Indian scenario of super critical power plants issues and challenges by ntpc...Ajay Singhal
This document discusses supercritical power plants in India, including:
1. NTPC operates several supercritical power plants in India with a total installed capacity of 3,300 MW. Their Sipat plant includes 3 x 660 MW supercritical units.
2. Supercritical technology provides benefits like reduced emissions, improved efficiency, and lower fuel costs compared to subcritical plants.
3. Operating supercritical plants presents issues and challenges related to boiler control, chemistry regimes, and performance optimization. NTPC's experience provides lessons for addressing these challenges.
A Brief Introduction to Industrial boiler. And details about Boiler of Monnet Power Company Ltd(2X525 MW) Thermal Power Plant. Details about parts of Boiler, Water & Steam path, Oil Circuit, flue Gas Circuit.
This document discusses various operational aspects and emergencies that can occur in an atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) boiler. It outlines important parameters to monitor such as bed height, air pressures, temperatures, and fuel sizes. It then describes several emergency conditions that can happen including low or high drum levels, high furnace pressure, high or low bed/furnace temperatures, tube failures, and flame failures. For each condition, it discusses potential causes, effects on the boiler, and recommended actions to address the problem.
This document provides guidance on diagnosing poor condenser vacuum in thermal power plants. It explains that a slight increase in condenser pressure can result in significant energy losses. It describes the key components and function of a surface condenser, and explains how lower condenser pressure allows more steam turbine exhaust energy to be converted. Diagnosing the root cause of higher pressure involves comparing to expected design pressures and evaluating potential issues like low cooling water flow, tube fouling, incondensable gases in the condenser shell, or excessive heat duty. Definitions of relevant temperature terms are also provided.
This document provides information on the design, operation, fabrication, and installation of a secondary reformer used in the ammonia synthesis process. The secondary reformer improves methane conversion through combustion and catalytic reforming of methane and steam at temperatures between 1500-950°C. It is designed to minimize pressure drops and maximize mixing and methane conversion. The reformer components are made of specialized alloy that is heat treated for oxidation and creep resistance during welding and installation.
The document provides data on steam flows, pressures, and temperatures at the inlet, extraction, and condensing sections of a turbine. It then calculates the efficiencies of the extraction and condensing sections. For the extraction section, it calculates the inlet steam enthalpy, extraction steam enthalpy and entropy, and isentropic extraction steam enthalpy. Using these values, it determines the extraction section efficiency is 67%. For the condensing section, it states efficiency will be calculated but does not show the calculation.
The document summarizes the failure history and root cause analysis of the superheater tubes in two high pressure boilers. The superheater tubes experienced premature failures due to overheating, with surface temperatures reaching 550-600°C. Analysis found the superheater design had too low pressure drop, inadequate steam velocities, and lack of screen tubes. Modifications reduced tube count, implemented a double stage design with attemperation, upgraded metallurgy, and increased pressure drop. The modifications eliminated overheating failures and improved performance.
Indian scenario of super critical power plants issues and challenges by ntpc...Ajay Singhal
This document discusses supercritical power plants in India, including:
1. NTPC operates several supercritical power plants in India with a total installed capacity of 3,300 MW. Their Sipat plant includes 3 x 660 MW supercritical units.
2. Supercritical technology provides benefits like reduced emissions, improved efficiency, and lower fuel costs compared to subcritical plants.
3. Operating supercritical plants presents issues and challenges related to boiler control, chemistry regimes, and performance optimization. NTPC's experience provides lessons for addressing these challenges.
A Brief Introduction to Industrial boiler. And details about Boiler of Monnet Power Company Ltd(2X525 MW) Thermal Power Plant. Details about parts of Boiler, Water & Steam path, Oil Circuit, flue Gas Circuit.
This document discusses various operational aspects and emergencies that can occur in an atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) boiler. It outlines important parameters to monitor such as bed height, air pressures, temperatures, and fuel sizes. It then describes several emergency conditions that can happen including low or high drum levels, high furnace pressure, high or low bed/furnace temperatures, tube failures, and flame failures. For each condition, it discusses potential causes, effects on the boiler, and recommended actions to address the problem.
This document provides guidance on diagnosing poor condenser vacuum in thermal power plants. It explains that a slight increase in condenser pressure can result in significant energy losses. It describes the key components and function of a surface condenser, and explains how lower condenser pressure allows more steam turbine exhaust energy to be converted. Diagnosing the root cause of higher pressure involves comparing to expected design pressures and evaluating potential issues like low cooling water flow, tube fouling, incondensable gases in the condenser shell, or excessive heat duty. Definitions of relevant temperature terms are also provided.
This document provides information on the design, operation, fabrication, and installation of a secondary reformer used in the ammonia synthesis process. The secondary reformer improves methane conversion through combustion and catalytic reforming of methane and steam at temperatures between 1500-950°C. It is designed to minimize pressure drops and maximize mixing and methane conversion. The reformer components are made of specialized alloy that is heat treated for oxidation and creep resistance during welding and installation.
The document provides data on steam flows, pressures, and temperatures at the inlet, extraction, and condensing sections of a turbine. It then calculates the efficiencies of the extraction and condensing sections. For the extraction section, it calculates the inlet steam enthalpy, extraction steam enthalpy and entropy, and isentropic extraction steam enthalpy. Using these values, it determines the extraction section efficiency is 67%. For the condensing section, it states efficiency will be calculated but does not show the calculation.
The document summarizes the failure history and root cause analysis of the superheater tubes in two high pressure boilers. The superheater tubes experienced premature failures due to overheating, with surface temperatures reaching 550-600°C. Analysis found the superheater design had too low pressure drop, inadequate steam velocities, and lack of screen tubes. Modifications reduced tube count, implemented a double stage design with attemperation, upgraded metallurgy, and increased pressure drop. The modifications eliminated overheating failures and improved performance.
An air preheater is a heat exchanger that heats incoming combustion air by transferring heat from the flue gases before they are exhausted to the atmosphere. This improves boiler efficiency. There are two main types: recuperative, which uses stationary heat transfer surfaces, and regenerative, which uses rotating heat transfer surfaces. Proper operation and maintenance is important to minimize issues like air leakage, erosion, corrosion, plugging, and fouling that can reduce the air preheater's effectiveness over time. Regular inspection and cleaning helps maintain high performance.
This document discusses the calculation of heat rate and turbine cylinder efficiency for a 210 MW KWU turbine cycle. It describes the enthalpy method used to calculate heat rate, which involves measuring steam and flow parameters at various points and using steam tables to determine enthalpy values. The calculation is done in four parts: measurements, enthalpy calculations, determining hot reheat flow, and the final heat rate calculation. Turbine cylinder efficiency is also calculated using enthalpy drop methods by determining actual and theoretical enthalpy changes across the high pressure turbine. Standard methods and typical heat rates for different capacity turbines are also listed.
The Presentation discusses the Air-Heater Performance Indices and the Boiler Performance calculation. One can Calculate the air ingress in the air-heater and the boiler and losses incurred thereby. The presentation also describes in details about the boiler efficiency and its calculation.
The document discusses boiler circulation systems and boiling phenomena. It covers:
1) Sub-critical and super-critical boiler systems and different circulation methods like natural, forced, and assisted circulation.
2) Features of boiling like nucleate boiling, critical heat flux, film boiling, and departure from nucleate boiling (DNB).
