Traditional Vernacular Architecture

21. yüzyılın hızlı yaşam döngüsü içinde kimi değerler yitirilirken, kimileri yeniden yaşama katılmakta, keşfedilmektedir. Anadolu’nun derin tarihi içinde yeniden keşfedilen değerlerden birisi de “köy” yaşamı olmaktadır. Belki hiç yitirilmemiş olan köy ve köye ilişkin değerler, bugün yeniden anlamlandırılmakta, değer kazanmakta ve sahip olduğu yere kavuşmaktadır. Toplumsal yaşamın dinamikleri içinde kendiliğinden gelişen bu hareketlilik, bilinçli yaklaşımlarla desteklenerek, toplum, kent ve ülke yaşamı için bir kazanım olabilmektedir.

Bu bağlamda, köye ait değerler, planlama ve mimarlık disiplini içinde yeniden yorumlandığında, önemli potansiyeller içerdiği görülmektedir. Küresel dünyanın gelecek nesilleri gözeterek yapılandırdığı sürdürülebilirlik kavramı bu anlamda önemli bir yaşam felsefesi ve kültürünü amaçlamaktadır. Gerek kerpiç malzeme, gerek mekan organizasyonu, gerek kentsel tasarım disiplinleri ve yapı teknolojileri bağlamında, önemli birikimlere sahip olan köylerin, üzerinde çalışılmayı hak eden bir öneme sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Bu noktadan hareket ederek, izleyeceğiniz “köy sergisi”, geleceğe dönük önemli açılımlar içeren bir çalışmanın ilk ayağını oluşturması nedeniyle önemli olmaktadır.

Proje Ekibi  Doç.Dr. Mustafa Özgünler, Doç.Dr. Seden Acun Özgünler, Yard.Doç.Dr. Tolga Sayın, Uzman Ergün Şimşek, Uzman Doğukan Erdoğan, Uzman Şiar Umut Yıldırım, Taybuğa Aybars Mamalı  Çalışmaya Katılan Öğrenciler  Ezgi Polat, Hazel Kazkayası, Ayşegül Özdek, Deniz Kızık, Fırat Kaya, Kadir Yesir, Seda Kireççi, Hülya Şeh, Ayşe Başkonuş, Bekir Emre Ateş, Mehmet Ashi, Ece, Gökçen Köse, Selin Aktürk, Bersu Çelik, Cansu Yılmaz, Gizem Kınsız, Büşra Uysal, Arıkan Özden, Demet Öksüz  MSGSÜ  Yapı Uygulama ve  Araştırma Merkezi, MSGSÜ  Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi

Housing energy consumption accounts for almost 36% of total primary energy use in Libya of which cooling and lighting are the main source of demand. This study reviews passive control methods employed in traditional dwellings of Ghadames that highly contribute to enhance indoor thermal and visual comfort. Designing for natural ventilation and daylighting in harsh environment poses a greater challenge to building designers. Twenty one traditional dwellings were surveyed to assess building designs and performance in terms of daylight and natural ventilation interoperability. The study conducted field surveys comprising measurements of indoor/outdoor temperatures while concurrently investigating inhabitants' thermal feeling through both direct semi-structured interviews and questionnaire. In addition, drawings were made to demonstrate the design elements and techniques used to minimize extreme outdoor temperatures and best make use of daylight. Findings indicate that skylight openi...

The Draa Valley is located in the south east of Morocco, near the Sahara desert and houses one of the greatest earthen arehiteeture heritage in the W orld, eonsisting of ksur and kasbah. The built heritage of the Draa Valley is an exeellent example of how the loeal population and euIture have sueeeed to respond in a sustainable way at the environmental ehallenge, starting from the environment eharaeteristies and the construction materials availability. The materials used are available on site and are totally natural, so they are environmentally friendly, renewable, reusable and have very low production and processing costs. The ksur of the Draa Valley are just one of countless examples of sustainable architecture in the traditional architectural heritage worldwide, but we have wanted to take as an example to reflect on vemacular architecture, considered in their complexity as a type of settlements, housing and construction techniques. In the sustainability building and housing respo...

This is an overview about the cooperation my university had with the ministry of Heritage and culture about the documentation of four vernacular settlements in Oman. This is an award-winning  research that involved a large number of students. A more detailed publication will follow.

Housing energy consumption accounts for almost 36% of total primary energy use in Libya of which cooling and lighting are the main source of demand. This study reviews passive control methods employed in traditional dwellings of Ghadames that highly contribute to enhance indoor thermal and visual comfort. Designing for natural ventilation and daylighting in harsh environment poses a greater challenge to building designers. Twenty one traditional dwellings were surveyed to assess building designs and performance in terms of daylight and natural ventilation interoperability. The study conducted field surveys comprising measurements of indoor/outdoor temperatures while concurrently investigating inhabitants’ thermal feeling through both direct semi-structured interviews and questionnaire. In addition, drawings were made to demonstrate the design elements and techniques used to minimize extreme outdoor temperatures and best make use of daylight. Findings indicate that skylight openings ...

