The accuracy of three in vitro methods for estimating the proportion of dead rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) spermatozoa was investigated. Motility rating, fluorometry using ethidium bromide, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity... more
The accuracy of three in vitro methods for estimating the proportion of dead rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) spermatozoa was investigated. Motility rating, fluorometry using ethidium bromide, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in seminal plasma were compared. Semen samples were prepared to contain 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% killed spermatozoa. All three methods demonstrated highly significant relationships (P<0.001) with the percentage of killed spermatozoa. Motility rating was found to be quick and accurate but required experienced workers and the results thus could vary between evaluators. Fluorometry was rapid and relatively simple to perform and required only a small amount of semen. Measurement of LDH activity in seminal plasma was accurate but time-consuming and required large amounts of semen.
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Twenty Holstein cows in midlactation were used in a Latin square design to evaluate the nutritional quality of a high protein soybean (CP 45%) fed raw or roasted. Treatments were 1) control (soybean meal); 2) conventional soybean (Maple... more
Twenty Holstein cows in midlactation were used in a Latin square design to evaluate the nutritional quality of a high protein soybean (CP 45%) fed raw or roasted. Treatments were 1) control (soybean meal); 2) conventional soybean (Maple Isle), raw; 3) conventional soybean, roasted; 4) high protein soybean (AC Proteus), raw; and 5) high protein soybean, roasted. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and consisted of approximately 10% whole crop barley silage, 15% corn silage, 19% alfalfa silage, 31% rolled barley, 17% cracked corn, and from 6.5 to 8.6% of the appropriate protein source on a DM basis. Replacement of conventional soybean with the high protein soybean increased milk and milk component yields. All soybean treatments lowered milk protein percentages versus soybean meal although milk protein yield was only reduced for the raw Maple Isle soybean treatment. Milk fat percentage was reduced for the roasted AC Proteus soybean treatment versus soybean meal and both Maple Isle soybean treatments, although total milk fat yield did not differ among treatments. Heat treatment by roasting tended to affect total milk yield positively for both types of soybeans, but only the increase for Maple Isle was significant. Milk from cows fed full fat soybeans had more long-chain fatty acids than milk from cows fed soybean meal. Roasting the soybeans further increased the amounts of long-chain fatty acids. The new high protein soybean, AC Proteus, appears to be an excellent source of supplemental protein and energy for lactating dairy cows.
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ABSTRACTA low trypsin inhibitor soybean (LTI) was characterized using electrophoresis, enzyme activity measurements, and gel exclusion chromatography. The protein profiles were similar to a control soybean. Gel exclusion chromatography... more
ABSTRACTA low trypsin inhibitor soybean (LTI) was characterized using electrophoresis, enzyme activity measurements, and gel exclusion chromatography. The protein profiles were similar to a control soybean. Gel exclusion chromatography resulted in two peaks of trypsin inhibitor activity in the control. The first peak, absent in LTI, proved to be Kunitz trypsin inhibitor and was electrophoretically isomorphic. The second inhibitor consisted of at least five isotypes and co‐eluted with Bowman‐Birk trypsin inhibitor. Shorter heating times were required to inactivate both trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activity in LTI compared to control soybeans. The use of LTI may increase the economic viability of soybeans as protein supplements for humans.
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In the first experiment adult rats were allowed access to different amounts of diet of high energy density and were allowed to grow until there was a spread of bodyweights of 100 g. Of this difference 50% was fat and 10% was protein.... more
In the first experiment adult rats were allowed access to different amounts of diet of high energy density and were allowed to grow until there was a spread of bodyweights of 100 g. Of this difference 50% was fat and 10% was protein. Intakes were then adjusted to maintain a constant bodyweight and energy balance was assessed from changes in body composition. In the second experiment rats were force-fed on excess food for different times and their heat production was estimated by closed-circuit indirect calorimetry. Two groups were overfed and then deprived of food until they reached their initial bodyweight. One of those groups had a protein supplement during the period of weight reduction in an attempt to maintain body protein under negative energy balance. It is concluded that when the main variable is body fat, differences in heat production at energy equilibrium and in deprivation are proportional to bodyweight 0.75. If the conclusion is proved in other animals it has important implications for the interpretation of many experiments in normal and obese animals.