3) Special features of once-through supercritical boilers including their start-up system using a boiler circulation pump (BCP) to maintain minimum flow during low load conditions.
Construction of babcock and wilcox boilerAQIB_HAIDER
The Babcock and Wilcox boiler consists of a steam and water drum, water tubes, uptake header, grate, furnace, baffles, superheater, mud box, inspection doors, and damper. Coal is burned on the grate, heating the water tubes and producing steam. The steam rises into the drum while water descends back into the tubes, creating a circulation. Key advantages include high efficiency, replaceable tubes, and accessibility for inspection during operation.
The boiler system comprises a feed-water system, steam system, and fuel system. The feed-water system supplies treated water to the boiler and regulate it automatically to meet the steam demand. Various valves and controls are provided to access for maintenance and monitoring.
This document summarizes parameters that must be maintained for efficient operation of AFBC boilers, including bed height, air pressures, temperatures, fuel size, bed material specifications, and air-to-fuel ratios. It also describes boiler emergencies such as low drum level, high furnace draft, tube failures, and flame failure; their causes and effects; and recommended actions to address them. The document aims to provide guidance on efficient and safe operation of boilers to prevent boiler explosions.
Design of superheater for 210 MW thermal powerplant finalKundan Chakraborty
The document describes a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details the design of a superheater for a 210 MW thermal power plant. It includes sections on the layout and components of the power plant such as the boiler, superheater, and turbine. The document also provides information on different types of superheaters and the advantages of using superheaters. The majority of the report focuses on measuring heat transfer coefficients and metal temperatures in the superheater and using this data to design the superheater for the power plant.
This document provides an overview and descriptions of the key components of an air preheater used at the Mongduong 2 560 MW Coal Fired Power Plant. It describes the rotor assembly, rotor seals, rotor drive unit, support and guide bearings, lube oil circulation unit, retractable sootblowers, water washing device, and fire fighting system. The air preheater transfers heat from flue gas to incoming combustion air using rotating heat transfer elements to increase the air temperature prior to combustion.
This document discusses boiler efficiency and the factors that affect it. It provides two methods for calculating efficiency - the indirect or loss method, and the direct method. The indirect method calculates efficiency by determining the percentage losses due to factors like flue gas, hydrogen in fuel, moisture, etc. The direct method calculates efficiency as the ratio of useful steam output to heat input. The document also lists ways to improve boiler efficiency, such as oxygen trim systems, flue gas temperature control, and proper water treatment and blowdown control.
Thermax Limited is an Indian company established in 1966 that provides sustainable energy and environmental solutions. It offers integrated solutions for heating, cooling, power, water, and air pollution control. The document focuses on Thermax's internally circulating fluidized bed circulating boiler (IR-CFBC) technology. The IR-CFBC uses a unique two-stage particle separation system and U-beam impact separators to efficiently separate solids from flue gas. This compact design results in lower maintenance costs compared to conventional circulating fluidized bed boilers. The IR-CFBC also has advantages like high combustion efficiency, low emissions, and improved performance during variable and low loads.
This document discusses the control and instrumentation system for the Jaypee Bina Thermal Power Plant's 2x250 MW furnace safeguard and supervisory system (FSSS). The FSSS is designed to safely start up and shut down the boiler and prevent operator errors. It monitors the burner block assembly and controls the furnace purge sequence, oil gun operation in pair or elevation mode, and high energy arc igniter system to safely initiate combustion. The FSSS ensures maximum safety and efficiency during plant operation.
The document provides information on the commissioning process for a boiler. It involves several key steps: air leakage and hydro testing, ensuring boiler auxiliaries are ready, gas distribution testing, light up of the boiler, alkali boil-out and passivation to clean the boiler, steam blowing of piping, safety valve testing, and finally coal firing. The commissioning aims to make the boiler and its systems available for safe, smooth, and reliable operation after erection is completed.
The document discusses the key benefits and evolution of circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) boiler technology. It provides details on the design and operation of CFBC boilers, including their furnace design, U-beam particle separator system, convection pass, and improved performance from two-stage particle separation. CFBC boilers offer benefits like high combustion efficiency, fuel flexibility, compact design, low emissions, and reduced maintenance costs compared to earlier boiler technologies.
Boiler Efficiency Calculation by Direct & Indirect MethodTahoor Alam Khan
This PPT explains detailed calculations in Boiler Efficiency calculations through direct and indirect method. It also explains pros and cons of boiler efficiency calculation through direct and indirect method. For further clarifications you can reach out to me at tahoorkhn03@gmail.com or connect with me on my linkedin profile by clicking at www.linkedin.com/in/tahoorkhan
Presentation at the Data Cloud Monaco 2015 on energy and thermal management metrics for energy efficiency in DC. Held by Marta Chinnici, from ENEA, and Alfonso Capozzoli, from Politecnico di Torino.
An air preheater is a heat exchanger that heats incoming combustion air by transferring heat from the flue gases before they are exhausted to the atmosphere. This improves boiler efficiency. There are two main types: recuperative, which uses stationary heat transfer surfaces, and regenerative, which uses rotating heat transfer surfaces. Proper operation and maintenance is important to minimize issues like air leakage, erosion, corrosion, plugging, and fouling that can reduce the air preheater's effectiveness over time. Regular inspection and cleaning helps maintain high performance.
This document discusses the calculation of heat rate and turbine cylinder efficiency for a 210 MW KWU turbine cycle. It describes the enthalpy method used to calculate heat rate, which involves measuring steam and flow parameters at various points and using steam tables to determine enthalpy values. The calculation is done in four parts: measurements, enthalpy calculations, determining hot reheat flow, and the final heat rate calculation. Turbine cylinder efficiency is also calculated using enthalpy drop methods by determining actual and theoretical enthalpy changes across the high pressure turbine. Standard methods and typical heat rates for different capacity turbines are also listed.
The Presentation discusses the Air-Heater Performance Indices and the Boiler Performance calculation. One can Calculate the air ingress in the air-heater and the boiler and losses incurred thereby. The presentation also describes in details about the boiler efficiency and its calculation.
The document discusses boiler circulation systems and boiling phenomena. It covers:
1) Sub-critical and super-critical boiler systems and different circulation methods like natural, forced, and assisted circulation.
2) Features of boiling like nucleate boiling, critical heat flux, film boiling, and departure from nucleate boiling (DNB).
3) Special features of once-through supercritical boilers including their start-up system using a boiler circulation pump (BCP) to maintain minimum flow during low load conditions.
Construction of babcock and wilcox boilerAQIB_HAIDER
The Babcock and Wilcox boiler consists of a steam and water drum, water tubes, uptake header, grate, furnace, baffles, superheater, mud box, inspection doors, and damper. Coal is burned on the grate, heating the water tubes and producing steam. The steam rises into the drum while water descends back into the tubes, creating a circulation. Key advantages include high efficiency, replaceable tubes, and accessibility for inspection during operation.
The boiler system comprises a feed-water system, steam system, and fuel system. The feed-water system supplies treated water to the boiler and regulate it automatically to meet the steam demand. Various valves and controls are provided to access for maintenance and monitoring.