The usage of adobe material in construction in nowadays has been limited. The
material has been proven to be sustainable construction materials in terms of
economy, structural strength and thermal comfort. In Nigeria, the usage of adobe
material is very dominant especially in areas where there is shortage of
constructional materials and limited access to the modern building techniques and
materials. However, the locally available material had suffered a great deal of
misusage in terms of construction know-how and standardization of buildings
guides/codes. Absence of adobe building standard had contributed to this problem
across the country. This research uses Turkish adobe building standards to compare
among other countries. Turkey happened to be having a more comprehensive
standard which was used in comparison with existing adobe buildings specifications
in Northern Nigeria. The area of focus for the comparison is the CI/SfB Construction
Indexing Manual; structure and sub structure category of buildings elements. At the
end of the research, several problems were identified which they were the most
challenging factors hindering the sustainability of adobe building in Northern
Nigeria. Therefore, recommendations of building dimensions and techniques were
outlined especially in regards to foundation and wall which were identified to be the
weak link of adobe buildings in Northern Nigeria.

Keywords: Adobe Material, Turkish Standard, Northern Nigeria, Turkey.

ABSTRACT: Over the first half of the 20th century, avant-garde painters delved into theatre art and conceived innovative designs they put forward to break through the prevailing naturalism of the time. Spanish painter Maruja Mallo (1902-1995) also took an interest in stage design, first through her reciprocally influenced work with Rafael Alberti and then on her own. She produced designs that have been recorded in both her own and others' photographs and in comments attesting to her work in this field.
Both the silence of her former lovers (Rafael Alberti and Miguel Hernimdez) in this regard and traditional
attitudes about women on the part of other intellectuals of the time together, coupled with the tragedy of the Spanish Civil War and exile have left very few vestiges of her interesting stage design work, to which she had attached a great deal of importance before the war.
This article highlights Maruja Mallo's unique stage designs, her identity as compared to other influential artists, and her influence and legacy, in addition to explaining these designs' links to architecture.

Resumen: Las vanguardias pictóricas de la primera mitad del siglo XX acometieron la investigación en el teatro de arte y concibieron propuestas innovadoras para superar el naturalismo dominante. La pintora española Maruja Mallo (1902-1995) también se interesa por la escenografía, primero en un camino de colaboración recíproca con Rafael Alberti y después independientemente. Realizó propuestas que han quedado registradas en algunas fotografías y comentarios, propios y ajenos, que dan fe de su trabajo en este área.
El silencio sobre ella por parte de sus ex amantes (Rafael Alberti y Miguel Hernández), el tradicionalismo sobre la mujer de otros intelectuales coetáneos, la tragedia de la Guerra Civil Española y el exilio han dejado pocos vestigios de su interesante labor escenográfica previa al conflicto bélico, una actividad a la cual dio gran importancia.
Este estudio destaca la singularidad de las escenografías de Maruja Mallo, su identidad frente a las obras de otros artistas, las influencias y legado, así como también proporciona sus conexiones arquitectónicas.

This paper aims to point out the resilience capacity that vernacular architecture has in its origins due to its continuous evolution over time, and its ability to adapt to the new established ecosystems after shocks and disasters. Furthermore, this paper investigates the contribution of the local building cultures on reducing the vulnerabilities of the urban and rural settlements of today. Indigenous knowledge can enhance resilience of social-ecological systems as this knowledge, accumulated through experiences, has demonstrated the ability to deal with complexity and changing of environmental factors. Unfortunately indigenous knowledge is not still adequately recognised as an instrument into the realm of science. With this present paper we aim to increase the awareness of learning resilient design principles from vernacular architectural culture and re-interpreting them in establishment of new urban strategies for the future cities. In particular, this research is deepened by examp...

Le mode d'organisation traditionnelle de la ville traditionnelle a presque disparu aujourd'hui de la majeur partie de la planète particulièrement dans le mode occidental, sous l'effet de la séparation croissante entre travail intellectuel et travail manuel. Cependant, dans le contexte algérien, ces centres anciens demeurent conviviaux du fait qu'ils cohabitent avec le savoir-être ancestral encore vivant. Ils sont pourvus de richesses tant économiques que symboliques. Ils véhiculent l'histoire sociétale, urbaine et architecturale du lieu. En d'autres termes, ils sont le porteur de mémoire collective. Ce patrimoine est considéré par certaines organisations comme un droit inhérent aux droits de l'Homme.