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Research Interests: Biology, Flesh, Arctic, Color, Pigment, and 5 moreAstaxanthin, Sexual maturity, Skin Color, Salvelinus, and Ploidy
Research Interests: Food Science, Biology, Animal Production, Cultivar, Lysine, and 6 moreCasein, Methionine, Lupinus, Meal, Protein Quality, and Soya Bean
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Research Interests: Endocrinology, Chemistry, Animal Science, Eating Disorders, Medicine, and 15 moreAnimal Production, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Internal Medicine, Fasting, Female, Animals, Body Composition, Body temperature regulation, Hyperphagia, Body Weight, Food Sciences, Dry Matter, Energy Intake, and Enteral Nutrition
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The effect of body fatness on glucose metabolism was studied in six adult crossbred wethers divided into two groups weighing 90 kg (fat) or 55 kg (thin). Glucose turnover measurements were made using 6-3H-glucose by single injection at... more
The effect of body fatness on glucose metabolism was studied in six adult crossbred wethers divided into two groups weighing 90 kg (fat) or 55 kg (thin). Glucose turnover measurements were made using 6-3H-glucose by single injection at four levels of metabolizable energy intake: high, 17 MJ/day; intermediate, 10 MJ/day; low, 6 MJ/day; and fasting for both thin and fat groups. The greatest group differences occurred at the high feeding level. Body pool size and glucose space were significantly lower (P
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In Experiment 1, 24 multiparous cows in early lactation were fed a basal diet for ad libitum intake consisting of 24.3% (DM) corn silage, 25.9% whole crop barley silage, 33.1% alfalfa silage, and 16.7% of a protein supplement. Raw barley... more
In Experiment 1, 24 multiparous cows in early lactation were fed a basal diet for ad libitum intake consisting of 24.3% (DM) corn silage, 25.9% whole crop barley silage, 33.1% alfalfa silage, and 16.7% of a protein supplement. Raw barley grain, or barley flame roasted to reduce its rate of rumen degradation, was fed twice daily or seven times daily. Of the 24 cows offered roasted barley, 3 refused to consume it even after 2 wk. Thus, results are for the 21 cows that consumed raw and roasted barley. Cows fed raw barley seven times ate more DM, OM, NDF, and CP than cows fed raw barley twice daily and also produced more milk, protein, and lactose. Cows fed roasted barley twice daily ate more NDF than those fed raw barley twice daily and also produced more milk, protein, and lactose. No benefit resulted from increasing the feeding frequency of roasted barley from two to seven times daily. Experiment 2, conducted to investigate the apparent unpalatability of roasted barley, showed that cows fed a TMR containing 40% (DM) of the roasted barley used in Experiment 1 consumed less NDF but tended to produce more lactose. Based on results of both experiments, if raw barley is fed alone, it should be fed multiple times per day to maximize production. However, infrequent feeding of roasted barley is an acceptable alternative, if the cows will consume the roasted barley. When barley can be fed multiple times per day or in a TMR, benefits of roasting appear to be negligible.