This document summarizes parameters that must be maintained for efficient operation of AFBC boilers, including bed height, air pressures, temperatures, fuel size, bed material specifications, and air-to-fuel ratios. It also describes boiler emergencies such as low drum level, high furnace draft, tube failures, and flame failure; their causes and effects; and recommended actions to address them. The document aims to provide guidance on efficient and safe operation of boilers to prevent boiler explosions.
Design of superheater for 210 MW thermal powerplant finalKundan Chakraborty
The document describes a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details the design of a superheater for a 210 MW thermal power plant. It includes sections on the layout and components of the power plant such as the boiler, superheater, and turbine. The document also provides information on different types of superheaters and the advantages of using superheaters. The majority of the report focuses on measuring heat transfer coefficients and metal temperatures in the superheater and using this data to design the superheater for the power plant.
This document provides an overview and descriptions of the key components of an air preheater used at the Mongduong 2 560 MW Coal Fired Power Plant. It describes the rotor assembly, rotor seals, rotor drive unit, support and guide bearings, lube oil circulation unit, retractable sootblowers, water washing device, and fire fighting system. The air preheater transfers heat from flue gas to incoming combustion air using rotating heat transfer elements to increase the air temperature prior to combustion.
This document discusses boiler efficiency and the factors that affect it. It provides two methods for calculating efficiency - the indirect or loss method, and the direct method. The indirect method calculates efficiency by determining the percentage losses due to factors like flue gas, hydrogen in fuel, moisture, etc. The direct method calculates efficiency as the ratio of useful steam output to heat input. The document also lists ways to improve boiler efficiency, such as oxygen trim systems, flue gas temperature control, and proper water treatment and blowdown control.
Thermax Limited is an Indian company established in 1966 that provides sustainable energy and environmental solutions. It offers integrated solutions for heating, cooling, power, water, and air pollution control. The document focuses on Thermax's internally circulating fluidized bed circulating boiler (IR-CFBC) technology. The IR-CFBC uses a unique two-stage particle separation system and U-beam impact separators to efficiently separate solids from flue gas. This compact design results in lower maintenance costs compared to conventional circulating fluidized bed boilers. The IR-CFBC also has advantages like high combustion efficiency, low emissions, and improved performance during variable and low loads.
This document discusses the control and instrumentation system for the Jaypee Bina Thermal Power Plant's 2x250 MW furnace safeguard and supervisory system (FSSS). The FSSS is designed to safely start up and shut down the boiler and prevent operator errors. It monitors the burner block assembly and controls the furnace purge sequence, oil gun operation in pair or elevation mode, and high energy arc igniter system to safely initiate combustion. The FSSS ensures maximum safety and efficiency during plant operation.
The document provides information on the commissioning process for a boiler. It involves several key steps: air leakage and hydro testing, ensuring boiler auxiliaries are ready, gas distribution testing, light up of the boiler, alkali boil-out and passivation to clean the boiler, steam blowing of piping, safety valve testing, and finally coal firing. The commissioning aims to make the boiler and its systems available for safe, smooth, and reliable operation after erection is completed.
The document discusses the key benefits and evolution of circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) boiler technology. It provides details on the design and operation of CFBC boilers, including their furnace design, U-beam particle separator system, convection pass, and improved performance from two-stage particle separation. CFBC boilers offer benefits like high combustion efficiency, fuel flexibility, compact design, low emissions, and reduced maintenance costs compared to earlier boiler technologies.
Boiler Efficiency Calculation by Direct & Indirect MethodTahoor Alam Khan
This PPT explains detailed calculations in Boiler Efficiency calculations through direct and indirect method. It also explains pros and cons of boiler efficiency calculation through direct and indirect method. For further clarifications you can reach out to me at tahoorkhn03@gmail.com or connect with me on my linkedin profile by clicking at www.linkedin.com/in/tahoorkhan
Presentation at the Data Cloud Monaco 2015 on energy and thermal management metrics for energy efficiency in DC. Held by Marta Chinnici, from ENEA, and Alfonso Capozzoli, from Politecnico di Torino.
Improving energy efficiency in electrical systemNaqqash Sajid
This document discusses improving energy efficiency in electrical systems. It provides an overview of electricity distribution systems, including typical system designs, voltage levels, conductor sizing, transformer types and losses, and harmonics. It also covers topics like power factor, electrical system survey instruments, maximum demand control, lighting systems, electric motors, pumps, and fans/blowers. The overall aim is to educate about optimizing electrical systems to reduce energy waste.
The document discusses energy management and electrical power quality. The goals of energy management are to minimize energy costs and environmental impacts while maintaining production. Key factors in energy management include rising energy prices and environmental pollution. The document also covers types of energy sources, importance of power factor correction, electrical motors, and strategies for improving energy efficiency.
Energy Conservation is become a necessity for the future of mankind. Energy resources are depleting on a large scale so renewable resources of energy like solar energy and wind energy are used to convert into the necessary forms of energy.
India has a growing economy but low per capita energy consumption due to its large population. Currently, oil and gas meet half of India's energy needs, but the government aims to increase renewable sources like solar and wind to 20% of the energy mix by 2022. India has significant coal reserves but is also developing other energy sources like hydropower, biomass, and nuclear power. The presentation outlines India's current energy scenario and renewable potential as the country works to boost access to energy and transition to more sustainable resources.
The document is a research paper on energy efficiency presented by Pratap Jung Rai. It discusses various industrial utilities used in energy generation like boilers, furnaces, electric motors, pumps, compressors and HVAC systems. For boilers and furnaces, it explains the components, methodology to assess performance, calculate efficiency and opportunities to improve energy efficiency. For electric motors, it discusses factors affecting efficiency, methods to measure efficiency and load, and opportunities like using efficient motors and avoiding under-loading.
This document discusses energy efficiency in coal fired power stations in India. It provides statistics on plant load factors, installed capacity by fuel type, and generation by source over time. It also discusses efforts to improve efficiency through adoption of supercritical technology, renovation and modernization programs, retirement of old units, and training programs like IGEN to promote better plant operation and maintenance practices. Overall, the document outlines India's experience with coal power generation and various strategies to enhance efficiency.
This document discusses methods for assessing the energy performance of heat exchangers over time. It describes calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient U to determine if fouling or other issues have reduced efficiency. The procedure involves monitoring operating parameters, calculating thermal properties, and determining U by measuring the heat duty, surface area, and log mean temperature difference. An example application to a liquid-liquid exchanger is provided, comparing test data to design specifications to identify potential fouling issues.
Basics of Thermal Energy management.pptssuser2023f0
This document discusses energy management in thermal systems, specifically focusing on energy conservation in steam generators or boilers. It defines key concepts like energy management, energy audits, and boiler efficiency calculations. It explains the direct and indirect methods for calculating boiler efficiency and provides examples. It also outlines several strategies for improving boiler efficiency, such as reducing stack temperature, feedwater preheating, combustion air preheating, avoiding incomplete combustion, controlling excess air, and recovering heat from blowdown. The overall goal is to minimize avoidable heat losses and optimize boiler performance.