Extrait  :
/-Spiritual Sounds
  Le M'Zab une société, une civilisation.
  M'Zab valley

Extrait :
/- mzab tube
  Ghardaïa vue du ciel

/- BUILDING ALGERIA قناة المهندس للاخبار
    SOUIKA CONSTANTINE CASBAH 1670-1840

/- TOWARDS NEW HOUSING STRATEGIES: CASE OF MENAA HOUSING IN THE AURES VERS DE NOUVELLES STRATEGIES D'HABITAT DANS LES AURES: CAS DE L'HABITAT DE MENAA , DJAMEL ALKAMA (2) , DJEMAA BARROU (3), Reseachgate

The "architecture without architect" in Cappadocia has always been fairy due to its volcanic stone formations and transforming silhouettes. In 1973, French architect Jack Avizou highlighted the essence of cave houses as vernacular building types and their potentials for local tourism beyond conventional notions of architectural heritage. Upon completing the restoration of cave houses in Uçhisar and transforming them to boutique hotels, he was nominated for Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2010. On the other hand,
Aga Khan Award winner Turkish architect Turgut Cansever had also been advising for Argos Hotel project in Uçhisar since 1996. He gave importance to the concept of "protection" and preserved vernacular identity and characteristics despite the demands of the tourism sector. This paper aims to explore Avizou and Cansever’s design solutions in Uçhisar’s local context. Building and spatial relations in interiors will be analyzed with cluster analysis and ranked according to levels of novelty. Hence, the achievement of creativity through transformation, combination and variation of original designs, will be displayed. Understanding Avizou’s and Cansever’s visions on revitalization and adaptive re-use are substantial since their creativity shall be a source of inspiration for future sustainable tourism and building practices in a local and global context.

u NA GRAN PARTE de la obra de Miguel Delibes (Valladolid, 1920-201 O), de quien se conmemora el centenario de su nacimiento, tiene como escenario la Castilla rural. Sus personajes son, por lo general, "gente desheredada, pobre, que habitaba en tabucos de adobe, sin enlosar, sobre la tierra apelmazada" (El hereje, 1998). El arraigo al lugar y la autosuficiencia son las notas que más destaca Delibes en sus escritos. La pérdida de la tradición y, con ella, la lógica de la arquitectura vernácula, añaden un valor extraordi nario a las descripciones literarias-si bien realistas-que Delibes hizo de la vida en el medio rural castellano. En sus novelas hay numerosos pasajes en los que se describe esta arquitectura del medio rural. A lo largo de sus páginas se hilvana una seria reflexión sobre la tris te desaparición de la cultura popular. Este artículo ofrece un análisis de los principales tipos arquitectónicos que aún se pueden encontrar en el medio rural de la "Castilla maltratada", to mando como hilo conductor algunos pasajes literarios extraídos de la vasta obra del escritor vallisoletano. CONTRAELABANDONO Miguel Delibes trabaja como redactor y director del periódico El Norte de Castilla en su ciudad natal. El medio rural está prácticamente siempre pre sente en su literatura, ya sea cuando la novela se desarrolla íntegramente en un pueblo castellano (Las ratas, El cami no, El disputado voto del señor Cayo) o cuando sus protagonistas han emigra do a la ciudad, como en La hoja roja. Delibes emplea un estilo llano, di recto y sobrio. y expone en su obra sus preocupaciones, entre las que destaca el enfrentamiento, a veces violento, entre la cultura rural y la urbana y sus preocupaciones sociales y humanas. Además del enfrentamiento cultural y la condición social de los castellanos, en su ensayo Castilla, lo castellano y los castellanos (1979), Miguel Delibes cla ma por el abandono de siglos, que "ha provocado la marginación de los pue blos de Castilla, perdidos entre los sur cos como barcos a la deriva". Miguel Delibes elevó la particularidad de lo rural en Castilla a categoría uni versal: él no habla de la Castilla impe-rlal, sino de esa Castilla particular, real, apegada al terruño, a la campesina que nada sabe de oros ni conquistas. En sus novelas, cuentos, ensayos y artículos, Miguel Delibes incluye pasa jes que nos introducen en los pueblos con "casas apiñadas. calles tortuosas y tapias derruidas. Son pinceladas que describen la forma. la construcción y el abandono de diversos elementos arqui tectónicos. De igual manera, dentro de las viviendas. no llegamos a penetrar por todas las dependencias, sino que únicamente nos está permitido descan sar. conversar y participar de la parca comida alrededor del puchero que cuelga en el hogar". EL MOLLEDO DE SU INFANCIA En el tercer capítulo de El camino (1950) se describe un pueblo de la montaña y, en concreto y sin nombrar lo explícitamente, Molledo, donde De libes solía veranear desde su infancia: "Era, el suyo, un pueblecito pequeño y retraído y vulgar. Las casas eran de piedra, con galerías abiertas y colgan tes de madera, generalmente pintadas de azul. Esta tonalidad contrastaba, en primavera y verano, con el verde y rojo de los geranios que infestaban galerías y balcones. Siguiendo varga arriba, se topaba uno con el palacio de don An tonino, el marqués (...): el tallercito del zapatero, el Ayuntamiento con un arcaico escudo en el frontis,(...) la fonda, cuya famosa galería de crista les flanqueaba dos de las bandas del edificio; a la derecha de esta. la plaza cubierta de boñigas y guijos y con una fuente pública, de dos caños, en el centro; cerrando la plaza, por el otro lado, estaba el edificio del banco". Otra magistral descripción de un pueblo de Castilla se ofrece en Las ra tas cuando, desde los ojos de un niño, observa el pueblo: "Bajo el campa nario se tendía el pueblo, delimitado por el arroyo, la carretera provincial, el pajero y los establos de don Ante ro, el Poderoso. (...) Del otro lado del río divisaba el niño su cueva, diminuta en la distancia, como la hura de un gri llo, y según el cueto volvía, las cuevas derruidas de sus abuelos, de Sagrario, la Gitana, y del Mamés, el Mudo". En 1953 Delibes escribe el artículo "Don Álvaro o la fuerza de la male-64