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Twenty-eight Simmental-cross steers weighing 200 (± 20.5) kg were used to evaluate grass and whole plant lupin silages in terms of growth rate, dry matter (DM) intake and carcass characteristics. The chemical composition of the silages... more
Twenty-eight Simmental-cross steers weighing 200 (± 20.5) kg were used to evaluate grass and whole plant lupin silages in terms of growth rate, dry matter (DM) intake and carcass characteristics. The chemical composition of the silages was determined and Dacron bag procedures were used to estimate DM and protein degradability. The silages were supplemented with either rolled barley or crushed potato. The lupin silage had a lactic acid fermentation with lower DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and protein nitrogen than the grass silage but higher crude protein. There were no statistically significant differences in gain, carcass weight, dressing percentage or backfat levels between steers fed lupin or grass silage. DM intake of the silages was not significantly different but there was a tendency for lower DM intake of lupin silage when supplemented with potatoes. There was no difference in DM degradability between lupin and grass silages. Lupin nitrogen degraded at a significantly faster rate (24.5% h−1) compared with the grass (10.4% h−1). The effective degradation of nitrogen at a ruminal fractional outflow rate of 0.05 h−1 was 63.8% and 79.1% for grass and lupin silage, respectively. Ensiling whole plant lupin can produce a high quality silage for use in beef rations.
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ABSTRACT
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The effects of dietary lipid levels on growth, feed utilization, hepatosomatic index (HSI), liver lipid deposition and tissue fatty acid composition in haddock were investigated. Triplicate tanks of juvenile haddock (6.9 g) were fed... more
The effects of dietary lipid levels on growth, feed utilization, hepatosomatic index (HSI), liver lipid deposition and tissue fatty acid composition in haddock were investigated. Triplicate tanks of juvenile haddock (6.9 g) were fed graded levels of herring oil to supply 14, 16, 19 and 22% lipid (DM, dry matter) in fish meal-based, isonitrogenous diets. Growth and feed conversion ratio of juvenile haddock was not significantly (P<0.05) affected by increasing the lipid content of the diet. A significant increase in HSI (9.8-12.1%), total liver lipid (63.2-69.0%) and whole body gross energy content (6.03-6.39 kcal/g DM) were observed in haddock fed 14 vs. 22% lipid. Although the HSI of these cultured haddock was high in comparison to wild gadoids, histological analyses of these haddock livers did not reveal any overt pathology. Muscle lipid levels (1.0%) did not increase significantly with dietary lipid. Liver fatty acid levels mirrored dietary fatty acid (FA) composition. The musc...
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The N degradability and N digestibility of raw, roasted or extruded oilseeds were studied using an in vitro enzyme method. The N degradability and N digestibility of canola, linseed and soybean were calculated based on the proportional... more
The N degradability and N digestibility of raw, roasted or extruded oilseeds were studied using an in vitro enzyme method. The N degradability and N digestibility of canola, linseed and soybean were calculated based on the proportional difference in N remaining after incubation and the initial N content. Heat treatments increased the undegradable N fraction of linseed and soybean, whereas that of canola was decreased by extrusion. Heat treatments did not decrease the N digestibility of the oilseeds compared to raw samples. The high N digestibility and lower acid detergent insoluble N values of heat treated oilseeds indicated no indigestible complexes were formed. In conclusion, roasting or extrusion can be used to increase the undegradable N fraction of linseed and soybean to increase the dietary protein availability for digestion in ruminants, but was less effective for canola. The present heat treatments did not damage the protein or affect the N digestibility of the oilseeds.;
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Two broiler growth trials of randomized block design were conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality of two new varieties of full-fat soybeans (SB) in starter diets. Use of the high protein (HP) SB (44% CP) has the potential to replace... more
Two broiler growth trials of randomized block design were conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality of two new varieties of full-fat soybeans (SB) in starter diets. Use of the high protein (HP) SB (44% CP) has the potential to replace conventional soybeans in poultry rations and reduce the amount of SB needed. Use of the low-trypsin inhibitor (LTI) SB may eliminate the cost of heat treatment before feeding to poultry. The protein sources were raw SB (39% CP, 70 Trypsin Inhibitor Units (TIU) g−1 DM), autoclaved SB, autoclaved HP SB, LTI (42 TIU g−1 DM) and commercially roasted SB. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Supplementation of diets with 0.3% DL-methionine was also studied, as the antiproteolytic activity of the TI makes sulphur amino acids less available for growth. Mean body weight gains, feed efficiency, dry matter and crude protein digestibilities and total carcass protein and energy content of the chickens fed HP, autoclaved or roasted SB wer...