This document provides calculations for the rate of distillation and size of a vapor column for distilling triethyl amine. It calculates the total heat transfer area and rate of vaporization as 1410.218 kg/hr. The diameter of the vapor column is calculated as approximately 4 inches and the height is approximately 10 feet. Various equations and data are presented to illustrate the step-by-step calculations and determine the necessary parameters for designing distillation equipment.
an experiment on a co2 air conditioning system with copper heat exchangersINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document presents an experiment on a CO2 air conditioning system using copper heat exchangers. Testing showed that a conventional compressor is not suitable for high CO2 pressures and achieved a low COP of 0.3. A CO2 compressor allowed the system to run as a saturated cycle, achieving a COP of 3.07 at an evaporator temperature of 10°C, comparable to commercial systems. Thermodynamic parameters were measured and the cycle was shown to follow refrigeration principles, though pressure drops meant processes were quasi-isothermal and isobaric.
The document discusses refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It describes vapor compression and vapor absorption refrigeration cycles. It covers commonly used refrigerants such as R-12, R-22, ammonia, and their properties. It defines performance parameters for refrigeration systems such as coefficient of performance, tons of refrigeration, and energy efficiency ratio. It also describes domestic refrigerators, window air conditioners, and split air conditioners as examples of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment.
Modelling and Simulation systems PRESENTATION.pptx1ds20ch022
1) The document models and simulates natural refrigeration cycles using four refrigerants - carbon dioxide, ammonia, isobutane, and R1234yf - in Aspen HYSYS.
2) It analyzes the refrigeration loops over a range of operating conditions and compares their performance based on COP. Ammonia has the highest COP followed by the hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide.
3) Sensitivity analysis shows condenser temperature has a greater influence on COP than evaporator temperature. Optimization studies maximize COP by adjusting evaporator and condenser temperatures.
The document discusses performance assessment of compressors through field testing. It describes methods to measure free air delivery, isothermal power, volumetric efficiency and specific power requirement. The nozzle method and pump up method are explained to measure free air delivery. Calculations are provided as examples to determine isothermal efficiency, specific power consumption and compare actual performance to design values to assess energy efficiency.
The document discusses performance assessment of compressors through field testing. It describes methods to measure free air delivery, isothermal power, volumetric efficiency and specific power requirement. The nozzle method and pump up method are explained to measure free air delivery. Calculations are provided as examples to determine isothermal efficiency and specific power consumption. Periodic performance assessment is important to minimize compressed air costs and improve system efficiencies.
Energy efficiency in Refrigeration Systemseecfncci
HVAC and refrigeration systems consume a lot of electricity in Nepalese Industries. Therefore, improving the efficiency of these systems can lead to huge cost savings. This presentation was held in the context of energy auditor training in Nepal in 2012 that was supported GIZ/NEEP Programme.
This document presents a summary of a presentation on integrating the Rankine and Brayton thermodynamic cycles. It includes an outline, diagrams of the combined cycle system, and calculations to determine parameters for the heat exchanger that transfers heat from the Brayton cycle exhaust to the Rankine cycle steam. The heat exchanger design procedure is outlined in steps and calculations are shown to determine the required heat transfer area and other design parameters like tube material and diameter. The overall goal is to utilize the exhaust from the Brayton gas turbine to superheat the steam in the Rankine cycle, improving efficiency.
This document summarizes the specifications of the TraneCube CXB HT air-to-water heat pump model. It has a cooling capacity of 18-32 kW and heating capacity of 23-38 kW for high temperature hot water applications up to 65°C. It uses a scroll compressor with innovative vapor injection system optimized for high temperature heating. Accessories include a remote control display, flow switch, automatic water filling, and more. It is an advanced alternative to gas boilers for residential and light commercial buildings.
IRJET- Enhancement of COP of Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle using CFDIRJET Journal
This document discusses enhancing the coefficient of performance (COP) of a vapor compression refrigeration cycle using computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
It presents a study that uses a diffuser between the compressor and condenser to reduce the kinetic energy of the refrigerant leaving the compressor. This lowers the power input to the compressor, thereby improving the COP. Experimental results found adding a 15 degree divergence angle diffuser increased the COP from 3.83 to 5.55, a 31% enhancement.
The experimental results are validated using CFD modeling and analysis software. Modeling and meshing is done in ICEMCFD, analysis in CFX, and post-processing in CFD POST to verify the COP improvement
This document discusses energy efficiency and auditing of industrial utilities. It begins by defining energy efficiency as reducing energy input without negatively affecting output. The objectives of industrial energy efficiency are outlined as minimizing costs and energy waste, optimizing energy use, improving environmental performance, and enhancing reputation. Key industrial utilities discussed include boilers, furnaces, electric motors, pumps, compressors, and HVAC systems. Methods of assessing the efficiency of these systems and opportunities for improved energy efficiency are also presented.
Air refrigeration and refrigerants (B.Tech Course)chandan158
This document provides an overview of a course on refrigeration and air conditioning. It outlines 5 course outcomes related to explaining various refrigeration systems and analyzing air conditioning processes. It also lists topics that will be covered, including refrigeration cycles and applications, refrigerants, psychrometrics, and load calculations. The document describes the necessity of refrigeration and air conditioning in various industrial and commercial applications. It defines key terms like refrigeration, refrigerant, sensible heat, latent heat, and coefficient of performance (COP). It also briefly summarizes open and closed air refrigeration cycles.
Sizing of relief valves for supercritical fluidsAlexis Torreele
The document provides an overview of Jacobs, an engineering company, and discusses their approach to sizing relief valves for supercritical fluids. It then presents a case study example of calculating the relief requirements for a vessel containing methane undergoing an external fire. The key steps involve: (1) gathering process data; (2) determining heat input from the fire; (3) calculating fluid properties as temperature increases; (4) determining mass and volume relief rates; (5) calculating choked flow rates; and (6) sizing the required relief valve orifice. The example demonstrates that relief of supercritical fluids can involve complex two-phase flow that requires specialized modeling approaches.
Boiler Efficiency Improvement through Analysis of Lossesijsrd.com
Thermal is the main source for power generation in India. The percentage of thermal power generation as compare to other sources is 65 %. The main objective of thermal power plant is to fulfill the energy demands of the market and to achieve these demands; plant requires technical availability with the parts reliability and maintenance strategy. This paper deals with the determination of current operating efficiency of Boiler and calculates major losses for Vindhyachal Super thermal power plant (India) of 210 MW units. Then identify the causes of performance degradation. Also find the major causes of heat losses by Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and recommends its appropriate strategy to reduce major losses. The aim of performance monitoring is continuous evaluation of degradation i.e. decrease in performance of the steam boiler. These data enable additional information which is helpful in problem identification, improvement of boiler performance and making economic decisions about maintenance schedule.
Thermo-Economic Optimization of Subcritical and Transcritical ORC SystemsThomas Tartière
This document summarizes a thermo-economic optimization of subcritical and transcritical organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems for low-temperature heat sources between 100-150°C. The authors developed models for ORC components like heat exchangers and turbines to evaluate seven working fluids. Genetic algorithms optimized cycle parameters to minimize specific investment costs. Results showed transcritical cycles with R1234ze(e) and R1233zd(e) had the lowest costs, around 2000€/kWe for a 150°C heat source. A breakdown of costs for R1234ze(e) at 150°C showed a total investment of 941k€ and net power of 604kW.
This document provides an overview of common thermal analytical techniques including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential thermal analysis (DTA). DSC measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated or cooled. TGA measures the change in mass of a sample as it is heated. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and inert reference as both are heated. The document describes the basic principles, components, and applications of these thermal analysis techniques for characterizing materials.