This paper discusses the subject of carpenters' assembly marks, where they are placed on a building and, when they are recorded and understood, how they can help in the analysis and interpretation of a structure. The different forms of assembly mark are explained along with the methods by which they were made with a view to bringing a degree of standardisation to the descriptions used by those engaged in recording buildings. INTRODUCTION Although this article is based on research carried out in Herefordshire and the surrounding counties, 1 there are indications that the marking of timber frames did not have the regional bias such as that found in styles of decorative framing or structural variations between the west and east of the country. 2 During the 1980s extensive repairs were carried out on Gainsborough Old Hall in Lincolnshire, and a survey and analysis of the West range was carried out by Michael V. Clark. In the subsequent report he noted:

Resumen
En las últimas décadas ha surgido un creciente interés por el estudio de la arquitectura vernácula debido a sus valores culturales y ambientales. Junto con ello, el conocimiento local que está en su origen, se considera hoy un importante patrimonio inmaterial del cual se pueden extraer importantes lecciones para el habitar contemporáneo.
En lugares altamente sísmicos, el diseño y las soluciones constructivas de la arquitectura tradicional constituyen un valioso “conocimiento vernacular sismorresistente”, el cual de acuerdo a recientes investigaciones se denomina “culturas sísmicas locales”. Siendo Chile uno de los países más sísmicos del mundo, el estudio de su patrimonio arquitectónico vernáculo desde el punto de vista de la sismorresistencia constituye un importante legado a develar.
El presente artículo dará a conocer parte del avance inicial del proyecto FONDECYT de Iniciación 11130628 titulado “Rediscovering Vernacular Earthquake-resistant Knowledge: Identification and analysis of built best practice in Chilean masonry architectural heritage”.

Palabras claves: Arquitectura vernácula, construcción antisísmica, patrimonio arquitectónico, terremotos

Abstract
In recent decades there has been an increasing interest in the study of vernacular architecture due to its environmental and cultural values. Along with this, the local knowledge that is in its origin is now considered an important intangible heritage from which important lessons for contemporary living can be drawn.
In highly seismic areas, the design and building solutions of traditional architecture constitutes a valuable "vernacular knowledge of earthquake resistance", which according to recent studies can be called "local seismic cultures." As Chile is one of the most seismic countries in the world, the study of its vernacular architectural heritage from the point of view of earthquake-resistance, is an important legacy to uncover.
This article aims to show part of the research project FONDECYT Initiationº 11130628 "Rediscovering Vernacular Earthquake-resistant Knowledge: Identification and analysis of built best practice in Chilean masonry architectural heritage".

Keywords: Vernacular architecture, earthquake- resistance constructions, architectural heritage, earthquakes

The purpose of the present research is to reveal an aspect of the defensive architecture of Oman that was overlooked for decades. It focuses on the defensive strategies in the settlements that were developed by the Omanis in most of the territories of the country. These settlements are part of the vernacular heritage and attest to the periods of conflict in the country's past. They resulted from the 'savoir-faire' developed by the Omanis in this field. This paper argues that these strategies are not the fruit of intuitive and unthought-of gestures. Through case studies, thoroughly documented, and in comparison with other examples in the country, we show that the defensive settlements are a very specific aspect of the vernacular architecture in Oman that has been methodically developed through time due to the tumultuous history of these lands. The paper sheds the light on the typologies of defensive vernacular settlements in Oman by identifying some of their major characters, components and ways of adaptation to their geographic contexts.

This article examines construction techniques of earthen vernacular architecture, with a particular focus on traditional construction processes of mud brick vaults and domes in contemporary Iran. The village of Esfahak, in South Khurasan, is selected as a case study due to its unique historical circumstances, traditional buildings and construction methods, and recent restoration activities carried out by villagers. The village was damaged by an earthquake in 1978 and abandoned for 30 years until a group of Esfahakis decided to restore their ruined earthen houses. This marked

Sommario:

