoricaines constituées sur des sites mésolithiques se distinguent par une grande variété pétrographique. La détermination géologique de ces matériaux a permis d'identifier leur provenance géographique et de reconnaître des sources d'approvisionnement. Au Mésolithique moyen, la culture matérielle des groupes dépend des approvisionnements en silex côtier tandis qu'au Mésolithique récent/final, les utilisateurs d'armatures trapézoïdales ont adapté leurs normes techniques aux matériaux locaux. Dans certains secteurs de l'Hinterland, ces matériaux locaux ont été exploités de façon quasi-exclusive.
Ces changements évoquent une restriction ou une partition des territoires. Ils pourraient témoigner d'une néolithisation dans la gestion des territoires.
In Brittany, many collections from Mesolithic sites are characterized by an important petrographic variety. The geological determination of these raw materials allow us to find their geographic origin and to recognize sources of supply. During the middle Mesolithic, human groups need flint for their material culture. Conversely, during the recent and the final Mesolithic, human groups almost exclusively local stones in certain sectors of the Hinterland. These transformations suggest a restriction or a partition of territories and could be perceived as a neolithisation of territories.

El presente trabajo aporta al debate en torno a los alcances del paradigma de la Soberanía Alimentaria, desde el enfoque particular que supone la práctica de la Extensión Universitaria. De esta manera, se hará eje en el análisis de una de las experiencias extensionistas realizadas en el marco de la Cátedra Libre de Soberanía Alimentaria de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata en Argentina: la Huerta Ecológica Santa Elena del Parque Pereyra Iraola. Dicha experiencia nos permitirá repensar el tipo de territorio que se construye en las prácticas productivas agroecológicas como herramienta de la Soberanía Alimentaria y su vinculación con la extensión universitaria. También nos permitirá poner en tensión, una vez más, la dicotomía urbano/rural tantas veces discutida desde un anclaje empírico concreto.Este trabalho procura contribuir ao debate sobre o paradigma da Soberania Alimentar, desde a abordagem particular e envolve a prática de Extensão Universitária. O eixo de análise será uma das...

Reflete sobre a questão da imagem na ciência, pensando em como práticas visuais participam da construção de saberes e territórios. A crescente centralidade do visual em práticas científicas contemporâneas evidencia a necessidade de reflexão para além da imagem. O objeto da discussão se constituirá de imagens científicas usadas no monitoramento e na visualização do território. O artigo trata das relações entre a visualidade e os pesquisadores que a constroem; as infraestruturas dessa construção; e as instituições e políticas de monitoramento do território. Argumenta-se que tais imagens-relações, mais que visualizar, ajudam a constituir o território de formas específicas. Explorar esse processo possibilita uma compreensão mais complexa das formas pelas quais a ciência e a tecnologia ajudam a construir realidades.

La disputa por el espacio de la plaza Italia, rebautizada plaza de la Dignidad, es clave para entender el estallido social del 18 de octubre de 2019. La tesis propuesta en este ensayo es que, a través de la apropiación del espacio urbano, se disputa la construcción de un territorio y de un proyecto político. Para desarrollar esta tesis se proponen tres argumentos concatenados: la ciudad se constituye como el soporte material de la lucha política; el territorio es un proyecto político en permanente construcción y resignificación; y, por fin, el Estado reproduce su proyecto político capitalista, colonial, patriarcal y centralista a través de la ciudad, frente a utopías contrahegemónicas. A partir del registro fotográfico, observaciones, revisión de periódicos y de literatura científica especializada, nos enfocamos en el papel que desempeñan los cuerpos, los objetos y los grafitis en la configuración material de los territorios en conflicto que se manifiestan en la ciudad. Se concluye ...

Until the end of the 1980s, the Brazilian environmentalist movement and related environmental management policies placed emphasis on the superiority of nature over humanity. The creation of protected natural spaces was already one of the main environmental policy strategies, based on a biogeographical model of " islands of diversity " i. During this period, most protected spaces were created under a " total protection " regime, where no human permanence of any kind was accepted (MEDEIROS, 2006). With the emergence of the concept of sustainable development that has gained prominence since Rio 92, discussions on the uses of protected natural spaces have led to changes in the strategies for creating new areas. Thus, the Brazilian government developed different categories of protected spaces, more permeable to human actions. In 2000, the implementation of the SNUC-National System of Conservation Units-consolidated the national policy for managing protected natural sp...

Resumen: En este artículo nos hemos centrado en la tensión que se produce en torno a las validaciones de los discursos científicos en dos conflictos articulados en torno a la problemática medioambiental en la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina. Los discursos científicos son discursos de poder que pueden funcionar como dispositivos de poder o ser disputados para convertirlos en estrategias. La metodología utilizada en esta investigación consistió en la aplicación de 20 entrevistas en profundidad a partir de la técnica del análisis de contenido. El análisis de los datos se ha organizado en dos apartados, en el primero hemos abordado el discurso científico como dispositivo a partir de las tensiones emergentes en los discursos que permiten dar cuenta de su particular funcionamiento en cada caso: cuerpo enfermo-ficción de enfermedad y territorio de desposesión-territorio de sacrificio. Finalmente se aborda el discurso científico como estrategia de los colectivos en lucha.
Abstract: In this article we have focused on the tension and struggle that occurs around validation of scientific discourses in two conflicts articulated around environmental issues in the city of Córdoba, Argenti-na. Scientific discourses are discourses of power that can function as devices of power or be disputed to turn them into strategies. We have worked with 20 in-depth interviews with the technique of content analysis. The analysis of the data has been organized into two sections , the first addresses the scientific discourse as a device, from the emerging tensions in the speeches that allow to account for its particular functioning in each case: sick body-fiction of disease and territory of dispossession-territory of sacrifice. Finally, the scientific discourse is addressed as a strategy of the struggling collectives.