The document summarizes a performance analysis of car radiators. It discusses:
1) The construction and working of radiators, which use staggered fins and turbulators to effectively transfer heat from coolant to air via conduction and convection.
2) Mathematical calculations to determine heat transfer parameters like temperature distribution, heat transfer rate, and efficiency. This is done using analytical and programming methods.
3) Key variables like coolant inlet/outlet temperatures, mass flow rates, heat capacities, thermal conductivities, and geometries are inputs to calculate outputs like optimum tube count, heat transfer area, and length.
Comparison of Calorific Values of Various Fuels from Different Fuel Stationsresearchinventy
Current research takes in to account of calorific value of various fuel (Diesel) available in the state of Telangana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the heat of combustion for diesel and to learn basic bomb procedures. This experiment will be accomplished by using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. The fuel sold by different company show different calorific value; by finding out the change in the calorific we can find out the high quality fuel available in the market. This research had covered the importance of calorific value of different fuel (diesel) with the help of a case study from Lords Institute of Engineering & Technology
Similar to Energy Efficiency in Thermal System - Case Studies from Nepal (20)
Result of Baseline Study of Selected Sector Industries to assess the Potentia...eecfncci
Nepalese industries offer a huge potential to cut production cost by using energy more efficiently. It is estimated that around 15% of electrical and 30% of thermal energy could be saved in eight energy intensive industrial sector. This presentation contains the result of a study conducted by German Development Cooperation (GIZ) among 200 Nepalese industries in 2012.
OVERVIEW OF COGENERATION OPPORTUNITIES IN NEPALESE SUGAR SECTOR eecfncci
This document provides an overview of cogeneration opportunities in the Nepalese sugar sector. It discusses how cogeneration works by using fuel to generate both steam for industrial processes and electricity. The sugar sector in Nepal is described, including annual sugarcane production and bagasse production. Current practices and configurations in sugar plants are outlined. The document proposes upgrading to higher pressure boilers and turbines to increase power generation potential. Estimates suggest upgrading several plants could generate over 50 MW of surplus power for the grid. Interventions to realize this cogeneration potential are recommended, such as feasibility studies, assessing utility benefits, and developing incentive programs.
Electricity Demand Side Management (DSM) and End-use Efficiencyeecfncci
This presentation explains the concept of Electical Demand Side Management and shows how to implement it in industries. It was prepared for energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://www.eec-fncci.org
Energy Efficiency in Diesel Generator Operationeecfncci
Diesel generators are highly consuming equipment in Nepalese industry. This presentation explains how to operate Diesel Gensets efficiently. It was prepared for energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://www.eec-fncci.org
This presentation explains how to improve energy efficiency in lighting systems. It was prepared for energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://www.eec-fncci.org
This presentation explains how to improve energy efficiency of industrial furnaces. It was prepared for energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://www.eec-fncci.org
Electricity Demand Side Management and End-use efficiencyeecfncci
This presentation give an overview about demand side management and end-use efficiency for electricity supply systems. It was prepared for energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://eec-fncci.org/
EEC Factsheet: Energy Efficiency for Cold Storage in Nepaleecfncci
This fact-sheet summarizes energy saving potentials in Nepalese cold storage sector. It also give information on monetary savings by implementing energy audit and energy efficiency options in the industries. The fact-sheet is based on the findings of "Baseline Study of Selected Sector Industries to assess the Potentials for more Efficient use of Energy in Nepal" conducted by GIZ/NEEP Program in 2012.
EEC Factsheet: Energy Efficiency for Brick Industries in Nepaleecfncci
This fact-sheet summarizes energy saving potentials in Nepalese brick sector. It also give information on monetary savings by implementing energy audit and energy efficiency options in the industries. The fact-sheet is based on the findings of "Baseline Study of Selected Sector Industries to assess the Potentials for more Efficient use of Energy in Nepal" conducted by GIZ/NEEP Program in 2012
Improving Energy Efficiency of Pumps and Fanseecfncci
Pumps and Fans are energy consuming equipment that can be found in almost all Industries. Therefore, it is important to check if they are running efficiently. This presentation give an overview about energy saving opportunities in pump and fan equipment. It was prepared in the context of energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://eec-fncci.org/
The document discusses energy efficiency in Nepalese industries. It notes that industries face challenges of unreliable electricity, expensive fuel, and aged technology. The Energy Efficiency Center (EEC) was established under the Nepalese Energy Efficiency Programme to provide energy auditing and technical services to industries. To date, the EEC has conducted audits of 22 industries and identified potential electrical savings of 15-25% and thermal savings of 20-30%. The long-term strategy is to continue providing these services and building capacity to promote sustainable energy efficiency.
Energy Audit in the Dairy Industry - Sitaram Gokul Dairy Nepaleecfncci
This document summarizes an energy audit conducted at Sita Ram Gokul Milk in Kathmandu, Nepal. The audit identified opportunities to reduce waste and improve energy efficiency in areas like waste water management, energy usage, insulation, and equipment upgrades. Recommendations included installing trigger nozzles, timers, high pressure cleaners, and modifying CIP facilities to reduce water waste. Upgrades to boilers, installing variable frequency drives, and recovering heat and condensate from processes were also recommended. The company has implemented some recommendations and is working to complete other proposed upgrades.
This Dairy Toolkit from Danfoss shown energy saving technologies and its application in dairy industries. It was used in the context of energy auditor training in Nepal in 2012 that was supported GIZ NEEP Programme.
Indian experiences on Energye Efficiency in Steel Rolling Millseecfncci
Since the establishement of Bureau of Energy Efficiency in 2001 India has been implementing a lot of activities in energy-intensive sector. In Steel Rolling Mills with low-end and high-end technolgies considerable energy and cost sanvings can be achieved. The presentation was prepared in the Context of GIZ NEEP programm in Nepal in 2012.
Energy Efficiency in Steel Rolling Mills of Nepaleecfncci
This document provides an overview of energy efficiency opportunities in the steel rolling sector in Nepal. It discusses the current state of 14 rolling mill units in Nepal, including their electricity and fuel costs which account for around 3.24% of total costs. Potential areas for energy savings are identified, such as waste heat recovery systems, improving furnace designs and insulation, installing variable frequency drives, and replacing motors. The document presents two case studies of mills that implemented energy efficiency measures, such as minimizing gate opening times to reduce fuel consumption and installing an air pre-heater to capture waste heat, resulting in annual fuel savings of over Rs. 760,000 with a payback period of just 0.6 years. Motor replacement projects also achieved
Energy Saving Potentials in Pulp & Paper Sector in Nepaleecfncci
This presentation provides detailed information about energy saving opportunties in Pulp and Paper industries in Nepal. The current status of this sectors is shown and major energy saving opportunties are explained. The findings are based on a GIZ baseline study conducted in 200 industries in 2012.
Indian Experience on Energy Efficiency in Hotel Sectoreecfncci
This presentation gives an introduction about energy efficiency activities in India's Hotel Sector and shows technology options to realize energy saaving potentials. It was presentation in a interaction workshop with Hotel bussiness people in Kathmandu, Nepal, in 2012.
Energy Efficiency Potential in Food & Beverage Industries in Nepaleecfncci
This presentation provides detailed information about energy saving opportunties in food and beverage sector in Nepal. The status of various subsectors is shown and major energy saving opportunties are explained. The findings are based on a GIZ baseline study conducted in 200 industries in 2012.