"Au Sahara les récoltes sont conservées soit dans des silos souterrains, soit dans des pièces de la maison servant de greniers; seul le Gourara possède des greniers fortifiés appelés Kasba, qui ressemblent aux Agadir-Guelaa-Gasr des montagnes présahariennes d'Afrique du Nord".
I granai collettivi sono opere significative testimoni di una società (nomada, transumante o sedentaria) agricola sapientemente organizzata per sfruttare le risorse naturali, strutturata per assicurarne la continua riproduzione. Sono costruzioni estese di forma semplice, senza ornamentazioni destinate alle tribù Berbere nel Grande Maghreb, un'architettura vernacolare che utilizzava materiali locali. Rispetta le condizioni climatiche e si adegua alla litologia del terreno, utilizza un sistema di fori nelle pareti per mitigare le variazioni di temperatura e assicurare un'aerazione permanente al fine di conservare i raccolti immagazzinati all'interno del granaio.
È necessario conservare questi monumenti che esibiscono una maestranza essenziale nell'uso dei materiali e nella loro messa in opera. L'attuale collasso delle strutture è dovuto all'abbandono da parte della gente locale e alla successiva mancanza di manutenzione. La loro conservazione comporta il rispetto delle tecniche costruttive con le quali sono stati realizzati.
La tesi affronta il tema dei granai collettivi nel Grande Maghreb, sviluppa in particolare Guelaa Ath Mansour (un granaio collettivo situato nel villaggio di Ghoufi nell'Aures in Algeria), studia dapprima l'aspetto tecnico di questo tipo di costruzione, successivamente individua i fenomeni di degrado e le loro cause, proponendo infine delle possibili soluzioni
per tutelare la Guelaa, sempre nel rispetto delle condizioni ambientali e le tecniche vernacolari locali.

Abstract:

The collective granaries are significant works that bear witness to an agricultural society (nomadic, transhumant, or sedentary) wisely organized to exploit natural resources, structured to ensure continuous reproduction. They are extensive constructions of simple form, without ornamentation, destined for the Berber tribes in the Greater Maghreb, a vernacular architecture that uses local materials. It respects the climatic conditions and adapts to the lithology of the terrain, uses a system of holes in the walls to mitigate temperature variations, and ensures permanent ventilation to preserve the crops stored inside the granary.
It is necessary to conserve these monuments that exhibit essential know-how in the use of materials and their implementation. The current collapse of the structures is due to the abandonment by local people and subsequent lack of maintenance. Their conservation involves respecting the construction techniques with which they were made.
The thesis addresses the issue of collective granaries in the Greater Maghreb, developing, in particular, Guelaa Ath Mansour (a collective granary located in the village of Ghoufi in the Aures in Algeria), at first studying the technical aspect of this type of construction, then identifying the phenomena of degradation and their causes, finally proposing possible solutions to protect the Guelaa, while respecting the environmental conditions and local vernacular techniques.

Research about vernacular architecture is constantly evolving to include new building typologies, geographic regions, and new research methodologies. The purpose of this article is to examine the scientific literature in this field and identify the aspects and regions that might need investigation and the disciplines that can be involved in further research. A systematic analysis of published research about the topic was performed through a bibliometric methodology. Data related to more than 700 published articles was collected from the Web of Science and SCOPUS. Further computerized analysis was made to investigate the different characters of the collected data, such as countries of the most published papers, themes investigated and the scientific fields involved in this research during the past 70 years. The results show that the published scientific literature about vernacular architecture is progressively expanding, specifically after the turn of the third millennium. This topic is being increasingly addressed through "hard" sciences after having been examined by Humanities. It is invested by multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches. The present research has also revealed a shift in the center of production of scientific literature about the subject, from North America to Asia.

The Chokwe (or the Quiocos), one of Angola’s most developed cultures in pre-colonial times, are best known for their sculpture and plastic arts tradition. This tradition is also reflected in their vernacular architecture and architectural decoration. The largest structures built by the Chokwe are the village centre meeting places, reception halls, or jango. In some regions of the northeast only chiefs use a round house. Most of the Chokwe have broken with the traditional river economy and have adopted the standard rectangular shelter form of two or more divisions. Adobe and clay-mud wall rendering are well-known materials today for the Chokwe, despite the old Lunda-Chokwe’s superstition that ‘man only after death should be found between the earth’.

Este libro, prologado por el experto británico en la materia John Warren y con una introducción de Hubert Guillaud, expone en primer lugar un panorama de las más de cuarenta variantes constructivas de la tapia en la Península Ibérica con su ubicación geográfica, además de las principales patologías que suelen aparecer.

A continuación, se presenta tanto información sobre la restauración de la arquitectura de tapia durante los últimos treinta años en España y Portugal dividida por comunidades autónomas, como una treintena de casos de estudio analizados en mayor profundidad, escritos por sus autores o estudiosos de la materia. El libro concluye con las metodologías y productos más adecuados para la conservación de los muros de tapia y unas reflexiones finales sobre los criterios y técnicas a emplear a raíz de los resultados observados en los casi doscientos casos tratados en el libro.