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This study investigated effects of roasted or extruded oilseed supplementation ranging in n-6/n-3 ratios from 0.3 to 5.0 on the fatty acid composition and expression of delta-5 desaturase (Δ5d) and Δ6-desaturase (Δ6d) protein in... more
This study investigated effects of roasted or extruded oilseed supplementation ranging in n-6/n-3 ratios from 0.3 to 5.0 on the fatty acid composition and expression of delta-5 desaturase (Δ5d) and Δ6-desaturase (Δ6d) protein in commercial steer cheek (m. masseter) and diaphragm (pars costalis diaphragmatis) muscles. In general, the n-6/n-3 ratio of the diet had a subsequent effect on the muscle n-6/n-3 ratio (P< 0.05), with muscle 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 content relating to proportion of dietary soya bean and linseed (P< 0.01). Compared with canola, pure linseed and soya bean diets reduced 14:1c-9 and 16:1c-9 (P< 0.05) but increased 18:1t-11 andc-9,t-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content (P< 0.01). Oilseed processing had a minor influence but extruded oilseeds increase 18:1t-11 andc-9,t-11 CLA compared with roasted…
Research Interests: Chemistry, Food Science, Skeletal muscle biology, Diet, Medicine, and 15 moreBiological Sciences, Animal, Animal Feed, Animals, Male, Regression Analysis, Omega Fatty Acids, Temperature, Dietary Supplements, Cattle, Soybean Oil, Plant Oils, Conjugated linoleic acid, Linseed Oil, and Random Allocation
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... Ailanlic l'eterinary College, Vmversiiy of Prince Edwird Island, Charlolletown, PEI.. ... However, the high ileal digestibility value (82) for lysine in L. albus (Tavemer, 1982) and in L. angustifolius, (93) (Taverner et al.,... more
... Ailanlic l'eterinary College, Vmversiiy of Prince Edwird Island, Charlolletown, PEI.. ... However, the high ileal digestibility value (82) for lysine in L. albus (Tavemer, 1982) and in L. angustifolius, (93) (Taverner et al., 1983) indicates that the amount of lysine in lupin seeds available ...
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Two starter pig trials were conducted to evaluate a new type of soybean (SB), AC Proteus, containing higher levels of protein than conventional cultivars. In the first trial, AC Proteus was included at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20% of the... more
Two starter pig trials were conducted to evaluate a new type of soybean (SB), AC Proteus, containing higher levels of protein than conventional cultivars. In the first trial, AC Proteus was included at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20% of the isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soybean meal based diets and fed to starter pigs from 10 to 25 kg In the second trial, AC Proteus was included at 0, 3.5, 7, 10.5 or 14% of the diet, or a conventional soybean, Baron, was included at 0, 4.4, 8.8, 13.3 or 17.7% of the diet on an isoenergetic and isonitrogenous basis.Amino acid levels in AC Proteus on an air-dry basis were higher than those in the conventional soybean, Baron. In the first trial, inclusion of AC Proteus at higher levels appeared to decrease feed intake and rate of gain, although this appeared to be due to lower levels of amino acids in the diets and overheating of the roasted soybean. In the second trial, inclusion of either type of soybean had no effect on feed intake, rate of gain, or feed ...
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Seminal plasma protein of Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus was characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. Twelve protein bands with molecular weights of 7.2, 12.4, 15.3, 20.0, 20.4, 22.6, 39.4, 66.3, 74.0, 92.0,... more
Seminal plasma protein of Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus was characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. Twelve protein bands with molecular weights of 7.2, 12.4, 15.3, 20.0, 20.4, 22.6, 39.4, 66.3, 74.0, 92.0, 94.5, and 130.1 kilodaltons (kDa) were detected. The effect of total seminal plasma protein and protein fractions of three categories (&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;50, 50–100, and &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;100 kDa) on
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