TrustArc Webinar - Your Guide for Smooth Cross-Border Data Transfers and Glob...TrustArc
Global data transfers can be tricky due to different regulations and individual protections in each country. Sharing data with vendors has become such a normal part of business operations that some may not even realize they’re conducting a cross-border data transfer!
The Global CBPR Forum launched the new Global Cross-Border Privacy Rules framework in May 2024 to ensure that privacy compliance and regulatory differences across participating jurisdictions do not block a business's ability to deliver its products and services worldwide.
To benefit consumers and businesses, Global CBPRs promote trust and accountability while moving toward a future where consumer privacy is honored and data can be transferred responsibly across borders.
This webinar will review:
- What is a data transfer and its related risks
- How to manage and mitigate your data transfer risks
- How do different data transfer mechanisms like the EU-US DPF and Global CBPR benefit your business globally
- Globally what are the cross-border data transfer regulations and guidelines
Introducing BoxLang : A new JVM language for productivity and modularity!Ortus Solutions, Corp
Just like life, our code must adapt to the ever changing world we live in. From one day coding for the web, to the next for our tablets or APIs or for running serverless applications. Multi-runtime development is the future of coding, the future is to be dynamic. Let us introduce you to BoxLang.
Dynamic. Modular. Productive.
BoxLang redefines development with its dynamic nature, empowering developers to craft expressive and functional code effortlessly. Its modular architecture prioritizes flexibility, allowing for seamless integration into existing ecosystems.
Interoperability at its Core
With 100% interoperability with Java, BoxLang seamlessly bridges the gap between traditional and modern development paradigms, unlocking new possibilities for innovation and collaboration.
Multi-Runtime
From the tiny 2m operating system binary to running on our pure Java web server, CommandBox, Jakarta EE, AWS Lambda, Microsoft Functions, Web Assembly, Android and more. BoxLang has been designed to enhance and adapt according to it's runnable runtime.
The Fusion of Modernity and Tradition
Experience the fusion of modern features inspired by CFML, Node, Ruby, Kotlin, Java, and Clojure, combined with the familiarity of Java bytecode compilation, making BoxLang a language of choice for forward-thinking developers.
Empowering Transition with Transpiler Support
Transitioning from CFML to BoxLang is seamless with our JIT transpiler, facilitating smooth migration and preserving existing code investments.
Unlocking Creativity with IDE Tools
Unleash your creativity with powerful IDE tools tailored for BoxLang, providing an intuitive development experience and streamlining your workflow. Join us as we embark on a journey to redefine JVM development. Welcome to the era of BoxLang.
The presentation will delve into the ASIMOV project, a novel initiative that leverages Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) to provide precise, domain-specific assistance to telecommunications engineers and technicians. The session will focus on the unique capabilities of Milvus, the chosen vector database for the project, and its advantages over other vector databases.
Attending this session will give you a deeper understanding of the potential of RAG and Milvus DB in telecommunications engineering. You will learn how to address common challenges in the field and enhance the efficiency of their operations. The session will equip you with the knowledge to make informed decisions about the choice of vector databases, and how best to use them for your use-cases
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Automation Student Developers Session 3: Introduction to UI AutomationUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program: http://bit.ly/Africa_Automation_Student_Developers
After our third session, you will find it easy to use UiPath Studio to create stable and functional bots that interact with user interfaces.
📕 Detailed agenda:
About UI automation and UI Activities
The Recording Tool: basic, desktop, and web recording
About Selectors and Types of Selectors
The UI Explorer
Using Wildcard Characters
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
User Interface (UI) Automation
Selectors in Studio Deep Dive
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 4/June 24: Excel Automation and Data Manipulation: https://community.uipath.com/events/details
Test Management as Chapter 5 of ISTQB Foundation. Topics covered are Test Organization, Test Planning and Estimation, Test Monitoring and Control, Test Execution Schedule, Test Strategy, Risk Management, Defect Management
Dev Dives: Mining your data with AI-powered Continuous DiscoveryUiPathCommunity
Want to learn how AI and Continuous Discovery can uncover impactful automation opportunities? Watch this webinar to find out more about UiPath Discovery products!
Watch this session and:
👉 See the power of UiPath Discovery products, including Process Mining, Task Mining, Communications Mining, and Automation Hub
👉 Watch the demo of how to leverage system data, desktop data, or unstructured communications data to gain deeper understanding of existing processes
👉 Learn how you can benefit from each of the discovery products as an Automation Developer
🗣 Speakers:
Jyoti Raghav, Principal Technical Enablement Engineer @UiPath
Anja le Clercq, Principal Technical Enablement Engineer @UiPath
⏩ Register for our upcoming Dev Dives July session: Boosting Tester Productivity with Coded Automation and Autopilot™
👉 Link: https://bit.ly/Dev_Dives_July
This session was streamed live on June 27, 2024.
Check out all our upcoming Dev Dives 2024 sessions at:
🚩 https://bit.ly/Dev_Dives_2024
MySQL InnoDB Storage Engine: Deep Dive - MydbopsMydbops
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This presentation dives deep into the world of InnoDB, exploring two ground-breaking features introduced in MySQL 8.0:
• Dynamic Configuration of REDO Logs: Enhance your database's performance and flexibility with on-the-fly adjustments to REDO log capacity. Unleash the power of the snake metaphor to visualize how InnoDB manages REDO log files.
• Instant ADD/DROP Columns: Say goodbye to costly table rebuilds! This presentation unveils how InnoDB now enables seamless addition and removal of columns without compromising data integrity or incurring downtime.
Key Learnings:
• Grasp the concept of REDO logs and their significance in InnoDB's transaction management.
• Discover the advantages of dynamic REDO log configuration and how to leverage it for optimal performance.
• Understand the inner workings of instant ADD/DROP columns and their impact on database operations.
• Gain valuable insights into the row versioning mechanism that empowers instant column modifications.
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Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 2DianaGray10
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• Manage Sources and Dataset
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• Refining Models and using Validation
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Developer's time is the most crucial resource in an enterprise IT organization. Too much time is spent on undifferentiated heavy lifting and in the world of APIs and microservices much of that is spent on non-functional, cross-cutting networking requirements like security, observability, and resilience.
As organizations reconcile their DevOps practices into Platform Engineering, tools like Istio help alleviate developer pain. In this talk we dig into what that pain looks like, how much it costs, and how Istio has solved these concerns by examining three real-life use cases. As this space continues to emerge, and innovation has not slowed, we will also discuss the recently announced Istio sidecar-less mode which significantly reduces the hurdles to adopt Istio within Kubernetes or outside Kubernetes.
Day 4 - Excel Automation and Data ManipulationUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program: https://bit.ly/Africa_Automation_Student_Developers
In this fourth session, we shall learn how to automate Excel-related tasks and manipulate data using UiPath Studio.
📕 Detailed agenda:
About Excel Automation and Excel Activities
About Data Manipulation and Data Conversion
About Strings and String Manipulation
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Excel Automation with the Modern Experience in Studio
Data Manipulation with Strings in Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 5/ June 25: Making Your RPA Journey Continuous and Beneficial: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-5-making-your-automation-journey-continuous-and-beneficial/
Leveraging AI for Software Developer Productivity.pptxpetabridge
Supercharge your software development productivity with our latest webinar! Discover the powerful capabilities of AI tools like GitHub Copilot and ChatGPT 4.X. We'll show you how these tools can automate tedious tasks, generate complete syntax, and enhance code documentation and debugging.