INDICE DE CONTENIDOS

10 Prefacio

12 Introducción

I PARTE
LA TAPIA

Recursos en la inspiración creativa de la tapia para un futuro sostenible
La tapia en la Península Ibérica
Los fenómenos de degradación más comunes en fábricas de tapia


II PARTE
LA RESTAURACIÓN DE LA TAPIA EN LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA

La restauración de la tapia en España a través de las finaciaciones ministeriales

ESPAÑA
Andalucía occidental
Andalucía oriental
Aragón
Castilla la Mancha
Castilla y León
Cataluña
Comunidad de Madrid
Comunidad Valenciana
Extremadura
Galicia
Murcia

PORTUGAL

III PARTE
CASOS DE ESTUDIO

Alcazaba de Almería (1979-1987)
Castillo de Alaquàs, Valencia (1979-2003)
Palacio Condal de Cocentaina, Alicante (1979-2013)
Complejo fortificado de Alcalá de Guadaíra, Sevilla (1980-2010)
Recinto fortificado del Silves, Portugal (1981-2010)
Murallas de Jorquera (1982-1983)
Castillo de la Mola, Novelda (1983-2008)
Muralla de Niebla, Huelva (1984-2008)
Muralla de Sevilla (1984-2008)
Murallas de Juromenha en Alandroal, Portugal (1985-1989)
Torres musulmanas de tapia en Valencia (1985-2014)
Palacio de Toral de los Guzmanes, León (1986-1992)
Puerta de Elvira (1992) y Cuarto Real de Santo Domingo (2001-2004), Granada
Muralla de Verónicas, Murcia (1995)
Castillo de Monteagudo, Murcia (1995-1997)
Muralla de la Alberzana, Granada (1998-2009)
Castillo de Forna en l’Atzuvia, Alicante (2001-2003)
Muralla de Lorca (2002-2009)
Recinto fortificado de Reina, Badajoz (2002-2010)
Castillos de la Peza (2002) y Moclín (2012), Granada
Intervenciones en el castillo de Almonecir, Castellón (2004-2011)
Castillo de Paderne, Portugal (2004-2005)
Castell Vell de Castellón (2005-2010)
Muralla de Daroca Zaragoza (2006)
Castillo de la Iruela, Jaen (2006)
Muro de tapia en las Huertas del Generalife, Granada (2006-2012)
Castillo de Almansa (2007)
Torre Bofilla de Bétera, Valencia (2009-2010)
Iglesia de San Nicolás de Bari en Sinovas, Aranda de Duero (2009-2010)

IV PARTE
REFLEXIONES FINALES

Metodologías y productos para la conservación de muros de tapia
A modo de reflexiones finales. Criterios, técnicas, resultados y perspectivas para la restauración de la tapia en la Península Ibérica

BIBLIOGRAFÍA

In the December of 1835 Lieutenant Wellsted of the Indian Navy was making his voyage – the first by an European traveler – through the Sharqiyyah and the Jawf regions of Oman. Having traveled by sea and overland he reached the outskirts of the oasis of Manah on the 21st of December from the east and was struck by the verdure,

“As we crossed these, with lofty almond, citron and orange trees, yielding a delicious fragrance on either hand, exclamations of astonishment and admiration burst from us. ‘Is this Arabia’, we said; ‘this the country we have looked on heretofore as a desert?’ . . . I could almost fancy we had at last reached that ‘Araby the blessed’, which I have been accustomed to regard as existing only in the fictions of our poets.”

Standing out amidst the arid barrenness of the regional landscape and restrained by the desert-bound wadi courses, Manah once truly affirmed the Arabic meaning of its name, ‘the gift from God’.

This monograph brings to light the architectural and urban character of Harat al-Bilad – the principal settlement of Manah. One of the frontier settlements straddling the boundary between the foothills of the Jabal al-Akhdar (Green Mountains) and the desert foreland, the oasis had played an important role in the historical and cultural development of the region. The Ministry of Heritage and Culture is currently undertaking conservation work in Harat al-Bilad a heritage site of national importance.

Contents. Introduction p7. Chapter 1 Passages into a land-locked island p13. Chapter 2 Core revealed: our expanding knowledge of ad-Dakhiliyah architecture p39. Chapter 3 Manah and Harat al-Bilad: setting and townscape p61. Chapter 4 Mosques of Harat al-Bilad p91. Chapter 5 Dwellings large and small p109. Chapter 6 Tribal pattern, settlement structure and the sablah p129. Chapter 7 Harat al-Bilad: origin, morphology and structure p161. Chapter 8 Water, purity and places of worship p189. Chapter 9 From the twilight of cultural memory: the distinctive mosque type of ad-Dakhiliyah p221. Chapter 10 Topographic conflation in the decorated maharib of Omani mosques p245. Chapter 11 Privacy and the deconstructed courtyard: dwellings of ad-Dakhiliyah p273. Conclusion Precarious negotiations: architectural invention amidst cultural continuity p291. Bibliography p297. Index p307.

Resumen: La arquitectura vernácula es parte importante del Patrimonio Cultural y, como tal, está presente en las políticas y normativas patrimoniales y urbanísticas. Sin embargo, carece de una conceptualización específi ca, lo que genera numerosos confl ictos de cara a su estudio y conservación. Desde una posición cultural y humanística, este artículo propone una redefi nición de la arquitectura vernácula y una metodología de estudio acorde a ese signifi cado. Palabras clave: arquitectura vernácula, patrimonio cultural, teoría de la arquitectura, metodología.
A theoretical and methodological framework for vernacular architecture
Abstract: Vernacular architecture is an important part of Cultural Heritage and, as such, appears within heritage and urban policies and regulations. However, it lacks specifi c conceptualization, which generates many confl icts related to its study and conservation. From a cultural and humanistic perspective, this paper proposes a redefi nition of Vernacular Architecture and a methodology for its study according to that meaning.