In this talk, you'll learn how to:
- Efficiently create GitHub Actions scripts
- Convert shell scripts
- Develop Roslyn Analyzers
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And these are just a few examples from a vast universe of possibilities!
Packed with practical examples and demos, this presentation offers invaluable insights into optimizing your development process. Don't miss the opportunity to improve your coding efficiency and productivity with AI-driven solutions.
Leveraging AI for Software Developer Productivity.pptx
Energy Efficiency in Thermal System - Case Studies from Nepal
1. Nepal Energy Efficiency Programme (NEEP)
Component 3:
Energy Efficiency in Industry
DCCI Training Need Assessment
05.08.2013
2. TS3: EE in Thermal System/
Case Studies
Bhishma Pandit
Long term Energy Efficiency Expert
GIZ/Integration
3. Introduction to Thermal Energy
• Energy in the form of the vibrations and
movements of microscopic particles
• Heat is the common name for thermal energy
of an object that is due to the motion of the
atoms and molecules that constitute the
object.
6. Combustion
Combustion reaction and heat liberation for One kg
of molecule When there is complete combustion:
C
+
O2
CO2
+ 7448 KCal/kg
2 H2
+
O2
2H2O + 31500 KCal/kg
S
+
O2
SO2
+537.5 KCal/kg
7. Calorific Value
• The calorific value is the measurement of heat or energy
produced, and is measured either as gross calorific value or
net calorific value.
• The difference being the latent heat of condensation of the
water vapour produced during the combustion process.
Carbon
Hydrogen
Water Vapour
Sulphur
Moisture
Water
vapour
Water Vapour
GCV – 10,500 Kcal/kg
NCV – 9800 Kcal/kg
2
8. Energy Costs and Heating Values
Type of Energy Gross Calorific
Value, KCal
Cost per Unit, NRs.
Cost Per KCal
Coal
5000 / kg
NRs. 24.0 / kg
NRs 0.0048
Rice Husk
3200 / kg
NRs. 6.25 / kg
NRs. 0.002
Furnace Oil
9900 / liter
NRs. 75 / liter
NRs. 0.0075
HSD
9400/ liter
NRs. 100/ liter
NRs. 0.0107
Electricity
860 / kWh
NRs. 7.10 / kWh
NRs. 0.0083
TOTAL
-
-
-
9. Energy Cost for Dairy industry
Average specific fuel oil
consumption of 8 liters per 1000
liters milk for the reference year
2011/12.
11. Thermal Equipments Used in
Industries
•Boilers
•Furnaces
•Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
•Hot water Generators
12. Introduction
• It is an enclosed Pressure
Vessel
• Heat generated by
Combustion of Fuel is
transferred to water to
become steam
• Process: Evaporation
• Steam volume increases to
1,600 times from water and
produces tremendous force
• Care is must to avoid
explosion.
What is a boiler?
17. INTRODUCTION
Refrigeration deals with the transfer of
heat from a low temperature level at the
heat source to a high temperature level at
the heat sink.
– Air conditioning for comfort
– Refrigeration for process
18. TON OF REFRIGERATION
The cooling effect produced is quantified as
tons of refrigeration.
1 ton of refrigeration
= 3024 kCal/hr heat rejected.
20. VAPOUR – ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
CONDENSOR
GENERATOR
Regulating
Valve
Waste Heat/
Direct Fired
THROTTLING
VALVE
WEAK
SOLUTION
ABSORBER
EVAPORATOR
Heat load In
COOLING
WATER IN
HOT WATER OUT
STRONG
SOLUTION
22. What are the losses that occur in a boiler?
S tea m O utp u t
6 . S urface loss
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D ry F lu e gas loss
H 2 loss
M oisture in fu el
M oisture in air
C O loss
7 . F ly ash loss
Fu el In p u t, 10 0 %
B o iler
F lue gas
A ir
8 . B ottom ash loss
E fficien cy
(b y In D irect M eth o d)
= 10 0 – (1 + 2 +3 +4 + 5 +6 + 7 +8 )
23. Trial Data
Flue gas temperature after air preheater
Ambient temperature
Preheated air temperature
= 750oC
= 40oC
= 190oC
Specific gravity of oil
Average fuel oil consumption
Calorific value of oil
= 0.92
= 400 Litres / hr
= 400 x 0.92 =368 kg/hr
= 10000 kCal/kg
Average O2 percentage in flue gas
=12%
Weight of stock
= 6000 kg/hr
Specific heat of Billet
= 0.12 kCal/kg/0C
Surface temperature of roof and side walls = 122 oC
Surface temperature other than heating and soaking zone = 85 oC
24. Furnace Efficiency (Direct Method)
F u rn a ce E fficien cy (D irect M eth o d )
F u el in p u t
H eat In p u t
H eat o u tp u t
E fficien cy
E fficien cy
L o sses
= 4 0 0 litres / h r
= 3 6 8 k g /h r
= 3 6 8 x 1 0 ,0 0 0 = 3 6 8 0 0 0 0 k C al
= m x Cp x Δ T
= 6 0 0 0 k g x 0 .1 2 x (1 3 4 0 – 4 0 )
= 9 3 6 0 0 0 k C al
= O u tp u t x 1 0 0
In p u t
= 936000
x 100
3680000
= 2 5 .4 3 % = 2 5 % (ap p )
= 7 5 % (ap p )
25. PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT
The specific power consumption kW/TR is a useful indicator of the performance of
refrigeration system. By messing refrigeration duty performed in TR and the Kilo Watt
inputs measured, kW/TR is used as a reference energy performance indicator.
The refrigeration TR is assessed as TR
= Q Cp (Ti – To) / 3024
Where TR is cooling TR duty
Q is mass flow rate of coolant in kg/hr
Cp is coolant specific heat in kCal /kg / 0C
Ti is inlet. Temperature of coolant to evaporator (chiller) in 0C.
To is outlet temperature of coolant from evaporator (chiller) in 0C.
26. ENERGY AUDIT INSTRUMENTS
Role : Instruments Play a vital role in energy audit to characterize
and quantify energy.
To conserve energy, it is necessary to know how & how much energy
is being consumed
Instruments also provide a means to monitor equipment
performance and check condition
In order to arrive at the quantitative assessment, several fixed and
portable instruments are used to measure the parameters related to.
Energy consumption data
Efficiency related data
Operation & control data
26
27. Various Energy Audit Instruments
Various categories of portable energy audit instruments are
Thermal
Mechanical
Chemical
Electrical
Lighting
27
28. Thermal Measurements
Temperature can be measured by
Thermometer
Thermocouple & Indicator
Thermograph
Data-logger
Pyrometer
Hygrometer
28
29. Mechanical Measurements
Flow
Vane Anemometer
Pitot Tube
Ultra Sonic Flow Meter(For Liquids)
Multi Function Kit
Flow/Velocity
Pressure
Temperature
RH
Contd..
29
30. Pressure
Bourden Gauge
U Tube Manometer with pitot tube
Pressure Recorder
Leaks
Ultra Sonic Leak Checker
Speed
Stroboscope Meter
Contact Tachometer
Contd..