La arquitectura Vernácula de Juchitán de Zaragoza, antes del sismo del 7 de septiembre de 2017,  ya se encontraba en mal estado y dispersa en la trama urbana. Abandono, comercio y descuido son las principales causantes de su mal estado o de su modificación hasta incluso dejar de aparentar ser construcciones tradicionales. En esta investigación se realizó el censo de 1,117 elementos vernáculos y sus características compositivas, así como también el estado de ellos.

The design and construction of buildings during the Ottoman period has been the subject of extensive research in the past. However, the implementation of sketches and the constructional tracing of basic building elements pertain to a relatively unknown scientific field, which requires further research. The main objective of the present study is to analyse thoroughly the methods of constructional tracing, based on a variety of examples of traditional buildings of the late Ottoman period from northern Greece. The importance of this documentation in the scientific restoration is great, as important data arises for the precise design and chronology of historical constructions.
The approach methodology initially concerns the presentation of the broader scientific framework and the analysis of the design and constructional tracing of the structures. Initially, the design issues related to typology and the connection with the earlier, Byzantine urban architecture are mentioned. The metric system of the ottoman architectural cubit is analysed and an effort is made to explain its origin. The basic tracing and construction tools used by the master builders are presented. At the same time, the basic methods of tracing the structures based mainly on the use of Pythagorean right-angled triangles, as well as on the ad-quadratum medieval system are analysed.
The analysis of the module and the proportions of the presented examples shows that specific numerical metric models and right-angled triangles are used, and are repeatedly applied in a number of constructions. It is concluded that the choice of specific metric models / prototypes and methods of tracing / right-angle triangles is directly related to the application of the dominant building types during the different periods (type with hayat and eyvan, type with interior sofa / hall and type with a central cross-shaped sofa); and greatly affects the form and proportions of the mansions.
The facades of the 18th century mansions, unlike the plans, are not designed in sketches, but they are easily obtained from the careful tracing of the constructional elements in the ground plan and the division with ratios a – a/2. The impression of the "designed" facade is achieved by the application of a standard height for both the whole facade and the individual elements (windows, small lighting openings, etc.) and of course, by the particular morphological elements of the period.
The analysis of the examples gives rise to the basic principles of designing the ottoman urban architecture and describes the geometrical methods of tracing used by the master builders.  In this way, the importance of architectural standards and the role of the particular knowledge of geometry in the construction and the final form of the ottoman monuments are crystallised. This knowledge can contribute substantially to the scientific documentation and restoration of historical structures.

The concept of green building has extended its boundaries over the past decades as it now involves several other disciplines. Greening takes advantage of available human and natural resources, including solar access, wind patterns, accessible, and affordable construction materials. The introduction of some specific green ideas and features into vernacular buildings in northern Nigeria will not only improve the living condition of the building occupants but can also sustain, and preserve the traditional practices while also introducing new innovative design ideas into vernacular architectural traditions, thereby, saving the vernacular architecture of such regions. Geographical factors such as solar radiation and the problem of the Tropical Continental Air mass (CT) locally known as the harmattan wind, which significantly affects the daily usage of the residents. This study recommends the use of some selected green building concepts into the vernacular architectural practices in northern Nigeria with the view of identifying the impact of the proposed features on the performance of vernacular buildings in Northern Nigeria. Proposed concepts were integrated into a prototype of the existing buildings. Reviewed literature is used to determine the adaptable features, and An energy simulation using Autodesk Insight, an add-in of Revit software, and Autodesk flow simulation software are used to assess their effects on such buildings. The result shows that the adopted ideas will significantly improve the indoor environment quality and the entire livelihood of the building occupants.

This paper focuses on the Afar and the Afar Region as a part of Ethiopia. There are introductions to the political situation including relations and ongoing conflicts, to the language, economic situation, religion and the social organization also fo- cusing on the woman’s role. Furthermore the article deals with education and how to approach the implementation of a new school building from an anthropological point of view. This topic is the second part of the book "Tradition in Transition. Reflections on the Architecture of Ethiopia" by Andrea Rieger-Jandl (ed.), 2013, IVA Vienna.