30
32. Chemical measurements
Flue Gas Analysis
Oxyliser (O2, CO2 Temp, Efficiency)
Fyrite Kit (CO2 & O2)
Flue Gas Analyzer (CO2 & O2, CO, Temp, Efficiency)
32
33. Ultra-sonic Flow Meter
Application: Flow measurement of Liquids
Parameters measured: Velocity & discharge of liquid flow
Make: Panametrics, Ireland
No of Sets: 01
Range: 0.03 to 12.2 m/s (pipe size 2 to 24 inches)
33
34. Ultra-Sonic Flow Meter
Application: Flow measurement of Liquids
Parameters measured: Velocity & discharge of liquid flow
Make: Fuji, Japan
No of Sets: 01
Range: 0 to 32 m/s
34
35. Multi Function Kit
Application: Thermal and mechanical Parameters - velocity,
temperature, pressure, humidity
Make: Testo, Germany
No of Sets:02
Range: 0.4 to 60 m/s, -200 to 1200oC, 0 to 100 hpa, 0 to 100% RH
35
36. Non Contact Tachometer -Stroboscope
Application: Speed Measurements
Parameters measured: Speed of Rotating Element
Make: Testo, Germany
No of Sets: 2
Range: 20 to 20000 rpm
36
39. Digital Hot wire Anemometer
Application: Gas and air velocity, temperature in ducts
Make: Airflow, England
No of Sets:01
Range: 0.25 to 30 m/s and 0 – 80oC
39
40. Gas and Air Pressure measurement
Application: Measurement of static, dynamic and total pressure in
gas and air ducts
Make: Air Flow, UK
No of Sets: 1
40
42. Digital Pressure Gauge
Application: Measurement liquid, gas and air pressure
Parameters measured: Pressure
Make: Syscon, India
No of Sets:01
Range: 0-50 bar
42
43. Pressure & Vacuum Gauges
Application: Measurement of Pressure
Parameters measured: Pressure
No of Sets: 3
Range: 0 to 21 kg/cm2
43
44. Digital temperature & humidity data logger
Parameters measured: Dry bulb temperature & humidity
Make: Gemini, USA
No of Sets:04
Range: -15 to 150oC and 0-99 % RH
44
45. Temperature Data Logger
Application: Measurement of Temperatures
Parameters measured: Temperatures (8 temp. channels)
Make: Grant, UK
No of Sets:01
Range: 0-1200oC
45
46. Non Contact Type Infrared Temperature Indicator
Application: Measurement of Surface Temperatures
Parameters measured: Surface Temperatures
Make: Raytek, USA
No of Sets:01
Range: -18 to 870oC
46
48. Thermocouples & Temperature Indicator
Application: Measurement of temperature
Parameters measured: Surface, gas and liquid temperatures
Make: Center, Taiwan
No of Sets: 1
o
Range: -50 to +400 C
48
49. Digital Temperature Indicator
Application: Measurement of Temperature
Parameters measured: Surface, gas and liquid temperatures
Make: OMEGA
No of Sets: 04
Range: -50 to +1200 oC
No of couples: 20
49
50. Digital Temperature & Hygrometer
Application: Measurement of Temperatures & humidity
Parameters measured: Dry bulb temperature & humidity
Make: Center, Taiwan
No of Sets:01
Range:-20 to 60oC, 0 to 100% RH
50
51. Digital Temperature & Hygrometer
Application: Measurement of Temperatures & humidity
Parameters measured: Dry bulb temperature & humidity
Make: IRA, India
No of Sets:01
Range:0 to 50oC, 10 to 95% RH
51
53. Combustion Test (Fyrite) Kit
Application: Measurement of Flue Gas quantities
Parameters measured: Co2 & O2
Make: Testo, Germany
No of Sets:06
Range: 0 to 20% Co2; 0 to 21% O2
53
54. Flue Gas Analyser
Application: Measurement O2 temperature and CO in flue gas paths
Make: Kane May, UK
No of Sets: 1
Range : O2 0-21% and CO upto 10000 ppm
54
55. Flue Gas Analyser
Application: Measurement O2 temperature and CO in flue gas paths
Make: Neotronics, UK
No of Sets: 1
Range : O2 0-21% and CO upto 10000 ppm
55
56. Combustion Gas Analyser
Application: Measurement of Flue Gas Parameters
Parameters measured:Co, Co2, No, No2, So2, Pressure, Efficiency
Make: Krykard, Italy
Range: O2-0 to 25%, CO-0 to 4000ppm,CO2- 0 to 20%, NO- 0 to 5000,No20 to 800 ppm, So2-0 to 500ppm, pressure- 0 to 150mbar/hpa, etc
56
57. Flue Gas Analyser
Application: Measurement of Flue Gas Parameters
Parameters measured:o2, Co, No, No2, So2, Humidity
Make: TESTO, Germany
Range:02-0 to 21%, CO-0 to 20000 ppm, NO- 0 to 3000,No2-0 to
500 ppm, Humidity- 0 to 100%
57
58. Energy Monitor
Application: Measurement of single phase Electrical Parameters
Parameters measured: V, A, kW, kWh
Make: Sagatron
No of Sets:10
Range: 16A, 250V, 4 kW
58
59. 3-Phase Power Analyser
Application: Measures all Electrical and Harmonic Parameters
Parameters measured: V, A, PF, KW, kVA, kVAr, Hz, first 50
Harmonics
Make: Chauvan Arnaoux, France
No of Sets: 01
Range: 830V, 3000A
59
60. 3-Phase Power Analyser
Application: Measures all Electrical and Harmonic Parameters
Parameters measured: V, A, PF, KW, kVA, kVAr, Hz, first 50
Harmonics
Make: RCC Technologies, Canada
No of Sets: 01
Range: 600V, 1000A
60
61. 3-Phase Power Analyser
Application: Measures all Electrical and Harmonic Parameters
Parameters measured: V, A, PF, KW, kVA, kVAr, Hz, Harmonics (first
25th)
Make: Dossena, Italy
No of Sets: 01
61
Range: 600V, 1000A
62. Portable Load Management System
Application: Measures all Power Parameters
Parameters measured: V, A, PF, KW, kVA, kVAr, Hz
Make: ALM-03 Krykard
No of Sets: 01
Range: 750V, 1000A
62
63. Handheld Power Harmonic Analyser
Application: Measures all power and Harmonic Parameters
Parameters measured: V, A, PF, kW, kVA, kVAr, Hz, Harmonics
Make: Fluke, WA
No of Sets:02
Range: Up to 600V, 1000A, 600 kW, up to 31st Level harmonics
Accuracy
63
64. Suppliers Challenges / Performance
Monitoring and Guarantee
•
•
•
•
Output performance test
Guarantee – efficiency
How to monitored the performance
Out put and input performance
66. Heat Recovery from ammonia
compressor discharge
Cold Water in
Hot Water
Out
Water Out
Water In
Desuperheater
Condenser
Refrigerant
Oil Separator
Expansion
valve
Water
Evaporator
Oil
Compressor
In
Chilled
Water
Out
Annual savings due to heat recovery – 6000 x 50/(0.85 x 10500) = 35 liters/day
- 35 x Rs.75 x 350
- NRs. 9.2 lakhs