During the last few decades, there has been a trend toward enhancing energy performance and improving indoor comfort conditions of heritage buildings. Architectural heritage and aesthetic values do not allow typical retrofit interventions. Governmental and planning directives mainly focus on saving energy in existing buildings and do not extend to historic buildings. Architectural heritage bodies must act to determine energy retrofit measure types that can be applied to historic buildings to conserve their values. There is a need to enhance the energy efficiency and environmental sustainability of historic buildings. This study aims to reduce a heritage building's energy use through technical interventions and selection of specific retrofit measures. Each of these interventions is then evaluated using sustainable tools. Designing energy retrofits for existing buildings has environmental, economic, social, and health benefits. This study describes a methodology for adopting Integrated Environmental Solutions-Virtual Environment (IES-VE) tools as energy and environmentally conscious decision-making aids. A methodology was developed to monitor buildings for potential improvements and support the retrofit strategy development. We present a case study of a banquet hall renovation project titled "The Banqueting Hall in Jesmond Dene, Newcastle Upon Tyne" that implements IES-VE approaches to energy retrofits to a historic public building. To generate energy savings, several improvements were added to the building. For each alteration, building energy consumption and mean radiant temperature were examined, and the results indicate that with all improvements applied to the building there is a potential to reduce total energy system demand by 45%. Restoration of historic buildings is of paramount interest for preserving a locality's character and history. Environment-friendly retrofitting helps reduce the footprint of old energy-inefficient structures. Simulations of various energy-efficient retrofitting methods are of paramount interest for planners to decide optimal strategies for improving building performance. Although several articles have been published in this area, each new building comes with unique challenges and is therefore unique and highly significant.

In order to reveal Eugen Bâzgu’s contribution on the exegesis of functional and symbolical features displayed by traditional wells, the paper analyses the ways these ancestral mechanisms of acquiring water play in the social and cultural imaginary of traditional Romanian society. The first section offers a historical view on the evolution of different types of wells built on Romanian territory, suggesting the connections of these particular types with the broader landscape of vernacular architecture and the oldest universal tools for water digging. In the second section, the ritual aspects of wells are explained within the context of symbolical and mythological significance of the main materials from which they were traditionally constructed in this area: wood and stone. The association of water, tree and Christian symbols provides a profound understanding of the well as a spiritual place and as a centre of the village community.

Historically clay has been an important building material in Scania and half-timbered houses with thatched roofs are still a signum for the region. In 2009 a project about vernacular use of clay in buildings was implemented by the author, in cooperation with the local history society, Albo härads hembygdsförening. The aim was to reclaim traditional and ecological techniques that could be used in maintenance work of listed buildings in the region. Another important aim was to share the results with professional builders and the public. Old literature was reviewed, and museum tool collections were surveyed. In cooperation with Nordiska museet and Folklivsarkivet ethnological questionnaires, from the 1920s and onwards, concerning traditional building techniques were searched for clay techniques. Two tradition bearers were interviewed, in the 1930s-40s they had been involved in making clay threshing floors and adobe bricks. Original buildings, with clay: floors, half-timber infills, plaster and inner roofs were investigated. The community involvement was essential and the villagers in Bondrum were involved in search of local clay and then in organizing courses for the public. The reconstructed techniques have since then been practiced on several listed buildings, a report from the project is available for free download and the villagers has continued to hold courses in the techniques. Local techniques that seemed lost are now again in use.

The study of traditional and contemporary settlements may have been addressed in a number of
publications worldwide whilst still not widely reflected in a Libyan context (Chojnacki, 2003). These
topics usually were discussed in narrow sections or carried out by individuals who so often enchanted
by and interested in to document the beauty of old solutions. Discussing the discord between old and
new solutions needs deeper understanding of their form, elements, functions and the role of context
considering the social customs and microclimatic conditions. In Cairo where simple and inexpensive
design strategies were used in residential buildings such as vaulted and domed roofs showed 32% less
in cooling loads than using conventional flat roofs (Dabaieh et al., 2015). The simulation carried in
Dabaieh et al. (2015) study also showed 53% reduction in cooling hours when vaulted roof coated
with high albedo ratio and rim angle of 70 is used. Similarly, in the Middle East the climatic features
of the courtyard house was investigated by Bekleyen and Dalk (2012) to understand the seasonal
movement of residents to better achieve indoor comfort conditions. It can be said that sun-path plays a
key role in defining space functionality and other related architectural aspects in traditional
architecture. The contemporary movement of sustainable development seems to rather concern with
low energy buildings in which so often associated with cost whilst less attention paid to the
environmental performance of those buildings (Taylor et al., 2009).

The Drâa Valley is located in the south east of Morocco, near the Sahara desert and houses one of the greatest earthen architecture heritage in the World, consisting of ksur and kasbah. The built heritage of the Drâa Valley is an excellent example of how the local population and culture have succeed to respond in a sustainable way at the environmental challenge, starting from the environment characteristics and the construction materials availability.
The materials used are available on site and are totally natural, so they are environmentally friendly, renewable, reusable and have very low production and processing costs.
The ksur of the Drâa Valley are just one of countless examples of sustainable architecture in the traditional architectural heritage worldwide, but we have wanted to take as an example to reflect on vernacular architecture, considered in their complexity as a type of settlements, housing and construction techniques.
In the sustainability building and housing response points of view, it seems interesting and necessary to reassess the traditional architectures, improve theme, where necessary, and adapting to the current life and cultural context. The same consideration should be done on earth, too often considered a poor and unworthy material, which instead offers many advantages as a building material. The different soil have a great adaptability for construction use, are easily available and have high thermal and acoustic performance, the earth mixture are easy to prepare, building techniques and the implementation doesn’t require specific technologies, so as to enable the self-construction.