▼✉❥❡r❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ② ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs✳ ❯♥❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡s ❞❡ ▲❡❧❛ ❈♦❞❡rs✳ ❆❧❡① ❍❛❝❤é✱ ❊✈❛ ❈r✉❡❧s✱ ◆úr✐❛ ❱❡r❣és ◆♦✈✐❡♠❜r❡ ✷✵✶✶ ❘❡s✉♠❡♥ ❙✐ tr❛s❧❛❞❛♠♦s ❡❧ ♣r❡s✉♣✉❡st♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✶✵✵ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s✱ ✉♥♦ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❤❛❝❦❡r✱ ② q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ✶✵✵ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s s♦❧♦ ❛ ✶✵ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ➽❝✉❛♥t❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♥❛ ♠✉❥❡r ❤❛❝❦❡r❄✳ ❊st❛s s✉❡❧❡♥ ❡❧❡❣✐r ❝♦♥ ♠✉❝❤♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❝❛rr❡r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ②✴♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s✳ ◆♦ ♦❜st❛♥t❡ s✉ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥✲ ❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s ② ❧❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ❡①✐st❡ ♣❡r♦ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ♠✉② ♣♦❝♦ ❡st✉❞✐❛❞♦ ② ✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦✳ ❈♦♥ ❧❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝❝✐ó♥ ▲❡❧❛❝♦❞❡rs s❡ ❤❛♥ ❜✉s❝❛❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ②✴♦ ❤❛❝❦❡rs ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞❛❣❛r ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ s✉s ♠♦t✐✈❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛s ② ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✳ ❊st❡ ❛rt✐❝✉❧♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♥ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝✉❡st✐ó♥ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ♣♦rq✉é ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛♥ ❡♠♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦ ✉♥ é①♦❞♦ ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s✱ q✉é ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛s ❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❤❛♥ s❛❜✐❞♦ s♦❜r❡♣❛s❛r ❡st❛s ❜❛rr❡r❛s✱ ❛❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛ ❧❛ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ② s✉❜❥❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✶✷ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s q✉❡ ❤❛♥ ❡❧❡❣✐❞♦ ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ② ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛s t❡❝♥♦♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛s ❝♦♥ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✳ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✶✳ Pr❡s❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ▲❡❧❛❝♦❞❡rs ✶✳✶✳ ✶✳✷✳ ✶✳✸✳ ✶✳✹✳ ❉❡s❝r✐♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ s✉❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❘❛③♦♥❡s ② ♠♦t✐✈❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡trás ❞❡ ❁ ❉♦♥❡st❡❝❤ ❃ ❁ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ▲❡❧❛ ❃ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣í❛s ✉s❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❡st❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝❝✐ó♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝✉❡st✐ó♥ ✷✳✶✳ ❉❛t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❣❡♥❡r♦ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❈✐❡♥❝✐❛s ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✶✳✶✳ ❊❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✶✳✷✳ ❊❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡✉r♦♣❡♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✶✳✸✳ ❊❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡s♣❛ñ♦❧ ② ❝❛t❛❧✉♥②❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✶✳✹✳ ▲❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✷✳ ❋❛❝t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♥ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❈■ ② ❡♥ ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✷✳✶✳ ❊st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✷✳✷✳ ◆♦ ❧♦ ✈♦② ❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✷✳✸✳ ➱①♦❞♦s ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s ② ♦✜❝✐♦s ❞❡ ❈■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✷✳✹✳ ➽◗✉é ♣❛s❛ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✸✳ ❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❈■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✸✳✶✳ ❙♦❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ♣r✐♠❛r✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✸✳✷✳ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✸✳✸✳ ❖✜❝✐♦s ❡ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛s ■❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✸✳✹✳ ▲❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳ ▼✉❥❡r❡s t❡❝♥ó❧♦❣❛s ✈s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ✸✳✶✳ ✸✳✷✳ ✸✳✸✳ ✸✳✹✳ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥ó❧♦❣❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ▲❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝✐❛ ❞❡❧ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ② ❡s❝♦❧❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ▼♦t✐✈❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❈■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❋♦r♠❛s ② ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✹✳✶✳ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡s r❡❣❧❛❞♦s ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ②✴♦ ❋♦r✲ ♠❛❝✐♦♥❡s Pr♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✹✳✷✳ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✳✹✳✸✳ ▲❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✹ ✳ ✻ ✳ ✾ ✳ ✶✶ ✳ ✶✷ ✶✺ ✶✻ ✶✼ ✶✾ ✷✶ ✷✶ ✷✸ ✷✺ ✷✻ ✷✼ ✷✾ ✸✵ ✸✵ ✸✶ ✸✷ ✸✸ ✸✺ ✸✺ ✸✽ ✹✶ ✹✹ ✹✺ ✹✻ ✺✶ ✸✳✺✳ ▲❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❈■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✻✳ Pr❛❝t✐❝❛s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✻✳✶✳ ❆✉t♦✲❡✈❛❧✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✉s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✸✳✻✳✷✳ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✸✳✼✳ ■♠♣❛❝t♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ② ❧❛ ♠❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✸✳✽✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ s♦st❡♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ✸✳✾✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✸✳✽✳✶✳ ❙♦st❡♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ② ❣é♥❡r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✸✳✽✳✷✳ ❙♦st❡♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ② s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ❱✐s✐ó♥ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ✸✳✾✳✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ▲❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❍❛❝❦❡❛r ✸✳✶✵✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥❡s ✷ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s ✶✳✶✳ ✷✳✶✳ ➽❉♦♥❞❡ s❡ s✐tú❛♥ ♥✉❡str♦s s✉❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ② ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s❄ ✳ ✳ P♦r❝❡♥t❛❥❡ ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s ❈■ ❡♥ ✈❛r✐♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❛s✐át✐❝♦s ② ❖❝❡❛♥í❛ ✭●❛❧♣✐♥✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ✷✳✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ▲✐❝❡♥❝✐❛t✉r❛s ❡♥ ❈■ ♦t♦r❣❛❞❛s ❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s ② ❝✐✉❞❛❞❛♥❛s r❡s✐✲ ❞❡♥t❡s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡s ❡♥ ❊❊❯❯ ❡♥ ✷✵✵✽ ✭❖♥❣✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✳✸✳ ✾ ✶✾ P❡rs♦♥❛s ❣r❛❞✉❛❞❛s ❡♥ ✷✵✵✻✱ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ t❡r✲ ❝❡r ❝✐❝❧♦ ✏ ❈✐❡♥❝✐❛s✱ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ② Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✑ ② ✏ ■♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ② ❝♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥✑ ✭❊✉r♦st❛t✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✹✳ ❉❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❡s✴❛s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜✐❡rt♦ ♣♦r ❣é♥❡r♦ ✭❲❛❧❧❛❝❤✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ✷✷ ✸✳✶✳ ❊❧ ❜✉❝❧❡ ✈✐rt✉♦s♦ ✹✵ ✸✳✷✳ ❆❧✉♠♥❛❞♦ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ✷✵✵✾✴✷✵✶✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❡♥ ✏ ■♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❣❡st✐ó♥✑ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ✏ ■♥❢♦r✲ ♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✑ ✭■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❊st❛❞íst✐❝♦✮ ✸✳✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ❆❧✉♠♥❛❞♦ q✉❡ t❡r♠✐♥ó ♣r✐♠❡r ② s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❡♥ ❈❛t❛❧✉♥②❛ ♣❛r❛ ■♥❣❡♥✐❡r❛ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ✭■◆❊✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶ Pr❡s❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ▲❡❧❛❝♦❞❡rs ✏ ❯♥❛ ❝♦s❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ② t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ ❧❛s ♠✉✲ ❥❡r❡s s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❛♥ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ ❞❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ♠✉② ❛ ♠❡♥✉❞♦✱ ❡st❛❜❛♥ ❡♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ♣❧❛♥♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ s✉s ✐♥✐❝✐♦s✑ ✱ P❛tr✐❝❡ ❘✐❡♠❡♥s✱ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛ ▲❡❧❛❝♦❞❡rs ❢❡❜r❡r♦ ✷✵✵✾✳ ✏ ❆❞❛ ▲♦✈❡❧❛❝❡ ❡stá ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛✱ ❞❡s✲ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐ó ❧❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♥❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❈❤❛r❧❡s ❇❛❜❜❛❣❡ q✉❡ ❛ú♥ ♥♦ ❤❛❜í❛ s✐❞♦ ❝♦♥str✉✐❞❛✳ ❉❡❞✉❥♦ ② ♣r❡✲ ✈✐ó ❧❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐r ♠ás ❛❧❧á ❞❡ ❧♦s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s q✉❡ ♦tr♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐❞♦ ❡❧ ♣r♦♣✐♦ ❇❛❜❜❛❣❡✱ s❡ ❝❡♥tr❛r♦♥ ú♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❡st❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s✑ ✱ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳ ▼②r✐❛♠ ❘✉✐③✱ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ ❉❡❜✐❛♥ ❡♥tr❡ ♠✉❝❤❛s ♦tr❛s ❝♦s❛s✱ ♥♦s r❡❝✉❡r✲ ❞❛ q✉❡✿ ✏ ▲❛ ❤✐st♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ② ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡stá ♣❧❛❣❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♠✉② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠❡♥③❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❆❞❛ ▲♦✈❡❧❛❝❡✱ ❝♦♥✲ s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛✱ ●r❛❝❡ ▼✉rr❛② ❍♦♣♣❡r✱ ♣✐♦♥❡r❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣❝✐ó♥ ② ❡❧ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♣✐❡③❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝♦♥✲ ❝❡♣❝✐ó♥ ② ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ❞❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❈❖❇❖▲✱ ② q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣ó t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝♦♠✐té ❞❡ ❡st❛♥❞❛r✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❋❖❘❚❘❆◆✱ ♣❛s❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❋r❛♥ ❆❧❧❡♥✱ ♣✐♦♥❡r❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❤❛st❛ ❧❛s ♠❡♥♦s ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡❧ ❊◆■❆❈✳ ❖tr❛ ♥♦t❛❜❧❡ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡r❛✱ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ② ❛❞❡♠ás ❛❝tr✐③✱ ❢✉❡ ❍❡❞② ▲❛♠❛rr✱ ✐♥✈❡♥t♦r❛ ❞❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦tr❛s ❝♦s❛s✱ ❡❧ ❝♦♥♠✉t❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❢r❡✲ ❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s✱ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞✐❜❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ t❡❧❡❢♦♥í❛ ♠ó✈✐❧ ② ❧❛ tr❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s s✐♥ ❝❛❜❧❡s✳ ❙✐r✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐✈♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❞í❛ ❞❡❧ ✐♥✈❡♥t♦r s❡ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛ ❡❧ ✾ ❞❡ ♥♦✈✐❡♠❜r❡ ❡♥ s✉ ❤♦♥♦r✱ ②❛ q✉❡ és❛ ❡s ❧❛ ❢❡❝❤❛ ❞❡ s✉ ❝✉♠♣❧❡❛ñ♦s✳ ❊❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✻ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡❧ ❊◆■❆❈✱ ② s♦❜r❡ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ s✉ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝✐❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❤✐st♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s ❤❛②❛ s✐❞♦ t❛♥ s✐❧❡♥❝✐❛❞❛✱ ❤❛st❛ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❧♦s ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡r♦s ✈❛r♦♥❡s ▼❛✉❝❤❧② ② ❊❝❦❡rt ❢✉❡r♦♥ ❧♦s q✉❡ ♣❛s❛r♦♥ ❛ ❧❛ ❤✐st♦r✐❛✱ ♥♦ ❞❡❥❛ ❞❡ s❡r ❧❧❛♠❛t✐✈♦ ② s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ é♣♦❝❛✳ ▲❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡❧ ❊◆■✲ ❆❈ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r♦♥ ❧❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s✿ ❝r❡❛r♦♥ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞❡ r✉t✐♥❛s ② ❧❛s ♣r✐♠❡r❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❊♥ ✶✾✾✼✱ ❛ ♣❡s❛r ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ❡s❢✉❡r③♦ ♣♦r ✐♥t❡♥t❛r ❡①❝❧✉✐r❧❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❤✐st♦r✐❛✱ ❢✉❡r♦♥ ✐♥❝❧✉✐❞❛s ✹ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❲♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❍❛❧❧ ♦❢ ❋❛♠❡✑ ✳ ✶ ❊♥ ❡❢❡❝t♦ ❑❛② ❆♥t♦♥❡❧❧✐✱ ❏❡❛♥ ❇❛rt✐❦✱ ❇❡tt② ❍♦❧❜❡rt♦♥✱ ▼❛r❧②♥ ▼❡❧t③❡r✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡s ❙♣❡♥❝❡ ② ❘✉t❤ ❚❡✐t❡❧❜❛✉♠✱ ❡st✉✈✐❡r♦♥ ❞❡trás ❞❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡❧ ❊◆■✲ ❆❈✱ ✉♥ ❛❝ró♥✐♠♦ ✐♥❣❧és ♣❛r❛ ✏ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ◆✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ■♥t❡❣r❛t♦r ❆♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r✑ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡❧ ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦ ❞❡ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❇❛❧íst✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❊❥ér❝✐t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❊s✲ t❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✳ ❙✉s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❝✐♦♥❡s ❢✉❡r♦♥ r❡s❝❛t❛❞❛s s♦❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ✶✾✽✻✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❍❛r✈❛r❞✱ ❑❛t❤r②♥ ❑❧❡✐♠❛♥✱ ❧❛s ❞❡s❝✉❜r✐ó ❛❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♥❛ ✐♥✲ ✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ❡❧ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tró ❝♦♥ ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s tr❛st❡❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❊◆■❆❈ ② ♣r❡❣✉♥tó ❛ ❧♦s r❡✲ s♣♦♥s❛❜❧❡s ❞❡❧ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦ q✉✐❡♥❡s ❡r❛♥✱ ❡st♦s ❧❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞✐❡r♦♥ q✉❡ s❡ tr❛t❛❜❛♥ ❞❡ ✏ r❡❢r✐❣❡r❛t♦r ❧❛❞✐❡s✑ ♦ s❡❛ ➼♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ ♣♦s❛❜❛♥ ❞❡❧❛♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✦ ✭✳✳✳✮ ❆❧ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❧❛ ❤✐st♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ② ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s s✐❡♠♣r❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ♣❡r✲ t✉r❜❛❞♦r ❧♦ ♠✉❝❤♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛ ♥❡❣❛❞♦✱ ✐♥✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ② ♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡❝✉❡♥t❡ ♦❧✈✐❞❛❞♦ ❧♦s r♦❧❡s ② ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❝✐♦♥❡s ❛♣♦rt❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✳ ❈♦♥ ❧❛s ❈✐❡♥❝✐❛s ■♥❢♦r♠át✐✲ ❝❛s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❧♦ ♠✐s♠♦✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❤✐stór✐❝❛ ♥♦ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ❝❡ñ✐rs❡ s♦❧♦ ❛❧ r♦❧ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✳ ▲✐♥❞s❡② ❇✐❡❞❛✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛✱ ❤❛❝❦❡r ② ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ❝✉❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❞❡❝✐❞✐ó ✏ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❡♥ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ✉♥❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♥♦té ✉♥ ❞❡s❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❤✐s✲ t♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♠✐s ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s✳ ▲❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ♥♦ ♣♦❞í❛♥ ♥✐ ❞❡❝✐r♠❡ q✉✐❡♥ ❡r❛ ❆❧❛♥ ❚✉r✐♥❣✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝❤♦❝❛♥t❡ s✐ s❡ t✐❡♥❡ ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ s❡r ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♠❛s ❢❛♠♦s♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦✑ ✳ ✷ ❊❧ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ♥♦ s❡ ❝❡♥tr❛ ❡♥ ❛❤♦♥❞❛r ❡♥ ❧❛ ✏ ❍❡r❙t♦r②✑ ❞❡trás ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ s✐ q✉❡r❡♠♦s s❡♥t❛r s✉ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡❞✐❝á♥❞♦❧❡ ❡st❡ ♣r❡❢❛✲ ❝✐♦✳ ❉❛♠♦s ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ❧❛s ❣r❛❝✐❛s ❛ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s q✉❡ ❤❛♥ tr❛❜❛❥❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ s♦♠❜r❛✱ ② ❛ ♣❧❡♥❛ ❧✉③✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s✱ ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣ ② ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ②❛ q✉❡ s✐♥ ❡❧❧❛s ♥♦ ♣♦❞rí❛♠♦s ❞✐s❢r✉t❛r ♣❛r❛ ♥✉❡str♦ ❡♠♣♦❞❡r❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ② ❧❛ ♠❡❥♦r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝✉❛❧❡s ✈✐✈✐♠♦s✱ ❝♦❤❛❜✐t❛♠♦s ② ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐♠♦s✱ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈✱ ❧♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ P❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ✉♥❛ ♠❛②♦r ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❡st❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❤✐stór✐❝❛✱ t❡r✲ ♠✐♥❛♠♦s ❡st❡ ♣r❡❢❛❝✐♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ s❡❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s q✉❡ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛♥ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❤✐stór✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s q✉❡ ❤❛♥ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐❞♦ ❛❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❈✐❡♥❝✐❛s ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s✿ ⊲ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ❡♥ ❝❛st❡❧❧❛♥♦ ✲ ❍✐st♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ▼✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ⊲ ❇r✐st♦❧ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ✲ ❉♣t ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s ✲ ❋❛♠♦✉s ❲♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s ⊲ ❚✐♠❡❧✐♥❡ ●❡❡❦ ❋❡♠✐♥✐s♠ ⊲ ❲♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❍❛❧❧ ♦❢ ❋❛♠❡ ❉✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤❡❞ ✇♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✶ ❘✉✐③✱ ▼✳✱ ✏ ▲❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠✐r✐❛♠r✉✐③✳❡s✴✇❡❜❧♦❣✴❄♣❂✻✷✶ ✷ ❇✐❡❞❛✱ ▲✳✱ ✏ ❲♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❚✐♠❡❧✐♥❡✿ ❆ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳❥s ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✑ ✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴r❛r❧✐♥❞s❡②s♠❛s❤✳❝♦♠✴✐♥❞❡①✳♣❤♣❄♥❂✶✸✶✷✼✹✼✷✹✷✫❝♦♠♠❡♥ts❂✶ ✺ ⊲ ⊲ ⊲ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❲♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❚✐♠❡❧✐♥❡✿ ❆ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳❥s ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❧ ✧❚♦♣ s❡❝r❡t r♦s✐❡s✿ t❤❡ ❢❡♠❛❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs ♦❢ ✇♦r❧❞ ✇❛r ■■✧ ❉♦♥❡st❡❝❤ ✲ ▼❛♣❛s ▼❡♠♦r✐❛s ② ♥❛rr❛t✐✈❛s ✶✳✶✳ ❉❡s❝r✐♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ s✉❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❊❧❧❡♥ ❙♣❡rt✉s r❡❞❛❝tó ❡♥ ✶✾✾✶ ✉♥ ❡♥s❛②♦ t✐t✉❧❛❞♦ ✏ ❲❤② ❛r❡ ❚❤❡r❡ s♦ ❋❡✇ ❋❡♠❛❧❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐sts❄✑ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❛♣✉♥t❛❜❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ✉♥❛ s❡r✐❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜✲ ❧❡♠át✐❝❛s ❡①♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ♣♦❝❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❊st❛❞♦s✲❯♥✐❞♦s ✭❊❊❯❯✮ ❞❡ ♠✉✲ ❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s✱ ❡❧❧❛ ❡s❝r✐❜í❛✿ ✏ ▲❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣❡rs✐❣✉❡♥ ❡st✉❞✐♦s ② ❝❛rr❡r❛s ❡♥ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ♠✉❝❤❛ ♠❡♥♦s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s✳ ❊♥ ✶✾✾✵✱ só❧♦ ❡❧ ✶✸ ✪ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞♦❝t♦r❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s ✭❈■✮ ❢✉❡r♦♥ ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ② só❧♦ ❡❧ ✼✱✽ ✪ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡s♦r❡s ❞❡ ❈■ ❡r❛♥ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✳ ❆❞❡♠ás✱ ❡❧ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❥❡ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐ó♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛ ✉♥ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❧❡♥t♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦✱ ✉♥ r❡tr♦❝❡s♦✳ ❆♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❡s ét✐❝❛s ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ❛ ❧❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ❧❛ ❞❡♠♦❣r❛❢í❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❊❊❯❯ ❡s t❛❧ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ❝♦♥t❛rá ❝♦♥ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ✐♥✲ ❣❡♥✐❡r❛s ② ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s✱ ❛ ♠❡♥♦s ❞ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ♠❡♥♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛✉♠❡♥t❡♥ s✉ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥✑ ✳ ❊st❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❡ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛ ❧❛s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❞✐s✉❛❞❡♥ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❞❡ ♣❡rs❡❣✉✐r ✉♥❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❝❛♠♣♦ té❝♥✐❝♦✱ ② ♠ás ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥✲ ❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s✳ ❊st♦s ❢❛❝t♦r❡s ✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠❛♥❡r❛s ❡♥ q✉❡ ❧♦s ♥✐ñ♦s ② ♥✐ñ❛s s♦♥ ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦s✱ ❧♦s ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡r❛s✱ ❧♦s ♣r❡❥✉✐❝✐♦s s✉t✐❧❡s ❛ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s s❡ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛♥✱ ❧♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❡♥ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛s❝✉❧✐♥♦s✱ ② ❧♦s s❡s❣♦s s❡①✐st❛s ❡♠♣❧❡❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡ ❞✐s❝✉t❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛s ❡✜❝❛❝❡s ❡ ✐♥❡✜❝❛❝❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❡♥t❛r ❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❛ ♣❡rs❡❣✉✐r ❡st❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s✳ ❯♥ t❡♠❛ ❞❡❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❡ ♥♦s ♠✉❡str❛ t❛♠❜✐é♥ q✉❡ ❡st❛ s✉❜✲r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♥♦ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐✲ ♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❢✉❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞✐r❡❝t❛✱ s✐♥♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❛s s✉❜❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❞❡♥ ❛ ♣❡r♣❡t✉❛r ❡❧ ❡st❛t✉s q✉♦✳ ✸ ❊st❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❢✉❡ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ❡♥ ✐♥t❡♥t❛r ❛♣♦rt❛r r❡s♣✉❡st❛s ❛ ❧❛s s✐❣✉✲ ✐❡♥t❡s ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛s✿ ➽P♦rq✉❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ q✉✐❡♥❡s s❡ ❤❛❜í❛♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❢✉❡r③❛ ✹ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s ❞❡ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s ✭❈■✮✱ ❧❧❡❣❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❡♥ ✶✾✽✹ ❡❧ ✸✼ ✪ ✺ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛t✉r❛s ♦t♦r❣❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❊❊❯❯✱ ❡♠♣r❡♥❞✐❡r♦♥ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡s❡ ♠♦✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ✉♥ é①♦❞♦ ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ❡s❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐❛s ② ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧❡s❄✱ ➽❈✉❛❧❡s s♦♥ ❧♦s ❢❛❝t♦r❡s ❝❛✉s❛♥t❡s ❡ ✐♥❤✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ❞❡trás ❞❡ ❡st❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❛♠❜♦s ❣é♥❡r♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝❛♠♣♦ t❛♥ ✸ ❙♣❡rt✉s✱ ❊✳✱ ✏ ▼■❚ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦r② ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❘❡♣♦rt ✶✸✶✺✑ ✱ ✶✾✾✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♣❡♦♣❧❡✳♠✐❧❧s✳❡❞✉✴s♣❡rt✉s✴●❡♥❞❡r✴♣❛♣✴♣❛♣✳❤t♠❧ ✹ ▼✐s❛✱ ❚✳✱ ❏✳✱ ✏ ▼✐❡♥tr❛s s❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥tr❛r♦♥ ❝♦♥ ❢✉❡r③❛ ❡♥ ❧❛s ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ❡♥ ❧♦s ✻✵ ② ✼✵✱ s❛❜❡♠♦s ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦ ♣♦❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤✐❝✐❡r♦♥ ❛❧❧✐ ② q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r♦♥✑ ✱ ✏ ●❡♥❞❡r ❈♦❞❡s✱ ❉❡✜♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ✺ ▼✐s❛✱ ❚✳✱ ❏✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧✱ ✏ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥❝❡✿ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❞✐❜❧❡ ❙❤r✐♥❦✐♥❣ ✇♦♠❛♥✑ ✱ ❈✳ ❈✳ ❍❛②❡s✱ ✐♥ ✏ ●❡♥❞❡r ❈♦❞❡s✿ ❲❤② ✇♦♠❡♥ ❛r❡ ❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ ❝♠♣✉t✐♥❣❄✑ ✱ ❊❞✳ ❚✳ ❏✳ ▼✐s❛✱ ❞❡✳ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ✻ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♥✉❡str❛s s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦rá♥❡❛s❄✱ ➽◗✉é ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s✱ r❡✲ s♣✉❡st❛s ❡ ✐♥❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❡❝❡♥ ❤❛❜❡r ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐❞♦ ❛ s♦❜r❡♣❛s❛r ❡st❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛❝✐♦♥❡s❄✳ ❊♥ ❡❢❡❝t♦✱ ❧❛s ✏ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s✑ ✱ ② ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ♠ás ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛ ❧❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ② ❧❛s ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✱ s♦♥ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡❝t❛s ❞❡ ♥✉❡s✲ tr❛s s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❡❧ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦✳ ❙✉ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t❛ ❡♥ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥✱ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ② ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s s❛❜❡r❡s✱ s✐ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛ ❧❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ② ❣❡st✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉❝t✉r❛s s♦❜r❡ ❧❛s ❝✉❛❧❡s s❡ s♦st✐❡♥❡♥ ♥✉❡str❛s s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s ② ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧❡s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♥♦s s❡ñ❛❧❛ ❏❛✈✐❡r ●ó♠❡③ ❋❡r✐✿ ✓ ▲❛ ♣r♦❢❡s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦rá♥❡❛s✱ ❡❧ ❞❡❝❡♥✐♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✼✵✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❝♦♠✐❡♥③❛ ❛ ❡①t❡♥❞❡rs❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ② ❧❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❝✐ó♥✳ ▲❛s ♥✉❡✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❤❛♥ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦ ❝❛♠❜✐♦s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞♦s ❡♥ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ❢❛❝❡t❛s ❞❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦✱ ❧❛ ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ✐♥❝❧✉✐❞❛✳ P♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❡❝✐r q✉❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❢❡s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠át✐❝♦ ❡s ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦✱ ♣♦r ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ❞♦❜❧❡✱ ❞❡ ❡s❡ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❯♥❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s q✉❡ r❡♦r❣❛♥✐③❛♥ t♦❞❛ ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ♦❝✉♣❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ✐♥❝✐❞✐❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❡❧ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ② ✱ ❛❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❝r❡❛♥ ♥✐❝❤♦s ❡♥ s✉ s❡♥♦ q✉❡ ♣♦♥❞rá♥ ❧❛s ❜❛s❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ s✉r❣✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❢❡s✐ó♥✔✳ ✻ ▲❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❛❝❛rr❡❛ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ❧❛ ❞♦❜❧❡ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛r ♥✉❡✈❛s ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❡s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞❛s✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t❛r ❧♦s ❢♦r♠❛t♦s ❞❡ ❣❡st✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛s♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♥ ❝✐❡rt❛s ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ♣❛s❛♥ ♦ ❜✐❡♥ ❛ ❞❡s❛♣❛r❡❝❡r✱ ♦ ❜✐❡♥ ❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛rs❡✳ ❚♦❞♦ ❡❧❧♦ tr❛❞✉❝✐é♥❞♦s❡ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝✐❡rt❛ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❢❡s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣♦r✿ ✏ ❧❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛ ❞❡❧ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ❢❛❝❡t❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❢❡s✐ó♥ ♣♦r ♣❡rs♦♥❛s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❛♥ ❝✉rs❛❞♦ ❧♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ② ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ✉♥❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛❝✐ó♥ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✔✳ ✼ ❙❡ ❡♥t✐❡♥❞❡ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛❜r❡ ✉♥ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧♦s ♣r♦❝❡s♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❛❞q✉✐s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✈❛r✐♦s s❛❜❡r❡s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❡st❛s ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❡s✳ ❊st♦s ♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧❡s ② ♦❜✈✐❛r ✉♥ ♣❛s❛❥❡ ♦❜❧✐❣❛t♦r✐♦ ✽ ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ r❡❣❧❛❞❛ ✱ ❛❞❡♠ás ❞❡ q✉é ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡s✱ t❛r❡❛s ② ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♥ ❡❧ s❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❛ ♦ ❤❛❝❦❡r ❤❛❝❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r❧♦s✳ ❊st❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ t❛♠♣♦❝♦ ❜✉s❝❛r ✐♥❞❛❣❛r ❡♥ ❧♦s ❢♦r♠❛t♦s ✈❛r✐♦s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❡s❛s ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❡s✴r♦❧❡s✱ s✐♥♦ q✉❡ tr❛t❛ ❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛rr♦❥❛r ❧✉③ ❡♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❝✐❡rt❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s t❡❝♥ó❧♦❣❛s s❡ ✈✉❡❧✈❡♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s✱ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ②✴♦ ❤❛❝❦❡rs✳ ❉❡ ❡st❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛✱ ♥✉❡str♦ ❡st✉❞✐♦ s❡ ❝❡♥tr❛ ❡♥ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝❧❛✈❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s tr❛②❡❝t♦r✐❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ② ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ② ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ s✉ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ② ❧❛s ❛♥❛❧✐③❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧❛s ♥❛rr❛t✐✈❛s ② ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❡①♣r❡s❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❧❛s s✉❜❥❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r♦♣✐❛s ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s✳ ▼✉❝❤♦ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❞✐❝❤♦ ② s❡ ❤❛ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡❧ é①♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s ❞❡ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s ② ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❡s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ❡❧❧❛s✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♠❛r❝♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ tr❛t❛♠♦s ❞❡ r❡s✉♠✐r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡s ♣r❡❣✉♥✲ ✻ ❋❡rr✐✱ ❏✳ ●✳✱ ✏ ▲❛ ♣r♦❢❡s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥❢ór♠❛t✐❝❅✑ ✱ ❖❜s❡r✈❛t♦r✐♦ ❈✐❜❡rs♦❝✐❡❞❛❞✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ✼ ✐❜✐❞ ✽ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❛② q✉❡ r❡❝♦r❞❛r q✉❡ ❧❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐❛s ❡♥ ❈■ ♥♦ ❡①✐st✐❡r♦♥ ♣♦r s✐ ♠✐s♠❛s ❡♥ s✉s ✐♥✐❝✐♦s✳ ✼ t❛s✱ r❡s♣✉❡st❛s ② t❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❛ ❧♦ ❧❛r❣♦ ❞❡ ❡st♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ✷✵ ❛ñ♦s✳ ❆❞❡♠ás ♥♦s ✉r❣❡ s❡ñ❛❧❛r q✉❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ s❡ ❤❛ ❡st✉❞✐❛❞♦ ♠✉❝❤♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❧♦s ♥✐✈❡❧❡s ❜❛❥♦s ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✾ ✱ ② q✉❡ ❧❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦✲ ❡rs ❡s ❝❛s✐ ✐♥❡①✐st❡♥t❡✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥ ✈❛❝í♦ ❞❡❧ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣r♦❝❡s♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❧❧❡❣❛r ❛ s❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ②✴♦ ❛❞✲ ♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s s✐♥ ♣❛s❛r ♣♦r ✉♥♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s r❡❣❧❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ♦ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧✳ ▲❛ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐ó♥ ❛✉t♦✲❞✐❞á❝t✐❝❛✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛s tá❝t✐❝❛s ♦s❝✐❧❛♥❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ r❡❝♦rr✐❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❡s ② ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ❛✉t♦✲♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦s ❤❛♥ s✐❞♦ ♣♦❝♦ r❡tr❛t❛❞♦s✱ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s q✉❡ ✐♥❝✐✲ ❞❡♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♥✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s ✳ P♦r ❡❧❧♦✱ ❧❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s s✉❥❡t❛s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ tr❛③❛r ② ❡♥tr❡❧❛③❛r ✉♥ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞❡ tr❛②❡❝t♦r✐❛s ② ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡♥ ❡♠❡r❣❡r ♥✉❡✈❛s ❝❧❛✈❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ② ❝♦♠♣r❡♥s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❡st♦s ✈❛❝í♦s s❡ñ❛❧❛❞♦s✳ ▲❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♥❛ r❡✈✐s✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥✲ ✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦❝❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❝❛rr❡r❛s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐❛s✱ ❡st✉❞✐♦s ② ♦✜❝✐♦s ❞❡ ❈■✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦ s❡ r❡✈✐s❛ ✉♥❛ s❡❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ❛rr♦✲ ❥❛♥ ❧✉③ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♣♦♥✐❡♥❞♦ ♥✉❡str♦ s✉❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦✳ ▲✉❡❣♦ s❡ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛♥ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❜❛rr❡r❛s ❡ ✐♥❤✐❜✐❞♦r❡s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠✲ ❜✐é♥ s❡ ✐❧✉str❛♥ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❡s ② ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❤❛♥ ❞❡♠♦str❛❞♦ ❛❝t✐✈❛r ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐✲ ♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡st❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s✳ ▲❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ s❡ ❝❡♥tr❛ ❡♥ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s ② ❡❧ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝✉s✐ó♥ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s t❡❝♥ó❧♦❣❛s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦✳ ❈♦♥ ❡❧❧♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡✲ ♠♦s ❣❡♥❡r❛r ♥✉❡✈♦s ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛♥❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ②✴♦ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛s ♠♦t✐✈❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ❧❛s ❤❛♥ ✐♠♣✉❧s❛❞♦ ❡♥ s✉s ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡s✱ s✉s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛✱ s✉s ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞❡s ② ✈í❛s ❞❡ s♦st❡♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞✱ s✉s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ② r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ s✉ ❞❡✜♥✐✲ ❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❤❛❝❦❡❛r ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ s✉s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❛♥ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❈■✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✉♥ r❡s✉♠❡♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣r♦♣✉❡s✲ t❛s ❞❡ ♠❡❥♦r❛s ② ❛❝t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ❤❡♠♦s ♣♦❞✐❞♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛ r❡✈✐s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❛ñ❛❞✐♠♦s ♣r♦♣✉❡st❛s q✉❡ s✉r❣❡♥ ❞❡❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❥♦r❛r ❧♦s ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛s ❛❝t✉❛❧❡s✳ ✾ ❊❧ ✓s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✔ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝✉❡st✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞✱ ♥♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐♦✳ P❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❡❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t♦✱ ❞❡❜❡rí❛ ♣❡♥s❛r ❡♥ ✓❧✐❜r❡✔ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥ ✓❧✐❜r❡ ❡①♣r❡s✐ó♥✔✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥ ✓❜❛rr❛ ❧✐❜r❡✔✳ ❊❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝✉❡st✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✉s✉❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r✱ ❝♦♣✐❛r✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r✱ ❡st✉❞✐❛r✱ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r ② ♠❡❥♦r❛r ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ▼ás ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ✉s✉❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s t✐❡♥❡♥ ❧❛s ❝✉❛tr♦ ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞❡s ❡s❡♥❝✐❛❧❡s✳ ▲❛ ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞ ❞❡ ❡❥❡❝✉t❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ✭❧✐❜❡rt❛❞ ✵✮✳ ▲❛ ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐❛r ❝ó♠♦ tr❛❜❛❥❛ ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ② ❝❛♠❜✐❛r❧♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❤❛❣❛ ❧♦ q✉❡ ✉st❡❞ q✉✐❡r❛ ✭❧✐❜❡rt❛❞ ✶✮✳ ❊❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦✳ ▲❛ ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞ ❞❡ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ❝♦♣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❛ ❛②✉❞❛r ❛❧ ♣ró❥✐♠♦ ✭❧✐❜❡rt❛❞ ✷✮✳ ▲❛ ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ❝♦♣✐❛s ❞❡ s✉s ✈❡rs✐♦♥❡s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❛ t❡r❝❡r♦s ✭❧❛ ✸➟ ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞✮✳ ❯♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡s s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ s✐ ❧♦s ✉s✉❛r✐♦s t✐❡♥❡♥ t♦❞❛s ❡s❛s ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞❡s✳ ❊♥t♦♥❝❡s✱ ❞❡❜❡rí❛ s❡r ❧✐❜r❡ ❞❡ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ❝♦♣✐❛s✱ t❛♥t♦ ❝♦♥ ♦ s✐♥ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ②❛ s❡❛ ❣r❛t✐s ♦ ❝♦❜r❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ t❛r✐❢❛ ♣♦r ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✱ ❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❡♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣❛rt❡✳ ❊❧ s❡r ❧✐❜r❡ ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r ❡st❛s ❝♦s❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦tr❛s ❝♦s❛s✱ q✉❡ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ ♣❡❞✐r ♦ ♣❛❣❛r ❡❧ ♣❡r♠✐s♦✳ ❙✐ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡✱ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❞❛r ❛ t♦❞❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞ ✉♥❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛rs❡ ❞❡ s✉s ❝❛♠❜✐♦s✳ ❊❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐ó♥ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦✑ ✱ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣♥✉✳♦r❣✴♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤②✴❢r❡❡✲s✇✳❡s✳❤t♠❧✳ ✽ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ➽❉♦♥❞❡ s❡ s✐tú❛♥ ♥✉❡str♦s s✉❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ② ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s❄ ✶✳✷✳ ❘❛③♦♥❡s ② ♠♦t✐✈❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡trás ❞❡ ❡st❛ ✐♥✈❡s✲ t✐❣❛❝❝✐ó♥ ❊♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❧✉❣❛r ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s ❥✉st✐❝✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣✉❡❞❛♥ ❞✐s✲ ❢r✉t❛r ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✐s♠❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ② ❞✐s❢r✉t❛r ❡♥ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❛❧ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛s t✐❡♥❡♥ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝✐❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♥✲ t❡♠♣♦rá♥❡❛s✳ ❊st❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡stá ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ✐♠♣♦r✲ t❛♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛r ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥❡s✱ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ② ♣❡r✜❧❡s s♦❝✐♦✲ ❞❡♠♦❣rá✜❝♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s q✉❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛♥ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❍❡ss ✿ ✧❧❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛r ♠✉❝❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛s✱ ❡♠♣r❡✲ s❛s✱ ❝❧❛s❡s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ❣é♥❡r♦s✱ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ✉s✉❛r✐❛s ② ❣r✉♣♦s ét♥✐❝♦s ❬✳✳✳❪ ❊♠♣❡③❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ② ❧❛s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s t✐❡♥❡♥ ✉♥❛s ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❡s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ② ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❡❧ ❡s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ ❡stá ❧✐st♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❛r✲ r♦❧❧❛r ✉♥❛ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥❝✐❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✐♠♣✉❧s♦r ❞❡❧ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ✾ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✧✳ ✶✵ P♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❧❡♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈ t❛♠❜✐é♥ t✐❡♥❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡s❛✜❛r ❧❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ② ❞♦♠✲ ✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❧❛s ❚■❈ ② ♠❡❥♦r❛r ❧❛ ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞✱ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠í❛ ② s♦❜❡r❛♥í❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❝✐✈✐❧ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ s✉s ♣r♦♣✐❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦✱ s❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛ ❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♠❜♦s ❣é♥❡r♦s ✶✶ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♦rí❣❡♥❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧❡s ② ♠✐♥♦rí❛s ét♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♥♦ s✉❡❧❡♥ ❡st❛r t❛♠♣♦❝♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ✭❛❢r♦✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥❛s✱ ❤✐s♣❛♥❛s✱ ❣✐t❛♥❛s✱ ❡t❝✳✮ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s✱ ♦✜❝✐♦s ② ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s r❡❧❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♥ ❈■✳ ❊st❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ r❡❝❛❧❝❛ ❛❞❡♠ás ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♣♦❝❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❝♦♥st✐t✉②❡ s♦❧♦ ✉♥❛ ♣✉♥t❛ ❞❡❧ ✐❝❡❜❡r❣ ②❛ q✉❡ ❛❧ ❤❛❜❧❛r ❞❡ ❈■ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ♥♦s r❡❢❡r✐r♥♦s ❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ s♦❝✐♦✲❞❡♠♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦s ✏ ■♥♥♦✈❛❞♦r❡s✑ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❛❞♦♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥♥♦✈❛❝✐ó♥ ✶✷ ✭❊✈❡r❡tt ❘♦❣❡rs✮✳ ❊st❛ s✉❡❧❡ ❡s✲ t❛r ❜ás✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣✉❡st❛ ♣♦r ✈❛r♦♥❡s✲ ❜❧❛♥❝♦s ✲ ❥ó✈❡♥❡s✲ ② ❞♦t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ s♦❝✐❛❧ ② ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✳ ❊❧ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❥✉st✐❝✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❛❝❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❧❛ ■❣✉❛❧❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❖♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ② ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡❞✲ ❡r ❛ ❧♦s ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐♦s ♦❢r❡❝✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❡❧ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛s ❚■❈✳ ❈♦♥ ❡❧❧♦✱ ❤❛❜❧❛♠♦s ❞❡❧ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ② ❧❛ ♠❡❥♦r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❡♥ ❡st❡ s❡❝t♦r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s✉s tr❛❜❛❥❛❞♦r❛s ♥♦ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥❡♥ s✉s ♣✉❡st♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦✱ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❛❧ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ q✉❡ ♣♦❞rí❛♥ ❥✉❣❛r ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❢✉t✉r♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦✈❡❡❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥♦ ❞❡ ♦❜r❛ ❝✉❛❧✐✜❝❛❞❛✳ ❉❡ ❤❡❝❤♦✱ ❊❊❯❯ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❯♥✐ó♥ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛ ✭❊❯✷✼✮ ❡stá♥ ❛❢r♦♥t❛❞♦ ✉♥ s❡r✐♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✏ ❡❙✲ ❦✐❧❧s ❣❛♣✑ ✭❛❣✉❥❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❈♦♠♣❡t❡♥❝✐❛s ❧❛❜♦r❛❧❡s✮✳ ❯♥❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ♣r♦s♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ✶✸ ♥♦s s❡ñ❛❧❛ q✉❡ ❡♥ ✷✵✶✺ ❡❧ ❡❙❦✐❧❧s ❣❛♣ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛rá ✉♥♦s ✸✽✹✱✵✵✵ ❞❡ ♣✉❡st♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ♣♦r ❝✉❜r✐r ❡♥ t♦❞❛ ❧❛ ❊❯✷✼ ♣♦r ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t❡♥❝✐❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❧❛❜✲ ♦r❛❧ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥ ❡❧ s❡❝t♦r ❚■❈✳ ❊st❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❡stá ❧❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❡s ✶✹ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥ ❡❧ s❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ✐♥♥♦✈❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❛ r❡♣❧❛♥t❡❛rs❡ ❧♦s ♠♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛tr❛❡r ♠ás ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❛❢í♥ ❞❡ r❡❞✉❝✐r ❡s❡ ❛❣✉❥❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t❡♥❝✐❛s✳ ❊st❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ❧♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr❛✲ ❜❛❥♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❈■ r❡♠✐t❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❛❧ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ♦ s❡❛✱ ✏ ❧❛s ♣❡r❞✐❞❛s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ② ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝❛s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♥✉❡str❛s s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❝✉❛♥❞♦ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ② ❧❛ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ② t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♥♦ ❡stá♥ s✐❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r♦✈❡❝❤❛❞❛s✑ ✳ ✶✵ ❍❡ss✱ ✶✺ ❉✳❏✱ ✧❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ♣❛t❤✇❛②s ✐♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞✉str②✱ ❆❝t✐✈✐s♠✱ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❛♥ ❡r❛ ♦❢ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✧✱ ✷✵✵✼✱ ❚❤❡ ▼■❚ Pr❡ss✳ ✶✶ P❛r❛ ❞♦s ❙✳✱ ♣♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♠❡❥♦r ❡st❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ✏ ❉✐s❛❧✐❡♥❛t✐♦♥✿ ❲❤② ●❡♥❞❡r r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ✐s ❛ r❡♠✐t✐♠♦s ❛ ❚❡①t s✉ ❛ ♣r♦♣✐❛ ❋✐❡❧❞ ♦♥ ❡st♦s ❞♦s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛s ❉✐❛s♣♦r❛ ❛rtí❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ✔✱ r❡❞❛❝t❛✲ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦✿ ✷✵✶✶✳ ▼❡✐✱ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳s❛r❛❤♠❡✐✳❝♦♠✴❜❧♦❣✴✷✵✶✵✴✶✶✴✷✻✴❞✐s❛❧✐❡♥❛t✐♦♥✴ ❀ ❇✉❡❝❤❧❡②✱ ▲✳✱ ▼❛❦♦✱ ❇✳✱ ❍✳✱ ✏ ▲✐❧②P❛❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❲✐❧❞✿ ❍♦✇ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡✬s ▲♦♥❣ ❚❛✐❧ ✐s s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ ◆❡✇ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❉❡✲ s✐❣♥ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s ✑ ✱ ▼■❚ ▼❡❞✐❛ ▲❛❜✱ ❍✐❣❤✲▲♦✇ ❚❡❝❤ ●r♦✉♣ ✲ ▼❛ss❛❝❤✉s❡tts ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❤❧t✳♠❡❞✐❛✳♠✐t✳❡❞✉✴♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✴❜✉❡❝❤❧❡②❴❉■❙❴✶✵✳♣❞❢ ✶✷ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❡s✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦r❣✴✇✐❦✐✴❊✈❡r❡tt❴❘♦❣❡rs ✶✸ ❊♠♣✐r✐❝❛ ❛♥❞ ■❉❈ ❊▼❊❆ ●♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ■♥s✐❣❤ts ✱ ❉● ❊♥t❡r♣r✐s❡ ❛♥❞ ■♥❞✉str② ✭❊✉r♦✲ ♣❡❛♥ ❈♦♠✐ss✐♦♥✮✱ ✏ ❆❢t❡r t❤❡ ❝r✐s✐s✱ t❤❡ ❡✲s❦✐❧❧s ❣❛♣ ✐s ❧♦♦♠✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❊✉r♦♣❡✑ ✱ ✷✵✵✾✱ ❢✉❡♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡s❦✐❧❧s✲♠♦♥✐t♦r✳❡✉✴❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts✴Pr❡ss ✪✷✵r❡❧❡❛s❡ ✪✷✵✜♥❛❧✳♣❞❢ ✶✹ P❊❖P▲❊❈❊❘❚✱ ✏ ❈♦♠♠✐t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❈♦❞❡ ♦❢ ❇❡st Pr❛❝t✐❝❡s ❢♦r ❲♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ ■❈❚✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴t✐♥②✉r❧✳❝♦♠✴✸♥✹❤✹❡✷ ✶✺ ▲❛❣❡♥s❡♥✱ ❇✳ ▲✳✱ ✏ ●❡tt✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡ ✇♦♠❡♥ ✶✵ ✐♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❡♥✲ ❙✉♠❛♠♦s ❛ ❡st❛s r❛③♦♥❡s✱ ❡❧ q✉❡r❡r ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧✉❝❤❛r ❝♦♥tr❛ ❧♦s ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦s ② ❧♦s ♣r❡❥✉✐❝✐♦s q✉❡ ❧❧❡✈❛♥ ❛ ❞✐❝t❛♠✐♥❛r q✉❡ ❧❛ ❜❛✲ ❥❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❈■ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❛ s✉ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rés ②✴♦ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ✏ ✐♥♥❛t❛s✑ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❛ s✉ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦✳ ◗✉❡r❡♠♦s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❛ ❧❛ r❡✢❡①✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ❧♦s ♠♦❞♦s ✏ ❡♥ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥str✉②❡ ❡❧ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ✭❤❡❣❡♠ó♥✐❝♦✮ ② ❧❛ ♣♦s✐✲ ❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛r tá❝t✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❝✐ó♥ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐st❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ t❡❝♥♦✲❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦✱ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❜❧❛♥❝♦✱ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛♥t❡ ② ♣❛tr✐❛r❝❛❧✳ ❋r❡♥t❡ ❛❧ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞♦✱ ❡❧ ♣❡♥s❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❢❡♠✐♥✐st❛ ❞✐❝❡✿ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ s✐t✉❛❞♦✱ ✉♥ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t♦ s❛❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡s❝r✐t♦s ❞❡ ❋❛✐t❤ ❲✐❧❞✐♥❣✱ q✉❡ s❡ ♦♣♦♥❡ ❛❧ ❛✐s❧❛♠✐❡♥✲ t♦ ❞❡❧ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ② ♣r♦♣♦♥❡ ♣♦♥❡r❧♦ ❛ ❞✐❛❧♦❣❛r ❝♦♥ ♦tr♦s ♣❛rá♠❡tr♦s ② ♥✐✈❡❧❡s ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ✭q✉✐é♥ ♣✐❡♥s❛✱ ❝ó♠♦✱ ❞ó♥❞❡✱ ❝✉á♥❞♦ ② ♣❛r❛ q✉é✮✑ ✳ ✶✳✸✳ ✶✻ ❁ ❉♦♥❡st❡❝❤ ❃ ❁ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ▲❡❧❛ ❃ ▲❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❉♦♥❡st❡❝❤ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐♠♦s ❞❡ tr❛②❡❝t♦r✐❛s s✉❥❡t❛s ❛ ❧❛ ✐♥✲ ✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❝t✐✈✐st❛✱ ❡❧ ♠❡❞✐❛❝t✐✈✐s♠♦✱ ❧❛ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ② ❧❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦✳ ❍❡♠♦s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦ ② ❧❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❛ ❝❛❜♦ ❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ♣♦r q✉é ② ❝ó♠♦ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❛❝❝❡❞❡♥ ❛ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ q✉é ❤❛❝❡♥ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛♥ ❝♦♥ ést❛s✱ ❝✉á❧❡s s♦♥ s✉s ✈í❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡✱ s✉s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦✱ q✉é ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ✉s❛♥ ②✱ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝✉á❧❡s s♦♥ s✉s s✉❡ñ♦s ② ❞❡s❡♦s ❞❡ ❢✉t✉r♦✳ ◆♦s ❛❝❡r❝❛♠♦s ❛ ❧❛s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❝②❜❡r❢❡♠✐♥✐st❛s ♣♦rq✉❡ ❝✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠♦s ❡❧ s❡①✐s♠♦ ✐♠♣❡r❛♥t❡ ❡♥ ❧❛s t❡♦rí❛s ② ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s ② t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ② ♣♦rq✉❡ ✈❡♠♦s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ✭❚■❈✮ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ② ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦✳ ❙✐♥ ❡♠❜❛r❣♦✱ ♥♦ ❝r❡❡♠♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ s✉♣✉❡st❛ ♥❡✉tr❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ② ❞❡ ❧♦s ❛rt❡❢❛❝t♦s q✉❡ ♠❡❞✐❛♥ ♥✉❡str❛ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❡❧❧♦ ❞❡s❛✜❛♠♦s ❧♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ② ♣♦❞❡r ❛rr❛✐❣❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❡❧❧♦s ②✱ ❛ s✉ ✈❡③✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♠♦s ❛❧ ❡♠♣♦❞❡r❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ② ❛✉t♦♥♦♠í❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s tr❛t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ s✉❜✈❡rt✐r ❧❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ ❡♥ s✉ ❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ② ❡st❛❜❧❡❝✐❡♥❞♦ ♥✉❡✈♦s ❝❛♠✐♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❚■❈ ❛❧t❡r♥❛✲ t✐✈❛s ❜❛s❛❞❛s ❡♥ ♥✉❡str❛s s✉❜❥❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞❡s ② ❞❡s❡♦s✳ ❆✉♥q✉❡ ❧❛s ❡st❛❞íst✐❝❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s s✉❡❧❡♥ ❝♦♥st❛t❛r ✉♥❛ s✉❜r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ✭❛❝❝❡s♦✱ ✉s♦✱ ❛♣r♦♣✐❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❞❡s❛r✲ r♦❧❧♦✮✱ ést❛s ❝♦♥tr❛❞✐❝❡♥ ♥✉❡str❛s ♣r♦♣✐❛s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠✉❥❡r❡s t❡❝♥ó❧♦❣❛s ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐③❛♥ ♦tr❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❝✐♦♥❡s ② ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛s ❢❡♠❡♥✐♥❛s ❡♥ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ ❛❝t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ♥✉❡str♦ ✐♥t❡rés ❡♥ ✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ❧❛s t❡❝✲ ♥ó❧♦❣❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ② ❝♦♥♦❝❡r s✉s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝✐❞❛❞❡s ♠ás ❛❧❧á ❞❡ ❧❛s ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❡s✲ t❛♥❞❛r✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♥ s❡s❣♦s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦✳ ❆sí ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ♥✉❡str♦ ♠❛♥✐✜❡st♦ ✶✼ ♥♦s ❤❡♠♦s ✐❞♦ ❡♥r❡❞❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠ás ② ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❧❡❧❛ s❡ ❤❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♠❡t❛♣r♦②❡❝t♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❝♦♥ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ ✉♥ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝♦✱ ❡♥ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ✔✱ P♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❞ ♣r❛❝t✐❝✐♦♥❡r ❜r✐❡✜♥❣✱ ❙■●■❙✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳r❝ss✳❡❞✳❛❝✳✉❦✴s✐❣✐s✴♣✉❜❧✐❝✴❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts✴❙■●■❙❴❉✵✽❴✵✺❴❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✳♣❞❢ ✶✻ Ptq❦✱ ✏ ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦ ❋❡♠✐♥✐st❛ ❈②❜❡r♣✉♥❦✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♣tq❦❜❧♦❣③✐♥❡✳❜❧♦❣s♣♦t✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✶✵✴✶✶✴❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦✲❢❡♠✐♥✐st❛✲❝✐❜❡r♣✉♥❦✳❤t♠❧ ✶✼ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞♦♥❡st❡❝❤✳♥❡t✴❄q❂❡s✴♠❛♥✐✜❡st♦ ✶✶ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ② ❝r❡❝✐❡♥❞♦ ❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s✱ ❢♦r♠❛t♦s ② ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✈❛r✐❛s✳ ❊♥tr❡ ♥✉❡str❛s ❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s ② ❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛♥✿ ⊲ ▲❛ ❝r❡❛❝✐ó♥ ② ♠❛♥t❡♥✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ✇❡❜✿ ✇✇✇✳❞♦♥❡st❡❝❤✳♥❡t ⊲ ❯♥ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ② ✉s♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ♣♦r ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❝❛t❛❧✉♥✲ ②❛✱ ② ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡s♣❛ñ♦❧ ⊲ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥✿♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❤✐stór✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ② ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ⊲ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥✿ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❛rt❡ ❡♥ ❝❛t❛❧✉♥②❛ ⊲ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥✿ ❆❧❢❛❜❡t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐ó♥ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ✐♥♠✐❣r❛♥t❡s ⊲ ⊲ ❈❛rt♦❣r❛❢í❛s ② ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✈❛r✐❛s ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❧ ✧❉❡s❝✐❢r❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❧❡❧❛✧ s✉❜t✐t✉❧❛❞♦ ❛❧ ❝❛st❡❧❧❛♥♦✱ ❢r❛♥❝és ❡ ✐♥❣❧és ⊲ ⊲ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❧ ✧❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❧❡❧❛rt ✧ s♦❜r❡ t❡❝♥ó❧♦❣❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❛rt❡ ●✉✐❛ ❞✐❞á❝t✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛s ❚■❈❝♦♥ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡r♦ ② ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✐❞❛❞ ⊲ ❯♥ ❝ó♠✐❝ ▲❡❧❛ ② ✈❛r✐♦s t❛❧❧❡r❡s ❞❡ ❝ó♠✐❝ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ♥❛rr❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❚■❈ ❡♥ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ ❝♦♥ ♥✐ñ♦s✴❛s ✶✳✹✳ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣í❛s ✉s❛❞❛s ❊❧ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ▲❡❧❛❈♦❞❡rs ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ② ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs s❡ ❝❡♥tr❛ ❡♥ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ✉♥❛ ✏ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝❝✐ó♥✑ ✱ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❣r✉♣♦ ❛❧♦❥❛❞♦ ✶✽ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ r❡❞ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❧✐❜r❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛❞❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣♦rt❛❧ ✇✇✇✳❞♦♥❡st❡❝❤✳♥❡t✳ ❍❛❜❧❛♠♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝❝✐ó♥ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♦♣t❛♠♦s ♣♦r ✉♥ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❝t✐✈✐st❛✱ ❞ó♥❞❡ t❛♥t♦ ❧❛ s❡❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡♠át✐❝❛s ❛ tr❛t❛r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✲ ✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ② ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣í❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛♥ ❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❝✉②❛ ✐♥t❡♥❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❧❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛r ❧❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❝✐❛❧ ② ❧❛ ♠❡❥♦r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❡♥ s✉ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✳ ✶✾ P♦r ❡❧❧♦ ✉s❛♠♦s ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛s ❧✐❜r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ♣r♦t❡❝❝✐ó♥ ② ❞✐❢✉s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦s ② r❡✢❡①✐♦♥❡s✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛sí ❧❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ s✐♥ r❡str✐❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❣❡♥❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♥ ❡❧ á♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛r r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛r ♥✉❡✈♦s ❞❡❜❛t❡s✱ ② ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♥✉❡✈❛s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐♦♥❡s ② ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ á♠❜✐t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉✲ ❥❡r❡s ② ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✳ ▲❛s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❞❡trás ❞❡ ▲❡❧❛❈♦❞❡rs s❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ ♣♦r ✉♥ é♥❢❛s✐s ❡♥ ❧❛ s✉❜❥❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞✱ ❡❧ ❢♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❝♦❧❛❜♦✲ r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✉♥❛ t❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧✐❞❛❞✱ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ✶✽ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴♥✲✶✳❝❝✴♣❣✴❣r♦✉♣s✴✷✼✶✻✻✴❧❡❧❛❝♦❞❡rs✴ ✶✾ ❱❡r❣és✱ ◆✳✱ ❍❛❝❤é✱ ❆✳✱ ✏ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐t③❛❝✐♦♥s ✐ ❘❡❝❡r❝❛ ❆❝t✐✈✐st❛✿ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ♣❛♣❡r ❊❙❋ ▼❡♠♦r② ♣r♦❥❡❝t✳ ✶✷ ✉♥ ✐♥t❡♥t ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝✐❧✐❛❝✐ó✑ ✱ ✷✵✵✻✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛❞♦✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❢♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t♦r✐❛s✱ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r❛s ② ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❞❛s✳ ❊♥ ❡s❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❧✐♥❡❛✱ ❧❛s ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐✲ ❣❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❤❛♥ s✐❞♦ s❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❞❛♥❞♦ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞✱ ❛❧ ❛♠♣❧✐♦ ❛❜❛♥✐❝♦ ♦❢r❡❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡ ②❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❞♦t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❤❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❧❛ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦r❛ r❡✲ s♣❡t♦ ❛ s✉ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐s♦ ❛❝t✐✈✐st❛✳ ▲❛ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❞❡❝✉❛r ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ q✉✐❡r❡ ❡st✉❞✐❛r ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❛♣r♦♣✐❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛✱ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐r ❡❧ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉②❡♥❞♦ t♦❞♦ ❡❧❧♦ ❛❧ ❢♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❧✐❜r❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ② ❡❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐s♠♦ t✐❡♥❡♥ ♠✉❝❤♦ q✉❡ ✈❡r ❡❧ ✉♥♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♦tr♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❜✐❡♥ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❧❛ ❝②❜❡r❢❡♠✐♥✐st❛ ▲❛✉r❡♥❝❡ ❘❛ss❡❧✿ ✏ ❊♥ ❢r❛♥❝és ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r✲ ❛t✐✈♦ s❡ ❧❧❛♠❛ ✧s②stè♠❡ ❞✬❡①♣❧♦✐t❛t✐♦♥✧ ✭s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦t❛❝✐ó♥✮✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s s❡r ❞✉❡ñ❛s ❞❡ t✉ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦t❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❧♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦✱ ② ❝❛♠❜✐❛r❧♦ ❡s ❧♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❧♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐r ② ❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❥✉♥t❛s✳ ❆q✉í ♥♦ ❤❛② ❝♦♣✐❛s✱ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ t✐❡♥❡ ❡❧ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✱ ❡s❛ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐r ❛❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✳ ❆❞❡♠ás s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✱ ❡♥tr❛r ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❡s ♦tr♦ ❡♠♣♦❞❡r❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛✏ ✳ ✷✵ P♦r ❡❧❧♦✱ ❤❡♠♦s ✉s❛❞♦ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❡❞✐❝✐ó♥ ② ♠♦♥t❛✲ ❥❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s ❛✉❞✐♦✈✐s✉❛❧❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ✭❦✐♥♦✱ ❝✐♥❡❧❡rr❛✱ ♠❦✈✮ ② ❤❡♠♦s ❡❧❡❣✐❞♦ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ❡❧ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦s ♦♥✲❧✐♥❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✷✶ ❊st❛ ❡s ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ▲♦r❡❛✱ ✉♥ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦ ♣r♦♠♦✈✐❞♦ ♣♦r r❡❞ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ◆✲✶✳❝❝✳ ✉♥ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ♥❛❝✐❞♦ ❡♥ ✷✵✵✾ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❧❛ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ② ❧❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈✐❣✐❧❛♥❝✐❛✱ ❡❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ② ❧❛ ♠✐♥❡rí❛ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✳ ❊❧ ❡q✉✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡ ✉♥ ❡❥ér❝✐t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♣✉❡st❛ ♣♦r ❞❡✲ s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❛s ② ❤❛❝❦t✐✈✐st❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛s ❝✉❛❧❡s s❡ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ ❉♦♥❡st❡❝❤✳ ▲♦r❡❛ ❡s ✉♥ s❡♠✐❧❧❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ❧✐❜r❡s ② s❡❣✉r❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❡stá♥ ♥❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ❢❡❞❡r❛❞❛s ② ❛✉t♦❣❡st✐♦♥❛❞❛s✳ ❙♦♥ r❡❞❡s ❧✐❜r❡s ♣♦rq✉❡ s❡ ❜❛s❛♥ í♥t❡❣r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ② ♣♦rq✉❡ ❢♦♠❡♥t❛♥ ❧❛ ❧✐❜✲ ❡rt❛❞ ❞❡ s✉s ❤❛❜✐t❛♥t❡s ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❛✉t♦✲♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❝✐✈✐❧✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦ ▲♦r❡❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ♣❡♥s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❧❛ ❝♦✲ ❧❛❜♦r❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s✱ ❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❡♥ r❡❞✱ ❧❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐ó♥ ② ❧❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈❛ ✭✇✐❦✐s✱ ❜❧♦❣s✱ ❝❛❧❡♥❞❛r✐♦s✱ ❣❡st♦r ❞❡ t❛r❡❛s✱ ❧✐st❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♦✱ ♠✐❝r♦❜❧♦❣❣✐♥❣✱ ❡t❝✮ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ s❡❣✉r❛ ② s♦❜❡r❛♥❛✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❛② q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛r q✉❡ ◆✲✶✳❝❝ ❢♦♠❡♥t❛ ❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ♥❡✉tr❛❧ ② ❞❡❝❧❛r❛ ❡①♣r❡s❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ s✉s tér♠✐♥♦s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐❝✐♦ ✏ ♥♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ◆✲✶ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦♠❡♥t❛r ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦s s❡①✐st❛s✱ r❛❝✐st❛s ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡♥s❛ ❞❡❧ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✐s♠♦ ② ♦tr❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♦♣r❡s✐ó♥ ❛✉t♦r✐t❛r✐❛✑ ✳ ✷✷ P♦r t♦❞♦ ❡❧❧♦✱ ♥♦s ♣❛r❡❝✐ó ❧❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ♠ás ❝♦❤❡r❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥ ♥✉❡str♦s ♣r♦♣✐♦s ♣r❡❝❡♣t♦s ❝②❜❡r❢❡♠✐♥✐st❛s✱ ② ❝♦♥ ♥✉❡str❛ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❤❡♠♦s q✉❡r✐❞♦ ❝♦♥✲ tr✐❜✉✐r ❛ ❢♦♠❡♥t❛r ❧❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ② tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s r♦❧❡s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❤❛❝❦t✐✈✐st❛s ② ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✳ P❛r❛ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r q✉é ❤❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞♦ ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ② ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s ② ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❡❧ ✉s♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡♥ ✷✵ ❉♦♥❡st❡❝❤✱ ✏ ❉❡s❝✐❢r❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❤tt♣✿✴✴s✉❜✈✐❞❡♦✳t✈✴♣❧❛②❡r✳♣❤♣❄✐❞❂✽✽✫s✈❂✼✵ ✷✶ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴♥✲✶✳❝❝✴♣❣✴❡①♣❛❣❡s✴r❡❛❞✴❆❜♦✉t✴ ✷✷ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴♥✲✶✳❝❝✴♣❣✴❡①♣❛❣❡s✴r❡❛❞✴❚❡r♠s✴ ✶✸ ❧❡❧❛✑ ✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ s✉s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✱ s✉s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛r✱ s✉s ♥❡❝❡s✐✲ ❞❛❞❡s✱ ❢♦rt❛❧❡③❛s✱ ❝❛r❡♥❝✐❛s ② ❞❡s❡♦s✱ ❤❡♠♦s ♣❧❛♥t❡❛❞♦ ✉♥❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞♦♥❞❡ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥ ❧❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❝✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛s✳ ❉❡ ❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ s❡ ❤❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♥❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❝✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧❛ r❡✈✐s✐ó♥ ❜✐❜❧✐✲ ♦❣rá✜❝❛✱ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✶✷ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s ❡♥ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞ ❣r❛✈❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❢♦r♠❛t♦s ❛✉❞✐♦✈✐s✉❛❧ ②✱ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝✉s✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❍♦❧❛♥❞❛ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❤❛♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❞♦ ✻ ♠✉❥❡r❡s t❡❝♥ó❧♦❣❛s ❞❡ á♠❜✐t♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❧❛s ✉♥❛ ❞❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡s♣❛ñ♦❧✳ ▲♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ ♣♦♥❡♥ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ♥✲✶ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛♥✲ ❞♦ ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ② ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s✱ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ② ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❣é♥❡r♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❈✐❡♥❝✐❛s ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s ② ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈s✳ ❊♥ ♠ás ❞❡t❛❧❧❡ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛✿ ⊲ ❯♥❛ s❡❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡s❤❛❝✐❛ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦s✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❞❛t♦s ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❡s ⊲ ❯♥ ❝❛♥❛❧ ✈í❞❡♦❝♦♥ r❡sú♠❡♥❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s ❛✉❞✐♦✈✐s✉❛❧❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ⊲ ❯♥ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s s❛❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛ r❡✈✐s✐ó♥✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ⊲ ❯♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❡st❛s✴❛❝t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❥♦r❛r ❧❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ② ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ② ❡st✉❞✐♦s q✉✐s✐ér❛♠♦s ❞❡st❛❝❛r ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳ P♦r ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ♥♦s ❤❡♠♦s t♦♣❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❣r❛♥ ❝❛r❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐t♦s ❡♥ ❝❛st❡❧❧❛♥♦ ♦ ❝❛t❛❧á♥✳ ▲❛ ❣r❛♥ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ❡stá♥ r❡❞❛❝t❛❞❛s ❡♥ ✐♥❣❧és ② ❤❡♠♦s ♣r♦❜❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❧♦ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ❞❡ tr❛❞✉❝✐r s✉s s✐♥♦♣s✐s ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡❧ ❣r✉♣♦✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦s ❡①tr❛❝t♦s ✉s❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠❛r❝♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s✳ P❡❞✐♠♦s ❝♦♠♣r❡♥s✐ó♥ s✐ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s tr❛❞✉❝❝✐♦♥❡s ♥♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥ s❡r ❧✐♥❣üíst✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛s ♦ s✐ tr❛✐❝✐♦♥❛♥ ❡❧ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳ ❈r❡❡♠♦s q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛rí❛ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❢✉t✉r♦ tr❛❞✉❝✐r ❛❧ ❝❛st❡❧❧❛♥♦ ② ❝❛t❛❧á♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦s♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦s tr❛t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ t❡♠❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛s ❝✉❛❧❡s ♥✉♠❡r♦s❛s ♣á❣✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ q✉❡ s♦❧♦ ❡①✐st❡♥ ❡♥ ✐♥❣❧és✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❛♣✉♥t❛r ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛❜❧❡ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡stá ❡♥ ❧❛ ✇✐❦✐ ❞❡❧ ❣r✉♣♦ ♦♥✲❧✐♥❡✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ s✉s ♠✐❡♠❜r♦s ♣✉❡❞❛♥ ❡❞✐t❛r❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛r❧♦ ② ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ♠❡❥♦r❛r❧♦✳ P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ♥♦s ❤❛ ❡♥tr✐st❡❝✐❞♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♥ ❣r❛♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❛ ♣r✐♦r✐ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❛ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s ♥♦ ♣✉❞✐♠♦s ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ②❛ q✉❡ ❡r❛♥ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞♦s ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ r❡✈✐st❛s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♣②r✐❣❤t r❡str✐❝t✐✈♦s✳ ❊st❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❛ r❡❢♦r③❛r♥♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝r❡❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❧❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❛❝❛❞é♠✐❝❛s ❞❡❜❡rí❛♥ s❡r ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞❛s ❜❛❥♦ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛s ❧✐❜r❡s ②❛ q✉❡ ❤❛♥ s✐❞♦ ✭❡♥ ❧❛ ❣r❛♥ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝❛s♦s✮ ♣r♦❞✉❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♥ ❞✐♥❡r♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✳ P♦r t♦❞♦ ❡❧❧♦✱ ✈♦❧✈❡♠♦s ❛ ♠♦str❛r♥♦s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐❞❛s ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈❛ ② ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✐♠❜♦❧✐③❛ t❛♥ ❜✐❡♥ ❧❛ ✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳ ✶✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝✉❡st✐ó♥ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦✱ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♥✉❡str❛ r❡✈✐s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✱ ② q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛rr♦❥❛r ❧✉③ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ✏ ❛✉s❡♥❝✐❛s✑ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠át✐❝❛s✱ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✳ ▲✉❡❣♦ ♣❛s❛♠♦s ❛ ❡①♣♦♥❡r ❢❛❝t♦r❡s q✉❡ ✐♥❤✐❜❡♥ ②✴♦ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♥ s✉ ❛❝❝❡s♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❧✉❡❣♦ ❞❡t❛❧❧❛r ❛❧❣✉♥❛s r❡s♣✉❡st❛s ♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s q✉❡ ❤❛♥ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐❞♦ s♦❜r❡♣❛s❛r❧❛s✳ ❱❡r❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦ ❝♦♥s✐❣✉❡♥ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥❛ ❛ s✉ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ② ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ✉♥ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♣r♦♣✐♦✱ s❡ñ❛❧á♥❞♦♥♦s q✉❡ ♥✉❡str❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡st❛ ❝♦♠♣✉❡st❛ ♣♦r ❝❛♣❛s ❞✐s♣❛r❡s ② q✉é s✉ r❡s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ r❡q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❤♦❧íst✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❊♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♥♦t❛r q✉❡ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❝❛rr❡r❛s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐❛s ❞❡ ❈■✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥ ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈✱ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ② s✐❣✉❡ s✐❡♥❞♦ ❡st✉❞✐❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ▲❛ ❛❧✐❛♥③❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠♦t✐✈❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ❧❛ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ ❥✉st✐❝✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❧❛❜♦r❛❧❡s ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐s♠✐♥✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝♦st❡s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ② ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❡r❞✐❞❛s✱ s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉②❡♥ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦t❡♥t❡s ❛❝t✐✈❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧❛s ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❡s ❣✉❜❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧❡s✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✐s✐ó♥ ❡✉r♦♣❡❛ ② ❧❛s ♠✐s♠❛s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛s ✭✳✳✳❝✐t❛✮✳ P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❧❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ s❡ r❡❞✉❝❡ ❞rást✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ② s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❝❛s✐ ✐♥❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❧❛ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ② ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥♠❛r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡s♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧❡s ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ②✴♦ ❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ✭♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❧❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♥ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ✈♦❧✉♥t❛r✐♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ❧❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ♦ ❛❧ s❡r✈✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s ❝✐✉❞❛❞❛♥♦s✱ ❛❝t✐✈✐st❛s ♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s✮✳ ❊st❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ♥♦s r❡❢✉❡r③❛ ❡♥ ♥✉❡str♦ ❞❡s❡♦ ❞❡ ✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ♥✉❡✈♦s ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s r❡s♣❡❝t♦s ❛ ♦tr♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❈■✱ ♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ét✐❝❛ ② ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❤❛❝❦t✐✈✐s♠♦✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✶✳ ❉❛t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❣❡♥❡r♦ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❈✐❡♥❝✐❛s ■♥❢♦r✲ ♠át✐❝❛s ❉❡s❞❡ ✜♥❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❛ñ♦s ✾✵✱ ♣❡r♦ s♦❜r❡ t♦❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞♦ ❡❧ s✐❣❧♦ ❳❳■✱ ❡❧ ✐♥t❡rés ② ❡❧ ✈♦❧✉♠❡♥ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞íst✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡♥ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❧❛s ♥✉❡✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❝r❡❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ▼✉❝❤❛s ❢✉❡♥t❡s ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❤❛♥ ❤❡❝❤♦ ✉♥ ❡s❢✉❡r③♦ ❝r❡❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣♦r r❡❝♦❣❡r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣❡r✲ ✐ó❞✐❝❛✱ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥❞♦ ❧❛ s❡❣r❡❣❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r s❡①♦s✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠✐❡♥✲ t♦s ② ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✳ ◆♦ ♦❜st❛♥t❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❢❛❧t❛ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛r q✉❡ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❛❝t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s ❛❧r❡❞❡❞♦r ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈ ❛ ♠❡♥✉❞♦ s❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛ ② ♥♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♥ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐③❛r ❡♥ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♠ás ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ ♠♦t✐✲ ✈❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❛s♣✐r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ② ♦tr❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ♥♦s ♣❡r♠✐t✐rí❛♥ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ♠❡❥♦r ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛♥ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✳ ❆❞❡♠ás✱ ② ❝♦♠♦ s✉❡❧❡ ♦❝✉rr✐r ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ✏ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧❡s✑ ✱ ♥♦ s❡ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥ ❝❛s✐ ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛ ❝♦❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s r❡❝♦❣✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛ ② ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧✳ ▲♦ q✉❡ ✐♠♣✐❞❡ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ② ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ✈✐✈✐❞❛ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ❡st✉❞✐❛❞♦s✳ ◆♦s ❝❡♥tr❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❞❛t♦s ❞❡s❣❧♦s❛❞♦s ♣♦r s❡①♦s ✭❝♦♥ ❧❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ❜✐♥❛r✐❛✮ ② q✉❡ ♥♦s ❛♣♦rt❛♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❢❛❝t♦r❡s ❡①♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ♦ ❛✉s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s ✭♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✇❡❜✱ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r❛s ② ♠❛♥t❡♥❡❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ s❡✲ ❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✮✱ s❡❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s✱ ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧❡s ❛s❛❧❛r✐❛❞❛s ♦ ✈♦❧✉♥✲ t❛r✐❛s✳ ❊①✐st❡ ✉♥❛ ❣r❛♥ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ✶ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❡s ❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛ s✉s ❢♦❝♦s✳ ❆❞❡♠ás✱ ② ❝♦♠♦ s✉❡❧❡ ♦❝✉rr✐r ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ✏ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧❡s✑ ✱ ♥♦ s❡ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥ ❝❛s✐ ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛ ❝♦❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s r❡❝♦❣✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛ ② ❧♦♥❣✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧✳ ▲♦ q✉❡ ✐♠♣✐❞❡ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ② ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ✈✐✈✐❞❛ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ❡st✉❞✐❛❞♦s✳ ▲♦ q✉❡ sí ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❛♣r❡❝✐❛r ❡s q✉❡✱ ♣♦r r❡❣❧❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✭② ❛ ❡①❝❡♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❛❧✲ ❣✉♥♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❛s✐át✐❝♦s✮ ❡❧ r❛t✐♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡st✉❞✐❛♥❞♦ ②✴♦ tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ❡♥ ♦✜❝✐♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❈■ ❡s s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛s ❜❛❥♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s✳ P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ s✉❡❧❡♥ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞✐r ❡♥ ♠♦str❛r ✉♥❛ t❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❞✐s♠✐♥✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s ✭❤♦♠❜r❡s ② ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ s♦❜r❡ t♦❞♦ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✮ ❛tr❛í❞♦s ♣♦r ❧❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s ❞❡ ❈■✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡❧ ❊st❛❞♦ ❊s♣❛ñ♦❧✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❧❛s ♣r❡✈✐✲ s✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡r❛s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛ñ♦s ♥♦s s❡ñ❛❧❛♥ q✉❡ ✏ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ❤❛st❛ ❛❤♦r❛ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♠ás ♣♦♣✲ ✉❧❛r❡s✱ ❤❛ ♣❡r❞✐❞♦ ❝❛s✐ ✉♥ ✶✵ ✪ ❞❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞✑ ✳ ✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡ ❛♥♦t❛r q✉❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡♥s❡ñ❛♥③❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❈■ ✐♠♣❛❝t❛ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ♠ás r❡❞✉❝✐❞❛✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ s✉❡❧❡ ❡st❛r ❡♥ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ❡❧❡✈❛r s✉ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ♠ás ❛❧❧á ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❡❞✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✶ ❉♦♥❡st❡❝❤✱ ✏ ❈✐❢r❛s ❞❡ ▼✉❥❡r❡s ② t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡s♣❛ñ♦❧ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♠❛r❝♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❈❈❆❆ ❞❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡s♣❛ñ♦❧ ② ❧❛ ❯♥✐ó♥ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛✿ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝✉❡st✐ó♥✑ ✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❞♦♥❡st❡❝❤✳♥❡t✴❝❛✴♥♦❞❡✴✽✹✸ ✷ ▼✐♥✐st❡r✐♦ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✧❊st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♦❢❡rt❛✱ ❧❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ② ❧❛ ♠❛trí❝✉❧❛ ❞❡ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✐♥❣r❡s♦ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ② ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s✧✱ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐❡♥t❡s ❛❧ ♣❛s❛❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ✷✵✵✾✲✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴t✐♥②✉r❧✳❝♦♠✴✸❦✈❝♣✺✸ ✶✻ ♠✉❥❡r ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❛tr♦ ❤♦♠❜r❡s✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ✷✵✵✾ s❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧ó q✉❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❜❛♥ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡❧ ✷✺ ♣♦r ❝✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❣r❛❞✉❛❞❛s ❡♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ✸ ❖tr♦ ❢❛❝t♦r ❛❣r❛✈❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✐stí❛ ❡♥ q✉❡ ✉♥ ❣r❛♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡s❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❯❊✲✷✼✳ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s ❞❡❥❛❜❛♥ ❧❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ②✴♦ ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❥❛❜❛♥ ❧✉❡❣♦ ❝♦✲ ♠♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ t✉✈✐❡r❛♥ ❧❛s ❝✉❛❧✐✜❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❝❡r❧♦✳ ❯♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❢❛❝t♦r❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠ás ❞❡s♠♦t✐✈❛♥t❡ r❛❞✐❝❛❜❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ó♥ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ s❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ❡s ✐♥❤❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♠ás ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s✳ ✷✳✶✳✶✳ ❊❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♠♦ ♥♦s s❡ñ❛❧❛ ●❛❧♣✐♥✱ ✏ ❧❛s r❛③♦♥❡s ♣♦r ❧❛s ❝✉❛❧❡s ✉♥❛ ♠✉❥❡r ❡❧✐❣❡ ❡st✉❞✐✲ ❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ✈❛rí❛♥ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❛ ♦tr❛✱ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣❛ís ❛ ♦tr♦✑ ✹ ② t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❛ñ❛❞✐♠♦s✱ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ② ❞❡♠♦❣rá✜❝♦ ❛ ♦tr♦✳ ❉❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❧❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ s❡ ✈✐✈❡ ❡♥ ✈❛r✐♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❛s✐át✐❝♦s ❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛ ❡♥ ❊❊❯❯ ② ❊✉r♦♣❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧♦s ✽✵✳ ❊♥ ❱✐❡t♥❛♠✱ ▼❛❧❛s✐❛✱ ■♥❞✐❛ ② ❋✐❧✐♣✐♥❛s✱ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❝♦♥st✐t✉②❡♥ ❝❛s✐ ❧❛ ♠✐t❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉❡r③❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❡♥ ❧❛s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❚■❈✳ ❨❛ ❡♥ ✶✾✽✼ ✏ ♠ás ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠✐t❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ② ❛♥❛❧✐st❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♥ ❙✐♥❣❛♣♦r❡ ❡r❛♥ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✳ ❯❞❡♥ ❝r❡❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❛ ❧❛ ♣r♦♠♦❝✐ó♥ ❣✉❜❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❧❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❜✉❡♥❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✱ ✉♥❛ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ♣♦r ❧❛ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛✱ ❡①♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡s❞❡ ❧❛ ❡s❝✉❡❧❛ ❡♥ ❡♥t♦r♥♦s ♥❡✉tr❛❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❣❡♥❡r♦✱ ② ✉♥❛ ❛s✐st❡♥❝✐❛ ② s♦♣♦rt❡ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s ② ❝♦♠♣❛ñ❡r♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦✑ ✳ ✺ ■❧✉str❛♠♦s ❡st❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ t❛❜❧❛✳ ✸ ●r❛s✲❱❡❧❛③q✉❡③✱ ❆✳ ✱ ❏♦②❝❡✱ ❆✳✱ ❉❡❜r②✱ ▼✳ ✱ ✏ ❲❍■❚❊ P❆P❊❘ ✿ ❲♦♠❡♥ ❛♥❞ ■❈❚ ✳ ❲❤② ❛r❡ ❣✐r❧s st✐❧❧ ♥♦t ❛ttr❛❝t❡❞ t♦ ■❈❚ st✉❞✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❝❛r❡❡rs❄ ✑ ✱ ❈✐s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❙❝❤♦♦❧♥❡t✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♥❡✇sr♦♦♠✳❝✐s❝♦✳❝♦♠✴❞❧❧s✴✷✵✵✾✴❡❦✐ts✴❲♦♠❡♥❴■❈❚❴❲❤✐t❡♣❛♣❡r✳♣❞❢ ✹ ●❛❧♣✐♥✱ ❱✳✱ ✏ ❲♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✑ ✱ ❙❝❤♦♦❧ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❯♥✐✲ ✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❲✐✇❛t❡rsr❛♥❞✱ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛✱ ✷✵✵✷ ✺ ✐❜✐❞ ✶✼ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ P♦r❝❡♥t❛❥❡ ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s ❈■ ❡♥ ✈❛r✐♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❛s✐át✐❝♦s ② ❖❝❡❛♥í❛ ✭●❛❧♣✐♥✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❊♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ❤❡♠♦s s❡ñ❛❧❛❞♦ q✉é ❞❡s❞❡ q✉é ❡♥ ✶✾✽✹ ❡①✲ ♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛r❛♥ ✉♥ ♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ✸✼ ✪ ❞❡ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛t✉r❛s ♦t♦r❣❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❈■✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡s❛ ❢❡❝❤❛ ❤❛♥ ✈✐st♦ ✉♥ ❞❡❝❧✐✈❡ ❧❧❛♠❛t✐✈♦ ❤❛st❛ ❧❧❡❣❛r ❛ ✉♥ ✷✺ ✪ ❡♥ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❚♦❞♦ ❡❧❧♦ ♦❝✉rr✐❡♥❞♦ ❛❞❡♠ás ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ✏ ❧❛ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❋♦✉♥❞❛✲ t✐♦♥ ✭◆❙❋✮ ❡stá ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♥❞♦ ♠ás q✉❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❝❛♠♣❛ñ❛s ❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❡♥t❛r ✻ ❯♥❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ s❡ ✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❛ú♥ ♠ás ✐♥❡①♣❧✐✲ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❛ ❡♥tr❛r ❡♥ ❧❛s ❈■✑ ✳ ❝❛❜❧❡ s✐ s❡ t✐❡♥❡ ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❝❛s✐ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ♦tr♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ✏ ❤❛♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♥ ♠❛r❝❛❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ✹✵ ❛ñ♦s ❡♥ ❧♦s ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛t✉r❛s ♦t♦r❣❛❞❛s ❛ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛♥❞♦ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❥✉♥t❛s✱ ❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♥ ✺✽ ♣♦r ❝✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s tít✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛t✉r❛ ✼ ❡♥ ✷✵✵✹✱ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛❧ ✹✸ ♣♦r ❝✐❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ✶✾✻✻✑ ✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ q✉❡r❡♠♦s r❡s❛❧t❛r ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✽ ♣♦❝♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ✈❛❧♦r❛r ❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❈■ s❡❣ú♥ s✉ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡♥❝✐❛ ét♥✐❝❛ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ s✐ ♥♦ ❤❛② ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦s✱ t❛♠♣♦❝♦ s✉❡❧❡ ❤❛❜❡r ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❜♦s ❣é♥❡r♦s✱ ❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ♣r♦❝❡❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠✐♥♦rí❛s ét♥✐❝❛s ② ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧❡s✳ ✻ ❇r❛t❛❛s✱ ❆✳✱ ✏ ❚❤✐s ❞♦❡s♥✬t ❝♦♠♣✉t❡✿ ❆s ♠♦r❡ ✇♦♠❡♥ ❡♥t❡r s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ✜❡❧❞s✱ t❤❡✐r ♥✉♠❜❡rs ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛r❡ ❞❡❝❧✐♥✐♥❣✑ ✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴t✐♥②✉r❧✳❝♦♠✴✻✻✺✽❧✉ ✼ ✐❜✐❞ ✽ ❖♥❣✱ ▼✳✱ ✏ ❇r♦❛❞❡♥✐♥❣ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥✿ ❚❤❡ st❛t✉s ♦❢ ✇♦♠❡♥ ♦❢ ❝♦❧♦r ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥❝❡✑ ✱ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ✶✽ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ▲✐❝❡♥❝✐❛t✉r❛s ❡♥ ❈■ ♦t♦r❣❛❞❛s ❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s ② ❝✐✉❞❛❞❛♥❛s r❡s✐❞❡♥t❡s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡s ❡♥ ❊❊❯❯ ❡♥ ✷✵✵✽ ✭❖♥❣✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ✷✳✶✳✷✳ ❊❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡✉r♦♣❡♦ ❊♥ ✷✵✵✺✱ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❜❛♥ ✏ ✺✺ ✪ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s ✐♥✲ s❝r✐t❛s ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ t❡r❝❡r ❝✐❝❧♦✳ ❙✐ ♠✐r❛♠♦s ❧❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s ❡♥ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s✱ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ② ❈■ ✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s s♦❧♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥ ✉♥ ✸✼✳✺ ✪ ❞❡❧ t♦t❛❧✳ P❡r♦ s✉ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❞❡s❝✐❡♥❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ♣❡rs❡❣✉✐r ✉♥ t❡r❝❡r ❝✐❝❧♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐♦ ❡♥ ❡st♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s✑ ✾ ❞❡♥♦t❛♥❞♦ ♥✉❡✈❛s ❜❛rr❡r❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ❛s❝❡♥❞❡r ❡♥ ❧❛ ❥❡r❛rq✉í❛ ❛❝❛❞é♠✐❝❛✳ ❊♥ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ t❛❜❧❛ ❞✐s❡ñ❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❊✉r♦st❛t ✈❡♠♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡s❣❧♦s❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❣é♥❡r♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❝✉❛♥t❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s s❡ ❤❛♥ ❣r❛❞✉❛❞♦✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ✷✵✵✻✱ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ t❡r❝❡r ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❛❜❛♥✐❝♦s ✏ ❈✐❡♥❝✐❛s✱ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ② Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✑ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ✏ ■♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ② ❝♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥✑ ✳ P♦❞❡♠♦s ✈❡r q✉❡ ❧❛ t❛s❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❡s ♠✉❝❤♦ ♠ás ❜❛❥❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❞❡ ❤♦♠❜r❡s ❡♥ ❈■✳ ❆❞❡♠ás s❡❣ú♥ ✉♥ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❙❦✐❧❧s✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥❛ ❢✉❡rt❡ s❡❣r❡❣❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ❣é♥❡r♦ s❡❣ú♥ ❧❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧❡s ❡❥❡r❝✐❞❛s ❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r✐✿ ✏ ❊♥ ❡❧ s❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈✱ só❧♦ ✷✼✱✽ ♣♦r ❝✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛s ② ❧♦s ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✾ ❊❯❘❖P❊❆◆ ❈❖▼▼■❙❙■❖◆ ✱ ❉✐r❡❝t♦r❛t❡✲●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❢♦r ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉✐r❡❝t♦r❛t❡ ▲ ✖ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❊❝♦♥♦♠② ❛♥❞ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ✱ ❯♥✐t ▲✳✹ ✖ ❙❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ❈✉❧t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ●❡♥❞❡r ■ss✉❡s✱ ✏ ❙❤❡ ✜❣✉r❡s✑ ✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴t✐♥②✉r❧✳❝♦♠✴✸❜❦✼✸♣✉ ✶✾ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ s♦♥ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ② ❡♥tr❡ ❧♦s ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡r♦s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✱ só❧♦ ✉♥ ✾✱✻ ♣♦r ❝✐❡♥t♦ s♦♥ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✳ ❙ó❧♦ ✉♥ ✺✱✽ ♣♦r ❝✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❛❧t♦s ♣✉❡st♦s ❛❝❛❞é♠✐❝♦s ❡♥ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ② t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ❡stá♥ ♦❝✉♣❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠✉❥❡r❡s✑ ✳ ✶✵ ❉❡ ❤❡❝❤♦✱ ❡♥ ✷✵✵✻✱ s❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❜❛ q✉❡ ❡♥ t♦❞❛ ❧❛ ❊❯✱ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❜❛♥ ✷✾✳✼ ♠✐❧❧♦♥❡s ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✿ ✏ ❊❧ ♠❛s ❛❧t♦ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❥❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❜❛ ❡♥ ▲✐t✉❛♥✐❛ ✭✼✷ ✪✮ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❊st♦♥✐❛ ✭✻✾✳✼ ✪✮ ② ▼❛❧t❛ ❝♦♥t❛❜❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐ó♥ ♠ás ❜❛❥❛ ❝♦♥ ✹✵ ✪✳ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✏ ❍✐❣❤✲t❡❝❤ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ■♥t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s✑ ✭❑■❙✮ s♦❧♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ❛ ✉♥ ✷✳✹ ✪ ✭✶✻✵✱✵✵✵✮ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ✑ ✳ ✶✶ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✿ P❡rs♦♥❛s ❣r❛❞✉❛❞❛s ❡♥ ✷✵✵✻✱ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ t❡r❝❡r ❝✐❝❧♦ ✏ ❈✐❡♥❝✐❛s✱ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ② Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✑ ② ✏ ■♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ② ❝♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥✑ ✭❊✉r♦st❛t✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ✶✵ ●r❛s✲❱❡❧❛③q✉❡③✱ ❆✳ ✱ ❏♦②❝❡✱ ❆✳ ✱ ❉❡❜r② ✱ ▼✳✱ ✏ ❲❤② ❛r❡ ❣✐r❧s st✐❧❧ ♥♦t ❛ttr❛❝t❡❞ t♦ ■❈❚ st✉❞✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❝❛r❡❡rs❄ ✏ ✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡✉♥✳♦r❣✴✇❤✐t❡♣❛♣❡r ✶✶ ❊❈❲❚✱ ✏ P♦s✐t✐♦♥ P❛♣❡r ♦♥ ●❡♥❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✿ ▲✐♥✐♥❣ ✉♣ ❢♦r ❛ ●❡♥❞❡r ❆❝t✐♦♥✲P❧❛♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❆❣❡♥❞❛✑ ❡●❊◆ ✲ ❆❉❆ ✷✵✶✶✲✷✵✶✺✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴t✐♥②✉r❧✳❝♦♠✴✸❥✈❝✉①✹ ✷✵ ✷✳✶✳✸✳ ❊❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡s♣❛ñ♦❧ ② ❝❛t❛❧✉♥②❛ ❙❡❣ú♥ ✉♥ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡❧ ✷✵✵✽ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡ ❞❛t♦s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✏ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❥❡s ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ✐♥s❝r✐t❛s ❡♥ ■♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❥❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ár❡❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡♥ s✉ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ② ❞❛t♦s ❞❡❧ t❡r❝❡r ❝✐❝❧♦ ② ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❥❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡s♦r❛s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ✐♠♣❛rt❡♥ ❞♦❝❡♥❝✐❛✑ ✱ s✉s ❛✉t♦r❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛♥ ❞❡ q✉❡ ✏ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s r❡✈❡❧❛♥ ❜❛❥♦s ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❥❡s ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛♥ ♠❛tr✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❡♥ ■♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❧♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛ñ♦s ② ✉♥❛ t❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛ ❛❧ ❞❡s❝❡♥s♦✑ ✳ ✶✷ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ✶✸ ✱ ❡st♦s ❛ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s q✉❡ ❤❡♠♦s r❡❝♦❣✐❞♦ ❞❡❧ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❊st❛❞íst✐❝♦ ✭■◆❊✮ ♥♦s ♠✉❡str❛♥ ❧❛s ❡st❛❞íst✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ✭✷✵✵✾✴✷✵✶✵✮ ❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❛❧✉♠♥❛❞♦ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛❞♦ ❡♥ ✏ ■♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❣❡st✐ó♥✑ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ✏ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✑ ✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡r❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛r✱ ❡st♦s t❛♠❜✐é♥ ♥♦s s❡ñ❛❧❛♥ ✉♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠ás ❜❛❥❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❞❡ ❤♦♠❜r❡s✳ ▲❛s ❧✐♥❡❛s ❡♥ ✈❡r❞❡ s❡ñ❛❧❛♥ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ t❡rr✐t♦r✐♦ ❝❛t❛❧á♥✳ P♦❞❡♠♦s ✈❡r q✉❡ ❧❛s ❞♦s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♥ ✏ ♠ás✑ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s s♦♥ ❧❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛t P♦❧✐té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈❛t❛❧✉♥②❛ ✭❯P❈✮ ② ❧❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛t ❖❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ❈❛t❛❧✉♥✲ ②❛ ✭❯❖❈✮✳ P✉❡❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❧♦ s❡ ❞❡❜❛ ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ ❧❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✏ ❉♦♥❡s ❯P❈✑ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡①♣r❡s❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡s❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s✱ ② ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❯❖❈ ❡st❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❝✉rs❛r ❧❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛ ❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝✐❛ ② s✐♥ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s t❡♠♣♦r❛❧❡s ❞❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛❣✐♥❛r❧❛ ♠❛s ❢á❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ②✴♦ ❧❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❧❛❜♦r❛❧✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❡ ✶✹ q✉❡ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ❊✉r♦st❛t ✷✵✵✼✱ ♥♦s s❡ñ❛❧❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❛s❛❧❛r✐❛❞❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈ s❡ s✐tú❛ ❛❧r❡❞❡❞♦r ❞❡❧ ✷✻ ✪ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❊st❛❞♦ ❊s♣❛ñ♦❧✳ ❖ s❡❛ ♠❛s ♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✶ ♠✉❥❡r ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✹ ❤♦♠❜r❡s✳ ❊♥ ❡s❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❋❡r♥á♥❞❡③ ② ❛❧✳ ❛♣✉♥t❛♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s✐s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿ ✏ ▲❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛ ♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s❡r ✉♥❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ♠✉② ♥✉❡✈❛✱ ❤❛ s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ✉♥ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❞❡ ♠❛s❝✉❧✐♥✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❤❛ ♦❜t❡♥✐❞♦ r❡❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❛❝❡r❝á♥❞♦s❡ ❛sí ❛❧ ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s✑ ✳ ✶✺ ❊st❛ ✐❞❡❛ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♥ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t❛s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❞❡♥ ❛ ❡①❝❧✉✐r ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥❧❧❡✈❛♥ ♣r❡st✐❣✐♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ② ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ ❜✉❡♥❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❧❛❜♦r❛❧❡s ② s✉❡❧❞♦s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❡❧❧❛s✳ ✷✳✶✳✹✳ ▲❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ❊♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❡st❡ t❡♠❛✱ ❤❡♠♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ✉♥ s♦❧♦ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ✶✻ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ❞❡❧ ✷✵✵✻✱ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❧❛ ❝♦♠✐s✐ó♥ ❡✉r♦♣❡❛✱ ② ✶✷ ❋❡r♥á♥❞❡③✱ ❱✳✱ ▲❛rr❛③❛✱ ❊✳✱ ❘✉✐③✱ ❚✳✱ ❆♥❣❧❛❞❛✱ ▼✳ ▼✳✱ ✧❯♥❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❧❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠✉❥❡r ❡♥ ❧♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✧✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴t✐♥②✉r❧✳❝♦♠✴✸❡s♥③❢✉ ✶✸ ❱❡r ❛♥❡①♦ ✶ ✶✹ ❇❈❙✱ ❡✲s❦✐❧❧s ❯❑ ❛♥❞ ■♥t❡❧❧❡❝t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s✉♣♣♦rt ♦❢ ❇❊❘❘✱ ✓ ❲♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ ■❚ s❝♦r❡❝❛r❞ ✔✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡ ✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜❝s✳♦r❣✴❝♦♥t❡♥t✴❝♦♥❲❡❜❉♦❝✴✷✺✵✺✸ ✶✺ ✐❜✐❞ ✶✻ ●❤♦s❤✱ ❘✳✱ ❆✳✱ ●❧♦tt✱ ❘✳✱ ❑r✐❡❣❡r✱ ❇✳✱ ❘♦❜❧❡s✱ ●✳✱ ✏ ❋r❡❡✴▲✐❜r❡ ❛♥❞ ❖♣❡♥ ❙♦✉r❝❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✿ ❙✉r✈❡② ❛♥❞ ❙t✉❞② ❋▲❖❙❙✱ ❉❡❧✐✈❡r❛❜❧❡ ❉✶✽✿ ❋■◆❆▲ ❘❊P❖❘❚✱ P❛rt ■❱✿ ❙✉r✈❡② ♦❢ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs✑ ✱ ❚❤❡ ◆❡t❤❡r❧❛♥❞s✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✢♦ss♣r♦❥❡❝t✳♦r❣✴r❡♣♦rt✴❋▲❖❙❙❴❋✐♥❛❧✵✳♣❞❢ ✷✶ q✉❡ s✐tú❛ ❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❛❧r❡❞❡❞♦r ❞❡❧ ✶✱✺ ✪✳ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❡st❡ r❡s✉❧✲ t❛❞♦✱ ❆✐♥❛ ❋❡r♥á♥❞❡③ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ♠❛t✐❝❡s✿ ✧❊s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ s❛❜❡r ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ♦❜t✐❡♥❡ ❡st❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♣✉❡st♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡♥✉❞♦ s❡ ✉s❛♥ s❡✉❞ó♥✐♠♦s ✭♥✐❝❦s✮ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✳ P✉❡❞❡ ♣❛s❛r q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ✉s❡♥ ✉♥ ♥✐❝❦ ♠❛s❝✉❧✐✲ ♥♦✱ ❝♦s❛ q✉❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛rí❛ q✉❡ s❡ s✐❡♥t❡♥ ♠ás ❝ó♠♦❞❛s ❡♥ ✉♥ r♦❧ ♠❛s❝✉❧✐♥♦ ② ♥♦ ❢❡♠❡♥✐♥♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈✉❡❧✈❡♥ ❡♥ ❡♥t♦r♥♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ② ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ✑ ✳ ✶✼ ◆♦ ♦❜st❛♥t❡✱ ❧❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ♠❡r❡❝❡ ❛t❡♥❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ t♦❞♦ s✐ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❡st✐♠❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r✐✈❛t✐✈♦ r❡❛❧✲ ✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❧❛ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥✱ q✉❡ ♥♦s ❤❛❜❧❛♥ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❧r❡❞❡❞♦r ❞❡❧ ✷✽ ✪✳ ❍❛♥♥❛ ❲❛❧❧❛❝❤ r❡s✉♠❡ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡♥ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛r ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠ás ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✳ ❊st❛s t✐❡♥❡♥ q✉❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♥ ✿ ✏ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡①❝❧✉s✐ó♥ ❛❝t✐✈❛s✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❝♦♥✲ s❝✐❡♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❛♥ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s❀ ✉♥❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♠ás t❛r❞í❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s ❡♥ t❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥❀ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ♠ás ❛♠♣❧✐❛ ✭❛✉♥q✉❡ ♠❡♥♦s té❝♥✐❝❛✮ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s❀ ✉♥❛s s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♠ás ♣r♦♣❡♥s❛s ❛ s❡♥t✐r r❡❝❤❛③♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛s ❛❝t✐t✉❞❡s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✏ ✢❛♠❡✇❛rs✑ ✶✾ q✉❡ ♣♦♥❡r ❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✑ ✳ ✶✽ ❀ ♠❡♥♦s t✐❡♠♣♦ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✿ ❉❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❡s✴❛s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜✐❡rt♦ ♣♦r ❣é♥❡r♦ ✭❲❛❧❧❛❝❤✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ✶✼ ❋❡r♥à♥❞❡③ ❞✬❡str❛tè❣✐❡s ✐ ❆r❛❣♦♥ès✱ ❢❡♠❡♥✐♥❡s ❆✳✱ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✧▲❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐t③❛❝✐ó ❤❛❝❦❡r✳✧✱ ❞✬■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ✷✵✶✵✳ Ús ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❞♦♥❡st❡❝❤✳♥❡t✴✜❧❡s✴❋❡♠✐♥✐t③❛❝✐♦❴❞❴■♥t❡r♥❡t❴❚❋▼❆✐♥❛❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡③ ✪✺❇✶ ✪✺❉✳♣❞❢ ✶✽ ❉❡❜❛t❡s ② ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ❛❞♦♣t❛♥ ✉♥ t♦♥♦ ❛❣r❡s✐✈♦ ②✴♦ ❞❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧✐st❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♦ ✉ ♦tr♦s ❝❛♥❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛r✲s❡ ✶✾ ❲❛❧❧❛❝❤✱ ♦♣♠❡♥t ✑✱ ❍✳ ▼✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ✏ ❲♦♠❡♥ ♦❢ ✐♥ ❋r❡❡✴❖♣❡♥ ▼❛ss❛❝❤✉s❡tts ❙♦✉r❝❡ ❆♠❤❡rst ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝s✳✉♠❛ss✳❡❞✉✴⑦✇❛❧❧❛❝❤✴t❛❧❦s✴✇♦♠❡♥❴✐♥❴❋▲❖❙❙✳♣❞❢ ✷✷ ✱ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❉❡✈❡❧✲ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❡st❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❞❡st❛❝❛r ✉♥❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❉♦♥❡st❡❝❤ ❞❡❧ ✷✵✵✼ ✷✵ q✉❡ s❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡♥ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛s ♣❛✉t❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡s♦✱ ✉s♦ ② ❞❡s❡♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❚■❈ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❊st❛❞♦ ❡s♣❛ñ♦❧✳ ❊st❛ ✐♥❝❧✉②♦ ❧❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝✉❡st✐♦♥❛r✐♦ s❡♠✐✲❛❜✐❡rt♦ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ q✉❡ ♦❜t✉✈♦ ❛❧r❡❞❡❞♦r ❞❡ ✸✵✵ r❡s♣✉❡st❛s✳ ❙✉ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉②❡ ❡♥ ✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ♥✉❡✈❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥ ❡st❡ á♠❜✐t♦✱ ♣✉❡s ❤❛❝❡ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡❝✐r q✉❡ ❡❧ ✹✻✱✽✸ ✪ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s t❡❝♥ó❧♦❣❛s ❞✐❥❡r♦♥ s❡r ✉s✉❛r✐❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ② ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❧❛s✱ ❡❧ ✶✹✱✻✸ ✪ ✉s❛❜❛♥ só❧♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ② ❡❧ ✸✸✱✽✼ ✪ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛♥ ❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ❧✐❜r❡s ❝♦♥ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ♣r♦♣✐❡t❛r✐❛s✳ ❙✉s ✉s♦s ❞❡ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ❧✐❜r❡s ❛❜❛r❝❛❜❛♥ ✉♥ ❛♠♣❧✐♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r❡s t✐♣♦ ♠♦③✐❧❧❛✱ ♣r♦❝❡s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦♣❡♥♦✣❝❡✱ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ❧✐❜r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛✉❞❛❝✐t②✱ ❝✐♥❡❧❡rr❛✱ ♣✉r❡ ❞❛t❛✱ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ❈▼❙ ❝♦♠♦ ❉r✉♣❛❧ ♦ ❙♣✐♣✱ ❤❛st❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s ❧✐❜r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❉❡❜✐❛♥✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥t❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❧♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛t♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦s ♣♦r ▼②r✐❛♠ ❘✉✐③ ✷✶ ✷✷ ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ✿ ✏ ❉❡❜✐❛♥ ✿ ✷✸ ✶✳✸ ✪ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ✳ ✶✷ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ✉♥ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✽✼✸ ❀ ❯❜✉♥t✉ ✿ ✺✳✶ ✪ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ✳ ✸✷ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ✉♥ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✻✷✺ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❀ ▼♦③✐❧❧❛ ✷✹ ✿ ✶✻✳✼✺ ✪ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ✳ ✻✽ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ✹✵✻ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❡♥ t♦t❛❧ ✑ ✳ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❉❡❜✐❛♥✱ ❡st❛ ♥♦s ❞✐❝❡✿ ✏ ✧❍❛ ❤❛❜✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✸✽ ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ ❤❛♥ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡♠♣❛✲ q✉❡t❛❞♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❉❡❜✐❛♥✱ ② ❛❝t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❤❛② ✶✶ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ❉❡❜✐❛♥ ② ✉♥❛ ♠❛♥t❡♥❡❞♦r❛ ❞❡ ❉❡❜✐❛♥✳ ◆♦s ❣✉st❛rí❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❡s❛s ❝✐❢r❛s ❡♥ ✺✵ ❡♠♣❛q✉❡t❛❞♦r❛s ♣❛r❛ ✜♥❛❧❡s ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶✱ ② ✷✵ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ❉❡❜✐❛♥ ♣❛r❛ ✜♥❛❧❡s ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷✑ ✳ ✷✺ P♦❞❡♠♦s ✈❡r q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ ♠✉❡str❛♥ ✉♥❛ ♠✉② ❜❛❥❛ ♣❛r✲ t✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✳ ❨ t❛♠✲ ❜✐é♥ q✉❡r❡♠♦s r❡s❛❧t❛r q✉❡ ❡st❛s ❡st✐♠❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦♥ ❧♦ ♠ás ❝❡r❝❛♥♦ q✉❡ ❤❡♠♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r✳ ◆♦ ♦❜st❛♥t❡✱ ❤❛❝❦❡❛r ♥♦ s❡ r❡❞✉❝❡ ❛ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ♠ás ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s✳ ❊♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❝❛s♦ ② ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❤❡♠♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♥✐♥❣ú♥ ❝❡♥s♦✱ ❡st❛❞íst✐❝❛s ♦ ❡st✉❞✐♦s q✉❡ ❤❛②❛ ✐♥t❡♥t❛❞♦ ❝✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛r ② ❝✉❛❧✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ❡♥ s✉ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✳ ✷✳✷✳ ❋❛❝t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♥ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❈■ ② ❡♥ ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ P❛s❛♠♦s ❛ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❢❛❝t♦r❡s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♥ ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ♦ ❝❛✉s❛♥ ❡❧ é①♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❈■✱ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❛ ❞❡s❣❧♦s❛r ✷✵ ❉♦♥❡st❡❝❤✱ P❖❘ P❆❘❚❊ ✏ ❊❙❚❯❉■❖ ❉❊ ▲❆❙ ❙❖❇❘❊ ▼❯❏❊❘❊❙ ❊▲ ❊◆ ❆❈❈❊❙❖ ❊▲ ❨ ❯❙❖ ❊❙❚❆❉❖ ❉❊ ▲❆❙ ❊❙P❆Ñ❖▲✑ ✱ ❚❊❈◆❖▲❖●❮❆❙ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❞♦♥❡st❡❝❤✳♥❡t✴❝❛✴❡st✉❞✐♦❴❝✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈♦❴❝♦❞✐❣♦❧❡❧❛❴❞♦♥❡st❡❝❤ ✷✶ ❘✉✐③✱ ▼✳✱ ✏ ▼✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡ ✑ ✱ ❊♥❝✉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡✱ ❆rt❡ ② ▼✉❥❡r ✱ ▼✉s❡♦ ❞❡ ❆rt❡ ❈♦♥t❡♠♣♦rá♥❡♦ ❞❡ ❈❛st✐❧❧❛ ② ▲❡ó♥ ✭▼❯❙❆❈✮ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴♥✲ ✶✳❝❝✴♣❣✴✜❧❡✴r❡❛❞✴✼✶✶✸✹✴♠②r✐❛♠✲r✉✐③✲s♦❜r❡✲♠✉❥❡r❡s✲②✲s♦❢t✇❛r❡✲❧✐❜r❡ ✷✷ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ✷✸ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ✷✹ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ✷✺ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✐❦✐✳❞❡❜✐❛♥✳♦r❣✴❉❡❜✐❛♥❲♦♠❡♥✴❙t❛t✐st✐❝s ❤tt♣s✿✴✴❧✐sts✳✉❜✉♥t✉✳❝♦♠✴❛r❝❤✐✈❡s✴✉❜✉♥t✉✲✇♦♠❡♥✴✷✵✶✵✲◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r✴ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇♦♠♦③✳♦r❣✴❜❧♦❣✴♥✉♠❜❡r✲♦❢✲✇♦♠❡♥✲✐♥✲♠♦③✐❧❧❛✴ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✐❦✐✳❞❡❜✐❛♥✳♦r❣✴❉❡❜✐❛♥❲♦♠❡♥✴❙t❛t✐st✐❝s ✷✸ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡♥ ❤❛❜❡r ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❢♦♠❡♥t❛r s✉ ❛❝❝❡s♦✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ② ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❈■✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✳ ▲❛ ♣♦❝❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ s❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ ❡♥ ♣❛rt❡ ♣♦r ❢❛❝t♦r❡s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛❧❡s ♣r♦♣✐♦s ❛ ❧❛ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❛✱ ❡❧ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ② ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❢❛❝t♦r❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧❡s ♣r♦♣✐♦s ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✐st❛s ② ♣❛tr✐❛r❝❛❧❡s✳ ▲♦s ❢❛❝t♦r❡s q✉❡ ✐♠♣✐❞❡♥ ✉♥❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ② ❞✐s❢r✉t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s ❛❜❛r❝❛♥ ✉♥ ❛♠♣❧✐♦ ❛❜❛♥✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❜❛rr❡r❛s ② s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ✭❧❛t❡♥t❡s ♦ ♠❛♥✐✜❡st❛s✮ q✉❡ s❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛♥ ❛ ❧♦ ❧❛r❣♦ ❞❡❧ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ á♠❜✐t♦ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✱ ❧❛s ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s❡ñ❛♥③❛ ✭♣r✐♠❛r✐❛✱ s❡❝✉♥❞❛r✐❛ ② t❡r❝✐❛r✐❛✮✱ ❤❛st❛ ❡❧ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦✱ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❧♦s ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧❡③❛ ✈♦❧✉♥t❛r✐❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♥❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❜❛rr❡r❛s ② ❝❛✉s❛♥t❡s ❞❡❧ é①♦❞♦ t✐❡♥❡♥ q✉❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♥✿ ⊲ ▼✐♥✐♠✐③❛r✱ ♦ ♥♦ s❛❜❡r✴q✉❡r❡r ✈❡r✱ ❧❛s ♠♦t✐✈❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ♠✉❡str❛♥ ❧❛s ♥✐ñ❛s ② ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥t❡s ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ t❡♠❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ⊲ ▲❛ ❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ② ✉♥❛ ♣r❡s✐ó♥ s♦❝✐❛❧ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s❡s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❣é♥❡r♦ ⊲ ❯♥❛ ✈✐s✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❣é♥❡r♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♠❛♥t✐❡♥❡ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❜✐♥❛r✐s♠♦s ② ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❢✉❡rt❡ ❛s♦❝✐❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ❝♦♥ ♠❛s❝✉❧✐♥✐❞❛❞ ⊲ ❯♥♦s ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦s q✉❡ ❛s♦❝✐❛♥ ❝✐❡rt❛s s✉❜✲❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❈■ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ s♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ② ❡❧ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛s❝✉❧✐♥♦s ✏ ♥❡r❞s ✷✻ ✑ ✱ ② r✐ñ❡♥ ❧❛ ✏ ♠✉❥❡r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡✑ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐❞❛❞ ⊲ ❯♥❛ ✐♥✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s r♦❧❡s ❥✉❣❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ② ❧❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ⊲ ❯♥♦s ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛s ♣♦❝♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦s ❛ ❧❛s ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞❡s ② ❧♦s ✐♥t❡r❡s❡s r❡❛❧❡s✱ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦s ♦ ♣rá❝t✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❧♦✴❛s ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s ⊲ ❯♥❛ ♠❛❧❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❝✐ó♥ ②✴♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ② ❝♦♥❞✐✲ ❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ r❡❛❧❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❞❛♥ ❡♥ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦s✴♦✜❝✐♦s ⊲ ❯♥❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s s✐♥❞✐❝❛❧❡s ② ❝♦❧❡❣✐❛❧❡s q✉❡ ❛♣♦②❡♥ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ✷✻ ◆❡r❞✱ ❡s ✉♥ ♣❧❛♥t❡❛♠✐❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛ ❛ ✉♥ ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ❛❜♦❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ② ❧❛ ❧❛❜♦r ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧ ❤❛st❛ ❡❧ ♣✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦str❛r ❞❡s✐♥t❡rés ♣♦r ❧❛s ❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ❢ís✐❝❛s ② ❞❡♣♦rt✐✈❛s✳❬✶❪ ❆ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧✱ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ♦ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡r♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧✱ ❡❧ ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦ ❞❡❧ ♥❡r❞ ❡s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❛ ♦❜s❡s✐✈❛ ♣♦r ❡st❛s ❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❛❧ ♣✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛r❧❡ s✉ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ♦tr♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❤❛st❛ ❛s♦❝✐árs❡❧❡ ❝♦♥ ♣❛❞❡❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ sí♥❞r♦♠❡ ❞❡ ❆s♣❡r❣❡r ❡♥ ❝❛s♦s ❡①tr❡♠♦s✳❬✷❪ ▲❛s ❝❛r❛❝✲ t❡ríst✐❝❛s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛s♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛❧ ♥❡r❞ s♦♥✿❬✸❪ ❞❡s✐♥t❡rés ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ❞❡♣♦rt❡ ♦ ❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞ r❡❝r❡❛t✐✈❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ② ♣♦r ❧❛ ♠♦❞❛✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ s✉❡❧❡♥ ✈❡st✐r ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛❞♦r❛ ② s❡r ♦ ♠✉② r❛q✉ít✐❝♦s ✉ ♦❜❡s♦s ❞❡❜✐❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦✳ ❯♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ r❡tr❛í❞❛✱ s✐❡♥❞♦ tí♠✐❞♦s✱ ♥❡r✈✐♦s♦s ② ❞é❜✐❧❡s✳ ❉✐✜❝✉❧t❛❞ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✉❛r ❝♦♥ ❡❧ s❡①♦ ♦♣✉❡st♦ ② t❡♥❡r ✉♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ s❡①✉❛❧ ❛❝t✐✈❛✑ ✳ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❡s✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦r❣✴✇✐❦✐✴◆❡r❞ ✷✹ ⊲ ❯♥❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❞❡♥ ❛ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛r ♦ ✐♥✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ❡❧ r♦❧ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣r♦❣r❛✲ ♠❛❞♦r❛s ⊲ ❯♥❛ ❛✉t♦✲❝❡♥s✉r❛ ② ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣r♦♣✐❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❝r❡❡♥ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❈■ s❡❛♥ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❧❛s ⊲ ❯♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞♦♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐♦ s❡ ❜❛s❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ r❡❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ♣❡♥❛❧✐③❛r ❞♦❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ②❛ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❞❡♥ ❛ s❡r ✐♥✈✐s✐❜❧❡s ②✴♦ ♠❛❧ ✈✐st❛s s✐ s❡ ❛✉t♦✲♣r♦♠♦❝✐♦♥❛♥✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡♠♦s ❛❤♦♥❞❛r ❡♥ t♦❞♦s ❡st♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s s✐ ♥♦ r❡❝❛❧❝❛r ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s ❛ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ s✉❜s❡❝✉❡♥t❡ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ ❧❛s ♥❛rr❛t✐✲ ✈❛s✱ r❡❧❛t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ② s✉❜❥❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡①♣r❡s❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ s✉s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s✱ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ②✴♦ ❤❛❝❦❡rs✳ ✷✳✷✳✶✳ ❊st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦s ▲✐st❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦s ❝♦♠✉♥❡s ② s✉s ❝❛✉s❛♥t❡s✿ ⊲ ▲❛s ✏ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ♥♦ ❡stá♥ ❤❡❝❤❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✑ s✐♥♦ ✏ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s✱ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s s♦♥ ♠❛s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✴s♦❝✐❛❜❧❡s✴❡♠♦❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s ② ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s ♠❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✴r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s✴❡♠♣ír✐❝♦s✑ ⊲ P♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ ❧❛s ❚■❈ ♥♦ s♦♥ s♦❝✐❛❧❡s s✐ ♥♦ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s ⊲ ▲❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛r ❧♦s ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦s ❢♦♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ② ♣r♦♠♦❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ② ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ♥✐ñ♦s ② ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♥✐ñ❛s ✭❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❡♥ ❧❛ ❤❛❜✐t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❤❡r♠❛♥♦✮ ⊲ ✏ ▲❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s s♦♥ ❡♠♣✉❥❛❞❛s ❛ s❡r ♣❛s✐✈❛s✱ s✉♠✐s❛s✱ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ② ♠♦❞❡st❛s✑ ⊲ ❙❡ ❝r❡❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ❡s ♥❡✉tr❛✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♥ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ♣✉❡❞❡ ✈❡♥✐r ✐♠❜✉✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✐❞❡♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦✳ ⊲ ❊❧ s❡①✐s♠♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✐❞❛❞ ② ❧♦s ♠❡❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❧❧❡✈❛ ❛ s✐t✉❛r ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s ❝♦♠♦ s✉❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈ ② ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❛❞♦r♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ❚■❈ ⊲ ❊①✐st❡ ✉♥❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❚■❈ ✭✈✐❞❡♦❥✉❡❣♦s ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✮ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡sté♥ s✉❥❡t♦s ❛ ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ ⊲ ❙✉❡❧❡ ✐♠♣❡r❛r ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ r❡❞✉❝✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ s♦♥ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✿ ➽q✉❡ ♣❛s❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❞♦♠❡st✐❝❛s✱ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❞❡ ❧♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦✱ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❞❡❧ ②♦ ②✴♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✏ ❝✉✐❞❛❞❛♥í❛ ✷✼ ❍❛❝❡♠♦s ✷✼ ✑ ❄ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♥tr❛❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s tér♠✐♥♦s ✏ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s✑ ✰ ✏ ❝✐✉❞❛❞❛♥í❛✑ ✷✺ ⊲ ❊❧ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛♥ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s s✉❡❧❡ ❡st❛r ✜❧tr❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ❡❧✐t✐st❛s ② ✉♥❛ ♠íst✐❝❛ ♠á❣✐❝❛ ❛❧r❡❞❡❞♦r ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛s✿ ❧❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❡s ❤❛❝❡rt❡ ❝r❡❡r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ② ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ❞❡ ❚■❈ ❡st❛ r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♥❛ sú♣❡r ❡❧✐t❡ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛ ✳ ❙❡❣ú♥ ❧❛ ❞♦❝t♦r❛ ❈❤❡r②❛♥✱ ❧♦s ❢❛❝t♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝❡♥ ✉♥ ✐♥t❡rés ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ❈■ s♦♥✿ ✏ ❡❧ ❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❡r❝✐❜✐❞♦✑ ✱ ✏ ❧❛ ✈❛❧♦r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦✑ ✱ ✏ ❡❧ é①✐t♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦✑ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ✏ ❝❡r❝❛♥í❛ ♣❡r❝✐❜✐✲ ❞❛✑ ✳ ❙✉ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡♠✉❡str❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❢❛❝t♦r ♠ás ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ r❛❞✐❝❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✏ ❝❡r❝❛♥í❛ ♣❡r❝✐❜✐❞❛✑ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦s ② ❧♦s ♦✜❝✐♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♥ ❈■ ❛ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❡❣✐r ❡st✉❞✐❛r ♦ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❡♥ ❡s♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s✳ ❊st❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ s✉ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛s t✐❡♥❡♥ ✉♥❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❛s♦❝✐❛ ❧❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ② ❈■ ❛ ♦✜❝✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ✧♥❡r❞s✧✳ ❊st♦s ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦s ♦♣❡r❛♥ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ❢✉❡rt❡ ❞✐s✉❛s♦r✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❛ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❡❣✐r s✉s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡r❛✳ ✷✽ ❊st❛ ✏ ❝❡r❝❛♥í❛ ♣❡r❝✐❜✐❞❛✑ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s ✜❧tr❛✲ ❞❛ ♣♦r ❧❛ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♣r♦②❡❝t❛ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✐❞❛❞ ② ❧♦s ♠❡❞✐♦s ❡♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✳ ❍❛r❛ ❑♦♥st❛ s❡ ❤❛ ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛❞♦ ❡♥ s✉ t❡s✐s✿ ✏ ➽P♦rq✉é s❡ ✈❡ ❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧♦s ♠❡❞✐♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♠✉❝❤♦ ♠ás ♣❡r✐❢ér✐❝♦s ✭✐♠♣r❡s♦r❛s✱ ❢♦t♦❝♦♣✐❛❞♦r❛s✱ ❝á♠❛r❛s✱ ❡t❝✮ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ❡st❛r ❝r❡❛♥❞♦ ② ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❡✲ ❧❡♥ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s❄✑ ✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧❛ ✏ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥❛ r❛③ó♥ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❧❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r✳ ❙❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥t❡♥❡r ❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❡r✐❢❡r✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❊❧ ❝♦r❛③ó♥ ② ❡❧ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✳✳✳ ❡❧ ❈P❯ ♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ❞✉r♦ ❡s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ❞♦♠✐♥✐♦ ♠❛s❝✉❧✐♥♦✑ ✳ ✷✾ ❊♥ ❡s❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❍✐❧❞❡ ❈♦r♥❡❧✐✉ss❡♥✱ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❇❡r❣❡♥✱ ❡st✉❞✐❛ ❧♦s ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s ② ❝r❡❡ q✉❡✿ ✏ ❧❛s ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s ② ❧♦s ❞✐s❝✉rs♦s ♠✉❡str❛♥ ❛ ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✏ ♠❛❣♦s ❛✉t♦❞✐❞❛❝t❛s✑ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s s❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❡str❛ ♦ ❞❡s✐♥t❡r❡s❛❞❛s ♦ ❢r✉str❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❧♦s ♥♦✲✉s✉❛r✐♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s✱ ❧❛ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐ó♥ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❡s ❡♥✲ t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ó♥✳ ❊♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❧♦s ✉s❛♥✱ ❧❛ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐ó♥ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s✐❡♥❞♦ ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♥ ❞❡s✐♥t❡rés ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ♦ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❛ s✉ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❡t❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥ ❈■✑ ✳ ✷✳✷✳✷✳ ✸✵ ◆♦ ❧♦ ✈♦② ❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠✐ ❯♥❛ ❡♥❝✉❡st❛ ✸✶ ✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❙❲■❋❚ ✭✧❙✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ ❲♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✧✮ r❡❝♦❣✐ó ❧❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✼✳✹✶✶ ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❝✉♥❞❛r✐❛ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ s✉s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡r❛✳ ▲❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s t✐❡♥❞❡♥ ❛ ❝r❡❡r q✉❡ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡♥ ❡❧ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✷✽ ❈❤❡r②❛♥✱ ❙✳✱ ❍✉❞s♦♥✱ ▲✳✱ ❚♦s❡✱ ❆✳✱ ✏ ❊❳♣❧❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❲♦♠❡♥✬s ❯♥❞❡rr❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✿ ❚❤❡ ❘♦❧❡ ♦❢ ●❡♥❞❡r ❙t❡r❡♦t②♣❡s✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳♠✐❝r♦s♦❢t✳❝♦♠✴❛♣♣s✴✈✐❞❡♦✴❞❧✳❛s♣①❄✐❞❂✶✹✷✾✾✸ ✷✾ ❑♦♥st❛✱ ❍✳✱ ✏ ❚❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✐♥ ●r❡❡❝❡✿ ✶✾✺✹✲✷✵✵✹✳ ▲❛❜♦r✱ ❲♦r❦♣❧❛❝❡✱ ●❡♥❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✑ ✳ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♦❧❞✳♣❤s✳✉♦❛✳❣r✴❤st✴❙t✉❞❡♥ts✴❑♦♥st❛✳❤t♠❧ ✸✵ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ✸✶ ❈❤❛♥✱ ❝♦✉✈❡r ❤tt♣✿✴✴❣❡♥❞❡r❛♥❞❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✳♥♦✴ ❱✳✱ ❙t❛✛♦r❞✱ ❙❡❝♦♥❞❛r② ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❑✳✱ ❙t✉❞❡♥ts✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❑❧❛✇❡✱ ▼✳✱ ■♥t❡r❡sts ❈❤❡♥✱ ❘❡❧❛t❡❞ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠✉♥✳❝❛✴❝✇s❡✴❈❤❛♥✱❱❛♥✐❛✳♣❞❢ ✷✻ ♦❢ ●✳✱ t♦ ✏ ●❡♥❞❡r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❇r✐t✐s❤ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❈♦❧✉♠❜✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ✐♥ ❱❛♥✲ ❈❛r❡❡rs✑ ✱ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛s ♣❛r❛ t❡♥❡r é①✐t♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❜❛s❡ só❧✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t❡♥❝✐❛ ② ❧❛ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝❛rr❡r❛✳ ❊s❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❛✉t♦✲❝❡♥s✉r❛ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s ♣✉❡st❛ ❞❡ r❡❧✐❡✈❡ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ✸✷ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♥ ✶✾✾✼ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ✈❛❧♦r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ❡♥ ❈■ ❞❡ s✉s ♣r♦♣✐❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s✿ ✏ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r s❡❧❢✲❡✣❝❛❝②✑ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❧❛s ❝r❡❡♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ s✉s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦str❛rs❡ ❡①✐t♦s❛ ❛❧ ✉s❛r ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❊♥ ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡✜❡r❡ ❛ ❡st❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦✱ ♥✉❡str♦ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❤❛ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❧❛ ❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛r❛❞♦❥❛ ❞❡❧ ✏ ❙✐ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❥✉♥t❛s✱ ②♦ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞♦ s♦❧❛✑ ✳ ❊st❛ ♣❛r❛❞♦❥❛ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❣r✉♣♦ ✭♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ✉♥❛ ♠✉❥❡r✮ ❝r❡❡ q✉❡ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ❣r✉♣♦ ✭♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✮ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛ ❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞✱ ② ❛❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❝r❡❡ q✉❡ s♦❧❛ ♥♦ ❧♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐rá✑ ✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ♦r❞❡♥ ❞❡ ✐❞❡❛s✱ ❆♥♥❛ ▲❡✇✐s ❛❧ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛r ❛ ▲❡❛❤ ❍❛♥s♦♥✱ ✉♥❛ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ ❋♦❣❝r❡❡❦✱ ♥♦s ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ t♦♥♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❛♥✉♥❝✐♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ✉ ♦tr♦s ❝♦♥❝✉rs♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ❛❝tú❛♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐s✉❛s♦r✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ ❛❧ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐rs❡ ❛ ♣r✐♦r✐ ❧♦ ❜❛s✲ t❛♥t❡ ❝✉❛❧✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♥♦ s❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥✿ ✓ ❋✉✐ ❛ ✉♥❛ ❝❤❛r❧❛ ❞❡ ❍❛♥♥❛ ❲❛❧❧❛❝❤ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦ ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❧♦s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✳ ❨ ❞✐❥♦ q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s r❛③♦♥❡s ❡s q✉❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♥✐ s✐q✉✐❡r❛ ♣✐❡♥s❛♥ q✉❡ ❡stá♥ ❝✉❛❧✐✜✲ ❝❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡s ❛♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦✳ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❛♥✉♥❝✐❛ s✉ ❙✉♠♠❡r ♦❢ ❈♦❞❡ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ♠✉② ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✳ ❊♥ ✷✵✵✻✱ ●◆❖▼❊ r❡❝✐❜✐ó ❝❛s✐ ✷✵✵ s♦❧✐❝✐t✉❞❡s ② t♦❞❛s ❢✉❡r♦♥ ❞❡ ❤♦♠❜r❡s✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ●◆❖▼❊ ❛♥✉♥❝✐ó ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✐❞é♥t✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ♣❡r♦ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ❤✐♥✲ ❝❛♣✐é ❡♥ ❧❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ r❡❝✐❜✐r ♠❡♥t♦r✐♥❣ ② ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r s✉s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡✱ r❡❝✐❜✐ó ♠ás ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛r ❞❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t✉r❛s ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉❛❧✐✜❝❛❞❛s✳ ❍♦♥❡st❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♦②❡s ❧❛ ❢r❛s❡ ✧❧♦s ♠❡❥♦r❡s ❞❡s❛r✲ r♦❧❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦✱✧ ✈❡s ❛ ✉♥♦s t✐♣♦s✳ ❨✱ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ❡s♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛r ❛❧✐❡♥❛♥t❡ ✔✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✷✳✸✳ ➱①♦❞♦s ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s ② ♦✜❝✐♦s ❞❡ ❈■ ❆♥❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❞❡st✐❧❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❧♦s ❡s❝r✐t♦s ❡♥ r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ❛ ✉♥ ❛r✲ t✐❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ t♦♥♦ ♠❛❝❤✐st❛✱ ✜r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ❆rr✐♥❣t♦♥✬s✱ t✐t✉❧❛❞♦ ✏ ❚♦♦ ❋❡✇ ❲♦♠❡♥ ■♥ ❚❡❝❤❄ ❙t♦♣ ❇❧❛♠✐♥❣ ❚❤❡ ▼❡♥✑ ✸✹ ✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❧❡ ❜r✐♥❞ó ♥✉♠❡r♦s❛s ❝rít✐❝❛s t✉✈♦ q✉❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♥ q✉❡ ♦t♦r❣❛r❛ ❝❛✉s❛s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❛ ❧❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛❥❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✐♥❞✉s✲ tr✐❛s ❚■❈✿ ✏ ❍❛② ♠❡♥♦s ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ ❤♦♠❜r❡s ♣❡rs✐❣✉✐❡♥❞♦ ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❡♥ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❝✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛s✳ ❊st♦ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❛ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❝❡r❡❜r❛❧✳ ▲♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s ② ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♥♦ s♦♥ ✐❣✉❛❧❡s✱ ❡s♦ t❛♠♣♦❝♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ✉♥ s❡①♦ s❡❛ ♠❡❥♦r q✉❡ ❡❧ ♦tr♦✳ ❙✐ ♥♦ q✉❡ ✸✺ ❊st♦s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s s✉❡❧❡♥ ❛❝♦♠♣❛ñ❛rs❡ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s s♦♥ ❛sí✑ ✳ ✸✷ ❉✉r♥❞❡❧❧✱ ❆✳✱ ❚❤♦♠s♦♥✱ ❑✳✱ ✏ ●❡♥❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✿ ❛ ❞❡❝❛❞❡ ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥❣❡✑ ✱ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ❛♥❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✶✾✾✼ ✸✸ ▲❡✇✐s✱ ❆✳✱ ✏ ●✐r❧s ●♦ ●❡❡❦✳ ✳ ✳ ❆❣❛✐♥✦✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❜❧♦❣✳❢♦❣❝r❡❡❦✳❝♦♠✴❣✐r❧s✲ ❣♦✲❣❡❡❦✲❛❣❛✐♥✴ ✸✹ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ✸✺ ✐❜✐❞ ❤tt♣✿✴✴t❡❝❤❝r✉♥❝❤✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✶✵✴✵✽✴✷✽✴✇♦♠❡♥✲✐♥✲t❡❝❤✲st♦♣✲❜❧❛♠✐♥❣✲♠❡✴ ✷✼ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ❝r❡❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ t♦❞♦ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❈■ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❡r✐t♦❝r❛❝✐❛ ❛❧ ❝✉❛❧ ♣✉❡❞❡s ❛s♣✐r❛r✱ ② q✉❡ ❡st❛ s❡ ♦t♦r❣❛ ✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♥ ❙✐❧❧✐❝♦♥ ❱❛❧❧❡②✱ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ✐♠♣❡r♠❡❛❜❧❡ ❛ ❧❛s ♣❛r✲ t✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s s♦❝✐♦✲❞❡♠♦❣rá✜❝♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s✱ ②❛ q✉❡ s✉♣✉❡st❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❧♦ s❡ ♣r❡♠✐❛♥ ❧❛s ✐❞❡❛s✱ ❧❛ ✐♥✈❡♥t✐✈✐❞❛❞ ② ❡❧ ❡s❢✉❡r③♦ ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❝❡r❧❛s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡✳ ■❣❛③✐ss❛①✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛✱ ♥♦ ❧♦ ❝r❡❡ ❛sí✿ ✏ ◆♦ ❡①✐st❡ ♥✐♥❣ú♥ s✐t✐♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞ó♥❞❡ ♥♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❡ t✉ ❡❞❛❞✱ ❣é♥❡r♦✱ q✉❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝r❡❡♥❝✐❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s t✐❡♥❡s ♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❝♦❧♦r ✸✻ ❨ ♦tr❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❞❡ ♠✐r❛r ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡s ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❙❡❧❞♦✳❝♦♠ ❛❧ ❡r❡s✔✳ r❡❞❛❝t❛r s✉ ♦♣✐♥✐ó♥ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡❧ ♣♦st ❞❡ ❆rr✐♥❣t♦♥✿ ✓ ❨ ♣♦r ❡♥❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦✱ ❡❧ ❣é♥❡r♦ s✐ ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✳ P♦rq✉❡ ❧❛ tr✐st❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞ ❡s q✉❡ ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s ❡♥ ❙✐❧✐❝♦♥ ❱❛❧❧❡②✱ ♣♦r ❞❡❢❡❝t♦✱ ♥♦ s❡ t♦♠❛♥ ❡♥ s❡r✐♦ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛✳ ❨♦ ❧♦ ✈❡♦ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❞í❛s✳ ❙✐ ✉♥❛ ♠✉❥❡r ❡♥tr❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♦✜❝✐♥❛✱ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ s❡ ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛ s✐ ❡s ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ♦ ♠❛r❦❡t✐♥❣ ♦ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❝♦s❛ ❧❡❣❛❧✱ ② ❢r❛♥❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❝r❡❡♥ q✉❡ s❡❛♥ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡r❛s✳ ❨ ❧❛♠❡♥t❛❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✈❡❝❡s t✐❡♥❡♥ r❛③ó♥✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❛② ♠✉❝❤❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛✳ ❨ ❝♦♠♦ t♦❞♦s ❧♦ s❛❜❡♥✱ ② s✐❣✉❡ s✐❡♥❞♦✱ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✈✐❝✐♦s♦✿ ❧❛ ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♥♦ s❡ ♠❡t❛♥ ❡♥ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ❡s ❧♦ q✉❡ ❧❛s ♠❛♥t✐❡♥❡ ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛✑ ✳ ✸✼ ■❣❛③✐ss❛①✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ r❡❝♦♥♦❝❡ q✉❡ ❤❛② ♠❡♥♦s ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ q✉✐❡r❛♥ ❧❛♥③❛rs❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❛✈❡♥t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♠♦♥t❛r ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ ❚■❈ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❧❛ ❧❛s ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦♥ ♦tr❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❜✐❡♥ s✉❜✲ r❛②❛ ✓ ❣r❛♥ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s ② ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❛ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❡❣✐r ❝❛rr❡r❛s ❧❛❜♦r❛❧❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ♦ ❝r❡❛r ❛❧❧í ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✱ s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ t❡♠♣r❛♥❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✈✐❞❛ ② t✐❡♥❡♥ q✉❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♥ ♥✉❡str♦ ✓❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ s♦✲ ✸✽ ❆ tr❛✈és ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ♥✉❡str❛ r❡✈✐s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡✱ s❡ ❡st❛❜❧❡❝❡ ❝✐❛❧✔✳ ❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡s ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ♣r✐♠❛r✐❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❝✉❛❧ ✉♥❛ ❡s ❡①♣✉❡st❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ s✉ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛ ② ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ s✉ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ P❛r❛ ♠✉❝❤❛s✱ ❛❧❧í r❛❞✐❝❛♥ ❧❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ s✉ ♠♦t✐✈❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❞❡s✲♠♦t✐✈❛❝✐ó♥ ♦ ❞❡s✐♥t❡rés t♦t❛❧ ♣♦r ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s✱ ❧❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ② ✉♥ ❧❛r❣♦ ❡t❝ ♠ás✳ ▲❛ ❛✉t♦r❛ s✐❣✉❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ s✉ ♣r♦♣✐❛ ❤✐st♦r✐❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✿ ✏ ❙♦② ❝♦✲ ♠♦ ♠✉❝❤❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❞❡ ♠✐ ❣❡♥❡r❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛♥ ❡♥ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛✳ ❊♥ ♣r♦♠❡❞✐♦✱ ♥✉❡str♦ ✐♥t❡rés ♣♦r ❧♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s ✈✐♥♦ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ♠ás t❛r❞❡ q✉❡ ♥✉❡✲ str♦s ❝♦♠♣❛ñ❡r♦s ✈❛r♦♥❡s ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ② ❛❝❛❜❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐ó♥ ♠ás ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐st❛ ② ♠❡♥♦s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❤❛❝✐❛ t❡♠❛s té❝♥✐❝♦s✑ ✳ ❯♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♥s❡✲ ❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❡st❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♠❛s t❛r❞í❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❧❛ ❛✉t♦r❛ ✓ q✉❡ s♦♠♦s ♠❛s ♣r♦♣❡♥s❛s ❛ ❡♠♣❡③❛r ❡♥ ár❡❛s ♦tr❛s q✉❡ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦✱ ár❡❛s q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜❡♥ ♠❡♥♦s ❞✐♥❡r♦ ② r❡s♣❡t♦✱ ② ❡♥ ❡s❡ ♣✉♥t♦ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣r❡✜❡r❡♥ ✐rs❡ ② ❛♣♦st❛r ♣♦r ♦tr❛ ❝♦s❛✑ ✳ P❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r✱ ✉♥ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦ ❡♥ ●r❛♥ ❇r❡t❛ñ❛ ❞✐❝t❛♠✐♥ó q✉❡ ❧♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s ♠❛s ❢r❡❝✉❡♥t❡s ❞❡trás ❞❡❧ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧❡s ❡♥ ❈■ ❡♥tr❡ s✉s ❡♥❝✉❡st❛❞❛s ❡r❛♥ ✿ ✓ ✉♥❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♠❛s❝✉❧✐♥❛ ❛❣r❡s✐✈❛ ✔✱ ✓ ✉♥❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ✸✻ ■❣❛③✐ss❛①✱ ✏ ❚❤❡ ❧❛t❡st t❡♠♣❡st ♦♥ ✇❤② t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ s♦ ❢❡✇ ✇♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ t❡❝❤✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❛❧❡❦s❛♥❞r❡✐❛✳✇♦r❞♣r❡ss✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✶✵✴✵✽✴✸✵✴t❤❡✲❧❛t❡st✲t❡♠♣❡st✲♦♥✲✇❤②✲ t❤❡r❡✲❛r❡✲s♦✲❢❡✇✲✇♦♠❡♥✲✐♥✲t❡❝❤✴ ✸✼ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴s❡❧❞♦✳❝♦♠✴✇❡❜❧♦❣✴✷✵✶✵✴✵✽✴✷✾✴❛rr✐♥❣t♦♥❴✐s❴❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧②❴✇r♦♥❣❴❛❜♦✉t❴✇♦♠❡♥❴✐♥❴t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✸✽ ■❣❛③✐ss❛①✱ ✏ ❚❤❡ ❧❛t❡st t❡♠♣❡st ♦♥ ✇❤② t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ s♦ ❢❡✇ ✇♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ t❡❝❤✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❛❧❡❦s❛♥❞r❡✐❛✳✇♦r❞♣r❡ss✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✶✵✴✵✽✴✸✵✴t❤❡✲❧❛t❡st✲t❡♠♣❡st✲♦♥✲✇❤②✲ t❤❡r❡✲❛r❡✲s♦✲❢❡✇✲✇♦♠❡♥✲✐♥✲t❡❝❤✴ ✷✽ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ✔✱ ✓ ✉♥❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉s ❧♦❣r♦s ✔ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ✓ ❧❛s ❧❛r❣❛s ❤♦r❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ② ❧❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛❞ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❛❣✐♥❛r t✐❡♠♣♦s ✔✳ ✸✾ ❊♥ ❡s❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❧✐♥❡❛✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ♠✉❡str❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❞❡❥❛♥ ❧❛ ♣r♦❢❡s✐ó♥ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡❧ ♥❛❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉ ♣r✐♠❡r ❤✐❥♦✱ ② ♦tr♦ ❣r✉♣♦ s✉st❛♥❝✐❛❧ ❧♦ ❞❡❥❛ ❛ ✜♥❛❧❡s ❞❡ s✉s ✹✵✱ ✐♥✐❝✐♦s ✺✵✱ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛✳ ✷✳✷✳✹✳ ➽◗✉é ♣❛s❛ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡❄ ❊①♣♦♥❡♠♦s ❧❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❱❛❧❡r✐❛ ❆✉r♦r❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡trás ❞❡ ❧❛ ❜❛❥❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ② ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜✐❡rt♦✿ ✏ ❊♥ ❧❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞♦s ❞é❝❛❞❛s✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜✐❡r✲ t♦ ❤❛ ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ♦s❝✉r❛ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ❤❛❝✐❛ ✉♥ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ ❜❛s❛❞♦ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❝✐ó♥ s✐♥ ♣r❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧❡s ② ✈♦❧✉♥t❛r✐♦s ❡①tr❛♦r❞✐♥❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t✐❞♦s✳ ❊st❛♠♦s ♦r❣✉❧❧♦s♦s ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛ ❛♣❡rt✉r❛ ❤❛❝✐❛ ♥✉❡✈♦s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❞❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣❛ís ✉ ♦r✐❣❡♥ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ② ❛ ♠❡♥✉❞♦ ❞❡✲ s❝r✐❜✐♠♦s ❧❛ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r s✉❜②❛❝❡♥t❡s ❛ ❧♦s ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜✐❡rt♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ♠❡r✐t♦❝r❛❝✐❛✳ ▼✉❝❤♦s ❞❡ ♥♦s♦tr♦s ❝r❡❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜✐❡rt♦ ❡s ✐♥❤❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❣r❡s✐✈♦ ✲ ✉♥❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❞❡ ♥✐✈❡❧❛r ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❥✉❡❣♦ q✉❡ ♦♣❡r❛ ❡♥tr❡ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦rí❛s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ② ❧♦s ❧í♠✐t❡s ❞❡ ❝❧❛s❡✳ ❨✱ s✐♥ ❡♠❜❛r❣♦✱ ❛q✉í ❡st❛♠♦s✱ ❡♥ ✷✵✶✵✱ ② ②♦ ② ♠✐s ❛♠✐❣❛s s❡❣✉✐♠♦s s✐❡♥❞♦ ✐♥s✉❧t❛❞❛s✱ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛❞❛s ② ❛❝♦s❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜✐❡rt♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♥❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛♥ q✉❡ s✐ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉✐❡r❡♥ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❡♥ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜✐❡rt♦ ✭♦ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♦ ❧❛s ❛✈❡♥t✉r❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛❧❡s✱ ❡t❝✮✱ t❡♥❞rá♥ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ s♦♣♦rt❛r ❡❧ s❡r ❛❝♦s❛❞❛s✱ ♠✐r❛❞❛s ❞❡ r❡♦❥♦✱ ♦ ❢ís✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s❛❧t❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝♦♥✲ ❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s✳ P❡r♦ ♠✉❝❤❛s ❞❡ ♥♦s♦tr❛s ❝r❡❡♠♦s ❧♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✱ ❛ñ❛❞✐r ❜❛rr❡r❛s ❛ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s só❧♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ ♣❡r❥✉❞✐❝❛r ❧❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜✐❡rt♦✱ ② ♥♦s♦tr❛s q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✈❡♥❣❛ ♠ás ❣❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ♠❡♥♦s✳✑ ✹✵ ❊♥ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ❝ó♠♦ ❡st❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❤❛ ❝♦♥❧❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛r✲ r♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❛♥t✐✲❛❝♦s♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ② ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜✐❡rt♦✳ P❡r♦ ❛♥t❡s q✉✐s✐ér❛♠♦s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐③❛r ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝✉❡st✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✏ ❧❛ s❡❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ♥❛t✲ ✉r❛❧ ② ❧❛ ♠❡r✐t♦❝r❛❝✐❛✑ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛s ❞❡✜♥❡ ▼②r✐❛♠ ❘✉✐③✳ ❙❡❣ú♥ ❡❧❧❛✱ ✏ ❡❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛ ✉♥ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞ ❥❡rárq✉✐❝❛✱ ② q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❧♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❥♦r❛r ❧❛ ❝❛❧✐❞❛❞✳ ▲❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥ ❧❛s ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s ❡stá♥ r❡❣✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❧❛ ♠❡r✐t♦❝r❛❝✐❛ ② ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❝t✐✈❛✱ ❛✉♣❛♥❞♦ ❛ q✉✐❡♥❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛♥ ❛♣♦rt❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ♠ás ✈❛❧♦r✱ ② ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ q✉✐❡♥❡s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉②❡♥✳ ▲❛ ♠❡r✐t♦❝r❛❝✐❛ ❡s ❡s❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡✳ ❊❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡ ♥♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❞❡♠♦❝r❛❝✐❛✱ s✐♥♦ ✉♥❛ ♠❡r✐t♦❝✲ r❛❝✐❛✳ ▲❛ ♠❡r✐t♦❝r❛❝✐❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐③❛ ✉♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❥✉st♦✱ q✉❡ ♣r❡♠✐❛ ❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦✱ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐s♦ ② ❧❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡✈❛❧✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ♥♦ ✸✾ ❉❚■✱ ✏ ❲❖▼❊◆ ■◆ ❚❍❊ ■❚ ■◆❉❯❙❚❘❨✿ ❚♦✇❛r❞s ❛ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ❝❛s❡ ❢♦r ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ✑ ✱ ■♥t❡r✐♠ ❘❡♣♦rt ✱ ✷✵✵✺ ✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜✐s✳❣♦✈✳✉❦✴✜❧❡s✴✜❧❡✾✸✸✹✳♣❞❢ ✹✵ ❆✉r♦r❛✱ ❱✳✱ ✏ ❚❤❡ ❉❛r❦ s✐❞❡ ♦❢ ♦♣❡♥ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❧✇♥✳♥❡t✴❆rt✐❝❧❡s✴✹✶✼✾✺✷✴ ✷✾ s♦✉r❝❡ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✑ ✳ ✹✶ ◆♦ ♦❜st❛♥t❡ ② ❝♦♠♦ ❜✐❡♥ ♥♦s ❛♣✉♥t❛ ❘✉✐③✱ ❡st❛ ♠❡r✐t♦❝r❛✲ ❝✐❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡ ❡s t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✏ ✉♥ ♠✐t♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ q✉❡ ❧♦ ❡s ❧❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♦❝❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧❡s ♦ ❧❛ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛✳ ❆✉♥q✉❡ ❡s r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♥❛ ♣✐❡③❛ ❝❧❛✈❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ r❡❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞✱ ♥♦ ❡s ❡❧ ú♥✐❝♦ ❢❛❝t♦r q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉②❡✳ ❙✐ t✐❡♥❡s ❡❧ ♣❡r✜❧ ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞♦✱ ② ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉②❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦ ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞♦✱ ❡❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐✲ ❜r❡ ❡s ❡❢❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♥❛ ♠❡r✐t♦❝r❛❝✐❛✳ ▲❛ ♠❡r✐t♦❝r❛❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❡s ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ✙ ❧❛s s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ú♥✐❝♦ ❢❛❝t♦r✳ ➽◗✉é s❡ ✈❛❧♦r❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐r ❡❧ ♠ér✐t♦❄ ➽❉❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦❄ ➽Pr✉❡❜❛s❄ ➽❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥❄ ➽❚r❛❞✉❝❝✐♦♥❡s❄ ➽❞✐s❡ñ♦❄ ➽❙♦♣♦rt❡ té❝♥✐❝♦❄ ➽P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❄ ➽❙❡ ✈❛❧♦r❛♥ ❧❛s ❛♣♦rt❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ♦ s✉ ❞✐❢✉s✐ó♥ ② ♣✉❜❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❄ ✳ ▲❛ ❛✉t♦❝♦♥✜❛♥③❛ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✐t❛r ❧♦s ♣r♦♣✐♦s ♠ér✐t♦s ❡stá ♠✉② s❡s❣❛❞❛ ❡♥ tér♠✐♥♦s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦✑ ✳ ✷✳✸✳ ✹✷ ❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❈■ P❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr❛rr❡st❛r ❧❛s t❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥✉❡str❛ r❡✈✐s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ♠✉❡str❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ♣❛rt✐♠♦s ❞❡ ❝❡r♦ ②❛ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦s❛s s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❡s ❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s q✉❡ ❤❛♥ s❛❜✐❞♦ ❛tr❛❡r ♠ás ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❈■✱ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ r❡❞✉❝✐r ❡❧ é①♦❞♦ ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♦✜❝✐♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♥ ❈■✳ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❛q✉í ✉♥ r❡s✉♠❡♥ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❢❛❝t♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡♥ ❥✉❣❛r ❛ ❢❛✈♦r ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ② ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❈■✱ ♣❛r❛ ❧✉❡❣♦ ♣❛s❛r ❛ ❞❡t❛❧❧❛r ✉♥❛ s❡❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s q✉❡ ♥♦s ❤❛♥ ♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s✳ ✷✳✸✳✶✳ ❙♦❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ♣r✐♠❛r✐❛ ❯♥ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦r ❝♦♠ú♥ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❝❤❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ② ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ❡s ❤❛❜❡r ❞✐s❢r✉t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ♣r✐♠❛r✐❛ ❢❛✈♦r❛❜❧❡ ❛❧ ❡st✐♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ s✉ ✐♥t❡rés ❤❛❝✐❛ t❡♠❛s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ② t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ❈♦♥t❛r ❝♦♥ ♣❛❞r❡s✱ ❢❛♠✐❧✲ ✐❛r❡s ②✴♦ ✉♥ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r q✉❡ t❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛ñ❛✱ ❛❜r❡ ❧❛ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞ ② s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉②❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ❛❞q✉✐r✐r ❝♦♥✜❛♥③❛ ❡♥ t✉s ♣r♦♣✐❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❡♠♦s ♣♦❞✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r q✉❡ ❧♦s ❢❡♥ó♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✏ r❡♣r♦✲ ❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ s♦❝✐❛❧✑ ② ✏ ❤❛❜✐t✉s✑ t❛❧ ② ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦s ❞❡✜♥❡♥ ❇♦✉r❞✐❡✉ ✹✸ s♦♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ♠✉❝❤❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s r❡❝♦♥♦❝❡♥ q✉❡ s✉s ♣❛❞r❡s ❡st✉❞✐❛❜❛♥✱ tr❛❜❛❥❛♥ ♦ s❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛❜❛♥ ♣♦r t❡♠❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✿ ✓ ❆❤í ❡stá ♠✐ ♣❛❞r❡✱ ✉♥ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ q✉❡ ✹✶ ❘✉✐③✱ ▼✳✱ ✏ ▼✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡ ✑ ✱ ❊♥❝✉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡✱ ❆rt❡ ② ▼✉❥❡r ✱ ▼✉s❡♦ ❞❡ ❆rt❡ ❈♦♥t❡♠♣♦rá♥❡♦ ❞❡ ❈❛st✐❧❧❛ ② ▲❡ó♥ ✭▼❯❙❆❈✮ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴♥✲ ✶✳❝❝✴♣❣✴✜❧❡✴r❡❛❞✴✼✶✶✸✹✴♠②r✐❛♠✲r✉✐③✲s♦❜r❡✲♠✉❥❡r❡s✲②✲s♦❢t✇❛r❡✲❧✐❜r❡ ✹✷ ✐❜✐❞ ✹✸ ❊❧ ❤❛❜✐t✉s ❡s ❧❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❡stá♥ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❧❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s q✉❡ ❧❛s s♦♣♦rt❛✱ ❡s ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡♥ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s s❡ ❣r❛❜❛♥ ❡♥ ♥✉❡str♦ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ② ♥✉❡str❛ ♠❡♥t❡✱ ② ❢♦r♠❛♥ ❧❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛ s✉❜❥❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞ ✭❙♦❝✐❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥✮✑ ✱ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❡s✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦r❣✴✇✐❦✐✴P✐❡rr❡❴❇♦✉r❞✐❡✉★❈♦♥❝❡♣t♦s❴❜✳❈✸✳❆✶s✐❝♦s ✸✵ tr❛❜❛❥❛❜❛ ♣❛r❛ ■❇▼✱ ❡❧ ♠❡ ❞❛❜❛ r♦♠♣❡❝❛❜❡③❛s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡r❛ ♣❡✲ q✉❡ñ❛ ② ♠❡ ❛♥✐♠ó ❛ t♦♠❛r ❝❧❛s❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♠❡ ❤✐❝❡ ♠❛②♦r✳ ◆✉♥❝❛ ❞✉❞é ❞❡ q✉❡ ✈❛❧♦r❛❜❛ ♠✐ ❝❡r❡❜r♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡♥s❛❜❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞í❛ ❧♦❣r❛r ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❝♦s❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❤♦♠❜r❡✳ ❆❤í ❡st❛❜❛ ♠✐ ♠❛❞r❡✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✉♥❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❡❞✉❝ó ❛ s✐❡t❡ ❤✐❥♦s ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ♦❜t✉✈♦ s✉ ❞♦❝t♦r❛❞♦✳ ❘❡❝✉❡r❞♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♠❡ ❧❧❡✈❛❜❛ ❛ s✉ ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦ ② ♠❡ ♠♦str❛❜❛ s✉s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❬✳✳✳❪ ❆❤í ❡stá ♠✐ ♠❛❡str♦ ❞❡ ❡❞✲ ✉❝❛❝✐ó♥ ♣r✐♠❛r✐❛ q✉❡✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ②♦ ♠❡ ♠♦stré ♠ás ❧❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ♦tr♦s ♥✐ñ♦s ❡♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛r ❧❛s t❛❜❧❛s ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛r✱ ♥♦ ❛s✉♠✐ó q✉❡ ❢✉❡s❡ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❢✉❡s❡ ♥✐ñ❛ s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♣r❡stó ❧❛ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❛t❡♥❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛rs❡ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ t❡♥í❛ ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ♠❡ ✐♠♣❡❞í❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❝♦♥ r❛♣✐❞❡③✱ ♣❡r♦ q✉❡ s✐ ❧❛s r❡❝✐t❛❜❛ ♦r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐❜❛ t❛♥ rá♣✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♦tr♦✑ ✳ ✷✳✸✳✷✳ ✹✹ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❯♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐♦♥❡s✲❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s ♠ás ❢❛♠♦s❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❡❧ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❈■ ❡s✿ ✏❲♦♠❡♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦♦♣ ✹✺ ✑ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧✲ ❧❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❈❛r♥❡❣✐❡ ▼❡❧❧♦♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ✭❊❊❯❯✮✳ ❊st❛ r❡❛❧✐③ó✱ ❡♥tr❡ ✶✾✾✺ ② ✶✾✾✾✱ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛r❡s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s ❝♦♥ ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s ② ♣r♦❢❡s♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛♠❜♦s s❡①♦s ❛ ✜♥ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❜❛rr❡r❛s ② ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❡s✳ ❊st❛s✱ ❛❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ s❡r ♣✉❡st❛s ❡♥ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛✱ ❡r❛♥ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡✈❛❧✉❛❞❛s ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♥ ❛♥á❧✐✲ s✐s ❞❡ s✉ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦✳ ▲❛ s❡r✐❡ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉②❡r♦♥ ❡♥ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❞❡s❞❡ ✉♥ ✼ ✪ ❡♥ ✶✾✾✺ ❤❛st❛ ✉♥ r❛t✐♦ ❞❡ ✹✵ ✪ ❡♥ ✶✾✾✾✳ ❊♥ r❡s✉♠❡♥ ❡st❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♣r♦♣♦♥í❛♥ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r ♣❛✉t❛s r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛❧ ✏❛❣✉❥❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✑ q✉❡ s✉❡❧❡ ❞❡s❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡r ❛ ❧❛s ❝❤✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧❧❡❣❛♥ ❛ ❧❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❝♦♥ ♠❡♥♦s✱ ♦ ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛✱ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ♣r❡✲ ✈✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦✱ s❡ s✉❣✐r✐ó ❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❞♠✐s✐ó♥ q✉❡ ♣❛só ❞❡ r❡q✉❡r✐r ✉♥❛ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ♣r❡✈✐❛ ❛ ♥♦ ♣❡❞✐r❧❛✳ P❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr❛rr❡st❛r ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞ ❡♥ ❧♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ❛ñ♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛✱ s❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r♦♥ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❛♣♦②♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s s✐♥ ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ♣✉❞✐❡r❛♥ ♣♦♥❡rs❡ ❛❧ ♥✐✈❡❧ s✐♥t✐é♥❞♦s❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛ñ❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❡❧ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ② ❛❢í♥ ❞❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡r ❛ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s q✉❡ ②❛ ❝♦♥t❛❜❛♥ ❝♦♥ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❡♥ s✉ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡✳ P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❧❛s ❛✉t♦r❛s ♥♦t❛r♦♥ q✉❡ ❡①✐stí❛♥ ✉♥❛ ❢✉❡rt❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥✲ ❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦s r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ✈✐s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✳ ▲❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♠♦str❛❜❛♥ ♠❛s ✐♥t❡rés ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♠❛t❡r✐❛s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝✉❛❧❡s s❡ ❞❛❜❛ ✉♥ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ♣rá❝t✐❝♦ ② ❛♣❧✐✲ ❝❛❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❡♥s❡ñ❛♥③❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❊♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s✱ s❡ ❤❛❜❧ó ❞❡ s✉ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♠♦ ✏ ❞r❡❛♠✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❝♦❞❡✑ ✱ ✉♥❛ ♥♦❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ♣❡r♦ s❡ r❡✜❡r❡ ❛ ✉♥❛ ♣❛s✐ó♥ ❡①♣r❡s❛❞❛✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❧♦ ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s ♠❛s❝✉❧✐♥♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ② ❝r❡❛r ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣❡r s❡✱ ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♦ ✉♥❛ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❱❛r✐❛s ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡s❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ s✉❜r❛②❛r♦♥ q✉❡ ❡❧❧❛s ♥♦ ✏s♦ñ❛❜❛♥ ❡♥ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✑ ② ♣r❡❢❡rí❛♥ ❞❡❞✐❝❛r s✉ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❧✐❜r❡ ❛ ♦tr❛s ✹✹ ■❣❛③✐ss❛①✱ ✏ ❙❤❡ ❤✐❞❡s ❧✐❦❡ ❛ ❜❛t ❜✉t s❤❡ ✐s ❛❧✇❛②s ❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r t♦ ♠❡✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❛❧❡❦s❛♥❞r❡✐❛✳✇♦r❞♣r❡ss✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✶✵✴✵✽✴✸✶✴s❤❡✲❤✐❞❡s✲❧✐❦❡✲❛✲❜❛t✲❜✉t✲s❤❡s✲❛❧✇❛②s✲❛✲ ❤❛❝❦❡r✲t♦✲♠❡✴ ✹✺ ▼❛r❣♦❧✐s✱ ❏✳✱ ❋✐s❤❡r✱ ❆✳✱ ✏ ❯♥❧♦❝❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❈❧✉❜❤♦✉s❡✱ ❲♦♠❡♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦♦♣✑ ✱ ❚❤❡ ▼■❚ ♣r❡ss✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ✸✶ ❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ② ♣❛s✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❢✉❡r❛♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❧❛s ❛✉t♦r❛s ❛♣✉♥✲ t❛r♦♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❧❛s ♣❛✉t❛s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❡❧ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ② s✉ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ t♦♠❛r ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❧❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ s✐♥ ❝❛❡r ❡♥ ❢❡♥ó✲ ♠❡♥♦s ♣❛t❡r♥❛❧✐st❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦✱ ♣r♦♣✉s✐❡r♦♥ ♣r♦✈❡❡r ❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❛ ❧♦s ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ♠❡❥♦r❛r s✉ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡♥s❡ñ❛♥③❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❘❡s✉❧t❛ ♠✉② ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡ ✈❡r q✉❡ ✉♥❛s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦r❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛r♦♥ ✉♥ ❡st✉❞✐♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ✉♥♦s ❛ñ♦s ♠ás t❛r❞❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❡r♦♥ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛s ✏ ♣r♦♠♦❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐❝✐ó♥✑ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❤♦♠❜r❡s ② ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♠✉❝❤♦ ♠ás ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞❛ ✭❡♥ ❣r❛♥ ♣❛rt❡ ❣r❛❝✐❛s ❛ ❧❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✮✳ ❊st❛s ❛✉t♦r❛s ❛♣✉♥t❛♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛✿✑▲❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ ② ❈■ ❤❛♥ s✐❞♦ ❧❧❡✈❛❞♦s ❛ ❝❛❜♦ ✭s✐♥ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞✮ ❡♥ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐♦s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦✳ ▲♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛ ♠❡♥✉❞♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✲ ✈❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❧❧❡✈❛ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦r❛s ❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛r ❡str❛t❡❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❜r✐r ❡s❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s✳ ❯♥❛ ❞❡ ❡s❛s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡s ❧❛ ❛❞♦♣✲ ❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ❛♠✐❣❛❜❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ② ✉♥ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡❧ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦✳ P♦r ❡❧ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✱ ② ❡♥ ❜❛s❡ ❛ ♥✉❡str♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s✴❛s ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s ♣r❡✲❣r❛❞✉❛❞♦s✴❛s ❡♥ ❈■ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❈❛r♥❡❣✐❡ ▼❡❧❧♦♥✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛♠♦s ❧❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s✐s ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♠ás ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s✱ ❧❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ t✐❡♥❞❡♥ ❛ ❞✐s♦❧✈❡rs❡✳ ❊s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❡❧ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s❡s✱ ♠♦t✐✈❛❝✐♦♥❡s ② t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s ② ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s s❡ ✈✉❡❧✈❡♥ ♠ás s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ❊st♦ ♥♦s ❧❧❡✈❛ ❛ s❡r ♠✉❝❤♦ ♠ás ♣r❛❣♠át✐❝♦s r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ♥✉❡str❛s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❡❢❡❝t✐✈♦ ② ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✳ ❉❡ ❤❡❝❤♦✱ ❝r❡❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ❝❛♠❜✐♦s ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❜❛s❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ❡q✉✐✈♦❝❛❞♦s ② ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛②✉❞❛r ❛ r❡❢♦r③❛r ② ♣❡r♣❡t✉❛r ❧♦s ✹✻ ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦s✑✳ ◆♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❛❝❧❛r❛r ❝✉❛❧ ❡s ❧❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ♠❛s ❝♦rr❡❝t❛✱ s✐ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❤❛❝❡r ❡①♣❧í❝✐t❛ ❡st❛ ❞✐✈❡r❣❡♥❝✐❛✳ P✉❡❞❡ q✉❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❧❧❡✈❛♥ ❧❛ r❛③ó♥ ② q✉❡ ❧❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r♦ ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ❝✉❛❧ s❡ q✉✐❡r❡ ✐♥❝✐❞✐r✳ ✷✳✸✳✸✳ ❖✜❝✐♦s ❡ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛s ■❚ ▲❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ✏ ▼✉❥❡r❡s ❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✑ ✹✼ ♥♦s ❝✉❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ✏ ✉♥ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦ ❝♦♥ s❡❞❡ ❡♥ ❊❞✐♠❜✉r❣♦✱ ❊s❝♦❝✐❛✱ ✧❊str❛t❡❣✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐ó♥✿ ●é♥❡r♦ ② ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✧ ✹✽ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ó s✉s ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥❡s s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥✲ ✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♥ ✹✽ ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ❡♥ t♦❞❛ ❊✉r♦♣❛✳ ▲❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥❡s s❡ ❝❡♥tr❛♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥ ❧❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡t❡♥❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ②❛ ❡st✉❞✐❛♥❞♦ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✳ ❊st❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ✈❛♥ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥tr♦✲ ❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r♦❧✱ ❝❛♠♣❛ñ❛s ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✐❞❛❞ ② ❝✉♦t❛s ❞❡ ❛s✐❣♥❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❤❛rá♥ q✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛r❡③❝❛ ✉♥ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠ás ♥❡✉tr❛❧ ❡♥ ❣é♥❡r♦✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ s❡ ✹✻ ❇❧✉♠✱ t❤❡ ▲✳✱ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡✑ ✱ ❋r✐❡③❡✱ ❈✳✱ ❋r♦♥t✐❡rs✿ ✏ ❚❤❡ ❆ ❊✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❈✉❧t✉r❡ ❲♦♠❡♥ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✿ ❙t✉❞✐❡s✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ■s ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝s✳❝♠✉✳❡❞✉✴⑦❧❜❧✉♠✴P❆P❊❘❙✴❋r♦♥t✐❡rs❴❚❤❡❴❊✈♦❧✈✐♥❣❴❈✉❧t✉r❡❴♦❢❴❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✳♣❞❢ ✹✼ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❡s✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦r❣✴✇✐❦✐✴▼✉❥❡r❡s❴❡♥❴✐♥❢♦r♠ ✪❈✸ ✪❆✶t✐❝❛ ✹✽ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s✱ ❘✳✱ ✓❙tr❛t❡❣✐❡s ♦❢ ■♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✿ ●❡♥❞❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✔✱ ♦❢ ❊❞✐♥❜✉r❣❤✱ ❙❝♦t❧❛♥❞✳ ✸✷ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② s✉❣✐❡r❡♥ r❡❢♦r♠❛s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛rí❛♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❢❡s♦r❛❞♦ ✹✾ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♥ ●r❛♥ ② ❧♦s s❡r✈✐❝✐♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✑ ✳ ❊♥ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❧✐♥❡❛✱ ✉♥ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❇r❡t❛ñ❛ ♠✉❡str❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❞❡❥❛♥ ❧❛ ♣r♦❢❡s✐ó♥ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡❧ ♥❛❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉ ♣r✐♠❡r ❤✐❥♦✱ ② ♦tr♦ ❣r✉♣♦ s✉st❛♥❝✐❛❧ ❧♦ ❞❡❥❛ ❛ ✜♥❛❧❡s ❞❡ s✉s ✹✵✱ ✐♥✐❝✐♦s ✺✵✱ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛✳ ❆❤♦r❛✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ s❡ ♠✉❡str❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ ■❚ q✉❡ ❤❛♥ ❛❞♦♣t❛❞♦ ♥✉❡✈❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❤♦r❛r✐❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❡♥❞♦ ♠❡❥♦r❛r ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❡♥tr❡ ✈✐❞❛ ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧ ② ✈✐❞❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❤❛♥ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❝❛s♦s r❡t❡♥❡r ❤❛st❛ ✉♥ ✾✽ ✪ ❞❡ s✉s ❡♠♣❧❡❛❞❛s ❞❡✲ s♣✉és ❞❡ s✉ ♣r✐♠❡r ❡♠❜❛r❛③♦✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡s❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡♥ s❡ ♠✉❡str❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛s t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❞❡❜❡♥ ❛❝♦♠♣❛ñ❛rs❡ ❝♦♥ ✓ ❡sq✉❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❡♥ ❡❧ r❡t♦r♥♦ ✔ ❝♦♥s✐st✐❡♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♥ ♣r♦✈❡❡r ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❛ ❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ ❤❛♥ ❞❡❥❛❞♦ s✉ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ s✉ ♠❛t❡r♥✐❞❛❞✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❛✈❛♥❝❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐✲ ❝♦s s✉❡❧❡♥ s❡r rá♣✐❞♦s ② ✉♥❛ ♣✉❡❞❡ q✉❡❞❛rs❡ rá♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ✏ ♦♥❞❛✑ ✳ ✷✳✸✳✹✳ ▲❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ❱❛❧❡r✐❡ ❆✉r♦r❛✱ ✉♥❛ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ t❡ór✐✲ ❝❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✉❝r❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❢♦♠❡♥t❛r ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡s❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❜❛ ❡♥ ✶✾✾✻ ✉♥ ❡♥s❛②♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞♦ ✏ ❍❖❲❚❖ ❊♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡ ❲♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ ▲✐♥✉①✑ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛❜❛ ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛s r❛③♦♥❡s ❞❡trás ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛✉s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s ●◆❯✴▲✐♥✉① ② ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s r❡s♣✉❡s✲ t❛s q✉❡ r❡s✉♠✐♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ s✐❣✉❡✿ ✏ ❘❡❝♦♥str✉②❡ ✉♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥✴✈✐s✐ó♥ ❢❡♠❡♥✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ❀ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛ ❧❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❤✐stór✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❛❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ② t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦❀ ❇✉s❝❛ ♥✉❡✈❛s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♦ ✐♠♣❛rt✐r ❝❤❛r❧❛s ❀ ❍❛③ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ✉s♦s ② ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝♦♥ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❀ ❇✉s❝❛ ❜✉❡♥❛s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ② ♥♦ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s s❡①✐st❛s ②✴♦ ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣❛❞❛s ❀ ◆♦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❡s ♦ ❞❡s s♦♣♦rt❡ ❛ ❝❤✐st❡s s❡①✐st❛s ❀ ◆♦ ❧❡ ❝♦❥❛s ❡❧ t❡❝❧❛❞♦ ② r❛tó♥✱ ❞é❥❛❧❛ ❛❧ ♠❛♥❞♦ ✑ ✳ ✺✵ ❊s❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❛✉t♦r❛ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❛rtí✜❝❡s ❞❡trás ❞❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ r❡✲ ❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✏ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❛♥t✐ ❛❝♦s♦✑ ✺✶ ♣❡♥s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧♦s ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ② ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜✐❡rt♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✜♥ ❞❡ ❞❛r r❡s♣✉❡st❛s ❛ ❧❛s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛s s❡ñ❛❧❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳ ▲❛ ❛✉t♦r❛ s❡ñ❛❧❛ ♣♦rq✉é ❧❛s ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ② ♦tr♦s ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr♦s ❞❡❧ ❋▲❖❙❙ ✭❋r❡❡ ▲✐❜r❡ ❖♣❡♥ ❙♦✉r❝❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✮ ❞❡❜❡rí❛♥ ❛❞♦♣t❛r ② ❛❞❛♣t❛r ❡s❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✿ ✏ ❊♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❧✉❣❛r✱ ♣♦rq✉é ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦ ✭♣♦r ❞❡s❣r❛❝✐❛✮✳ ❊❧ ❛❝♦s♦ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ❡s ✐♥❝r❡í❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ú♥ ✕ ♠✐r❛ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡st❡ ❝❛❧❡♥❞❛r✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s s❡①✐st❛s ✺✷ q✉❡ ❤❛♥ ♦❝✉rr✐✲ ❞♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❣❡❡❦✳ ❊♥ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ♣♦rq✉é ❡st❛❜❧❡❝❡ ❝✉❛❧❡s s♦♥ ❧❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✳ ❆ ♠❡♥✉❞♦ ❜❛st❛ ❝♦♥ t❡♥❡r ✉♥❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❛♥t✐✲❛❝♦s♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥✐r q✉é ❡❧ ❛❝♦s♦ ♦❝✉rr❛✳ ❊♥ t❡r❝❡r ❧✉❣❛r✱ ♣♦rq✉é ❛♥✐♠❛ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s q✉❡ ②❛ ❤❛♥ t❡♥✐❞♦ ♠❛❧❛s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✹✾ ❉❚■✱ ✏ ❲❖▼❊◆ ■◆ ❚❍❊ ■❚ ■◆❉❯❙❚❘❨✿ ❚♦✇❛r❞s ❛ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ❝❛s❡ ❢♦r ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ✑ ✱ ■♥t❡r✐♠ ❘❡♣♦rt ✱ ✷✵✵✺ ✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜✐s✳❣♦✈✳✉❦✴✜❧❡s✴✜❧❡✾✸✸✹✳♣❞❢ ✺✵ ❆✉r♦r❛✱ ❱✳✱ ✏ ❍❖❲❚❖ ❊♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡ ❲♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ ▲✐♥✉①✑ ✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴t❧❞♣✳♦r❣✴❍❖❲❚❖✴❊♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡✲❲♦♠❡♥✲▲✐♥✉①✲❍❖❲❚❖✴ ✺✶ ❆✉r♦r❛✱ ❱✳✱ ② ❛❧✳✱ ✏ ●❡t ②♦✉r ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❛♥t✐✲❤❛r❛ss♠❡♥t ♣♦❧✐❝② ❤❡r❡✦✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❣❡❡❦❢❡♠✐♥✐s♠✳♦r❣✴✷✵✶✵✴✶✶✴✷✾✴❣❡t✲②♦✉r✲❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✲❛♥t✐✲❤❛r❛ss♠❡♥t✲♣♦❧✐❝②✲❤❡r❡ ✺✷ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❣❡❡❦❢❡♠✐♥✐s♠✳✇✐❦✐❛✳❝♦♠✴✐♥❞❡①✳♣❤♣❄t✐t❧❡❂❚✐♠❡❧✐♥❡❴♦❢❴✐♥❝✐❞❡♥ts ✸✸ ❡♥ ❛s✐st✐r✳ P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ♣♦rq✉é ♣r♦✈❡❡ ❡❧ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ② ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛s ✐♥✲ str✉❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❝❧❛r❛s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó♠♦ ♠❛♥❡❥❛r ❡❧ ❛❝♦s♦ rá♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣❝✐ó♥ ②✴♦ ♠❛❧❛ ♣r❡♥s❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✑ ✳ ✺✸ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ♠✉❧t✐t✉❞ ❞❡ ✏ ♠✐❝r♦✲✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s✑ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✭❢♦r♦s✱ ❜❧♦❣s✱ ❧✐st❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♦s✮ ② ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ♠❡❞✐❛❝t✐✈✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥ ❧❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❈r❡❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r ✈✐s✐❜❧❡s ❡st❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦♣✐❛ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛r ❝❛♠❜✐♦s ❡♥ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ ✐♠♣❡r❛♥t❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ ❯♥ ❣r❛♥ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦s s❡ ♥✉tr❡ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧❛s ❜❛rr❡r❛s ❧❛t❡♥t❡s ② ✈✐✈❛s ❛❝t✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♥ ❝♦♥tr❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠ás ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡st♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♠❛s❝✉❧✐♥✐③❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡❧❧♦ ❧❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❞✐❢✉s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s ② ❜✉❡♥❛s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❣❡♥❡r❛ ✉♥❛ t♦♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❧❛ ♣❛r q✉❡ ♣r♦✈❡❡ ✉♥❛ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❞❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ s✉ r❡♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♦tr♦s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s✳ P♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♥ ✈❛r✐❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s q✉❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠✉✲ ♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ s♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❤✐❝❛s ② ❡st❛s s✉❡❧❡♥ s❡r ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧é♠✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✲ ✐❡♥t❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦✳ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❡st❡ t❡♠❛ ♦s ❞❡❥❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s r❛③♦♥❡s ❞❡s❣❧♦s❛❞❛s ♣♦r ▼②r✐❛♠ ❘✉✐③✱ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❛ ❡ ✐♠♣✉❧s♦r❛ ❞❡❧ ❣r✉♣♦ ❉❡❜✐❛♥ ❲♦♠❛♥✱ ② q✉❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛♥ ❧❛ ❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡s❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ♣♦r ② ♣❛r❛ ❝❤✐❝❛s✿ ✏ P❡r✲ ♠✐t❡♥ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ✉♥❛ ♠❛s❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❝rít✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ♠ás ♠✉❥❡r❡s s❡♥t✐rs❡ ❝ó♠♦❞❛s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞✳ P❡r♠✐t❡♥ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛rs❡ ❛❧r❡❞❡❞♦r ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ② ♣r❡❢❡r✲ ❡♥❝✐❛s ♠ás tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢❡♠❡♥✐♥❛s✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❛❧ r❡s♣❡t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✳ P❡r♠✐t❡ ❞❛r ✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❛ ❧❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❝✐♦♥❡s ❤❡❝❤❛s ♣♦r ♠✉❥❡r❡s ②✱ ❞❡ ❡s❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♣r♦♠♦❝✐♦♥❛r ❧❛ ✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠✉❥❡r ② ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛r ❧♦s ❞❡❢❡❝t♦s ❞❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ♠❡r✐t♦❝r❛❝✐❛✳ P❡r♠✐t❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❧❛ ❛✉t♦❡st✐♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❝❤❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✳ P❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ♠✉❝❤❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❞✐s❢r✉t❛r ❞❡ s✉ ❤♦❜❜② s✐♥ t❡♥❡r q✉❡ ❡st❛r ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡❢❡♥s✐✈❛ ② ❡♥ t❡♥s✐ó♥✳ P❡r♠✐t❡ t❡♥❡r ✉♥ ❧✉❣❛r s❡❣✉r♦ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧❛s ❛❣r❡s✐♦♥❡s ② ❛ ❧❛ ✈✐♦❧❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦✱ ❡♥ t♦❞❛s s✉s ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❡s✳ P❡r♠✐t❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐r ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s ② s❡♥t✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s q✉❡ ❛ ♣r✐♦r✐ t❡ ✈❛♥ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡♥❞❡r ♠❡❥♦r✑ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✸ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❣❡❡❦❢❡♠✐♥✐s♠✳✇✐❦✐❛✳❝♦♠✴✇✐❦✐✴❆♥t✐✲❤❛r❛ss♠❡♥t❴♣♦❧✐❝②❴r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ✺✹ ❘✉✐③✱ ▼✳✱ ✏ ▼✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡ ✑ ✱ ❊♥❝✉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡✱ ❆rt❡ ② ▼✉❥❡r ✱ ▼✉s❡♦ ❞❡ ❆rt❡ ❈♦♥t❡♠♣♦rá♥❡♦ ❞❡ ❈❛st✐❧❧❛ ② ▲❡ó♥ ✭▼❯❙❆❈✮ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴♥✲ ✶✳❝❝✴♣❣✴✜❧❡✴r❡❛❞✴✼✶✶✸✹✴♠②r✐❛♠✲r✉✐③✲s♦❜r❡✲♠✉❥❡r❡s✲②✲s♦❢t✇❛r❡✲❧✐❜r❡ ✸✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ▼✉❥❡r❡s t❡❝♥ó❧♦❣❛s ✈s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ✏ ❊❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛s ② ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❝♦s❛ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❛ ❡♥s❡ñ❛rt❡ ❛❧❣♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❞❡❜❡rí❛ s❡r ✐❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ② t♦t❛❧✳ ➼❆táñ❡t❡ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❛❧ ✐♠♣❡r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥♦s ❛ ❧❛ ♦❜r❛✦ ❚♦❞❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❜❡rí❛ s❡r ❧✐❜r❡✳ ❉❡s❝♦♥❢í❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞✱ ♣r♦♠✉❡✈❡ ❧❛ ❞❡s❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥✳ ▲①s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ❞❡❜❡rí❛♥ s❡r ❥✉③❣❛❞❛s ♣♦r s✉ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣✱ ♥♦ ❡♥ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐♣❧♦♠❛s✱ ❡❞❛❞✱ r❛③❛ ♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥ s♦❝✐❛❧✳ P✉❡❞❡s ❝r❡❛r ❛rt❡ ② ❜❡❧❧❡③❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛✱ ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛s ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r t✉ ✈✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❥♦r✑ ✶ ❚❛❧ ② ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣✉♥tá❜❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❡✱ ❧❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣í❛ ✉s❛✲ ❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛✳ ❙❡ ❜❛s❛ ❡s❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ r❡✈✐s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡✱ ❧❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❡♥ ✶✶ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s ❡♥ ♣r♦❢✉♥✲ ❞✐❞❛❞ ② ✉♥ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝✉s✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ♠✉❥❡r❡s t❡❝♥ó❧♦❣❛s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s✱ ❛♥❛❧✐st❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ② ❤❛❝❦❡rs✳ ❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❧♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ ❧❛s tr❛②❡❝t♦r✐❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡s♦✱ ♠♦t✐✈❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡✱ ✉s♦s ② ♣rá❝t✐✲ ❝❛s✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛❞❡s✱ ❡str❛t❡❣✐❛s✱ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❡♦s ② ❢✉t✉r♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ ❞❡s✈❡❧❛♥ ② ❛rr♦❥❛♥ ❛ ❧❛ ❧✉③ ♥✉❡✈❛s ❝✉❡st✐♦♥❡s ② ❝❧❛✈❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❝ó♠♦ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♠♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ② t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❝ó♠♦ ❣é♥❡r♦ ② t❡❝✲ ♥♦❧♦❣í❛ s♦♥ ❝♦♥str✉❝t♦s ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧❡s ② ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s q✉❡ s❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛♥ ♠✉t✉❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❡st❛ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥✳ P❛rt✐❡♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ ❡st❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞ ❞❡ s✉❜❥❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♣❛s❛r❡✲ ♠♦s ❧✉❡❣♦ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❧❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧❡s ❜❛rr❡r❛s q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❛❝t✉❛r ❡♥ ❝♦♥tr❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❛ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❡❣✐r ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ✉♥❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛ ②✴♦ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛❧❡s ❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s q✉❡ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♥ ❧❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❈■✱ ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ② ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r✳ ✸✳✶✳ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥ó❧♦❣❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ❊❧ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s s❡ ❤❛ ❜❛s❛❞♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♠✐s♠♦ ❣✉✐ó♥ ❛❢í♥ ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r s✐st❡♠❛t✐③❛r ❧❛ ❝♦❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s r❡s♣❡❝t♦s ❛ ❝✐❡rt❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ✶ ▲❡✈②✱ ❙✳✱ ❝❛♣✐t✉❧♦ ✷ ✓ ❍❛❝❦❡rs ✿ ❤ér♦❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r r❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✔✱ ✶✾✽✹ ✸✺ ✐♥t❡rés✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡st❡ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✐♥t❡r❡s❡s ② ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛✳ ❈♦♥ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛❧ á♠❜✐t♦ t❡rr✐t♦r✐❛❧ s❡ ❤❛ tr❛t❛❞♦ ❡❧ á♠❜✐t♦ ❝❛t❛❧á♥ ✭❇❛r❝❡❧♦♥❛✮ ♣♦r s✉ ❝❡r❝❛♥í❛ ❝♦♥ ♥✉❡str❛s ✈✐❞❛s ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛s✱ ❡❧ á♠❜✐t♦ ❞❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡s♣❛ñ♦❧ ✭▼❛❞r✐❞✱ ❙❡✈✐❧❧❛✮ ♣♦r ❧❛s r❡❞❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥ ❧❛s t❡❝♥ó❧♦❣❛s ❝❛t❛❧❛♥❛s ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❍♦❧❛♥❞és ♣♦r ❧❛ ❤✐stór✐❝❛ ② ❛♠♣❧✐❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs✳ ❊s♦ ❤❛ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ♠✉❡str❛ ❞ó♥❞❡ ❝❛s✐ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s✱ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❊st❛❞♦ ❡s♣❛ñ♦❧✱ s❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡♥ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❧❛s✳ ❊st❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ t❛♠❜✐é♥ r❡❝❛❧❝❛ ❧❛ ❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐♦s ② ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❧❛s ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❤❛②❛♥ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❚■❈ ② ❧♦s ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ❧♦s ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜s✱ ❡❧ ❤❛❝❦♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ② ♦tr♦s ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ í♥❞♦❧❡✳ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❡st❛ ♠✉❡str❛ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❡❝✐r q✉❡ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥ ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ ❡❥❡r❝❡♥ s✉s ❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ♦ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐♦ ✭✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❞♦❝❡♥❝✐❛✮✱ ❡❧ s❡❝t♦r ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦ ✭❡♠✲ ♣r❡s❛s✱ ❢r❡❡❧❛♥❝❡✮ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❝✐✈✐❧ ② ♦tr❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❜❛s❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❝✐♦♥❡s ✈♦❧✉♥t❛r✐❛s ✭❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❋▲❖❙❙✱ ♣r♦②❡❝✲ t♦s ❛❝t✐✈✐st❛s ♦ ❤❛❝❦t✐✈✐st❛s✮✳ ❈♦♠♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s✱ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛♥ s✉s ❝❛rr❡r❛s ♦s❝✐❧❛♥❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡s♦s ✈❛r✐♦s ♠✉♥❞♦s s❡❛ ♣❛r❛ s✉ s♦st❡♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ✭tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❛ r❡♠✉♥❡r❛❞❛ ② tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ✈♦❧✉♥t❛r✐❛✮ ② s✉ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡✲ s✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♠❛s ♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❧❛ ♠✐t❛❞ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ❤❛ ❝✉rs❛❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ r❡❣❧❛❞❛ s❡❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ s❡❛ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧❡s✱ ❧❛ ♦tr❛ ♠✐t❛❞ ❤❛ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♠❛r❝❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛❧ ❜❛s❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❛❞q✉✐s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❣r❛❝✐❛s ❛ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ❛✉t♦❞✐❞❛❝t❛s ✏ ❉♦ ■t ❨♦✉rs❡❧❢✴❍❛③❧♦ ❚✉ ▼✐s♠❛✑ ✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ✈♦❧✉♥t❛r✐❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ② ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❤❛♥ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞♦ ② ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦ ❡❧ tr❛s✈❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ❡♥tr❡ s✉s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ✈❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧♦s ✐♥t❡r❡s❡s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❡s ② s✉s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❣r❛✲ ♠❛❞♦r❛s s♦♥ ❡❝❧é❝t✐❝❛s ② ❛❜❛r❝❛♥ ✉♥❛ ❛♠♣❧✐❛ ♣❛❧❡t❛ ❞❡ s❛❜❡r❡s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧❛ s❡✲ ❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ á♠❜✐t♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❘❋■❉✱ ❧♦s ❡♠❜❡❞❡❞ s②st❡♠s ② ❧❛s r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❥♦✲ r❛r ❧❛ ❝✉❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ s✉ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐♠✐❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s s❡♠á♥t✐❝❛s ② s✐st❡♠❛s ❛✉tó♥♦♠♦s✱ ❤❛st❛ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦❣❡st✐ó♥ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣❡♥s❛❞❛s ❞❡s❞❡ ② ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ② ❧❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❝✐✈✐❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❣✉✐✜✱ ♠❛rs✉♣✐✱ ❧♦r❡❛✱ s✐♥❞♦♠✐♥✐♦✱ ❘❋■❉ ❣✉❛r❞✐❛♥✱ r✐❡r❡t❛✱ ✐♥❢♦❡s♣❛✐✱ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❧❧✐✉r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ r✐♠❛✐❛✱ ❤❛r❞♠❡❡t✐♥❣✱ s✉♠♠❡r ❝❛♠♣ ❣❛rr♦t①❛ ❡t❝✳ ❱❡r❡♠♦s ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ q✉❡ s✉s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ❡stá♥ ♠✉② ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ② ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ❧❛ ét✐❝❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ❢♦♠❡♥t♦ ② ❞❡❢❡♥s❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ♣❛s❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❧❛ ❞❡❢❡♥s❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞ ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡s✐ó♥✱ ❡❧ ❛♥♦♥✐♠❛t♦✱ ❧❛ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ② ❧❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞✱ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ❛❧ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈ ❜❛s❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐✈❛ ② ❧❛ ❡s❝✉❝❤❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞❡s ② ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ s✉s ✉s✉❛r✐❛s✳ ❚♦❞♦ ❡❧❧♦✱ ♥♦s ❧❧❡✈❛rá ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛r s✉s ✈✐s✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ s♦♥ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ② q✉é ✈✐s✐♦♥❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❛s♦❝✐❛♥ ❛ s✉ ✉s♦ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❡♠♦s t❡♥✐❞♦ ❧❛ s✉❡rt❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛r ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s tr❡s ❣❡♥❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✳ ❊st❛s ❤❛❝❡♥ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ✸✻ ❛❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ ●♦♠❡③ ❋❡rr✐✿ ✏ ▲❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝♦s ❡stá ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ❛q✉é❧❧♦s q✉❡ ❡♠♣❡③❛r♦♥ ❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❡♥ ❡❧ s❡❝t♦r ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❡♥s❡ñ❛♥③❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❝❤❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ s❡ ♦✜❝✐❛❧✐③❛r❛✳ P❛r❛ ♥✉❡str♦ ♣❛ís✱ ❤❛❜❧❛♠♦s✱ ♣✉❡s✱ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❧♦s s❡s❡♥t❛ ② s❡t❡♥t❛✳ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ❊s ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❞❡❧ ✧♣✐♦♥❡r♦✧✱ ✉♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ♠ás ♠❛♥❡❥❛❜❧❡ ② ❛❝❡♣t❛❜❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ✈❛r♦♥❡s✱ ♠✉② ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❛q✉❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♠✉❥❡r✱ ❛❞❡♠ás✱ t❡♥í❛ ❡❧ ❤❛♥❞✐❝❛♣ ❞❡ ♥♦ t❡♥✲ ❡r ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦✳ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ▲❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❧❛ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s s✐t✉❛r ❡♥ ❧❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♦❝❤❡♥t❛✳ ❙♦♥ ❧♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♣❛s❛♥ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❝❛✉❝❡ ❞❡ r❡❝✐❜✐r ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❜✐❡♥ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐❛✱ ❜✐❡♥ ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✳ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ◆♦s ❤❛❧❧❛♠♦s ❛♥t❡ ✉♥❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛✱ q✉❡ ❝r❡❝✐ó ② s❡ ❡❞✉❝ó ♣rá❝t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ s✐♥ ♥✐♥❣ú♥ ❝♦♥✲ t❛❝t♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✳ ❊s ❞❡❝✐r✱ s✐♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡✳ ❙♦♥ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❧♦s ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ést❛ q✉❡ ❛✜r♠❛♥ q✉❡ s❡ s❡♥t❛r♦♥✱ ♣♦r ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ✈❡③✱ ❞❡❧❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❝✉❛♥❞♦ t✉✈✐❡r♦♥ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❛s✐❣♥❛t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ❝✉rs♦s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐♦s ♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ▲❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✜♥❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s ♦❝❤❡♥t❛✱ ❧♦s ♦r✲ ❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❡s ❡♠♣✐❡③❛♥ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ♣❛✐s❛❥❡ ❞♦♠ést✐❝♦✱ ❧❛❜♦r❛❧ ② ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦✱ ✉♥❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ s❡ ✈❡rí❛ ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❡①♣❛♥s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ➱st♦s s♦♥ ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧❡s q✉❡ ②❛ ❤❛♥ ❝r❡❝✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❝♦♥t❛❝t♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❞❡s❞❡ ♠✉② ♥✐ñ♦s✳ ❊st❛rí❛♠♦s ❤❛❜❧❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ♥♦✈❡♥t❛ ❤❛st❛ ❧❛ ❛❝t✉❛❧✲ ✐❞❛❞✳ ❊st❛ t❡♠♣r❛♥❛ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ✐♥❝✐❞❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈♦❝❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s✳ ▲❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥ ❞❡❧ ✧❤❛❝❦❡r✧ ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥t❡✱ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛r ❡♥ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠ás ❛❧t❛s ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❡s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s ② ❡st❛t❛❧❡s✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✐♥❝✐❞✐rá ❛ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ tr❛③❛r ✉♥♦s ✐t✐♥❡r❛r✐♦s✳ ●❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❡♠♣❡③❛rá ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ✈✐❞❡♦❥✉❡❣♦s ② t❡r♠✐♥❛rá ❝♦♥ ❧❛ t✐t✉❧❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❜✐❡♥ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐❛✱ ❜✐❡♥ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧✑ ✳ ✷ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❡st❛s ❣❡♥❡r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s✱ ✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛s ❞♦s ✏ ♣✐♦✲ ♥❡r❛s✑ ♣r♦✈✐❡♥❡♥ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♥❡❡r❧❛♥❞és✱ tr❡s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥ ❛ ❧❛ ✏ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❣❡♥✲ ❡r❛❝✐ó♥✑ ② s♦♥ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛r✐❛s ❞❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡s♣❛ñ♦❧ ② ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧ r❡st♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❡❝❡ ❛ ❧❛ ✏ t❡r❝❡r❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❝✐ó♥✑ ♦ s❡❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s q✉❡ ❤❛♥ ❝r❡❝✐❞♦ ❡♥✈✉❡❧t❛s ♣♦r ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛❜❡ ❞❡❝✐r✱ q✉❡ t♦❞❛s ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ♣♦r s✉s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥✲ ❝✐❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ② ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ②✴♦ ❤❛❝❦❡rs t❡♥í❛♥ ♠✉❝❤♦ q✉❡ ❞❡❝✐r r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❤❛② ♣♦❝❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❈■✳ ❙✉s ✈✐s✐♦♥❡s ② r❡♣✲ r❡s❡♥t❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡r♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❡st♦s á♠❜✐t♦s ♥♦s ❛♣♦rt❛♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡♥s✐ó♥ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧❛s ❜❛rr❡r❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s ❝❧❛✈❡s ♣❛r❛ s♦❜r❡♣❛s❛r❧❛s✳ ❆ ❧♦ ✈✐st♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛ s✉♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❤❛② q✉❡ r❡❝♦r❞❛r ❛ ❧❛s ❧❡❝t♦r❛s ❞❡ ❡st❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❡s ✉♥ r❡❧❛✲ t♦ ❝❛s✐ ❛♥tr♦♣♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❛s ② s✉❜❥❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s✳ ❆✉♥q✉❡ ♣r♦✈❡♥❣❛♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ② ❝❛t❡❣♦rí❛s s♦❝✐♦✲❞❡♠♦❣rá✜❝❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ② ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ♠✉❡str❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❡st❛❞íst✐❝❛✱ s✐ ❝r❡❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛s ♠❛♥❡r❛s ✐❧✉str❛♥ ✉♥ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s t❡❝♥ó❧♦❣❛s ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ❛ ❧❛ ét✐❝❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r ② ❧❛ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ② ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❧✐❜r❡✳ ✷ ❋❡rr✐✱ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❏✳ ●✳✱ ✏ ▲❛ ♣r♦❢❡s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥❢ór♠❛t✐❝❅✑ ✱ ❖❜s❡r✈❛t♦r✐♦ ❈✐❜❡rs♦❝✐❡❞❛❞✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠♦♥♦❣r❛✜❛s✳❝♦♠✴tr❛❜❛❥♦s✾✵✶✴♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥✲✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝♦✲❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦✲ ❣❡♥❡r♦✲❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s✴♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥✲✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝♦✲❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦✲❣❡♥❡r♦✲❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s✳s❤t♠❧ ✸✼ ✸✳✷✳ ▲❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝✐❛ ❞❡❧ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ② ❡s❝♦❧❛r ◆✉❡str❛ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛ ❡♠♣✐❡③❛ ♣✐❞✐❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐r s✉ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡♥ s✉ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❈♦♥ ❡❧❧♦✱ s❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❢♦♠❡♥t❛r ✉♥ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ q✉❡ ❤❛❣❛ ❡♠❡r❣❡r ❧♦s ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛r✐♦s s✉♠❡r❣✐❞♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♦❧✈✐❞♦✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛s ♠❡♠♦r✐❛s ❡s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦ ② ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✳ ❙❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ② ❧❛s ❈■ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❤✐stór✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♥✐❣r❛❞❛✱ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛❞❛ ♦ ❜♦rr❛❞❛✳ P♦r ❡❧❧♦✱ ❡①❝❛✈❛r ❡♥ ❡❧ r♦❧✱ ② ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦✱ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♥♦s ♣❧❛♥t❡❛ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛r ♥✉❡str❛s ♣r♦♣✐❛s ♠❡♠♦r✐❛s✿ ✏ ❯♥ ❛♠str❛❞ ✻✹✻ ♦ ❛❧❣♦ ❛sí✱ ♠✐ ♣❛❞r❡ ❧♦ ❝♦♠♣ró ❡♥ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡❧ ♥♦ s✉♣♦ ❞❛r❧❡ ✉s♦✳ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐ó ❝✉❛♥❞♦ t❡♥✐❛ ✹ ❛ñ♦s✱ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ s♦❧♦ s✉♣❡ ❞❛r❧❡ ✉s♦ ❥✉❣❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❥✉❡❣♦s q✉❡ ✈❡♥í❛♥ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♣❛❝❦✳ ▼❛s t❛r❞❡ ❝♦♥ ✶✷ ❛ñ♦s✱ ✉♥ ✈❡r❛♥♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❜✉rrí ❝♦❣í ❧♦s ❧✐❜r♦s q✉❡ ✈❡♥í❛♥ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✱ ❡♠♣❡❝é ❛ ❝♦♣✐❛r ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❛q✉✐♥❛ ② ❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r❧♦✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ▼✐ ♣❛❞r❡ s❡ ❝♦♠♣ró ✉♥ ❈♦♠♦❞♦r❡ ② ❛ ❥✉❣❛r✱ t❡♥í❛ q✉❡ t❡♥❡r ✸ ♦ ✹ ❛ñ✐t♦s ② ❝♦❣í❛ ❡❧ t❡❝❧❛❞♦✱ ❤❛❜í❛ ✉♥❛ ❧✐❜r❡t❛ ❛❧ ❧❛❞♦ ② ✈❡♥❣❛ ❛ ❝♦♣✐❛r ❧❛s t❡❝❧❛s ② ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❛s✐ s❛❜❡r ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❛ ♠❛♥♦✱ s❛❜í❛ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❡♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ▲❖❆❉✱ ✯✱ ✯ ② ❝♦♥ ❡s♦ ♣♦❞í❛ ❝❛r❣❛r ❧♦s ❥✉❡❣♦s✳ ▼ás t❛r❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡r❛ ♠✉② ♠❛❧❛ ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡ ♠❡ ❞❡❝í❛♥ ✓✈❡♥❣❛ s✐ ❡st✉❞✐❛s ❧✉❡❣♦ ❤❛❜rá ❝❛r❛♠❡❧✐t♦ ② ♣♦❞rás ❥✉❣❛r ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✔ ✭❇❧❛❝❦❤♦❧❞✮ ✏ ❱✐✈í❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♣✉❡❜❧♦ ❞❡ ✸✵✵ ❤❛❜✐t❛♥t❡s ❞❡❧ ♠❡❞✐t❡rrá♥❡♦ ② ②♦ ❡r❛ ❧✐❜r❡ ❝ó♠♦ ❧♦ s♦♥ ❧♦s ♥✐ñ♦s ❞❡ ❡st♦s ♣✉❡❜❧♦s✱ ② ♥♦s ❞❡❥❛r♦♥ ✉♥ ❛♠str❛❞ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ ✜♥ ❞❡ s❡♠❛♥❛ ② ❡st✉✈✐♠♦s t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ♥✐ñ♦s ❡♥❣❛♥❝❤❛❞♦s✱ ♥♦ ❢✉✐♠♦s ♥✐ ❛❧ rí♦✱ ② ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✈✐ó ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✱ ②♦ ♣❡♥sé q✉❡ ♥♦ ♠❡ q✉❡rí❛ ❡♥❣❛♥❝❤❛r ❛ ❡s❛s ❝♦s❛s✱ ② ♠✐r❛ ❛❤♦r❛✱ ❡♥❣❛♥❝❤❛❞❛✑ ✭❈❛♥❞❡❧❛✮ ✏ ▼✐ ❤❡r♠❛♥♦ ❡s ❛✉t✐st❛ ②♦ ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ ❡s ❧♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡r✲ s♦♥❛✱ ♥♦ ♠❡ ❡♠♦❝✐♦♥❛ q✉❡❞❛r ❝♦♥ ❣❡♥t❡✱ s❛❧✐r ❞❡ ♣❛s❡♦✱ s♦♠♦s ♠✉② ♣❛r❛ ❛❞❡♥tr♦ ② s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❡♠♦s ✉s❛❞♦ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♠✐ ❤❡r♠❛♥♦ ▼❛r✲ t✐♥ ❡st❛ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ❞í❛ ❝♦♥ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✳✳✳ ②♦ t❡♥❣♦ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ♠❛q✉✐♥❛s ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ t❡♥❣♦ ✼ ❛ñ♦s✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛ ❡r❛ ❞❡ ♠✐ ♣r✐♠♦ ❡ ✐❜❛ ❛ ✈✐s✐t❛r❧❡✳✳ ▼✐ ♣r♦♣✐❛ ♠❛q✉✐♥❛ ❢✉❡ ❛ ❧♦s ✶✺ ❛ñ♦s✱ ♠❡ ❧♦ r❡❣❛❧❛r♦♥ ♣❛r❛ ❛r♠❛r ❞❡s❛r♠❛r✱ ♠♦♥t❛r ❞❡s♠♦♥t❛r✳✳ ♠❡ ❞❡❜í❛ ♣❛s❛r ✶✼ ❤♦r❛s ❞❡✲ ❧❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❛q✉✐♥❛✑ ✭▲✐❧✐❛ ❱✐❧❧❛❢✉❡rt❡✮ ✏ ❘❡❝✉❡r❞♦ q✉❡ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❛ ❤❛❜✐❞♦ ✉♥ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❡♥ ❝❛s❛✱ ♣❡r♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛❜❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❤❛❜✐t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠✐ ♣❛❞r❡ ② ♠✐ ❤❡r♠❛♥♦ ② ♠❡ ❞✐❥❡r♦♥ q✉❡ ❡r❛ ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦ ❥♦✈❡♥ ♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ②❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞í❛ r♦♠♣❡r❧♦✱ ② ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡r❛ ♠❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❡ ❞✐❥❡r♦♥ q✉❡ s❡❣✉í❛ s✐♥ ♣♦❞❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❧♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ➼➼♥♦ s❛❜✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉s❛r❧♦✦✦✑ ✭▼❛rt❛ ●✳ ❋r❛♥❝♦✮ P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ r❡✢❡①✐♦♥❛r s♦❜r❡ ❡st❛s ♠❡♠♦r✐❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❡s ♥♦s ♣❡r♠✐t✐ó ♣r♦✲ ❢✉♥❞✐③❛r s♦❜r❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s✱ s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ② ♣❡rs♦♥❛s q✉❡ ❢♦♠❡♥t❛r♦♥ s✉ ♣r✐♠❡r ✸✽ ❝♦♥t❛❝t♦ ② ❛❝❡r❝❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❛ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ② ❞❡s♣❡rt❛r♦♥ s✉ ✐♥t❡rés ② ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s✱ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ② ❜ás✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♥ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s✱ ② ❝♦♠♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✐♥❝✐❞✐r ❡♥ ❡❧❧❛s✱ s❡❛ ❝❛♠❜✐á♥❞♦❧❛s✱ s❡❛ ♠❡❥♦rá♥❞♦❧❛s✳ P♦❞❡♠♦s ✈❡r ❞❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ q✉❡ t♦❞❛s ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s✱ ❛ ❡①❝❡♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥❛✱ s❡ñ❛❧❛♥ ❝♦✲ ♠♦ s✉s ♣❛❞r❡s ② ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❧❡s ❞✐❡r♦♥ s♦♣♦rt❡ ② ❛♣♦②♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❜❛♥ ❡st♦s t❡♠❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ▲❛s ♣❛❧❛❜r❛s✱ ✏ ❥✉❣❛r✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛r✱ ✐♥✈❡♥t❛r✱ ❡♥t❡♥✲ ❞❡r✑ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♥ ♠✉② ❛ ♠❡♥✉❞♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ s✉s r❡❧❛t♦s✱ ❡①♣r❡s❛♥❞♦ ✉♥ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡♥s✐✈♦ ❝♦♥ s✉s ✐♥q✉✐❡t✉❞❡s ② q✉❡ ❧❛s ♣r♦✈❡í❛ ❝♦♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ② r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ❡①♣❧♦r❛r❧❛s✳ ❚♦❞♦ ❡❧❧♦ s❡ ❞♦❜❧❛ ❛❞❡♠ás✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s✱ ❝♦♥ ❢❡♥ó♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❛❧ t❡♥❡r ♣❛❞r❡s ②✴♦ ♠❛❞r❡s ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡r❛s✱ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛✲ ♠❛❞♦r❛s✿ ✏ ▼❡♠♦r✐❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ s✐❡♠♣r❡ r❡❝✉❡r❞♦ ❡st❛r ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❧❧❡ ❥✉❣❛♥❞♦✱ ❡♥ ❝❛s❛ ♥♦ t❡♥í❛♠♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s ♥✐ ✈✐❞❡♦❥✉❡❣♦s ♣❡r♦ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❥✉❣á❜❛♠♦s ❡♥ ✐♥✈❡♥t❛r ❝♦s❛s ② ♠❡③❝❧❛r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s q✉í♠✐❝♦s✳ ❘❡❝✉❡r❞♦ ♠✐ ♣❛❞r❡ ② ♠✐ ❛❜✉❡❧♦ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ♣♦♥✐❡♥❞♦ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s ♠❛s ó♣t✐♠❛s✱ ♠✉② ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❝♦♥ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s✳ ◆♦ ❡s ❡❧❡❝tró♥✐❝❛ s✐ ♥♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ❡♥ ♠✐ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛ s♦♥ ♠✉② ❜✉❡♥♦s ❛rt❡s❛♥♦s ② ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♥ t♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ♠✉② ♠❡tó❞✐❝❛✑ ✭❊❧❧❡✢❛♥❡✮ ✏ ❊♥ ❝❛s❛ t❡♥í❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ② ♠❡ ❡♥❝❛♥t❛❜❛ tr❛st❡❛r✲❧❛ ② ♠✐ ♠❛❞r❡ ✏ ②❛ ❡st❛♠♦s ♦tr❛ ✈❡③✦ ❍❛s ✈✉❡❧t♦ ❛ ❞❡s♠♦♥t❛r ❧❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ② ❛❤♦r❛ ♥♦s ❞❡❥❛rás ✉♥❛ s❡♠❛♥❛ ❡♥t❡r❛ s✐♥✱ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ ❧♦ ❛rr❡❣❧❡s✳ ❊r❛ ✉♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ♣♦❞í❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦ ♣♦rq✉é ♥♦ ♠❡ ❞❡❥❛❜❛♥ t♦❝❛r ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦✑ ✭❇❧❛❝❦❤♦❧❞✮ ✏ ◗✉✐❡♥ ♠❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❥♦ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ❢✉❡ ♠✐ ♠❛❞r❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛❧❣✉✐❡♥ ❧❡ ❡①✲ ♣❧✐❝ó ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡r❛ ❡❧ ■❘❈ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ♥♦s ❧♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝ó ❛♠✐ ❤❡r♠❛♥♦ ② ❛ ♠í✳ ▲✉❡❣♦ í❜❛♠♦s ❛ ❧❛ t✐❡♥❞❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ✓➽♥♦s ❞❡❥á✐s ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r♥♦s ❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t❄✑ ② ♥♦s ❞❡❥❛❜❛♥ ✉♥ r❛t♦ ❡ ✐❜❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ❛ ♠ás✳ ❈♦♥ ♦tr♦ ❝♦♠♣❛ñ❡r♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡s❝✉❡❧❛✱ ❡♠♣❡③❛♠♦s ❛ ♠♦♥t❛r ❡❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t♦ ❞❡ ❝②❜❡r✲ ❝❛❢❡✱ ♣♦rq✉é ♥♦s ❧❧❡✈á❜❛♠♦s ❧❛s ❜❡❜✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❝❛s❛ ✭r✐s❛s✮ ✳✳✳ ❡ ❤✐❝✐♠♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ② ❞✐❥✐♠♦s q✉❡ q✉✐③á ♥♦s s❛❧í❛ ♠ás ❛ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛r ✉♥❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ ✺✻❑❇ ② ❝♦♠♣r❛r ✉♥ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r q✉❡ ♥♦ ✈❡♥✐r ❛❧❧í ❝❛❞❛ t❛r❞❡✑ ✭❇❧❛❝❦❤♦❧❞✮ ✏ ▼✐s ♣❛❞r❡s ❡r❛♥ ❛♠❜♦s ♠✉② té❝♥✐❝♦s✳ ▼✐ ♠❛❞r❡ ❡r❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛s ② ♠✐ ♣❛❞r❡ s❡ ♦❝✉♣❛❜❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s✳ ▼❡ ❛❝✉❡r❞♦ ❝♦♥ ✼ ❛ñ♦s ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♠✐s ♣❛❞r❡s tr❛❜❛❥❛❜❛♥ ♣❛r❛ ❇❡❧❧ ▲❛❜s✱ t❡♥í❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛ ❡♥ ❝❛s❛ ✽✽✽✻✱ s✐♥ ❞✉❞❛ r❡❝✉❡r❞♦ ❤❛❜❡r ❥✉❣❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧❧❛ ❬✳✳✳❪ ▲♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s ② ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ✉sá♥❞♦❧❛s ❡st❛❜❛♥ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❛ ♠✐ ❛❧r❡❞❡❞♦r✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ❡r❛ ❛❧❣♦ ♦❜✈✐♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r✱ ♠❡ s❡♥tí ♠✉② ❛♥✐♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠✐s ♣❛❞r❡s✧ ✭▼❡❧❛♥✐❡ ❘✐❡❜❛❝❦✮ ✏ ❙✉♣♦♥❣♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❜rás ❞❡s❝✉❜✐❡rt♦ q✉❡ ♠✉❝❤❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ ✈❛♥ ❡♥ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐ó♥ t✐❡♥❡♥ ✉♥ ♣❛❞r❡ ♦ ✉♥❛ ♠❛❞r❡ ❝♦♥ ❛♥✲ t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ② ♠✐ ♣❛❞r❡ ❡r❛ ✉♥ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡r♦✳ ❬✳✳✳❪ ❚♦❞♦ ❡st❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❛❧❣♦ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❝♦♥ ❝❛❥❛s ② ❛s♣✐r❛❞♦r❛s ② ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❝ó♠♦ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡ ② ♣♦r q✉é ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡✱ ②♦ t❡♥í❛ q✉❡ s❡r ♠✉② ✸✾ ♣❡q✉❡ñ❛ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❡r♦ r❡❝✉❡r❞♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ✐♥tr✐❣ó✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ✈❡♦ ❛❧❣♦ q✉✐❡r♦ s❛❜❡r ❝ó♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ② ✉♥❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❧♦ sé✱ ♠❡ q✉❡❞♦ tr❛♥q✉✐❧❛✑ ✭❋r❛♥❝❡s ❇r❛③✐❡r✮ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✿ ❊❧ ❜✉❝❧❡ ✈✐rt✉♦s♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡ r❡s❛❧t❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❣r❛♥ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ❤❛♥ ❛♣✉♥t❛❞♦ ❞♦s ❢❡❝❤❛s ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ s✉ ♣r✐♠❡r r❡❝✉❡r❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ✏ ❝♦s❛✑ ♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣ú♥ ✏ ❛q✉❡❧❧♦✑ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ Pr✐♠❡r♦✱ ✉♥❛ ❢❡❝❤❛✴❡❞❛❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t❡♠♣r❛♥❛ ♣❡rt❡♥❡❝✐❡♥t❡ ❛ s✉ ✐♥❢❛♥❝✐❛✴❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥❝✐❛ ✭✹✲✶✼ ❛ñ♦s✮ ② q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ♣r✐♠❡r r❡❝✉❡r❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✐♥t❡rés✱ ❥✉❡❣♦ ❝♦♥ ❛❧❣ú♥ ♠❡❞✐♦ ♦ ❛rt❡❢❛❝t♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✭❣❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛✮✳ ❉❡s♣✉és✱ ❛♣✉♥t❛♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ ✉♥❛ ❡❞❛❞ ♠ás t❛r❞í❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝✉❛❧ ❡♠♣✐❡③❛♥ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✏ ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✑ ❡st❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✳ ❱❡♠♦s ❡♥ ❡st❛s ♠❡♠♦r✐❛s✱ ✉♥❛ ❞✐✈✐s✐ó♥✱ ✉♥ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞♦❜❧❡✱ ✉♥❛ r✉♣t✉r❛ q✉❡ ♣r❡✲ ❝❡❞❡ ❛❧ ❡st❛❜❧❡❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♠ás ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛❞❛ ② ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❈■✳ P❛r❛ ♠✉❝❤❛s✱ s✉ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ♠❛r❝❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✏ ✉♥❛ ♣❛✉s❛✑ ✱ ✉♥ ❛❣✉❥❡r♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ♥♦ ♣✉❞✐❡r♦♥✴q✉✐s✐❡r♦♥ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐③❛r✱ ②❛ s❡❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♣❡r❞✐❡r♦♥ ❡❧ ✐♥t❡rés✱ ②❛ s❡❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ ❡st✉✈✐❡r♦♥ ❛♥✐♠❛❞❛s s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡✲ ♠❡♥t❡✱ ②❛ s❡❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ t✉✈✐❡r♦♥ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✳ ❊♥ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❝❛s♦ ❡st❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ r❡❛✜r♠❛ ❧❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♠✉❝❤❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣r♦❣r❛✲ ♠❛❞♦r❛s s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛♥ ❛ ✉♥❛ ❡❞❛❞ ♠ás t❛r❞í❛ q✉❡ s✉s ❤♦♠ó❧♦❣♦s ♠❛s❝✉❧✐♥♦s ❛❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ② s✉ s✉❜s❡❝✉❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✿ ✏ ▲✉❡❣♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐ó ✉♥ ✸✽✻ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣ró ♠✐ ♣❛❞r❡ ♣❛r❛ s✉ t❡s✐s ❞♦❝t♦r❛❧✱ ②❛ ✈❡♥✐❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ✇✐♥❞♦✇s✱ ❡s❡ ❧♦ t♦q✉é ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❝❛s✐ ✹✵ ♥❛❞❛ ❤❛st❛ ❧❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ❊st❛❜❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝♦❧❡ ② ❤❛❜í❛ ❝❧❛s❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ② ❡r❛ ✉♥❛ ❝♦s❛ q✉❡ ②❛ ❝♦♥♦❝í❛ ② ♠❡ ❣✉st❛❜❛✱ t❡♥í❛ ✉♥ ✹✻✽ ❡♥ ❝❛s❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ✇✐♥❞♦✇s ✸✳✶✶✱ q✉❡ t♦q✉❡t❡❛❜❛s ② t❡♥í❛ ✉♥ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ❝♦♥ ❞✐❜✉❥♦s ♠✉② ❝❤✉❧♦s✱ ② s❡ tr❛t❛❜❛ ❜ás✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❥✉❣❛r✳ P❡r♦ ❤❛st❛ ✶✾✾✽✴✾✾ ♥♦ ♠❡ ♠❡tí ❝♦♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♣❛❣✐♥❛s ✇❡❜s✱ ② ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❡s❝✉❜rí ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❛❧❧á ❢✉❡ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❡♠♣❡③ó t♦❞♦✑ ✭❇❧❛❝❦❤♦❧❞✮ ✏ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❡r❛ ❝❤✐❝❛ ❤❛❝í ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥ ❧á♠♣❛r❛s✱ ♣✐♥t❛r ❧á♠♣❛r❛s ❡♥❝❡♥❞✐❞❛s ② ❝♦s❛s ❞❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ▲✉❡❣♦ ❛ ❧♦s ✷✵ ✈✐✈í❛ ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ❝❛s❛ ❡♥ ❇✉❡♥♦s ❆✐r❡s ② ❢✉✐ ❛ ✉♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❛ ✉s❛r ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ② ❛❧ ❞í❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♠❡ ❝♦♠♣ré ✉♥ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✳ ❊❧ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♣♦❞❡r ❝❤❡q✉❡❛r ❤❡❝❤♦s✱ ❡♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛r❧❡ ❛ ❛❧❣✉✐❡♥ q✉❡ s❛❜❡✱ ♠❡ ❛tr❛♣ó✑ ✭❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❖✮ ✏ ▲✉❡❣♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ✈✉❡❧✈♦ ❛ ❧♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s ❡s ♣♦rq✉❡ t❡♥❣♦ ✉♥❛ ❜❡❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ❊st❛❞♦s✲❯♥✐❞♦s ② s❡ t❡♥í❛♥ q✉❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❧♦s ♣❛♣❡❧❡s ❝♦♥ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s ② ❛❧❧á ❞❡❝✐❞í q✉❡ ♠❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛❜❛ ❡❧ t❡♠❛ ② ❡♥tré ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ ✸❉✱ ❞ó♥❞❡ ♠❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r♦ ✉♥❛ ✉s✉❛r✐❛ ❛✈❛♥③❛❞❛✱ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ②❛ ❢✉❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♥tré ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ●◆❯✴▲✐♥✉①✏ ✭❈❛♥❞❡❧❛✮ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉✐s✐ér❛♠♦s ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ❡st❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❝✐ó♥ ❤❡❝❤❛ ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛✿ ✏ ◆♦ ❡s ❛❧❣♦ ✐♥❤❡r❡♥t❡✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❧❛ s❡♣❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ r♦❧❡s✱ ② ❡♥ ❡❧ t❡♠❛ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ ❡s ♠✉② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛❣❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥❝✐❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡s ✉♥ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❡st❛s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛♥❞♦ ❧♦ q✉❡ ✈❛s ❛ ❤❛❝✲ ❡r✱ t✐❡♥❡s ✉♥ ♠♦♥tó♥ ❞❡ t✐❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r❞❡r ② ❛♣r❡♥❞❡s ♠✉② rá♣✐❞♦✱ ② t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ♠❛❞r❡s q✉❡ ❡s❝✉❝❤❡♥ ❡st♦ q✉❡ r❡❣❛❧❡♥ ✉♥ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❛ s✉ ♥✐ñ❛ s✐ s❡ ❧♦ ♣✐❞❡✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✑ ✭❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❖✮ ✸✳✸✳ ▼♦t✐✈❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❈■ ❈❛❜❡ s❡ñ❛❧❛r q✉❡ ❧❛s r❛③♦♥❡s ② ♣✉❡rt❛s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛s ❈■ ✈❛rí❛♥ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ❛ ♦tr❛s✳ ❘❡s❛❧t❛♠♦s ❞♦s ❡①tr❛❝t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ✏ ♣✐♦♥❡r❛s✑ q✉❡ ♣♦♥❡♥ ❡♥ ❧✉③ ❧♦s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ❛ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s s❡ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❜❛♥✿ ✏ ❊♥ ❡s❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❜í❛ ❡r❛♥ ❧❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✱ ♥♦ ❤❛❜í❛ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❬✳✳✳❪ ❊♥ ❡s❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ t✉ ♣♦❞í❛s ❤❛❝❡r ❡r❛♥ ❛❣✉❥❡r♦s ❡♥ ✉♥ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛❜❛ ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ t❡♥❡r❧❛s tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t✐✳ ❚❡♥í❛s q✉❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♣❡r❢❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❣✐str❛❜❛♥ ② ❝ó♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❜❛♥✱ ♣♦rq✉é s✐ ♥♦✱ t❡r♠✐♥❛❜❛s ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐♦ ❦✐❧ó♠❡tr♦ s♦❧♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ t❡ ❤❛❜í❛s ♦❧✈✐❞❛❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡♥ ❛❧❣ú♥ ❧✉❣❛r✳ ❚♦❞♦ ❡s♦ ❡r❛ ♠á❣✐❝♦✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ s❛❜í❛s ❡①❛❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛❜❛ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧♦ ✐♥❝r❡í❜❧❡ ❡r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❧♦ ❤❛❝í❛✦ ❙♦❧♦ ❤❛❜í❛♥ ✉♥♦s ♣♦❝♦s ♠❛✐♥❢r❛♠❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ② ♠❡ ❛❝✉❡r❞♦ ❞❡ ■❇▼ ❞✐❝✐é♥❞♦♠❡ ✏ ❊s❛s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛s P❡rs♦♥❛❧❡s ✭P❈✮✱ ❡s♦ ♥♦ ✈❛ ❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ♥✉♥❝❛✦✑ ✭❋r❛♥❝❡s ❇r❛③✐❡r✮ ✹✶ ▲❛ ♦tr❛ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛ ❝♦♥tó q✉❡ ❡st✉✈♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛❞❛ ✉♥♦s ✶✵ ❛ñ♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐✲ ❞❛❞ ❞ó♥❞❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛❜❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛str♦❢ís✐❝❛ ② q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ ♠ás ❡♥ ❜❛s❡ ❛ s✉ ✐♥t❡rés ♣♦r ❡s❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r s❛❝❛rs❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐ó ✉♥ ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ❈✐❡♥❝✐❛s ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s✱ s❡ ❛♣✉♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞✿ ✏ ❚❡♥í❛ q✉❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❋♦rtr❛♥ ✹ ② s❡ ♠❡ ❝❛②❡r♦♥ ❧❛s t❛r❥❡t❛s ♣❡r❢♦r❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♠✐♥♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❧❛ ♠❡s❛ ❞♦♥❞❡ t❡♥í❛♥ q✉❡ s❡r ♣r♦❝❡s❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❡♥♦r♠❡ q✉❡ ❛❤♦r❛ ❝❛❜rí❛ ❡♥t❡r❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♣❡q✉❡ñ♦ ❝❤✐♣✳ ❊s❡ ❡s ❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♠❛s ✐♠♣r❡s✐ó♥ ♠❡ ❝❛✉só✱ ② ❝❧❛r♦ t✉✈❡ q✉❡ r❡♦r❞❡♥❛r t♦❞❛s ❧❛s t❛r❥❡t❛s ✭r✐s❛s✮✳ ❆✉♥q✉❡ ❧❧❡✈❛r❛♥ ✉♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❡♥ ❡❧❧❛s✱ ❛ú♥ ❛sí✱ ❢✉❡ ✉♥❛ ♣✉t❛❞❛✑ ✭◆✐♥❦❡ ❋♦❦♠❛✮ ❚♦❞❛s ❧❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♣❛rt❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝❧❛r❛ ❢❛s❝✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ❧♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❧♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❙❡ s✐❡♥t❡♥ ❛tr❛í❞❛s ♣♦r ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♥ ② q✉❡r❡r ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ✐♥❝✐❞✐r ② ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❛ s✉ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦✳ ❊❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s ✐♥❝❧✉✐❞❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ✏ ❍✉♠❛♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✑ ❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❝❝✐ó♥✱ r❡tr♦❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞✱ ♣❧✉r✐✲❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✐❡❞❛❞✱ ❝♦♥✲ ♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞ ❡ ✐♥✈❡♥❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉②❡♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s r❛③♦♥❡s ❞❡trás ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡❧❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❡s❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛✳ ✏ ❊❧ ♣✉♥t♦ ❡st❡ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ s✉❡♥❛ ❛ ❝❤✐♥♦ ② q✉❡ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r t❡ ❝♦♥t❡st❡ ✓❤♦❧❛✱ ➽q✉❡ t❛❧ ❡st❛s❄ ② t❡ ❞✐❝❡ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡✑ ♠❡ ✢✐♣❛✏ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ❊❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ♠❛q✉✐♥❛ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛ ♠❛s ♣♦rq✉❡ ❧♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s s♦♠♦s ❞❡✲ ♠❛s✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❤❛❜❧❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ✐❞✐♦♠❛ ② ✈✐♥✐❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❧♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ♥♦s ❝✉❡st❛ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r♥♦s ❬✳✳✳❪ ❆ ♣❡s❛r ❞❡ q✉❡ ❤❛② ♠✉❝❤❛s ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s t♦❞♦ ❡s ♠❛s ❜❧❛♥❝♦ ② ♥❡❣r♦✱ ♠❡ s✐❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ♠é❞✐❝♦ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s✱ ➽q✉❡ ❢✉❡ ❧♦ ✉❧t✐♠♦ q✉❡ ❤✐❝✐st❡✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❢✉❡ ② q✉❡ ❤✐❝✐st❡ ❡①❛❝t❛♠❡♥t❡❄✳ P❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♠❛q✉✐♥❛ s❛❜❡s ❞♦♥❞❡ ❡stá ❧❛ ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❞♦♥❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r❧❛✱ ② s✐ ❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❡stá ❜✐❡♥ ❤❡❝❤❛ ♣✉❡❞❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r❧♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥✐r ② s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❈♦♥ ❧♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ♠✉❝❤❛s ✈❡❝❡s ❝✉❡st❛ ♠❛s✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ❊♥ ❡s❛ é♣♦❝❛ ♥♦ s❡ ♣❡r♠✐tí❛ ❡♥✈✐❛r ❞❛t♦s ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧í♥❡❛s t❡❧❡❢ó♥✐✲ ❝❛s✱ ❡st❛❜❛ ❡♥ ❝♦♥tr❛ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ❧❡②❡s ❡✉r♦♣❡❛s✱ ② ❡s❛s ❝♦s❛s ♥✉❡✈❛s ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛s ❢❛①❡s ❡r❛♥ ♠✉② ❝✉❡st✐♦♥❛❜❧❡s ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ▲♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❯♥✐① ❡♥ ❊✉✲ r♦♣❛ ♠❡ ❞✐❥❡r♦♥ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❤♦r❛ ❢♦r♠❛❜❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ❣r✉♣♦ ♣✉❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞í❛ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡♥✈✐❛r ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧í♥❡❛ ② ❡s♦ ❡r❛ ❧♦ ♠ás ✐♥tr✐❣❛♥t❡✱ ❧❛s ❧í♥❡❛s ❯❙P✱ ❧❛ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞✱ ♣♦❞❡r ❡♥✈✐❛r ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s ❛ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦❞❡r ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✉❛r✑ ✭❋r❛♥❝❡s ❇r❛③✐❡r✮ ✏ ▼❡ ❣✉st❛ ✐♥✈❡♥t❛r ❝♦s❛s q✉❡ s♦♥ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✱ ✐❣✉❛❧ ✉s♦ ❡s❝r✐t✉r❛ ② ♣✐♥t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♦ t❡r❛♣✐❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ♣❡r♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡♥t❛r ❡♥tr❛ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✑ ✭❊❧❧❡✢❛♥❡✮ ✧❨♦ t❡♥í❛ ✉♥ tít✉❧♦ ❡♥ ❜✐♦❧♦❣í❛ ② ♦tr♦ ❡♥ ❈■✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ❧♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡r❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r❧♦s ② tr❛❜❛❥é ❝♦♠♦ ❜✐♦✲✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ② ♣♦r ✉♥ t✐❡♠♣♦ ♠❡ ✉♥í ❛❧ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦ ❞❡❧ ❣❡♥♦♠❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ▼■❚ ❬✳✳✳❪ ♣❡r♦ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❡st❛r ❡♥ ✹✷ ❣❡♥ó♠✐❝❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♥ ❛ñ♦✱ t♦❞❛✈í❛ ❧♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❜❛ ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ ❛ ♠✐ ❣✉st♦✱ t❡♥❣♦ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✱ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛ ❡♥s✉❝✐❛r♠❡ ❧❛s ♠❛♥♦s✑ ✭▼❡❧❛♥✐❡ ❘✐❡❜❛❝❦✮ ✏ ❊❧❡❣í ❤❛❝❡r ✉♥❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♣♦r ✈❛r✐❛s ❝♦s❛s ✿ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛r ❡♥ ❝❛s❛ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ s✐ ❡st✉❞✐❛❜❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ ♦ ❛❧❣♦ ❛sí✱ ❡r❛ ♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳ ❖tr❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛❜❛♥ ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❧❛s ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ♦ ❢ís✐❝❛ ② ♠❡ ♣❛r❡❝í❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❛❜❛r❝❛❜❛ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ♠❛s✱ q✉❡ ❡r❛ ♠❛s ♠✉❧t✐❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ s❡r✐❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❞❛s r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛❧ r❡✲ t♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❜❛ ♠❡t❡rs❡ ❡♥ ❈■✱ ❧❛ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ s❡r t❡st❛r✉❞❛✱ ❝❛❜❡③♦♥❛ ② ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡r t✉ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❛ s❡r ❝✉r✐♦s❛✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞✐s✲ ❢r✉t❛r ❝♦♥ ❧❛ r❡s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ② ❧❛ r❡tr♦✲❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛ ❛ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ t❛♠❜✐é♥ s♦♥ ❡s❣r✐♠✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦t✐✲ ✈❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s✿ ✏ ❋♦r♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❞❡s❛❢í♦✱ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛♥ ❧♦s ♣✉③③❧❡s✱ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛ t❡❥❡r✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s✱ ❡s ✉♥ t✐♣♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛r ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s✱ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✧ ✭P❡tr❛ ❚✐♠♠❡r♠❛♥✮ ✏ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❤❛❜í❛ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛ñ♦ ✼✽ ②❛ s❡ ❡♠♣❡③ó ❛ ❤❛❜❧❛r ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐③❛r ❧❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ♠❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tré q✉❡ ♥♦ ♠❡ ❞❡❥❛❜❛♥ ✈♦❧✈❡r ❛ ♠✐ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❢✉❡ ❝♦♠♦ s✐ ♠❡ ❤✉❜✐❡r❛♥ ❝♦rt❛❞♦ ❧❛s ❛❧❛s✳ P♦r ❡❧❧♦ ♠❡ ❛♣✉♥té ❛❧ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ✧s❡rá ❞✐str❛í❞♦✧ ② ♠❡ ❧♦ ✐♠♣✉s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❝❛❜❡③♦♥❡rí❛ ♠í❛✱ t❡♥❣♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r❧♦ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ▼❡ ❝♦stó ♠✉❝❤ís✐♠♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❤❛❝í❛ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❛ñ♦s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞✐❛❜❛ ② ♥♦ t❡♥í❛ ♥❛❞❛ q✉❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♥ ❧♦ q✉❡ ②♦ ❤❛❜í❛ ❤❡❝❤♦✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ ●r❛❜✉❧ós✮ ✏ ❨ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ❡♥tró ♠✉② t❛r❞❡ ❡♥ ♠✐ ✈✐❞❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❧♦s ✸✺ ♠❛s ♦ ♠❡♥♦s✱ ❛❧❧á ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛ñ♦ ✷✵✵✵ ❬✳✳✳❪ ❙✐ t❡ ❣✉st❛♥ ❧❛s ♠❛t❡s ② ❧❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡✱ ♣♦rq✉é ❡s ❡❧ ♣❧❛❝❡r ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r✱ ❡❧ ♣❧❛❝❡r ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ② ♣♦r ♠ás s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛ q✉❡ s❡❛✱ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✱ ❡s ❝ó♠♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❛rr❡❣❧❛s ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡s✱ ✐❣✉❛❧✱ ✐❣✉❛❧✑ ✭❈❛♥❞❡❧❛✮ ✏ P❛r❛ ♠✐ ❡s ♠✉② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❣✉st❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡st♦② ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ② ♠✉❝❤❛s ✈❡❝❡s✱ ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ té❝♥✐❝♦ ❡♥ s✐ ♠✐s♠♦ ♠❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛✱ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ rí♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡ s✉❞♦❦✉s ❡♥ ❡❧ tr❡♥ ♣❡r♦ ♠✉❝❤❛s ✈❡❝❡s ✈❡♦ q✉❡ ❡♥ ♠✐ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ t❡♥❣♦ ✉♥ t❡♠❛ ♠❡❞✐♦ ♦❜s❡s✐✈♦✲❝♦♠♣✉❧s✐✈♦✱ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛♥ ❧❛s t❛❜❧❛s✱ ❡❧ ❞❛t❛✱ ❧♦s ♠❡t❛✲❞❛t♦s ② ❝♦♠♦ s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♥✱ ② ❝❤❡q✉❡❛r✱ ❝❤❡q✉❡❛r✑ ✭❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❖✮ ✏ ▲♦ q✉❡ ♠❛s ♠❡ ❣✉st❛ ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♠❡ ❛❜s♦r❜❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♠❡ ❝♦❣❡✱ ❡s❛ ✉♥✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❡❝t❛s ❞❡ ♦tr❛s ❝♦s❛s ② ❡st❛ ✉♥❛ s❡♥s❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❜✉r❜✉❥❛✱ ❡s♦ ❡s ♠✉② ❛❣r❛❞❛❜❧❡✱ ❡❧ s❡♥t✐r ❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦ ✐♥t❡♥s❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♥❛ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞ ❝ós♠✐❝❛ ❝♦♥ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ❡s ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❈r❡♦ q✉❡ ❧❛ r❡s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❧♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦s✱ ❡s ✉♥ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ♠❡ ✐♥❝♦♠♦❞❛✱ ♥♦ ❡s ❡❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❜r✐r ② ❧❛ ❧❧❛✈❡ ♥♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✱ q✉❡ ❢❛st✐❞✐♦✳ ◆♦ ❡s ❡s♦✱ ❡s ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❤❛❝❡ s❡♥t✐r q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛r✱ ♣✉❡❞♦ ♣r♦②❡❝t❛r♠❡ ❡♥ ❛❜str❛❝t♦✱ ❡s♦ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛ ♠✉❝❤♦✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ✹✸ ▼✉❝❤❛s ♠♦t✐✈❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❡s ❡stá♥ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ t❛♠✲ ❜✐é♥ ♣r❛❣♠át✐❝❛ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛❧ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛❧✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐st❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ✈❡♠♦s ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ q✉❡ s✉s ♠♦t✐✈❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡r✐✈❛r♦♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✲ ③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✉ ♦✜❝✐♦✿ ✏ ❚♦❞❛✈í❛ ❡st✉❞✐❛❜❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❢❛❝✉❧t❛❞ ❞❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐s♠♦✱ ② ❡♠♣❡❝é ❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❡♥ ✉♥ ❞✐❛r✐♦ ❞❡ ❱✐❝ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ❈♦♠♦ ❡r❛ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❧♦ ❤❛❜í❛♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐③❛❞♦ t♦❞♦ ② ❛sí ❡♠♣❡❝é✳ ❊r❛ ✉♥❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛✱ ❧❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❜❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❤❡ t❡♥✐❞♦ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❡st❡ ✐♥t❡rés q✉❡ ❤❡ ✈✐st♦ ❡♥ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❤❛❝❦❡rs✱ q✉❡ ❧♦ ✈❡♥ ♠❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ❞❡❜❡s ❞❡s❝✉❜r✐r ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✱ ❥✉❣❛r ❝♦♥ ❡❧❧❛ ② t❛❧✱ ♣♦r ♠í s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡r❛ ✉♥❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦✑ ✭▼❡rç❡ ▼♦❧✐st✮ P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❡st❡ ✐♥t❡rés t✐❡♥❡ ❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ tr❛♥s❢♦r✲ ♠❛❞♦r ② ❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦r q✉❡ ♣❡r❝✐❜❡♥ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❚■❈✳ ❉❡❞✐❝❛r❡♠♦s ✉♥ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ ✈✐s✐ó♥ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈ ② ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s✱ ♥♦ ♦❜st❛♥t❡ ❛q✉í ❝❛❜❡ s❡ñ❛❧❛r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❞❡s❝✉❜r✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s r❡❞❡s ✈✐rt✉❛❧❡s ❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ✈♦❧✉♥t❛r✐❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s ②✴♦ s♦❝✐❛❧❡s s✐♥ á♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❧✉❝r♦ s❡ ❤❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ❢✉❡rt❡ ❛❝t✐✈❛❞♦r ❞❡❧ ✐♥t❡rés ② ♣❛s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❧❛s ❈■ ② s✉s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥❤❡r❡♥t❡s✿ ✏ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❧❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛✱ ❡♥ ✽✾✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ❤❛❜í❛ ♠ó❞❡♠s✱ ❡s♦ ②❛ ❡r❛ ✉♥❛ ♣❛s❛❞❛✱ ♣♦❞í❛ ❡♥tr❛r ♣♦r ❧❛s ❇❇❙✱ ❞❡❥❛r ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s ❛ ❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥♦❝í❛✱ ❡s❝❛r❜❛r ✜❝❤❡r♦s✳ ❍❛❜í❛ ❧❛s r❡❞❡s ② t♦❞♦ s❡ ❛❜r✐ó ❡♥♦r♠❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡s♦ ♥♦ ♣♦❞í❛ ✐r ❛trás✱ ♣♦❞í❛s ❤❛❝❡r ❝♦s❛s ② ❞❡s❞❡ ❝❛s❛✱ ❡♥ t✐❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✳ ❚❡♥❮❛ ♠✉❝❤❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❇❇❙ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛ñ❡r♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠í❛ ✐t❛❧✐❛♥❛✱ ❢í❥❛t❡✱ ❡s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❛❜í❛ ♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❜❧❡✱ ❧❡❡r✱ ❧❛s ✐❞❡❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❡st❛❜❛♥ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛♥❞♦ t❡♥❡r❧❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❡s❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦✳ ◆♦ sé ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐r❧♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛❤♦r❛ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ❞❛✲ ❞♦✱ ❡r❛ ✐♥❝r❡í❜❧❡✳ ❊♥ ❡s❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ❡st❛❜❛ ❧❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❞❡❧ ❝②❜❡r♣✉♥❦ ② ❧♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ✈✐rt✉❛❧❡s ❬✳✳✳❪ ❊♥t♦♥❝❡s ❡r❛ ✉♥❛ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ♥✉❡✈❛✱ ❧✐❜❡r❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥♦❝❡s ❡❧ ❛♠♦r q✉❡ ♥♦ ❧♦ ❝♦♥♦❝í❛s ② ❞❡ r❡♣❡♥t❡ ❞✐❝❡s ✓❛♥❞❛✱ ❡st♦ ❡s ❣♦③❛r ♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ t✐❡♥❡s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❧✉❝❤❛s ❝♦❧❡❝✲ t✐✈❛s✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧♦ ❝♦♥♦❝❡s ❡s ❝♦♠♦ t♦❝❛r ❡❧ ❝✐❡❧♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♠❛♥♦✱ ②❛ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡s ✈✐✈✐r s✐♥ ❡❧❧♦✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ✸✳✹✳ ❋♦r♠❛s ② ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ t❡❝✲ ♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❈♦♥♦❝❡r s✉s ✈í❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❢❛❝t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠ás ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❈■✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ s❡ r❡❝♦❣❡♥ ❧❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ② ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡①♣❡r✲ ✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s t❛♥t♦ ❢♦r♠❛s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈❛s✱ ❛✉t♦❞✐❞❛❝t❛s ② ❣✉✐❛❞❛s✱ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛❧❡s ② ✈✐rt✉❛❧❡s✱ r❡❣❧❛❞❛s ② ♥♦ r❡❣❧❛❞❛s✱ ❢♦r♠❛❧❡s ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧❡s ② t❛♠❜✐é♥✱ t❡ór✐❝❛s ② ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s✳ ❙✉s r❡s♣✉❡st❛s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♥✱ ❛❞❡♠ás✱ ❡♥tr❡✈❡r s✉s ♣r♦♣✐❛s ✈❛❧♦r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✹✹ r❡❝✐❜✐❞❛s✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛s tá❝t✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r♦♥ ♣❛r❛ s♦❜r❡♣❛s❛r ❧❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣❡r❝✐❜✐❞❛s✳ ❍❛② q✉❡ ❛♥♦t❛r q✉❡ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ♣♦♥❣❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❡♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❡r♦♥ ❧❛s ❈■ ② ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✈❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉s❛♥ ❧♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❡♥ ♦tr♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s✳ ❊♥ ❡s❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐ó♥ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ✉s❛r ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ❧❛s ❚■❈ ✭❧❡❛r♥ ■❈❚✮✱ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✉s❛r ❧❛s ❚■❈ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♥ ❡❧❧❛s ♦tr♦s ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ✭❧❡❛r♥ ✇✐t❤ ■❈❚✮✱ ✈❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❧♦ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ❛ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s✿ ✏ ❈♦♥✈❡rs❛❜❛ ♠✉❝❤♦ ♣♦r ■❘❈ ② ❧❛s ♣á❣✐♥❛s ✇❡❜s ♠❡ ❛②✉❞❛❜❛♥ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s tr❛❜❛❥♦s ❞❡❧ ❝♦❧❡✱ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ❝♦❣❡r ❧❛s ●r❛♥❞❡s ❡♥❝✐❝❧♦♣❡❞✐❛s ② ✈❡♥❣❛ ❛❤♦r❛ ❜✉s❝❛✱ ✐❜❛s ❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ② t❡♥✐❛s ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❡r❛ t❛♥ s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❤♦r❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛ ♣❡r♦ ②❛ t❡ ✐❜❛ ❜✐❡♥ ② t♦❞❛✈í❛ ♥♦ ❡①✐stí❛ ❡❧ ❣♦♦❣❧❡✑ ✭❇❧❛❝❦❤♦❧❞✮ ✏ ▲♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛ñ♦s ❤❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐st❛ ② ❡s ❛sí q✉❡ ❤❡ ❛♣r❡♥✲ ❞✐❞♦ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ② ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ r❡♣♦rt❛❥❡s s♦❜r❡ ❡st♦s t❡♠❛s✑ ✭▼❡rçé ▼♦❧✐st✮ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❝✉❛❧❡s ❤❛♥ s✐❞♦ ❧♦s ♣r♦❝❡s♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ♣♦♥❞r❡♠♦s ♣r✐♠❡r❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ r❡❧✐❡✈❡ ❧❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❡♥tr❡t❡♥✐❞❛s ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❈■✱ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ♣❛s❛r❡♠♦s ❛ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ♦tr♦s ♣r♦❝❡s♦s ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈♦s✳ ✸✳✹✳✶✳ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡s r❡❣❧❛❞♦s ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ②✴♦ ❋♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❡s Pr♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧❡s ❱❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡♥s❡ñ❛♥③❛ r❡❣❧❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❈■ ❡s ✈❛❧♦r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡✲ ♠❛s✐❛❞♦ t❡ór✐❝❛ ② s✉ ♣♦❝❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ r❡s✉❧tó ❞❡s❛❧❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❡♥✲ tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ✈❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ s✉❜✐r ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❛❝❛❞é♠✐❝❛ ♣✉❡❞❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛r ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ♠❡♥♦s ② ❛❧❡❥❛rs❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❈■✳ ✏ ❨♦ ❡st✉❞✐é ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ♣❡r♦ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡st✉❞✐é ♥♦ ♠❡ s✐r✈❡ ❞❡ ♥❛❞❛✱ q✉❡rí❛ t❡♥❡r ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛r❧♦s ❛ ❧❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛ ② ❛❧ ✜✲ ♥❛❧ ❡st✉❞✐❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦s ❞❡ t❡r♠♦❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ s✐❣❧♦ ✶✽ s♦❜r❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s q✉❡ ②❛ ♥♦ s❡ ✉s❛♥✑ ✭❊❧❧❡✢❛♥❡✮ ✏ ▼✉❝❤❛s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛s✱ ❛s✐❣♥❛t✉r❛s ② ♠✉❝❤♦ r❛t♦ ❛❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✳ ▼❡ ❣✉st❛✲ ❜❛ ❬✳✳✳❪ ❆✉♥q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛ ❞✉❞é s✐ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ❢✉❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❡s❝✉❜rí ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ② ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ❡♠♣❡③ó t♦❞♦ ❛ t♦♠❛r ♠❛s s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♦tr❛ ✈❡③✳ P✉❡❞❡ q✉❡ ❞✉❞❛r❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ ❧❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❜❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛s✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ P❛r❛ s❡r ❤♦♥❡st❛✱ ❛❤♦r❛ q✉❡ s♦② ♣r♦❢❡s♦r ❛s✐st❡♥t❡✱ ②❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♦ t❛♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛rí❛✱ s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ♠ás t❡ ♠❡t❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❥❡r❛rq✉í❛ ❛❝❛❞é♠✐❝❛✱ ♠ás q✉✐❡r❡♥ q✉❡ ❛s✉♠❛s t❛r❡❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❣❡st♦r❛ ② ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r❛✧ ✭▼❡❧❛♥✐❡ ❘✐❡❜❛❝❦✮ P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❡❧ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ✏ ♣❡r❞❡r ❧❛ ✈❡r❣ü❡♥③❛✑ ② ❡st❛❜❧❡❝❡r ❝♦♥t❛❝t♦s ❞❡ ❛♣♦②♦ ② s♦❧✐❞❛r✐❞❛❞ ❝♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❛ñ❡r♦s ② ♣r♦❢❡s♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t♦ tá❝t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦r✲ ✹✺ t❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ❧❧❡✈❛r ❛ ❝❛❜♦ s✉ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥♦❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛✱ ② ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ s❡ ❝♦♥t❛❜❛ ❝♦♥ ♣♦❝❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♦tr❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✿ ✏ ❊♥ ♣s✐❝♦❧♦❣í❛ ❤❛❜í❛ ♠ás ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ❡♥ ■♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ✭❆■✮ ♠❡ ♠✉❞é ❡♥ ✉♥ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❡r❛ ❧❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♠✉❥❡r✱ ❛❞❡♠ás ❞❡ s❡r ❧❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❡♥ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❤❛❜í❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♠✐s ❡st✉❞✐♦s ❛❧❧í ❛♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♥♦❝í❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ② s❛❜í❛ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ♠❡ ♠✉❞❛❜❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡stér✐❧ ❡ ✐♥s❡❣✉r♦✑ ✭❋r❛♥❝❡s ❇r❛③✐❡r✮ ✏ ❚✉✈❡ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣❛ñ❡r♦✱ ❏♦sé ▼❛♥✉❡❧✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛②✉❞ó ❛ s❛❧✐r ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛s✱ ❡s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❛❜í❛ ❡q✉✐♣♦s ❡♥ ❝❛s❛ ② ♣❛r❛ ♠✐ ❡r❛ ♠✉② ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❞❡s♣❧❛③❛r♠❡ ❛❧❧í ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ t❡♥í❛ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❧✐❜r❡✳ ❊♥t♦♥❝❡s ✐❜❛ ♣♦r ❧❛s ♥♦❝❤❡s✱ ♥♦ ❞♦r♠í❛✱ ❡r❛ t♦❞♦ ♠✉② ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳ ❊♥ ♠✐ ❝❧❛s❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ♥♦ ❤❛❜í❛ ♠❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ s♦❧♦ ✉♥❛ ♠♦♥❥❛ ② ②♦✱ ② ❛sí ❡st✉✈✐♠♦s ❧♦s ✸ ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ❛ñ♦s✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ✏ ▼✐ ♣r♦❢❡ ❡r❛ ♣♦❝♦ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡✱ ❡r❛ ♠✉❝❤♦ ♠❛s ❥♦✈❡♥ q✉❡ ②♦✱ t♦❞♦s ❧♦ ❡r❛♥ ✳✳ ② ❧❡ ❧❛♥③❛❜❛ ♠♦❝♦s ❛ t♦❞♦s✳ ▼❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❛❜í❛ ♠ás ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ♥♦ r❡❝✉❡r❞♦ ❡①❛❝t❛♠❡♥t❡✳ P♦rq✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❛❜❛ t❛♥t♦ ♠✐❡❞♦ q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧ ❝❤✐❝♦ ♠❡ ❞✐❥❡r❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❛♥✐♠❛❧❛❞❛✳ ❊❧ s♦❧í❛ ❞❡❝✐r ✧❙✐ ♥♦ ❤❛② ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛s ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡s✱ ♠❡❥♦r ❝❛❧❧❛❞✱ ❛sí ♥♦ ♠❡ ❤❛ré✐s ♣❡r❞❡r ❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦✧✳ ❨ ♣❛r❛ ♥❛✈✐❞❛❞ ♠❡ ♣✉s✐❡r♦♥ ❞❡❜❡r❡s ② ❧❧❛♠é ❛ ♠✐s ❛♠✐❣♦s ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡r♦s ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r s✐ ♠❡ ♣♦❞í❛♥ ❛②✉❞❛r ❡♥ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❧♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞í❛ ♥✐ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♣❡❞í❛♥✱ ② ❛❧❧í ♣❡♥sé ♦ ♠❡ t✐r♦ ❛❧ ❛❣✉❛ ♦ ♠❡ ✈♦② ✳✳ ② ❢✉✐ ❛ ✈❡r ❡❧ ♣r♦❢❡ ② ❧❡ ❞✐❥❡ q✉❡ ❧♦ q✉❡rí❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ② t✉✈❡ ❧❛ s✉❡rt❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❧❡ ❝❛í ❜✐❡♥ ② é❧ ❛ ♠í✱ ② ♠❡ ❛②✉❞ó✱ ♠❡ ❞❛❜❛ ❝❧❛s❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ✳✳ ❨ ❢✉❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥tr❛r ❡♥ ✉♥ ❧✉❣❛r ♠✉② ♦s❝✉r♦ ② ❞❡ r❡♣❡♥t❡ ✈❡r ❧❛ ❧✉③✱ ❛❤♦r❛ ✈❡♦ ♦tr❛ tr♦❝✐t♦✱ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❧♦ ❤❡ ✈✐st♦ t♦❞♦ ♣❡r♦ ✈❛s ✈✐❡♥❞♦ tr♦③♦s ② ✈❛s ❛❜r✐❡♥❞♦ ♣✉❡rt❛s✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ ●r❛❜✉❧ós✮ ✸✳✹✳✷✳ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧❡s ❊♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ♦tr❛s ✈í❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡s ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝❛rr❡r❛s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ♣r♦❝❡s♦s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦✲❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ❛✉t♦❞✐❞❛❝t❛s s❡❛ ❛ ♥✐✈❡❧ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✱ s❡❛ ❛ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❡❧❧♦s✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛ ❧❛ ❛❝t✐t✉❞ ✏ ❡❝❤❛❞❛ ♣❛❧❛♥t❡✑ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡♥ ❞❡s♠✐t✐✜❝❛r ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ② ♣❡r❞❡r ❧❛ ✈❡r❣ü❡♥③❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ♠❛r❝❤❛✱ ❡♥ ❜❛s❡ ❛ ❧❛ ❛♣❛r✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞ ♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞✿ ✏ ❊❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ❡s✿ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t♦✱ ❧♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞♦✳ ❙✐ ♠❡ s❛❧❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦✱ ♦ ❛ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❛❝t✐✈✐st❛ t❡♥❣♦ ❧❛ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ✉♥❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛✱ ❧❛ ❡st✉❞✐♦✱ ♦ ♣♦r ♠✐ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ♦ ❧❡ ♣✐❞♦ ❛ ❛❧❣✉✐❡♥ q✉❡ s❛❜❡ ✏ ✭❈❛♥❞❡❧❛✮ ✏ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❧❡❣✉é ❛ ❊s♣❛ñ❛ ❧♦ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ q✉é ❝♦♥s❡❣✉í ❢✉❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✲ ❢❡s♦r❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♠❡❞✐❛✱ ❤❡ ❞❛❞♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦✱ ♣❤♦t♦s❤♦♣✱ ❛✈✐❞✱ ✜♥❛❧ ❝✉t✱ ✸❞ t♦❞♦ ❧♦ q✉❡ t❡ ♣✉❡❞❛s ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛r✳ ▲❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ♣✐❡♥s❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♠✉❝❤♦ ② s✐❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❞❛❜❛♥ ❝♦s❛s ❛ ❤❛❝❡r ② ♥✉♥❝❛ ❞❡❝í❛ ✏ ♥♦ sé ❤❛❝❡r❧♦✑ ✳✳✳ ② ♠❡ ✹✻ ❞✐❥❡r♦♥ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛rt❡ ❛ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ ❡♥s❡ñ❛r ♣r♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❨♦ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❤❛❜í❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦✱ ② ♠❡ ❞✐❥❡r♦♥ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡✳✳❡r❛♥ ✶✻✵✵ ❡✉r♦s✳✳ ② ❤✐❝❡ ✉♥ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❥❛✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣❛r❛❞♦s ② ✢✐♣é✳ ◆✉♥❝❛ ❤❛❜í❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦ ② ♥♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞í❛✱ ❝♦♠♣ré ❧✐❜r♦s ② ❛❧❣♦✲ r✐t♠♦s ② ♠❛s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❞í❛ ❡r❛ ✉♥ s✉♣❧✐❝✐♦✱ ❞❛❜❛ ❧❛ ❝❧❛s❡ ② ♠❡ q✉❡rí❛ ♠❛t❛r✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧✉❡❣♦ s❡ ♠❡ ❤✐③♦ ❢á❝✐❧ ② ❛sí ❛♣r❡♥❞í✑ ✭▲✐❧✐❛ ❱✐❧❧❛❢✉❡rt❡✮ ✏ ❊st♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ❧♦s q✉❡ s❛❜❡♥ ♣✐❡♥s❛♥ q✉❡ ❡stá♥ ♠✉② ❞✐s✲ t❛♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s q✉❡ ♥♦ s❛❜❡♥✱ ② t❡ ❞❛s ❝✉❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s q✉❡ s❛❜❡♥ ❛ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞ t❛♠♣♦❝♦ ❡s q✉❡ s❡♣❛♥ t❛♥t♦ ✳✳ ❨♦ q✉✐s✐❡r❛ ❞❡s♠✐✲ t✐✜❝❛r ❡st♦ ✳✳ ❡st♦ ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❤❛❝❡r ♦tr❛s ❝♦s❛s✱ ❤❛❝❡r ♣✉♥t❛ ❝♦❥í♥ ♦ ❤❛❝❡r ❣❛♥❝❤✐❧❧♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s ♠✉② ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ✳✳✳ ② ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ t❛♠♣♦❝♦ s❡ ❡s❝❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❡s❛ ❛❝t✐t✉❞ ❞❡ ✧②♦ sé ♠✉❝❤♦✦✧ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ ●r❛❜✉❧ó✮ ✏ ▲✉❡❣♦ ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ t❡♥❡r ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛ ✈❡r❣ü❡♥③❛✱ s✐ tú s❛❜❡s ❤❛❝❡r ✉♥ ❤✉❡✈♦ ❢r✐t♦ ❡s♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❞❡❜❡s s❛❜❡r ❡s❝♦❣❡r ❡♥ t✉ ✈✐❞❛ ❡s q✉é t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ t❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❢❛❧t❛ ② ♣❛r❛ q✉❡✱ ② ❧❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡s ② ♥♦ ♣❛s❛ ♥❛❞❛✳ ❚❛♠♣♦❝♦ ❤❛② q✉❡ ✈❛❧♦r❛r ✉♥❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ s❡❛ ♥✉❡✈❛ ♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ s❡❛ ✉♥❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ❤❡❝❤❛ ♣♦r ❤♦♠❜r❡s✳ ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛♠✐♥♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ❡♠♣r❡♥✲ ❞✐❡♥❞♦ ❛♣♦rt❛r❡♠♦s ❛♠❜♦s✱ ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s ② ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ s♦❜r❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡♣❛♠♦s✱ ② ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐r✑ ✭❈❛♥❞❡❧❛✮ ▲✉❡❣♦ ♦tr♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❈■ r❡s✐❞❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❞❡s✲ ❝✉❜r✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ést❡ ❛❧ ♣❡r♠✐t✐rt❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛r ② ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛r ❝♦♥ ❡❧✱ t❡ ♦❢r❡❝❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ✉s❛r❧♦ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r❧♦ ❡♥ ❜❛s❡ ❛ ✉♥❛ ♣r❡♠✐s❛ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛✳ ❙❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❛❝❡r❝❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ✏ ❍❛♥❞s✲♦♥✑ ✴✑ ▼❛♥♦s ❛ ❧❛ ♦❜r❛✑ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ♣✉❡❞❡s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ♣❛✉t❛s ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛s ❜❛s❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡♥s❛②♦✲❡rr♦r ② ♣❛s❛r ❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛r ❝♦♥ ♦tr❛s ✉s✉❛r✐❛s ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❛s✳ ▲♦s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ❡①tr❛❝t♦s ♠✉❡str❛♥ ♠❛♥❡r❛s ♠✉② ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ② ✈❛❧♦r❛r ❧❛ ❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✿ ✏ ❈♦♥ ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ♣♦❞í❛s ❜❛❥❛r ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r✱ ♣r♦❜❛r❧♦✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r❧♦✱ ❤❛❝❡r t✉ ♣r♦♣✐❛ ✈❡rs✐ó♥✱ s✐♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ♣♦r ✉♥ ❧❛❞♦ ❡st❛❜❛ ❧❛ t❡♦rí❛✱ ♣♦r ❧❛ ♦tr❛ ❧♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s q✉❡ t✉ ✉s❛❜❛s q✉❡ ♥♦ t❡♥✐❛s ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ❡❧❧♦s✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ▲♦ ❡st✉❞✐á❜❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡r❛ ❡❧ q✉❡ ♣♦❞í❛♠♦s ✉s❛r ❡♥ ❧❛s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛s s✐♥ t❡♥❡r q✉❡ ♣❛❣❛r ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ s❡ ♥♦s ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❜❛ ❧❛ ét✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✳ ❨♦ ❝♦♥♦❝í ❛ ▲✐♥✉① ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ s❛❜✐❛ q✉❡ ❡r❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❝♦♠♣❛ñ❡r♦s ♠❡ ❞✐❡r♦♥ ✉♥❛ ✈❡rs✐ó♥ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ ❛❧❧í ❢✉❡ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r♦ ♠✐ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♠✐ ❜❛s❡ ❡♥ ❡s❡ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ▲❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ♠❡ ❞✐♦ ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❝❛❞é♠✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ s✐r✈❡ ♠✉❝❤♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡❧ ❝❡♥tr♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♦❦✉♣❛❞♦ ♠❡ ❞✐♦ ✉♥❛ ✈✐s✐ó♥ s♦❝✐❛❧ ② ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❤❛ s❡r✈✐❞♦ q✉✐③ás ♠✉❝❤♦ ♠❛s✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ✏ ❘❡❝✉❡r❞♦ q✉❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ t❡♥í❛ ✶✵ ❛ñ♦s✱ ❧❡í❛ ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s ❞❡ t❡①t♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥✲ t❡♥í❛♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❝♦♠♦ ❤❛❝❦❡❛r ✈❛r✐❛s ✹✼ ❝♦s❛s✱ ❛sí q✉❡ ❧♦ ❞❡❧ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ❤❛ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛❧❧í ♠✉❝❤♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ q✉❡ ❢✉❡r❛ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♥ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦✱ ♣♦r ❡❧❧♦ t❡♥❣♦ ❝♦♥t❛❝t♦ ❝♦♥ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐❞❡❛s ❞❡s❞❡ ❤❛❝❡ ♠✉❝❤♦ t✐❡♠♣♦✑ ✭▼❡❧❛♥✐❡ ❘✐❡❜❛❝❦✮ ✏ ❙❡ ❤✐③♦ ✉♥ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❧❧❛♠❛❜❛ ❧❛ ♠✉❧t✐t✉❞ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❍✉❡❧✲ ✈❛ ② ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❛ñ❡r❛ ❞❡ ♣✐s♦ ♠✐♦ ❢✉❡ ② ✈♦❧✈✐ó sú♣❡r ❡♠♦❝✐♦♥❛❞❛✳ ❨♦ ❡r❛ ♠✉② ❝❡r❝❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛ ② ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ♠❡ ❝♦st♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❛❝❡♣t❛r q✉❡ t❡♥✐❛ q✉❡ ♣♦♥❡r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ✐♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ s❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛ ❝♦♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♠étr✐❝♦s ② ❡s♦ t♦❞❛✈í❛ ❡♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ♥♦ ❡stá ✐♠✲ ♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦✳ ▼❡ ❝♦st❛❜❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛❜❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ r❡♠✉♥❡r❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❡s♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ♣❡r❞í ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ② t✉✈❡ q✉❡ ♥❛❞❛r ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r r❡❝✐❝❧❛❞♦ ② ❡r❛ t❛♥ ✈✐❡❥♦ q✉❡ s♦❧♦ ♣✉❞❡ ♣♦♥❡r❧❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✳ ◆✉♥❝❛ ♠❛s ✈♦❧✈í ❛ ♣♦♥❡r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦♣✐❡t❛r✐♦ ② ♠✐ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛ t❛♠♣♦❝♦✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❧❡s ✐♥st❛❧é s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✑ ✭❊❧❧❡✢❛♥❡✮ ✏ ❊♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❡st❛❜❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦✱ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❞✐s❡ñ♦✱ ❡❧ ❡❣♦ ❞❡❧ ❛rt✐st❛✱ ② ❛ ♠í ❡s♦ ♥♦ ♠❡ s❛t✐s❢❛❝í❛✱ ② ♠❡ ✈♦❧✈í ❛❝t✐✈✐st❛ ❡❝♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✳ ❆❧❧í s❡ ❝r❡ó ✐♥❞②♠❡❞✐❛ ② ♥♦s ♠♦♥t❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❣r✉♣♦ t❡❝❤ ② ❡♥ ❡s❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ②♦ ❡r❛ ❧❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❝❤✐❝❛✱ ② ❞❡s❝✉❜rí ❡❧ ●◆❯✴▲✐♥✉① ② ✢✐♣é✳ ❊r❛ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛❜❛ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦✱ ❛❧❣♦ ❤❡❝❤♦ ♣♦r ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❡r❛♥ ♠✉❧t✐♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s✱ ❡r❛ sú♣❡r ♣♦t❡♥t❡✱ ❡r❛ ❧❛ ♣✉❡st❛ ❡♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r ② ❣❛♥❛r✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♠✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❛r ❛ ✉♥❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❧t✐♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s ♠❡s r✐❝❛s ❞❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ♠✐❝r♦s♦❢t✑ ✭❈❛♥❞❡❧❛✮ ✏ ❆ ♠í ♠❡ ❣✉st❛ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❡♥ ▲✐♥✉① ❡s♦ ❞❡ s❡r ♣r♦❢❡ ② ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡✱ ❞♦s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❥✉♥t❛s ❡♥ ❛❧❣ú♥ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ tú ❡r❡s ♣r♦❢❡ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛✱ ② ❡r❡s ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡✱ ② ❛ ♠✐ ❡s♦ ♠❡ ❤❛ ❡♥s❡ñ❛❞♦ ♠✉❝❤♦✑ ✭❈❛♥❞❡❧❛✮ ✏ ▼❡ ❣✉stó ♠✉❝❤♦ ❡❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡❧ ❙t❛❧❧♠❛♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❞♦s ♠❛♥③❛♥❛s ② ❧❛s ✐❞❡❛s✱ ② ❡st♦② ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐❞❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s ❧❛s ♣✉❡❞❡s ❤❛❝❡r ♠❡❥♦r ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❛s ❤❛❝❡s ❝♦♥ ♦tr❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ② ♥♦ s♦❧❛✱ q✉❡ ❡s ❛❜✉rr✐❞♦✱ s✐ ♣✉❡❞❡s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐r❧♦ ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ r❡t♦ ♠❡❥♦r✱ ② ❡❧ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛s ♣♦r ❞❡s❝♦♥t❛❞♦✳ ❊❧ ✇✐♥❞♦✇s ♣♦r ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ✳✳✳ ✉✛✱ ❡st♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛r ❝♦♣✐❛♥❞♦ ② ♣✐r❛t❡❛♥❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ✉♥❛ ❛♥✐♠❛❧❛❞❛✱ ❧♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✜❡♥❞❡♥ ❡❧ ✇✐♥❞♦✇s ❞❡s♣✉és ❡stá♥ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ❞í❛ ❝♦♣✐❛♥❞♦ ② ♣✐r❛t❡❛♥❞♦❧♦✑ ✭▼❛r✲ ❣❛r✐t❛ ●r❛❜✉❧ós✮ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♥ ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✈✉❡❧✈❡♥ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r ✈❛r✐❛s ✈í❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡✿ ✏ ■♥st❛❧❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❞❡❜✐❛♥ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❤❛❜í❛ ♦í❞♦ q✉❡ ❡r❛ ❡❧ ú♥✐❝♦ s♦♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞✱ q✉❡ ❡❧ r❡st♦ ❡r❛♥ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ② t❡♥✐❛ ✉♥ ❝♦♠♣✐ q✉❡ ❥✉st♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ s❡ ❧♦ ❤❛❜í❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦ ② ❜✉❡♥♦ ❧♦s ❞♦s ♠✐r❛♥❞♦ ❞♦❝✉✲ ♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❡s❝r✐❜✐❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❧✐st❛s ② ❡♠♣❡❝é ❛ ✉s❛r❧♦ ② ♠❡♥t❛❧✐③❛r♠❡ q✉❡ ❡r❛ ♠❡❥♦r ✉s❛r ❡st♦✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❝♦st❛❜❛ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ♣❡r♦ ♠❡ ❡♥❝❛❜❡③❡✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✧❊♥ ❛q✉❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡st❛❜❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✇✐♥❞♦✇s ② ♠❡ ✐♥❢❡❝té✱ ♠❡ ❢✉✐ ❞❡ ✈❛❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✹ ❞í❛s ② t❡♥í❛ ♠♦♥t❛❞♦ ✉♥ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ❡♥ ❝❛s❛✱ t❡♥í❛ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✹✽ ✉♥ t♦rr❡♥t❡✱ ② ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❜❛ ❧❛ ♠❛q✉✐♥❛ r❡♠♦t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ✈♦❧✈í ✈✐ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♠❛q✉✐♥❛ s❡ ❤❛❜í❛ r❡✐♥✐❝✐❛❞♦ ✉♥❛s ✶✻✵✵ ✈❡❝❡s ② ♣❡♥sé q✉❡ ❡s♦ ♥♦ ❡r❛ ❜✉❡♥♦✳ ❈♦♠❡♥té q✉❡ t❡♥í❛ ❡s❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❝❤✐❝❛s ② q✉❡ ♣♦❞í❛ ❤❛❝❡r✳ ▲❛ ▼②r✐❛♠ ❘✉✐③ ♠❡ ❛②✉❞ó ❝♦♥ ♦tr❛ ❝❤✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧❡♥❝✐❛ ② ❡st✉✈✐♠♦s ❛❧❧í ✉♥❛s tr❡s ❤♦r❛s ✐♥st❛❧❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❞❡❜✐❛♥ ② ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❛❧❧á ②❛ ❡♠♣❡❝é✑ ✭❇❧❛❝❦❤♦❧❞✮ ❊❧ ✓❤❛③❧♦ tú ♠✐s♠❛✔ ✭❍❚▼✮ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♥ ✏ ❧❛ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ♦ r❡♣❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦s❛s ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ♠✐s♠❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛❤♦rr❛ ❞✐♥❡r♦✱ s❡ ❡♥tr❡t✐❡♥❡ ② s❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ❛❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐❡♠♣♦✳ ❊s ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♣r♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ s✐♥ ❡s♣❡r❛r ❧❛ ✈♦❧✉♥t❛❞ ❞❡ ♦tr♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛s ❝♦♥✈✐❝❝✐♦♥❡s ♣r♦♣✐❛s✑ ✳ ✸ ❙✐ tr❛s❧❛❞❛♠♦s ❡st❛ ét✐❝❛ ❛ ❧❛ ♣rá❝✲ t✐❝❛ ❝♦♥ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❡♥t❡♥❞❡♠♦s q✉❡ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ✲ ❞❡ ❡❧❧❛s ② ❝♦♥ ❡❧❧❛s ✲ ❜❛s❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡❧ ❡♥s❛②♦✲ ❡rr♦r ✉♥✐❞♦ ❛ ✉♥ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ r❡s♣❡t✉♦s♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s r✐t♠♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s❡s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥❛✳ ▲❛ ♦tr❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ r❛❞✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛ s✉ ♠✐s♠♦ ♥♦♠❜r❡✱ ❡♥ s✉ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐❞❛❞ ② ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❧❧❡✈❛ ❛ ❝❛❜♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ s♦❧✐t❛r✐❛ ❡♥ t✉ ✏ ❝✉❛rt♦ ♣r♦♣✐♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦✑ ✳ ✹ ❊st❛ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛ s♦❧✐t❛r✐❛ ❝♦♥ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠✉❝❤❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s t❡❝♥ó❧♦✲ ❣❛s q✉❡ ❤❡♠♦s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞♦✳ ❊st❛ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❝♦♥❧❧❡✈❛r ✈❛r✐❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ r❡❢♦r③❛r ❡❧ ❛✐s❧❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❡ ✐♥❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ♦tr❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ♠♦✈✐❞❛s ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r❡s❡s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛r ❧❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜❧❡❝❡r r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❧✐❞❛r✐❞❛❞ ② ❛♣♦②♦ ♠✉t✉♦ ❝♦♥ s✉ ❝♦♥s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ r❡❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡❜✐❧✐t❛r ✈í❛s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❡♠♣♦❞❡r❛♠✐❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❣❡♥❡r❡♥ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❈■✳ ❈♦♠♦ s✉❜r❛②❛♥ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ✿ ✏ ❊❧ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ♣♦r sí ♠✐s♠♦ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ❧í♠✐t❡✱ ❡♥ ❛❧❣ú♥ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ t❡ ❝❛♥s❛s✱ ❝❧❛r♦ q✉❡ s❛❜❡s q✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡stá ❛❤í✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❡s ❞✐✈❡rt✐❞♦ tr❛t❛r ❞❡ ❛rr❡❣❧❛r❧♦ t♦❞♦ ♣♦r t✐ ♠✐s♠❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ❧❛ ♥♦❝❤❡✱ ♣♦r ❡❧❧♦ ♠✐r❛s ❛ t✉ ❛❧r❡❞❡❞♦r ② t❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛s ❝♦♥ ♠✉② ❜✉❡♥♦s ♠❛❡str♦s✱ ② ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❝✉rs♦s s♦♥ ♠✉② ❜✉❡♥♦s✱ ♦tr♦s s♦♥ ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦ ❝❛r♦s✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ s✐❡♠✲ ♣r❡ t❡ ❡stás ♠♦✈✐❡♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❡r✐❣✉❛r ❝✉á❧ ❡s ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠ás ❡✜❝❛③ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✑ ✭❉♦♥♥❛ ▼❡t③❧❛r✮✳ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❝✉❛♥t♦ s♦❧✐t❛r✐❛ r❡s✉❧t❛ s✉s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛s ② ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s✱ ❡st❛s ♥♦s ❝✉❡♥t❛♥ ❧♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿ ✏ ❙✐❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❝✉❡st❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ q✉❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ❡♥ ♠✐ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❧✐❜r❡✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥ ♠❛s ♠❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥♦ ❡♥ t❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❞❛ ❧❛ ❝❛s✉❛❧✐❞❛❞ q✉❡ ♥♦ ✈✐✈✐♠♦s ❝❡r❝❛s✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ❆♣r❡♥❞í s♦❧❛ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ✈✐♥❡ ❛ ✈✐✈✐r ❛ ▼❛❞r✐❞✱ ② ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❡♥tr♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♦❦✉♣❛❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦ ✵✶ ② ❡st✉✈❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ár❡❛ t❡❧❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛❧❧í ❡s ❞♦♥❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tré ❝♦♠♣❛ñ❡r♦s ② ❝♦♠♣❛ñ❡r❛s✳ ❍❛st❛ ❡s❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ s♦❧❛✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡❧ r❡st♦ ❧♦ ✈❡í❛♥ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞ ❡①♣❡rt❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s q✉❡ ✸ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❡s✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦r❣✴✇✐❦✐✴❍ ✪❈✸ ✪❆✶❣❛❧♦❴✉st❡❞❴♠✐s♠♦ ✹ ❩❛❢r❛✱ ❘✳✱ ✏ ❯♥ ❝✉❛rt♦ ♣r♦♣✐♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦✳ ✭❈✐❜❡r✮❊s♣❛❝✐♦ ② ✭❛✉t♦✮❣❡st✐ó♥ ✹✾ ❞❡❧ ②♦✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ s❛❜❡♥✱ ❛ ♠✐ ♥♦ ♠❡ ❧♦ ♣❛r❡❝í❛✱ ❝❧❛r♦ ❤❛❜í❛ q✉❡ s❛❜❡r✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❧❡ ✈❡í❛ ❧❛ ❣r❛❝✐❛ ❛ ❡s♦✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ✏ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠♣❡❝é ❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❡♥ ❛✉❞✐♦✈✐s✉❛❧❡s ♠❡ ❞✐ ❝✉❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❡♥ ❡q✉✐♣♦ ② ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦ ❡r❛ ♠✉② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ♣❡r♦ ②♦ s♦② ♠✉② ❛✉t✐st❛✱ ♠❡ ❝✉❡st❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❡♥ ❡q✉✐♣♦✳✳ ❊♥t♦♥❝❡s ♣✉s❡ ✉♥ ❊s❝✉❞♦✱ ❧❛ ♠❛q✉✐♥❛✳✳ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ♠❡ t♦q✉❡♥✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞✱ ♠❡ ♠✉❡r♦ ♣♦r t♦❝❛r ❛ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡✳✳✳ ❝♦♥ ❡s♦ ✜❧tr♦ ② ❝r❡♦ ❝♦s❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ②♦✳✳ q✉❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧❡ ❞❛ ♠✐❡❞♦ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ② ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛ ✉♥❛ ♠❛q✉✐♥❛✳✳ ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡♥t✐rs❡✱ t❡ ❡♥❣❛ñ❛s ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛s ♠❛s ❝❡r❝❛ ② ❛sí t❡ s✐❡♥t❡ ♠❛s s❡❣✉r♦✑ ✭▲✐❧✐❛ ❱✐❧❧❛❢✉❡rt❡✮ ✏ ❇✉❡♥♦ ♦ t✉ ❧♦s ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛s ❛ ❡❧❧♦s ♦ ❡❧❧♦s t❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛♥ ❛ t✐✳ ❨♦ ♠❡ ❢✉✐ ❛ ✈✐✈✐r ❛ ✉♥ s✐t✐♦ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❝♦♥♦❝í ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s✱ ②♦ ❧♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s✱ s✐ t✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❤❛❝❡♥ ❡st❛s ❝♦s❛s✑ ✭❊❧❧❡✢❛♥❡✮ ❱❡♠♦s t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ✈♦❧✉♥t❛r✐❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ② ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❝♦♥❧❧❡✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❝❤❛s ❡❧ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ② ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ❡ ✐♥✐✲ ❝✐❛t✐✈❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ✉s♦✱ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❧✐❜r❡s✳ ❊❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ ❡st❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ♥♦s ♠✉❡str❛ q✉❡ s✉❡❧❡♥ ❡st❛r ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♥ ③♦♥❛s ✉r❜❛♥❛s ✭❛♠♣❧✐❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❜r❡❝❤❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❜r❡❝❤❛ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛✮✳ ❚❛♠✲ ❜✐é♥ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞ ❡♥ s✉s ❢♦r♠❛t♦s ✭t❛❧❧❡r❡s✱ s❡♠✐♥❛r✐♦s✱ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr♦s✱ ❝✉rs♦s✱ ❝❛♠♣❛ñ❛s✱ ❞✐♥♥❡rs✮✱ ❧♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ❡♥ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s s❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛♥ ✭♠❡❞✐❛❧❛❜s✱ ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜s✱ ❈❙❖❆✱ ❛s♦❝✐❛❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❡s s✐♥ á♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❧✉❝r♦✱ ❝❛s❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❡❝✐♥❛✱ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡♥ ♣♦rt❛❧❡s ✇❡❜s✱ ❧✐st❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♦ ② ❢♦r♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✮ ♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛s ❝♦♥ ❚■❈ ❛❝t✐✈❛❞❛s ✭✐♥st❛❧❧ ♣❛rt②✱ str❡❛♠✐♥❣✱ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✈❛r✲ ✐♦s✱ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❝r❛s❤✱ ❜r✐❝♦❧❛❥❡ s❡①✉❛❧✱ ♣r♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❛✉❞✐♦✈✐s✉❛❧✱ ❡t❝✳✮✳ ❖tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡st♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ❡s q✉❡ ❧❡s ♣❡r♠✐t✐❡r♦♥ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ♠ás ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ✐♥t❡r❡✲ s❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ② ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ♠✉② ❛ ♠❡♥✉❞♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛r♦♥ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ❛❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ② ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❧✐❜r❡✳ ❚♦❞♦ ❡❧❧♦ ❜r✐♥❞á♥❞♦❧❡s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✱ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r ② ❝r❡❛r✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛♥❞♦ tá❝t✐❝❛s ✈❛r✐❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❈■✳ ❊st❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡♥ s✉s ✐♥✐❝✐♦s✱ t❛♠♣♦❝♦ s♦❧í❛♥ ❝♦♥t❛r ❝♦♥ ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ s✉ ♠✐s♠❛ ❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉②ó ❛ q✉❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r❛ ❡❧ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛✿ ✏ ❨♦ r❡❝✉❡r❞♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡r❛♠♦s ♠ás ❝❤✐❝❛s✱ ❤✐❝✐♠♦s ✉♥❛s ❥♦r♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ♣❛♥✐❝✱ ❧♦s ♣r✐♠❡r♦s ✧❥♦❝s ❢r❛❝t❛❧s✧ ② s❡ ❤✐③♦ ✉♥❛ ♠❡s❛ r❡✲ ❞♦♥❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❡❧ t❡♠❛ ❣é♥❡r♦ ② ❚■❈✱ ② ❞❡s❞❡ ❡s♦s ❞í❛s ❧❛ ❝♦s❛ ❤❛ ✐❞♦ ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦✳ ❊♥ ❧♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦s ❞❡❧ ❤❛❝❦♠❡❡t✐♥❣✱ ❤❛❜í❛♥ ♠✉② ♣♦❝❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛❜❛♥ ♣♦r ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ ② ♠ás ❝❤✐❝❛s q✉❡ ✈❡♥í❛♥ ❛ ❛❝♦♠♣❛ñ❛r s✉s ❝❤✐❝♦s✳ ❨ ②♦ ♥♦ ❡r❛ ♠✉② t❡❝❤✱ ❡r❛ ♠ás ♠✉❧t✐♠❡❞✐❛✱ ér❛♠♦s ♠✉② ♣♦❝❛s✱ ❛❤♦r❛ ♣♦❝♦ ❛ ♣♦❝♦ s♦♠♦s ♠ás✳ ❊s q✉❡ s✐ tú ❡♥tr❛s ❡♥ ✉♥ ❧✉❣❛r ② ②❛ ❤❛② ❞♦s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ②❛ ❡s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✱ ② s✐ ❡st❛s ❛❞❡♠ás ❡stá♥ t♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❧♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s✱ ② ♥♦ ❤❛✲ ❝✐❡♥❞♦ s♦❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐s❡ñ♦✱ q✉❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s ❜✉❡♥♦✱ ♣✉❡s ②❛ ❡s ♦tr❛ ❝♦s❛✳ ❈r❡♦ q✉❡ s✐✱ s❡ ♥♦t❛ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❛❧ ✈❡♥❞❡r ❝❛♠✐s❡t❛s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ❤❛② ♠❛s t❛❧❧❛s ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r✱ ❡st♦② ♠✉② ❝♦♥t❡♥t❛✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ t❡♥❡♠♦s ♠✉❝❤♦ q✉❡ ❛♣♦rt❛r s✐♥ ♦❧✈✐❞❛r♥♦s ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛ ♣r♦♣✐❛ ❤✐st♦r✐❛✑ ✭❈❛♥❞❡❧❛✮ ✺✵ ✸✳✹✳✸✳ ▲❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜s ❙❡❣ú♥ ❧❛ ✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✱ ✏ ❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜ ✈✐❡♥❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢✉s✐ó♥ ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛s ♣❛❧❛❜r❛s ❤❛❝❦❡r ② ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦✳ ❙❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ❡s ✉♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❞♦♥❞❡ s❡ r❡ú♥❡ ✉♥ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r✱ ❞❡❜❛t✐r ② ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐r t❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♥ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❧❛s ♥✉❡✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ② ❧♦s ❞❡r❡❝❤♦s ❝✐✈✐❧❡s ❡♥ ❡s♦s á♠❜✐t♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✳ ❊♥ r❡s✉♠❡♥ ✉♥ ❍❛❝❦❧❛❜ ❡s ✉♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❛♣r♦♣✐❛❝✐ó♥ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝♦♥ ✜♥❡s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ❜❛s❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ② ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞ ❍❛❝❦❡r✳ P❡r♦ ❧♦s ❍❛❝❦❧❛❜s ♥♦ s♦♥ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s s✐ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❛♥ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❝♦♥ ✐♥t❡r❡s❡s ❝♦♠✉♥❡s✑ ✳ ✺ ❊st❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❛❝♦t❛ ♣❡r❢❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ② r♦❧ q✉❡ ❤❛♥ ❥✉❣❛❞♦ ❧♦s ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜s ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❝❤❛s ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s q✉✐❡♥❡s ❛♣✉♥t❛♥ q✉❡ ❡s ❣r❛❝✐❛s ❛ ❧❛ ❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡st♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s q✉❡ ❤❛♥ ♣♦❞✐❞♦ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r s✉s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛❝t♦✱ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐♦ ② ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❝♦♥ ♠❛s ♣❡r✲ s♦♥❛s ❝♦♥ ✐♥t❡r❡s❡s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ♣♦r ❡❧ ✉s♦ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❡♥ ❧❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❝✐❛❧ ② ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛✳ ✏ ❆ ♠❛s t♦❞♦ ❡❧ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✈✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ❧✐❣❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❛q✉í ❡♥ ❇❛r❝❡❧♦♥❛ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜s q✉❡ ❡s ♣♦r ❞♦♥❞❡ ❡♥tr❛ ❡st❡ ♠✉♥❞✐❧❧♦ ❛❝t✐✈✐st❛✱ ❡stá♥ ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛ ❝❡♥tr♦s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ♦❦✉♣❛❞♦s✱ ♦ ❛ ❧✉❣❛r❡s ❞♦♥❞❡ ❤❛② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❜❜✐♥❣ ✐♥♠♦❜✐❧✐❛r✐♦ ❬✳✳✳❪ ❱✐❡♥❡s ❛q✉í ❡♥ ❇❛r❝❡❧♦♥❛✱ ② ✈❡s t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ② ♣✐❡♥s❛s ❛ ♠í ♠❡ ❣✉st❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ② ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ➽❝♦♠♦ ❧♦ ♣✉❡❞♦ ❝♦❣❡r ② ♣♦♥❡r❧♦ ❝♦♥ ❧♦ ♦tr♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r❧❡ ❢✉❡r③❛❄✱ ② t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❛❤♦r❛ s❡ ❧❡s ❞❛ ♠✉❝❤❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐ó♥ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ♣á❣✐♥❛s ✇❡❜✱ ② ❡s♦ ❡s ❣r❛❝✐❛s ❛ ✉♥❛ ❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❧♦ ❡stá♥ ❝✉rr❛♥❞♦✱ ♠♦♥t❛♥❞♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s✱ q✉❡❞á♥❞♦s❡ ❤❛st❛ ❧❛s t❛♥t❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❛ñ❛♥❛✱ ❛rr❡❣❧❛♥❞♦ t❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ♦ ❞❡ str❡❛♠✐♥❣ ② ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ♣r✉❡❜❛s✑ ✭❇❧❛❝❦❤♦❧❞✮ ✏ ❊♥ ✉♥ ♠❡❞✐❛❧❛❜ ❞❡ ❇❛r❝❡❧♦♥❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❢r❡❡ ♠❡❞✐❛✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡♥✲ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ r✐❡r❡t❛ q✉❡rí❛ ❞❡❝✐r ❝r❡❛r ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❢✉❡r❛♥ ✉s❛❜❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝r❡❛r ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦s✳ ❍❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ❧✐❜r❡s ❝♦♥ ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦s ❧✐❜r❡s✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❞❡❜✉❣❣✐♥❣ ❞❡ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s✳ ❍❛❝í❛♠♦s ♠✉❝❤♦ str❡❛♠✐♥❣ ② ♣✉r❡ ❞❛t❛ q✉❡ ❡s ✉♥ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ❣rá✜✲ ❝♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❛✉❞✐♦ ② ✈í❞❡♦ ❡♥ t✐❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❡r❛ ❡❧ ♠❛②❞❛② ❡r❛♠♦s ❡❧ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞í❛ ✈❡♥✐r ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛r s✉s ✐♠á❣❡♥❡s✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛r ♥♦t✐❝✐❛s ❡♥ ✐♥❞②♠❡❞✐❛ ② ❤❛❝❡r s✉s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ r❛❞✐♦✑ ✭❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❖✮ ✏ ❊❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ❢✉❡ ♠✉❝❤♦ ♣♦r ♠✐ ❝✉❡♥t❛✱ ❝♦♥ ❡st❡ ❝♦♠♣✐ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❡♥ ▼❛❞r✐❞ ❞❡s❝✉❜rí ❧♦s ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜s ② ❡♠♣❡❝é ❛ ✐r✳ ▲♦ q✉❡ ♣❛s❛ ❡s q✉❡ ♣❡♥s❛❜❛ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜s ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ❡st❛❜❛ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ❞í❛ ❛❧❧í ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♦ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛♥❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ② ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❧❡❣✉❡ ♠❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tré q✉❡ t♦❞♦ ❡r❛♥ ❛s❛♠❜❧❡❛s ♠✉② ✺ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❡s✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦r❣✴✇✐❦✐✴❍❛❝❦❧❛❜ ✺✶ ❛❜✉rr✐❞❛s ✭r✐s❛s✮✳ ■❣✉❛❧ ❡s❡ ❡♥ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦✱ ❡♥ ♦tr♦s ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜s ❡s♦ ♥♦ ❡s s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❛sí✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ❆✉t♦❞✐❞❛❝t❛✱ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜s ❛♣r❡♥❞❡s ♠✉② ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ② ❛❧ ♠✐s✲ ♠♦ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❡❜❡s s❡r r❡s♣❡t✉♦s❛ ❞❡ ♥♦ ❝❛r❣❛r ❛❧ ♣r♦❢❡✳ ❯♥ ❛❧✉♠♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ ✐r ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❡♥❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ② ❡♥ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ♠❛♥✉❛❧❡s té❝♥✐❝♦s ❤❛② ♠✐❧❡s✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s ❜✉❡♥♦ ❧♦ s♦❧✐t❛r✐♦ ② ❧❛ ❛✉t♦✲❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❡r♦ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❛rt✐❞❛✱ ❡s ♠✉② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ✐r ❛ ✉♥ ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜✑ ✭❈❛♥❞❡❧❛✮ ✏ ❉❡ ❛❧❧í ❡♥tré ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜s✱ q✉✐③ás ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣r✐♠❡r❛s ❝❤✐❝❛s t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜ ❞❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦✱ ② s✐ q✉❡ ❡s ✉♥ ♠✉♥❞♦ ♠✉② ♠❛s❝✉❧✐♥♦ ♣❡r♦ ❛❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ♠✉② r❡s♣❡t✉♦s♦ ❝♦♥♠✐❣♦✱ s✐ q✉❡ ❤❛② ❝♦s❛s ❛ ✈❡❝❡s ❞❡ s❡①✐s♠♦ ♣❡r♦ t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ s❡r ✉♥❛ ♠✉❥❡r ❢✉❡rt❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡r❛ ❥♦✈❡♥❝✐t❛ ② ❡♥tr❛❜❛ ❛ ✉♥ ❜❛r ② ❡r❛♠♦s ❧❛s ❞♦s ú♥✐❝❛s ❝❤✐❝❛s✑ ✭❈❛♥❞❡❧❛✮ ✏ ▲✉❡❣♦ ❧♦s ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜s✱ ❡r❛♥ ❧✉❣❛r❡s ❞♦♥❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛rs❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡stá❜❛♠♦s tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❝❛s❛✳ ❙✐ ❡st♦② ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ❝♦s❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ❡s ♣♦rq✉❡ ❧♦ ♣❛s♦ ❜✐❡♥✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❛s❛r❧♦ ♠❛❧ ♣✉❡s ❝♦✲ ♠♦ q✉❡ ♥♦✱ ❛❧ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❡r❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛r ❝♦s❛s✱ ❞❡♣❡♥✲ ❞❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s ✉♥❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❛♥❝❤❛rt❡✱ ✈❛s s✉♣❡r❛♥❞♦✱ t❡ s❛❧❡ ❛❧❣♦ ❜✐❡♥ ② ✈❛s ❛✈❛♥③❛♥❞♦✳ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ❆♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛✉✲ t♦❞✐❞❛❝t❛ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❡♥ ❣r✉♣♦✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ s❛❜❡s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡s ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ s♦♣♦rt❡ ❛ q✉✐❡♥ ♣✉❡❞❡s ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛r q✉❡ ❡stá♥ ❡♥ t✉ ♠✐s♠❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ② q✉❡ t❡ ✈❛♥ ❛ ❛②✉❞❛r✑ ✭❊❧❧❡✢❛♥❡✮ ✏ ❚✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♥ ❡s❛ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡ ❤á③t❡❧♦ t✉ ♠✐s♠♦✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✈❛❧♦r✱ ❡s ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛✳ P❡r♦ ❡s♦ ♥♦ q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡❝✐r ✓ ♠❛r❣❛ ❤❛③t❡ t✉ ♠✐s♠❛ t✉s ③❛♣❛t♦s ✔✱ ❧♦s ③❛♣❛t♦s ♥♦✱ ♠❡ ❧♦s ❝♦♠♣r♦ ❤❡❝❤♦s ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛♥✳ ❯♥ ③❛♣❛t♦ ❡s ✉♥ ③❛♣❛t♦ ② s❡ ✉s❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧♦ ✈✐r✲ t✉❛❧ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛✱ ♠❛s ❧♦ ✉s❛s✱ ♠❛s t✐❡♥❡s✱ s❡ ❞❡s❣❛st❛ ❝❡r♦✱ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❛rt❡s✱ ♠❛s r✐q✉❡③❛ t✐❡♥❡s✱ ② ❝❛♠❜✐❛ ❧❛s ❧❡②❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢ís✐❝❛✱ ♣♦r ❡s♦ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ s♦❧♦ ❡st❛ ❡♥ ❡❧❧♦✱ ② ❡♥ ❝♦s❛s ♠✉② ♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡✱ ❧❛s ✐❞❡❛s✱ q✉❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥ s♦♥ ❛❜str❛❝t❛s ② ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❞❛s✳ ❊❧ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❤❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛r ❡♥ t✉s ♠❛♥♦s ♣♦rq✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ✈❛❧♦r✱ ♠❛s ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ ❡st❛ s✐❧❧❛✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ✈✐✈í❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦ ✵✶✱ ♥♦ t❡♥í❛♠♦s ❧✉③✱ ❡r❛ ✉♥ ❈❙❖❆ ② s♦❧♦ ♣♦❞í❛♠♦s ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❧❛ ♥♦❝❤❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❡❝tá❜❛♠♦s ❛ ❧❛ ❢❛r♦❧❛✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ❡r❛ ✉♥❛ tr✐st❡③❛ ❡♥♦r♠❡✱ t❛♥t❛s ❤♦r❛s ❞❡❧ ❞í❛ s✐♥ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✱ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s s✐♥ s✐❧❧❛s✱ s✐♥ ♠❡s❛✱ s✐♥ ❛❣✉❛✱ ♥♦ ❡r❛ tr✐st❡③❛ ❡r❛ s♦❧♦ q✉❡ t❡ ❢❛❧t❛ ❛❧❣♦✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ t❡ ❢❛❧t❛ ❧♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❡s ♦tr❛ ❝♦s❛✱ ♣♦r ❡s♦ ❤❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛r ❡♥ t✉s ♠❛♥♦s ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡s ❧❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝r❡❛r ♠✉♥❞♦s✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ▲✉❡❣♦✱ ❡♠♣❡③❛r♦♥ ❛ ❡♥tr❛r ♠ás ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡s♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡♠✲ ♣❡③❛r♦♥ ❛ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ♠ás ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡♥s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❡❧ t❡♠❛ ❞❡❧ ❣❡♥❡r♦ ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦✱ ✉s♦ ② ❞✐s❢r✉t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s s❡ r❡tr♦✲❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛r♦♥ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❧❛s✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♥✲ t❡①t♦ ❡♥ ❈❛t❛❧✉♥②❛✱ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦s ❞❡❧ ✷✵✵✺✱ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ á♠❜✐t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❇❛r❝❡❧♦♥❛ s❡ ❝r❡ó ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ✏ ❉♦♥❡s s❡♥s❡ ✜❧s✑ q✉❡ ✺✷ ❝♦♥✈♦❝ó ❛ ✉♥❛ s❡r✐❡ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ✐♥✈♦❧✉❝r❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❧♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡✢❡①✐♦♥❛r s♦❜r❡ ❡❧ t❡♠❛ ❣é♥❡r♦ ② t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ■♥❢♦❡s♣❛✐✳ P❛r❛❧❡❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✱ ② ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣✉♥t✲ ❛❜❛ ❈❛♥❞❡❧❛✱ ♦tr♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❝♦♥✈♦❝❛r♦♥ ✉♥❛ r❡✉♥✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ✉♥ ❞❡❜❛t❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❤❛❝❦♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ❏♦❝s ❋r❛❝t❛❧s q✉❡ s❡ ✐❜❛ ❛ ❧❧❡✈❛r ❛ ❝❛❜♦ ❡♥ ❇❛r❝❡❧♦♥❛ ❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ❛ñ♦✳ ❊❧❧♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐tó ❧❛ ❢✉s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❝✉❡st✐♦♥❡s ❡ ✐♥stó ❛ ❧❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✐✲ ♣❛♥t❡s ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ❝♦♥❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧ ❞❡❜❛t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ ② t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❡♥ ❧♦s ❏♦❝s ❋r❛❝t❛❧s ❛❞❡♠ás ❞❡ ♥✉❡✈♦s ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr♦s ② ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s✳ ❆sí✱ ♣♦❝♦ ❞❡s♣✉és✱ s✉s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛r♦♥ ❧❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ■♥st❛❧❧ P❛rt② ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❡♥tr♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♦❦✉♣❛❞♦ ▼✐❧❡s ❞❡ ❱✐✈✐❡♥❞❛s ❜❛❥♦ ❡❧ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❈❛♥❡❧✉♥t✉✳ ❊❧ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr♦ r❡✉♥✐ó ✉♥❛ ❞❡❝❡♥❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ② s❡ ❢♦❝❛❧✐③ó ❡♥ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ♠✐❡♥tr❛s s❡ ❝♦❝✐♥❛❜❛♥ ❝❛♥❡❧♦♥❡s ② s❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞í❛ ❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛r ❧❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ❯❜✉♥t✉ ❡♥ ❧♦s ♦r✲ ❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✳ ❋✉❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ♣♦r ❡s❛ ❧✐st❛ q✉❡ ♥♦s ❡♥t❡r❛♠♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✻ ❊❧ ❝❛rt❡❧✼ ❝♦♥s✐stí❛ ❡♥ ✉♥♦s ❞✐❜✉❥♦s s❡♥✲ ❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡❧ ❊❝❧❡❝t✐❝ ❚❡❝❤ ❈❛r♥✐✈❛❧✳ ❝✐❧❧♦s ❤❡❝❤♦s ❛ ♠❛♥♦✱ r❡♠✐t✐❡♥❞♦ ❛❧ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❧♦✇ t❡❝❤ ② s❡♥❝✐❧❧♦ ❞❡❧ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr♦ ❝✉②♦ ❧❡♠❛ r❡③❛❜❛✿ ✏ ❚❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ ❛❝❡r❝❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♠✉② ❍❛③❧♦❚✉▼✐s♠❛ ♣❡r♦ ♥✉♥❝❛ t❡ ❞✐r❡♠♦s ▲é❡t❡ ❡❧ ❏♦❞✐❞♦ ▼❛♥✉❛❧✑ ✳ ❊st❛ ❢r❛s❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛❜❛ ❛ ❝✐❡rt❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ✏ ❛✉t♦❞✐❞❛❝t❛✑ ② ✏ ♠❡r✐t♦❝rát✐❝❛✑ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❝✉❛❧❡s ❞❡❜❡s ❧❡❡r ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❧♦s ♠❛♥✉❛❧❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❛♣r♦♣✐❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❝rít✐❝♦s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✲ ✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ✉s❛r ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✉❛r ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ ♣❛s❛ ♣♦r ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❧❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛ ❡❧❧❛s✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ ❞❛r ❛ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡s✱ ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡r❧♦ ② ❡①♣♦♥❡r t✉ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✉ ♦tr❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❝✐♦♥❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❣❛♥❛rt❡ ❡❧ r❡❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ② r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❡❧ r❡st♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞✳ ✏ ❈♦♥ ❧♦ q✉❡ t❡ ❞❡❝í❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡❧ r♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❡r✐t♦❝r❛❝✐❛✱ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ s❡ ❧♦ ❤❛ ♠❡t✐❞♦ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❜❡③❛✱ ❧♦ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡s ❡s ❞❡♠♦str❛r ❛❧❣♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r❧♦ ② ②♦ ♠❡ ❤❡ ✈✐st♦ ♠✉❝❤❛s ✈❡❝❡s ❡♥ ❡s❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧♦✳ P♦r ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❡st♦② ♠✉❝❤♦ ♠❛s ❝ó♠♦❞❛ s✐ ♥❛❞✐❡ ♠❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡✱ s✐ ♥❛❞✐❡ s❛❜❡ q✉✐❡♥ s♦②✱ ♣♦r ♦tr♦✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ q✉✐❡r♦ ❜✉s❝❛r ❡♠♣❧❡♦✱ ❡♥tr❛r ❡♥ ✉♥ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦✱ t❡♥❣♦ q✉❡ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛r t♦❞♦ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ ② ❝♦♠♦ ❡st♦② ❝❛♠❜✐❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♥✐❝❦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ t♦❞♦ ♠✉② ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ❊♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ❧❛ ♠❡r✐t♦❝r❛❝✐❛ ② t❛❧✱ ②♦ ♥♦ ❡st♦② ♠✉② ❞❡ ❛❝✉❡r❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧❧♦✳ P♦rq✉❡ ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣✉❡❞♦ ♣♦♥❡r ❡♥ ♠✐❧ s✐t✐♦s q✉❡ ❤❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❛❧❣♦ ♦ ♣✉❡❞♦ ❤❛❝❡r❧♦ ② ②❛ ❡st❛✳ ❨ s✐ ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rés ②❛ ❤❛❜rá ❛❧❣✉✐❡♥ q✉❡ ❧♦ ❞❡s❝✉❜r❛✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛s❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡✱ ♣❡r♦ ♣❛s❛ ❝♦♥ t♦❞♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥✱ ②é♥❞♦♠❡ ❛ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦s ♠✉❝❤♦s ♠❡s ❝❡r❝❛♥♦s✱ ♣❛s❛ s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡s ❝♦♥ ❣❡♥t❡✱ ❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❡st❛ ❜❛rr✐❡♥❞♦✱ ♥♦ ❧♦ ❞✐❝❡ ② ♥❛❞✐❡ s❡ ❡♥t❡r❛✱ ② ❡❧ q✉❡ ❜❛rr❡ ✉♥ ❞í❛ ② t❡ ❧♦ r❡♣✐t♦ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❞í❛s ❞❡❧ r❡st♦ ❞❡❧ ♠❡s✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✻ ❍❛② q✉❡ r❡❝❛❧❝❛r q✉❡ ❡❧ ❊❚❈ ❡s ✉♥ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❛✉t♦✲♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r s✉s ♣r♦♣✐❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠ás ♣✉r♦ ❡st✐❧♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❜❛③❛r ❛ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s ♥♦s ❤❛ ❛❝♦st✉♠❜r❛❞♦ ❡❧ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✳ ❊❧ ❊❚❈ ✈❛ ♣♦r s✉ ✶✶ ❡❞✐❝✐ó♥ ② ♥✉♥❝❛ s❡ ❤❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ s✉r ❞❡ ❊✉r♦♣❛✳ P♦r ❡❧❧♦ ♣♦❞rí❛ r❡s✉❧t❛r ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡ ♣❡♥s❛r ❡♥ ❛❝♦❣❡r❧♦ ♣♦r ♥✉❡str❛s t✐❡rr❛s s✉r❡ñ❛s ✉♥ ❞í❛ ❞❡ ❡st♦s ✿✲✮✳ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❡❝❧❡❝t✐❝t❡❝❤❝❛r♥✐✈❛❧✳♦r❣✴ ✳ ✼ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❞♦♥❡st❡❝❤✳♥❡t✴❄q❂❝❛✴♥♦❞❡✴✻✵✶ ✺✸ ▲❛ ♠❡r✐t♦❝r❛❝✐❛ r❡q✉✐❡r❡ q✉❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥❣❛s ❞❡ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❡stés ❞✐s♣✉❡st❛ ❛ ❣❛st❛r ❡❧ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡s ❡♥ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❞❡❜❡s q✉❡r❡r ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐③❛r ② ❧❡❡r ❧♦s ♠❛♥✉❛❧❡s✱ ❡❧❡❣✐r ❝♦♥ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦ ❧❛s ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛s q✉❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛s ❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞✱ ❞❡♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ②❛ ❝✉❡♥t❛s ❝♦♥ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ♣r❡✈✐♦s✱ t❡♥❡r ❣❛♥❛s ❞❡ ❡①♣♦♥❡rt❡ ② ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡r t✉ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳ ❉❡s❣r❛❝✐❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❝❤❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡st♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐rs❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛rr❡r❛s✱ ② ❧❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❧✐❜r❡ ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❝❤❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ✉♥❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ q✉❡ ❢r❡♥❛ s✉ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t❡♥❝✐❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✲ ✐❝❛s ②✴♦ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♠ás ❛❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳ ✏ ❆ ♠✐ ♠❡ ♣❛s♦ ✉♥❛ ❝♦s❛✱ ②♦ ❢✉✐ ❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ●♥♦♠❡✱ ✉♥❛ q✉❡ ❤✉❜♦ ❡♥ ❙❡✈✐❧❧❛ ❤❛❝❡ ♠✐❧ ❛ñ♦s✱ ② ❝❧❛r♦ ②♦ ✈❡í❛ ✉♥ ♠♦♥tó♥ ❞❡ ♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛s ❛❧❧í ② ❝❧❛r♦ ❡r❛ ✉♥❛ ♣❛s❛❞❛ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❜❛♥ ❛❧❧í✱ ❤❛❝❡r ❡❧ ❡s❝r✐t♦r✐♦ ✉s❛❜❧❡✱ ❜✉❡♥♦ ❛ ♠✐ ♠❡ ❢❛s❝✐♥ó t♦❞♦ ❛q✉❡❧❧♦ ② ♣❡♥sé✱ ②♦ ♣♦❞rí❛ ❡♥tr❛r ❛q✉í ② ❡❧ ❛ñ♦ q✉❡ ✈✐❡♥❡ ♣♦❞rí❛ ❡st❛r ❞❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛ ❛q✉í✱ ♣♦rq✉é ♥♦❄✳ ▼❡ ❢✉✐ ♠✉② ❡♥t✉s✐❛s♠❛❞❛ ② ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ❧❧❡❣✉é ❛ ❝❛s❛ ② ✈✐ ❡❧ ♣❛s✐❧❧♦ s✉❝✐♦✱ ❡❧ s✉❡❧♦ ❡st❛❜❛ ❧❧❡♥♦ ❞❡ ❡s❡ ♣♦❧✈♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ❜❛rr❡s ❤❛❝❡ ♠✉❝❤♦ ② ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s✳✳ ②♦ ♣❡♥sé ➽s✐ ♠❡ ♠❡t♦ ❡♥ ❣♥♦♠❡ q✉✐❡♥ ✈❛ ❛ ❜❛rr❡r ❡❧ ♣❛s✐❧❧♦❄ ❨ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❧❛st✐♠❛ ♣❡r♦ ②♦ t♦♠❡ ❡s❛ ❞❡❝✐s✐ó♥✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡❝✐r q✉❡ ♥♦ ♠❡ ❝❛❜r❡❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❜❛rr♦ ❡❧ ♣❛s✐❧❧♦✱ ♠❡ ❝❛❜r❡❛ ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦✱ ♥♦ ❡stá r❡s✉❡❧t♦✳ P❡r♦ ②♦ q✉✐❡r♦ ✉♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❞♦♠ést✐❝♦ ❡♥ ♠✐ ✈✐❞❛✱ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞♦ ✐r ♣❛q✉✐ ② ♣❛❧❧❛ ❝♦♥ ♠✐ ♠❛❧❡t❛✱ q✉✐s✐❡r❛ q✉❡ ❢✉❡s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜❧❡ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❧♦ ❡s✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮✳ ▲❛s ❜❛rr❡r❛s ❞❡s❣❧♦s❛❞❛s ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛r♦♥ ❡♥ ❝♦♥tr❛✲♣❛rt✐❞❛ ❧❛ ❝r❡❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s✴t✐❡♠♣♦s✴❡♥❝✉❡♥tr♦s ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s s❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛r ❡❧ tr❛s✈❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐r ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥❛ ②❛ s❛❜❡✴❤❛❝❡✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡❧ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦ ♥❡❡r❧❛♥❞és ●❡♥❞❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡rs ✽ ❤❛ ❝♦♥s✐st✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ t❛❧❧❡r❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ✐♠♣❛rt✐❞♦s ♣♦r s✉s ♣r♦♣✐❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❝✉②♦ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❢❡♠❡♥✐♥♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛♥ ❛sí✿ ✏ ■♠❛❣í♥❛t❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛s ✈✐❛❥❛♥❞♦ s♦❧❛ ♣♦r ✉♥ ♣❛ís ❝✉②♦ ✐❞✐♦♠❛ ② ❝♦♠♣❧❡❥✐❞❛❞❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧❡s ❞❡s❝♦♥♦❝❡s✱ ➽t❡ ❛❝✉❡r❞❛s ❞❡ ❝ó♠♦ t❡ s❡♥tí❛s ❛❧ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛ ♦tr❛s ❝♦♠♦ tú❄✳ ❇✉s❝❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♠ás ♠✉❥❡r❡s s❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✉❝r❡♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡❧ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐r✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛r✱ r♦♠♣❡r ❝♦s❛s✱ ❜r♦♠❡❛r ② ❤❛❝❡r ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛s ✏ ❡stú♣✐❞❛s✑ ✳ ❆♣✉❡st❛♥ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ❞❡s♠✐t✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛ r❡❜❛❥❛r ❧♦s ♥✐✈❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❡strés ❝❛✉s❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡❧ ♠✐❡❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛r ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛s ✐♥❛❞❡❝✉❛❞❛s✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❛❧ r❡❝♦♥♦❝❡r t✉ ♣r♦♣✐❛ ✐❣♥♦r❛♥❝✐❛ ❤❛s ❞❛❞♦ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♣❛s♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❞♦✳ ▲✉❡❣♦ ❡①✐st❡♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦s❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠ás ♠✉✲ ❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✳ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❡st❡ ❢❡♥ó♠❡♥♦ ❛♠♣❧✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡❜❛t✐❞♦✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ❧❛s s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡s ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐s✲ t❛❞❛s✿ ✧❙✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❡ ❡✈✐t❛❞♦ ✐♥✈♦❧✉❝r❛r♠❡ ♦✜❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦s só❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ♠✐ ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛ ♣✉❡❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛r ❡①tr❛ñ❛ ②❛ q✉❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❧♦ ❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❢✉✐ ❛ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ r❡✉♥✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♥❞✉s✲ tr✐❛ ■❚ ♠❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tré ❝♦♥ q✉❡ ❥✉❣❛❜❛♥ ❡❧ r♦❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡t❡r♥❛ ✈í❝t✐♠❛✱ ✽ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❡♥❞❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡rs✳♦r❣ ✺✹ q✉❡❥á♥❞♦s❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡♥ q✉❡ ❡r❛♥ tr❛t❛❞❛s✱ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ t✉✈❡ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ♠❛❧❛ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤✐❝❡ ❢✉✐ s❛❝✉❞✐r ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r♦s ② s❡❣✉✐r ❝♦♥ ♠✐ ❝❛♠✐♥♦✳ ❆sí q✉❡ só❧♦ q✉❡rí❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❝✉á❧❡s s♦♥ ❧♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦s s♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❥❡r❡s❄ ➽P♦r q✉é ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s t✐❡♥❡♥ q✉❡ s❡r ❡①❝❧✉✐❞♦s❄ ✭◆✐♥❦❡ ❋♦❦♠❛✮ ✲ ▼✐ r❡s♣✉❡st❛ ❡s t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✱ ❡s só❧♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♠❡ ❡♥❝❛♥t❛✱ ♠❡ ❡♥❝❛♥t❛ ❛♥❞❛r ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❝❤✐❝❛s ② ❤❛❝❡r ❝♦s❛s ❥✉♥t❛s✳ ❬✳✳✳❪ ❆❞❡♠ás✱ ❤❛ ❤❛❜✐❞♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥ ❧♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ♠✐①t♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ s❡♥tí❛ q✉❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❞❡❝í❛ ♥♦ ❡r❛ ❡s❝✉❝❤❛❞♦✱ ♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s ♠❡ ❤❛❝í❛♥ s❡♥t✐r q✉❡ ♠✐s ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛s ❡r❛♥ t♦♥t❛s✱ ♦ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s s❡ ♠❡ ✐❣♥♦r❛ t♦t❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡✳ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ P♦r ♦tr♦ ❧❛❞♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❛② ✉♥❛ ❧❛r❣❛ ❤✐st♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s só❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❤♦♠❜r❡s✱ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛♥ s✐❞♦ ❡①❝❧✉✐❞❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ② ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❤✐st♦r✐❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐s♠♦ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❡st♦ ✭P❡tr❛ ❚✐♠♠❡r♠❛♥✮ ✲ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠♣❡③❛♠♦s ❝♦♥ ●❡♥❞❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡rs ❡r❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦s ❞✐♠♦s ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❡♥s❡ñ❛♥③❛ ❞❡ ❝✐❡rt❛s ❝♦s❛s ❡♥ ❡♥t♦r♥♦s s♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❜❛ ♠✉② ❜✐❡♥✱ ❡s só❧♦ ✉♥❛ tá❝t✐❝❛✱ ♥♦ ❞❡❝✐♠♦s q✉❡ ❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡❜❛ s❡r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♥ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❡s ❥✉st♦ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡s❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r r❡s✉❧tÓ ❞❛r ♠✉② ❜✉❡♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✧ ✭❉♦♥♥❛ ▼❡t③❧❛r✮ ✧❯♥ ❞í❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛❜❛ ❛❜✉rr✐❞❛ ② ❜✉sq✉é ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r♥❡t q✉é t❡♠❛s ❤❛❜í❛ ❝♦♥ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ② ▲✐♥✉① ② ♠❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tré ❝♦♥ ▲✐♥✉① ❝❤✐①✱ ❞❡❜✐❛♥ ✇♦♠❡♥ ② ✈❛r✐♦s ♦tr❛s ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦s✳ ❨ ❛❧ ❡♥tr❛r ✉♥ ❞í❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❞❡ ▲✐♥✉① ❝❤✐①✱ ✈❡♦ q✉❡ ♥❛❞✐❡ ❤❛❜❧❛❜❛ ② ❞❡ r❡♣❡♥t❡ s❡ ♠❡ ❛❜r❡ ✉♥ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛❝✐ó♥ ② ♠❡ ❞✐❝❡♥ ✏ ❤❡② q✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ❡♥ ♦tr♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❝❤❛r❧❛♥❞♦✑ ② ♠❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛♥ q✉❡ ❡r❛♥ ✉♥❛s ❝❤✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡st❛❜❛♥ ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❝✉❡r❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❜❛ ▲✐♥✉① ❝❤✐① ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡r❛♥ ♠✉② ❢❡♠✐♥✐st❛s ② ❡❧❧❛s ♣r❡❢❡rí❛♥ ❛❧❣♦ ♠❛s ♥❡✉tr❛❧✳ ▼✐ ✈✐s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ② ❣é♥❡r♦✱ ♠❡ ❧❛ s♦♣❧❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡✳ ❨♦ s♦② ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✱ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♣♦r ✉♥❛s ❝♦s❛s ✉ ♦tr❛s ② ❤❡ ✐❞♦ t✐r❛♥t❡ ② ♣✉❡❞♦ s❛❜❡r ♠❛s ♦ ♠❡♥♦s q✉❡ ♦tr❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✱ s❡❛ ❤♦♠❜r❡✱ ♠✉❥❡r✱ ♥✐ñ♦ ♦ ♥✐ñ❛✱ t❛♥t♦ s✐ t✐❡♥❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❡ ♥♦✱ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ♠❡t❡r❧❡ ♠✉❝❤❛s ❤♦r❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦✱ ❡♥ ❡s♦ ❤❛② ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞✱ ♥♦ ❤❛② ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ❡♥ ❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✧ ✭❇❧❛❝❦❤♦❧❞✮ ✏ ▲♦s ❣r✉♣♦s s♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❛❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ❧♦s ✈❡♦ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ❣✉❡t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥✉❡str❛ ❧✐st❛ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❛❧ ✜♥ s❡ tr❛t❛♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝✉❛❧❡s ❤❛② t❛♥t♦s ❤♦♠✲ ❜r❡s q✉❡ ❤❛② ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ r❡✉♥✐rs❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❧❛s ② ❤❛❝❡rs❡ ❢✉❡rt❡s✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❧♦s t❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝♦❧❡❣❛ t❡ ❧♦ t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ ❝✉rr❛r ♠✉❝❤♦ ② ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt❛♥ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥t✐❣♦ t❛♠✲ ❜✐é♥✱ ❡♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ s✐ ❡stás ❝♦♥ ♦tr❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣❛r❡❝❡ s❡r q✉❡ t♦❞♦ ❡st♦ r❡s✉❧t❛ ♠ás ❢á❝✐❧✑ ✭▼❡rçé ▼♦❧✐st✮ ▼ás ❛❧❧á ❞❡ ❧❛s s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛♥ ❧❛ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛r s♦❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ❧❛s q✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ s♦❜r❡♣❛s❛r s❡✲ ❝✉❡❧❛s ❝❛✉s❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❧❛s ✈✐♦❧❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ s❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ② ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr♦s só❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ ♣❛rt❡♥ ❞❡ ✉♥❛s ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞❡s ♣♦r ❡st❛❜❧❡❝❡r ② ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐③❛r ❡♥ ♣❛✉t❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐♦ ② tr❛❜❛❥♦ ✺✺ ❡♥ ❣r✉♣♦✳ ❯♥❛s ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♥ s♦❜r❡♣❛s❛r ❧❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛❝✐♦♥❡s ② ❜❛rr❡r❛s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ♠❛❝❤✐st❛s ② ♣❛tr✐❛r❝❛❧❡s✱ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✲ ✐st❛s ② ❡✉r♦✲❝❡♥tr✐st❛s✳ ❊♥ ❡s❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ② ❛♣✉♥t❛♥❞♦ ❤❛❝✐❛ ✉♥❛ ✏ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ r❡✉♥✐rs❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❧❛s ② ❤❛❝❡rs❡ ❢✉❡rt❡s✑ ✱ ♥♦s r❡♠✐t✐♠♦s ❛❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ ▼②r✐❛♠ ❘✉✐③ ❞ó♥❞❡ ❤❛❝❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❇②r♥❡ ❞❡❧ ♥♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✐s♠♦ ✭✶✾✾✸✮✿ ✏ ❊st❛ ♥♦s ❞✐❝❡ q✉❡ ♣♦r ❡♥❝✐♠❛ ❞❡❧ ✸✵ ✪✿ ▲❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❡s ❛❣♥óst✐❝❛ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛❧ ❣é♥❡r♦✱ ② s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❡❧ ✶✺ ✪ ② ❡❧ ✸✵ ✪✿ ❙❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ✉♥❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❛tí♣✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦ ❡♥ ♠✐♥♦rí❛✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❡❧ ✽ ✪ ② ❡❧ ✶✺ ✪✿ ❙❡ ✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣♦ ♥♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❣r✉♣♦ ♠✐♥♦r✐t❛r✐♦✳ ❙♦❧❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡ s✐❡♥t❡♥ ❝ó♠♦❞❛s ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❛ ❧❛s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❧❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛ q✉❡ ❧❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡♥ r❛r❛s✳ ❍❛st❛ ❡❧ ✽ ✪✿ ❙❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❛ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❞❡❧ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦ ♠✐♥♦r✐t❛r✐♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣♦ ❡①tr❛♦r❞✐♥❛r✐♦ ② t♦✲ t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡①❝❡♣❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ② ♥♦ ❝✉❡♥t❛♥ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❡♥ ♠ás ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❞❡❧ ♠✐s♠♦✑ ✳ ✾ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❛② q✉❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛r q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ② t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ♥♦ s❡ ❝r❡❛r♦♥ ❡①♣r❡s❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ só❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❡r♦♥ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❧❧❛♠❛❞❛ ❛ ❡♥r♦❧❧❛rs❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❞❡s♠❛r❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡♥tr❡ ❣é♥❡r♦s✱ ② ❧❛s ♣r❡s✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❡r✐t♦❝r❛❝✐❛✱ ❛ ❧❛ ❝✉❛❧ só❧♦ ❛❝✉❞✐❡r♦♥ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✳ ❖tr♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s sí ❜✉s❝❛r♦♥ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ❡s♦s ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡s r❡s♣❡t✉♦s♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s r✐t♠♦s ❜✐♦♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡✱ t❡♥✐❡♥❞♦ ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❢❡♠❡♥✐♥❛ ② ❢❡♠✐♥✐st❛ ② ❛s✉♠✐❡♥❞♦ ❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛✴♦ ♥♦ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❤♦♠❜r❡s✳ ✸✳✺✳ ▲❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❈■ ❊♥ ❡❧ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ♣r❡✈✐♦ ❤❡♠♦s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡s ❡♠♣r❡♥❞✐✲ ❞♦s ♣♦r ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❈■✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦ s✉ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ tá❝t✐❝❛s✱ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❡s✱ ♦tr❛s ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈❛s✱ ② ❡♥tr❡ ❡s❛s ✉❧t✐♠❛s ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❝♦♥t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♠❜♦s ❣é♥❡r♦s ② ♦tr❛s ❡♥❢♦❝❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ② ❣r✉♣♦s ♣❡♥s❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✳ ❆❤♦r❛ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ♣r♦✲ ❢✉♥❞✐③❛r ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s ② ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥❡s ❡①♣r❡s❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❈■✳ ❙✉s ✈❛❧♦r❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ♦ ❛✉s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♦tr❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ✈❛r✐♦s✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛r ❝✉❛❧❡s s♦♥ ❧❛s r❛③♦♥❡s ❡s❣r✐♠✐❞❛s ② t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❝✉❛❧❡s s♦♥ ❧♦s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛tr❛❡r ♠❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡s❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ② ❝❛rr❡r❛s✳ ❱❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❤❛② ✉♥❛ ✈❛❧♦r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦❝❛ ♣r❡s✲ ❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐♦s ❞♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛♥ ❚■❈✱ ♠ás ❡♥ ❡❧ á♠❜✐t♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ❞ó♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ❛♣✉♥t❛♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛ ❡st❛ ❝❛♠❜✐❛♥❞♦ ♣♦❝♦ ❛ ♣♦❝♦ ② q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ s❡ ❝r✉③❛♥ ❝♦♥ ♠❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✳ ✧▼❡ ✉♥í ❛ ✉♥ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❯♥✐① ② ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❧❡❣✉é ❛ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ r❡✉♥✐ó♥ ♠❡ s❡♥tí ❝♦♠♦ q✉❡ q✉❡rí❛ ❞❡s❛♣❛r❡❝❡r✳ ❊r❛ ✉♥❛ ❣r❛♥ s❛❧❛ ❧❧❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❤♦♠❜r❡s ② ❛❧ ❡♥tr❛r ②♦✱ ♠❡ ♠✐r❛r♦♥ ❡♥ ♣❧❛♥ ✏ ➽q✉é ❡stás ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ❛q✉í✧✱ ❡r❛ ♠✉② ✐♥❝ó♠♦❞♦✳ ➽❊st❛s ❛q✉í ♣❛r❛ tr❛❡r ❡❧ ❝❛❢é❄✱ ❡st♦ ❡s ✾ ❘✉✐③✱ ▼✳✱ ✏ ▼✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡ ✑ ✱ ❊♥❝✉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡✱ ❆rt❡ ② ▼✉❥❡r ✱ ▼✉s❡♦ ❞❡ ❆rt❡ ❈♦♥t❡♠♣♦rá♥❡♦ ❞❡ ❈❛st✐❧❧❛ ② ▲❡ó♥ ✭▼❯❙❆❈✮ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴♥✲ ✶✳❝❝✴♣❣✴✜❧❡✴r❡❛❞✴✼✶✶✸✹✴♠②r✐❛♠✲r✉✐③✲s♦❜r❡✲♠✉❥❡r❡s✲②✲s♦❢t✇❛r❡✲❧✐❜r❡ ✺✻ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♠✉❝❤❛s ✈❡❝❡s ♠ás ❬✳✳✳❪ ❊♥ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ♠❡ q✉❡❞é✱ ♦❜❧✐❣á♥❞♦♠❡ ❛ ✐r ❛ ❡s❛s r❡✉♥✐♦♥❡s ② ❞❡s♣✉és ❛❝❛❜é ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❥✉♥t❛ ❝♦♥ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ r❛♣✐❞❡③✱ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❥✉♥t❛ ❤♦❧❛♥❞❡s❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❡✉r♦♣❡❛✱ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❥✉♥t❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ✉s✉❛r✐❛s ❞❡ ❯♥✐①✧ ✭❋r❛♥❝❡s ❇r❛③✐❡r✮ ✏ ❈✐❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❝❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♠❡ ✐❞♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦✱ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❛② ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❤♦♠❜r❡s✳ ❍❛st❛ ❝✐❡rt♦ ♣✉♥t♦ ♥♦ sé s✐ ❡s♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ♠♦❧❡st✐❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛❧ ♥♦ t❡♥❡r ❧❛ ♦tr❛ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛r r♦❞❡❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✳ ❚❛♠✲ ♣♦❝♦ sé s✐ ❧❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♠❡ ✈♦② ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ t✐❡♥❡♥ q✉❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♥ ❡st❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦s ♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ t✐❡♥❡♥ q✉❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♥ ❡st❡ ♦✜❝✐♦✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❛❢á♥ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦✱ ❧❛s ❧✉❝❤❛s ❞❡ ❡❣♦✱ ♥♦ sé s✐ s❡ ❞❛♥ ♣♦rq✉❡ s♦♥ ❤♦♠❜r❡s ♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡s ❛sí ❡st❡ ♠✉♥❞✐❧❧♦✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❜✉sq✉é ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❝❤✐❝❛s ❝♦♥ ▲✐♥✉① ❧♦ ❤✐❝❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ t♦❞❛✈í❛ ♥♦ ❤❛❜í❛ ✈✐st♦ ❛ ❝❤✐❝❛s✱ ② s✐ ❤❛❜í❛ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ❝❤✐❝❛✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡r❛♥ ❝❤✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❧♦ ❞❡❝í❛♥ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❝❧❛r♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s t✐❡♠♣♦s q✉❡ ♠❡ ♠❡tí✱ ♠❡ ♠♦✈í❛ ♠✉❝❤♦ ♣♦r ❝❤❛ts ❞❡ ■❘❈ ② t❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❜❛s q✉❡ ❛ ❧❛ ♠í♥✐♠❛ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉✐❡♥ ❞❡❝í❛ q✉❡ ❡r❛ ❝❤✐❝❛ s❡ ❧❡ ❛❜rí❛♥ ♠✉❝❤❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s ♦ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡♠♣❡③❛❜❛ ❛ ❞❡❝✐r❧❡ ❝♦s❛s✳ ❊st♦ ❡s ✉♥ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❡❧ ♥✐❝❦ q✉❡ t❡♥í❛ ❛♥t❡s✱ ② ❡❧ q✉❡ t❡♥❣♦ ❛❤♦r❛✱ s♦♥ ♥✐❝❦s q✉❡ ♥♦ ✐♥❞✉❝❡♥ ❛ t❡♥❡r ✉♥♦ ❣é♥❡r♦ ✉ ♦tr♦✳ ❊st♦ ❡s ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ❤❡ ✈✐❣✐❧❛❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧♦s ✐♥✐❝✐♦s✱ t❡♥❡r ✉♥ ❣é♥❡r♦ ♥❡✉tr❛❧✑ ✭❇❧❛❝❦❤♦❧❞✮ ✏ ▲♦s s✐t✐♦s ❡♥ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s ❤❡ ❡st❛❞♦ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❛ ❤❛❜✐❞♦ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ❜❛s✲ t❛♥t❡s ② ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❝❛ñ❡r❛s ② r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♠✉② ❜✉❡♥❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♥♦s♦tr❛s✱ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♠❛s ♣♦r ❇❛r❝❡❧♦♥❛✱ ▼á❧❛❣❛ ② ♣♦r ●❛❧✐❝✐❛✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ❤❛❝❦❡rs♣❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛t ❧❧✐✉r❡✱ ❦❡r♥❡❧♣✉♥❦✐✱ ♠♦♥t❛♠♦s s♦♣♦rt❡ ② ✉♥ ❝②❜❡r ❡♥ ❧♦s ❝❡♥tr♦s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ② ❞❛♠♦s t❛❧❧❡r❡s ② ❝❤❛r❧❛s ② ❧♦ ❧❧❡✈❛♥ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ❜✐❡♥ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❤❛② ✉♥ ♥✉♠❡r♦ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ❝r❡♦✱ ❜✉❡♥♦✱ ♥♦ sé✑ ✭❊❧❧❡✲ ✢❛♥❡✮ ✏ ▼✐ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❙▲ ❧✐❜r❡ ❡r❛ ❡❧ ár❡❛ t❡❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❈❙❖❆ ❧❛❜✲ ♦r❛t♦r✐♦ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❡❧ ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜ ❝✐❡❧✐t♦ ❧✐♥❞♦ ② ❝✉r✐♦s❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❤❛❜í❛ ♠✉❝❤❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ♥♦ ❤❛❜í❛ ♣❛r✐❞❛❞✱ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠♣♦❝♦ ❤❛❜í❛ t❛♥ ♣♦❝❛s✱ ❢✉❡ ❧✉❡❣♦ q✉❡ ❞❡❥❛r♦♥ ❞❡ ✐r✱ s✐ ♠❡ ♣♦♥❣♦ ❛ ♣❡♥s❛r ♥♦ ❡r❛♥ t❛♥ ♣♦❝❛s✱ ❤❛❜í❛ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ❝❤✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❦❛r❛❝♦❧❛ q✉❡ ❡r❛♥ ✉♥ ♠♦♥tó♥✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ❖tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡s q✉❡ s♦❧♦ ❞♦s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s s❡ ❤❛♥ q✉❡❥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❜❡r ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦ s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❝t✐✈❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡❝t❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ s❡r ♠✉❥❡r✳ ❊❧ r❡st♦ r❡❝♦♥♦❝❡ ❤❛❜❡r ❛❢r♦♥t❛❞♦ s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧❡s✱ ♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t❛ ✶✵ ✱ ❞❡❜✐❞♦s ❛ ❧❛ ♣♦❝❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❧❧❡✈á♥❞♦❧❛s ❛ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ♣r✐♠❡r♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❜✐❝❤♦s r❛r♦s ✶✵ ❙❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t❛ ♣♦r r❛③ó♥ ❞❡ s❡①♦ ❧❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐✲ ❝✐ó♥✱ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦ ♦ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡✉tr♦s ♣♦♥❡ ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❞❡ ✉♥ s❡①♦ ❡♥ ❞❡s✈❡♥t❛❥❛ ✺✼ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✐❣✉❛❧❡s ②✴♦ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s✳ ❊♥ ❡s❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❝❛❜❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡ ❧❛ s❡♥s❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♥ ❜❛rr❡r❛s ❧❛t❡♥t❡s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡♥ q✉❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♥ ❧❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ r♦❧❡s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❣é♥❡r♦s ②✴♦ ❛❧ ❢♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦s✱ ♣❡r♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❧❛s ❤❛♥ s❛❜✐❞♦ s♦❜r❡♣❛s❛r❧♦s ❛❧ ♠♦str❛rs❡ t❡st❛r✉❞❛s ② ❛❧ ❞❡♠♦str❛r s✉ ✈❛❧í❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♦✜❝✐♦✳ ❊♥ ❡s❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ❧❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❞❡ q✉é✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ❜❛rr❡r❛s✱ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❞❛r ♠❛♥❡r❛s ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❞❛s✱ ② ❡♥ ❡s❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s s❡ ✈❛♥ ❛ ♦tr♦ s✐t✐♦ ② ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♥ ❞❡ ♦tr❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛✿ ✏ ❆❧ ❡♥tr❛r ❡♥ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ②♦ t✉✈❡ ❧❛ s✉❡rt❡ ❞❡ s❡r ❢r❡❡❧❛♥❝❡✱ ❞❡❜❡s ❜✉s✲ ❝❛rt❡ ❧♦s r❡♣♦rt❛❥❡s q✉❡ q✉✐❡r❡s ❤❛❝❡r✱ ♣♦r ❡st♦ t❡♥í❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛r ❛❧ t❛♥t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦✱ ❡st❛❜❛ s✉❜s❝r✐t❛ ❛ ✉♥❛ r❡✈✐st❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❡st❛❞♦s✲✉♥✐❞♦s ② ❞❡ ❛❧❧á ✈❡♥í❛♥ ♠✉❝❤♦s r❡♣♦rt❛❥❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ❧♦ ❧❧❛♠❛❜❛♥ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ② ②♦ ♥♦ t❡♥í❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✳ ❋✉❡ ❛sí q✉❡ ♠❡ ❡♠♣❡❝é ❛ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛r ② s✉❡rt❡ ❞❡ s❡r ❢r❡❡❧❛♥❝❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛❧ s❡r ✉♥❛ ♠✉❥❡r✱ ❛ ♠í ♥♦ ♠❡ ❤❛❜rí❛ t♦❝❛✲ ❞♦✱ ♣♦rq✉é ❡♥ ❧❛s r❡❞❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈❛♥❣✉❛r❞✐❛✱ ❡❧ ♣❛ís✱ ❡❧ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❧❡❣♦ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ♣❡❞✐r ❛ ✉♥♦s ♣❡r✐♦❞✐st❛s q✉❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r❛♥ ❡s♦ ♥✉❡✈♦✱ s❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ó tí♦s ② ❛♥t❡s ❡r❛♥ t♦❞♦s tí♦s✱ ❛ ❡①❝❡♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❱✐r❣✐♥✐❛ ▼❛s❝❛ró ❞❡❧ ❆✈✉✐ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ❆❤♦r❛ ❤❛② ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣❡r✐♦❞✐st❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ❡♥ ❛q✉❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❧♦s ♣❡r✐♦❞✐st❛s ❡r❛♥ ❧♦s ❛♥t✐❣✉♦s ♣❡r✐♦❞✐st❛s ❞❡ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ② ♣❛r❡❝❡ s❡r q✉❡ ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝♦s❛ ❞❡ tí♦s✱ ❛❤♦r❛ t♦❞❛✈í❛ ❤❛② ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❤♦♠❜r❡s ♣❡r✐♦❞✐st❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♣❡r♦ ❤❛② ♠✉❝❤❛s tí❛s ♠✉② ❜✉❡♥❛s✱ ♣✐❡♥s♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ P❛tr✐❝✐❛ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡③ ❞❡ ❧✐s ♦ ❧❛ ❞❡❧✐❛✱ ❧❛ ❈❛r♠❡♥ P❛②ró ♣♦r s✉♣✉❡st♦✑ ✭▼❡rçé ▼♦❧✐st✮ ✏ ▲♦ ✈❡♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ r❡s✐st❡♥❝✐❛✱ ♦ s❡❛ ②♦ ♥♦ q✉✐❡r♦ ❤❛❝❡r ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s ❛sí✱ ② s✐ ❧♦ ✈❛✐s ❛ ❤❛❝❡r ❛sí ♣✉❡s ②♦ ♥♦ ✈♦② ❛ ❡st❛r✳ ❨♦ ✈❡rí❛ ✉♥❛ ❜❛rr❡r❛ s✐ ❛❧❣✉✐❡♥ ♠❡ ❞✐❥❡r❛ ✓ ♥♦ ♠❛r❣❛✱ t✉ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡s ❡st❛r ✔ ♣❡r♦ ❡s♦ ♥♦ ♠❡ ❧♦ ❞✐rí❛ ♥✐ ♠✐ ❝♦♠♣❛ñ❡r♦✱ ♥✐ ♠✐ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛✱ ♥✐ ♠✐ ❤✐❥♦✱ ♥✐ ♥❛❞✐❡✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ❡s ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ②♦ ✈❛❧♦r♦ ② ❞❡❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♠✐ ♠✐s♠❛✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ✏ ●❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s♦♥ ♠✉❝❤♦s ♣❡r♦ ♠❛r❝❛♥ ❡❧ t♦♥♦✱ ❛sí q✉❡ s✐ t✐❡♥❡s ✉♥ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❝❦❡rs tí♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣✉❡st♦ ♣♦r ✉♥ ❣r✉♣✐❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✲ ❝♦r❡s✱ ② ✉♥♦s s❡❣✉✐❞♦r❡s✱ ② s✐ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ❤❛r❞❝♦r❡ s♦♥ ♠❛❝❤✐st❛s ❞❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞✱ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♥♦ ✈❡♥❞rá♥ ② ❤❛rá♥ s✉ ♣r♦♣✐❛ ❤✐st♦r✐❛✑ ✭P❛tr✐❝❡ ❘✐❡♠❡♥s✮ ✧❙✐♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❛ ❞✉❞❛s✱ ❤❛② ♠ás ❤♦♠❜r❡s q✉❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❚■❈ ② ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❬✳✳✳❪ ❈r❡♦ q✉❡ ❡st♦ s❡ ❞❡❜❛ ♠ás ❛ ❧♦s r♦❧❡s✴♣❛♣❡❧❡s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ q✉❡ ❛ t❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠✉❥❡r ♥✉♥❝❛ t✉✈❡ ♥✐♥❣ú♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ s✐♥♦ t♦❞♦ ❧♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✧ ✭▼❡❧❛♥✐❡ ❘✐❡❜❛❝❦✮ P♦❞❡♠♦s ✈❡r t❛♠❜✐é♥ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥ r❡❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❢❡♠❡♥✐♥♦s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❝✐❡rt❛s ♠❛♥❡r❛s ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ á♠❜✐t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝✲ ♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ ♣❡r♦ r❡s✉❧t❛ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡ ✈❡r q✉❡ ❡s♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥♦ ❡stá♥ ❡♥❝❡rr❛❞♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❝♦♥ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❞❡ ♦tr♦✱ s❛❧✈♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❝❤❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐❝✐ó♥✱ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦ ♦ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛✱ ♣✉❡❞❛♥ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛rs❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❛t❡♥❝✐ó♥ ❛ ✉♥❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❧❡❣ít✐♠❛ ② q✉❡ ❧♦s ♠❡❞✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❝❛♥③❛r ❞✐❝❤❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞ s❡❛♥ ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦s ② ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞♦s ✭▲❖■❊▼❍✱ ❛rt✳ ✻✳✷✮✳ ✺✽ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❣é♥❡r♦ ✉ ♦tr♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧✐st❛✱ s✐♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐❝❡ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❡s t❛♠❜✐é♥ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ t❡♥❡r ❡s♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❢❡♠❡♥✐♥♦s ❡♥ s✉s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s✱ és ❞❡❝✐r s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt❡ ✉♥❛ ✈✐s✐ó♥ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐✈✐st❛ ❞❡❧ ❣é♥❡r♦✳ ❚♦❞♦ ❡❧❧♦ r❡♠✐t❡ ❛ ❝✐❡rt❛ ❝❡r❝❛♥í❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ✐❞❡❛s q✉❡❡r✿ ✏ ▲❛ t❡♦rí❛ q✉❡❡r ❡s ✉♥❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s✐s s♦❜r❡ ❡❧ ❣é♥❡r♦ q✉❡ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ s❡①✉❛❧ ② ❧❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞ s❡①✉❛❧ ♦ ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s s♦♥ ❡❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉❝❝✐ó♥ s♦❝✐❛❧ ② q✉❡✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ ♥♦ ❡①✐st❡♥ ♣❛♣❡❧❡s s❡①✉❛❧❡s ❡s❡♥❝✐❛❧❡s ♦ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧❡③❛ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✱ s✐♥♦ ❢♦r♠❛s s♦❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡ñ❛r ✉♥♦ ♦ ✈❛r✲ ✐♦s ♣❛♣❡❧❡s s❡①✉❛❧❡s✳ ❉❡ ❛❝✉❡r❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧❧♦✱ ❧❛ ❚❡♦rí❛ ◗✉❡❡r r❡❝❤❛③❛ ❧❛ ❝❧❛s✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉♦s ❡♥ ❝❛t❡❣♦rí❛s ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✧❤♦♠♦s❡①✉❛❧✧✱ ✧❤❡t❡r♦s❡①✉❛❧✧✱ ✧❤♦♠❜r❡✧ ♦ ✧♠✉❥❡r✧✱ ✧❚r❛♥s❡①✉❛❧✐❞❛❞✧ ♦ ✧tr❛✈❡st✐s♠♦✧✱ s♦st❡♥✐❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ést❛s ❡s❝♦♥❞❡♥ ✉♥ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧❡s✱ ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝✉❛❧❡s s❡rí❛ ♠ás ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ q✉❡ ❧❛s ♦tr❛s✑ ✳ ✶✶ ✧◆♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝②❜❡r❞♦♥❡s ❤❛❝❡ ✶✵ ❛ñ♦s✱ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ✉s✉❛r✐❛s ❡♥ ❝❛t❛❧á♥✱ ② ❞✐❥✐♠♦s s♦♠♦s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ❡st♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ② ♣♦❞rá♥ ❡♥tr❛r só❧♦ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ②❛ ♥♦s ❤❛❜í❛ ♣❛s❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♥♦s ❡♥tr❛❜❛♥ tí♦s ② ❤❛❝í❛♥ ❡❧ ❜✉rr♦ ② ❞✐❥✐♠♦s ♥♦✱ ❡st♦ ❡s só❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✳ P❡r♦ ②♦ ❞✐❥❡ ❡st♦ ♥♦ ❡s ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❢ís✐❝♦✱ ❡s ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✱ ➽q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s ♠✉❥❡r❡s❄ ❯♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛ ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ❞❡ ❤♦♠❜r❡ ♣❡r♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ♠✉❥❡r✱ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛rs❡ ❛ ♥✉❡str❛ ❧✐st❛❄ ▼ás ❛❞❡❧❛♥t❡ s❡ ❛♣✉♥t❛r♦♥ ❞♦s tr❛♥s❡①✉❛❧❡s✱ ♥❛❞✐❡ ❧♦ s❛❜í❛ ❤❛st❛ q✉❡ ✉♥ ❞í❛ ❤✐❝✐♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❝❡♥❛✱ ② ❡❧❧❛s ❞♦s ✈✐♥✐❡r♦♥ ② ❢✉❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ✈✐♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❧ ❣é♥❡r♦ q✉✐③ás ❡sté ♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❧♦ q✉❡ tú q✉✐❡r❛s s❡r✑ ✭▼❡rçé ▼♦❧✐st✮ ✏ ❉❡ t♦❞❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❧❛s ♣♦❝❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥♦③❝♦ q✉❡ ❡stá♥ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ♠✉♥❞✐❧❧♦✱ ♥♦ sé s✐ ❡s ♣♦r ❡s♦ ❞❡ ♥♦ q✉❡❞❛r ❛trás✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ t✐❡♥❡♥ ❡s❛s ❛❝t✐t✉❞❡s✱ ♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r s♦❜r❡✲ ✈✐✈✐r t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ s❡r ❛sí✳ ▼❡ r❡✜❡r♦ ❛ ❧♦ ❞❡❧ ❡❣♦✱ ❡♥ ♠✐ ♦♣✐♥✐ó♥ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❛s ❢❡♠❡♥✐♥♦s ❡s s❡r ♠❛s ❝♦♠♣r❡♥s✐✈❛s✱ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❛s❝✉❧✐♥♦s s❡r ♠❛s ♣rá❝t✐❝♦s ② ♠❛s ❢✉❡rt❡s✱ ❡♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡ ❝♦❣❡r ❧♦ ♠❡❥♦r ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❣é♥❡r♦ ♣❛r❡❝❡ s❡r q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❧♦ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐♦✳ ▲❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ② ❡♥ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥♦③❝❛ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♥ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❢rí❛ ② ❞✉r❛✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♣♦❞rí❛ s❡r ❛❧ r❡✈és ② ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s ♠♦str❛rs❡ ♠❛s ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s♦s✳ ▼✐ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥ ❤♦♠❜r❡s q✉❡ ♠❡ ✐❞♦ ❝r✉③❛♥❞♦ ❤❛ s✐✲ ❞♦ q✉❡ s✐ t❡ ♣♦♥í❛s ❛ ❞✉❞❛r✱ ♦ ❛ ♣❧❛♥t❡❛r ♦tr❛s ♠❛♥❡r❛s ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s✱ s❡ ✈❛❧♦r❛❜❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ♣ér❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ t✐❡♠♣♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❤❛❝❡r ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s ♠❛s rá♣✐❞♦ ❡s ♠❡❥♦r✳ P❡r♦ ♣♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣♦♥❡♥ ❝r❡♦ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ♠❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s ② ❡♥ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❤❛❝❡✱ ♠❛s ♣❛❝✐❡♥❝✐❛✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ❈♦♥♦③❝♦ ♣♦r ❡♥❝✐♠❛ ❧❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❜✐❛♥✱ ✉❜✉♥✲ t✉✱ ❝♦♥♦③❝♦ ♠❡❥♦r ❧♦s ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜s ② ❛❧❧í ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ ❤❛② ✉♥❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❤♦♠❜r❡s ♣❡r♦ ❝❤✐❝♦s ❢❡♠✐♥✐③❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♥ ♠❛♥❡r❛s✱ t❛❧❛♥t❡ ❢❡♠❡♥✐♥❛s✱ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s ②♦ ♠❡ s✐❡♥t♦ ♠✉② ❛ ❣✉st♦✳ ◆♦ ✈❡♦ ♠❛❝❤✐s♠♦✱ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❧♦ ❤❛②✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡♥ ♠✐✱ ♣❡r♦ ❤❛② ✉♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♥ ❤❛❝❦♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ② ✶✶ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❡s✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦r❣✴✇✐❦✐✴❚❡♦r✪❈✸✪❆❉❛❴q✉❡❡r ✺✾ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✳ ❈r❡♦ q✉❡ ❧❛s r❡❞❡s✱ ♥♦ ❡❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐✲ ❜r❡✱ ♣r❡♠✐❛ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❢❡♠❡♥✐♥♦s✱ ② ❡s♦ q✉❡ ❞❡❝í❛s ❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ Pr✐✈❛t✐✈♦ ❤❛② ♠✉❝❤♦ ♠❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ❡s♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✱ ❤❛❜rá ♠❡♥♦s ❢r✐❝❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ♠❡♥♦s ❡❣♦s✱ s❡ s✉❛✈✐③❛r❛♥ ❧♦s ❝♦♥✢✐❝t♦s✱ s❡rá ♠❛s ❛❣r❛❞❛❜❧❡✱ ✉♥ ❡q✉✐♣♦ ♠✐①t♦ ② ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ✈❡r ❞❡ ❞♦♥❞❡ s❛❝❛♠♦s ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ P❡r♦ ❧❛s r❡❞❡s s♦♥ ❢❡♠❡♥✐♥❛s✱ ❡s♦ ❡st❛ ❝❧❛r♦✱ ❡♥ ❧❛s r❡❞❡s ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝✉❝❤❛✱ ❞❡ ❡♠♣❛tí❛✱ ❞❡ ♣♦♥❡rt❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❡❧ ♦tr♦✱ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r✱ ② ❡s♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛♥ ❛ ❧♦✴❛s q✉❡ ✈✐✈❡♥ ❡♥ ❡❧❧❛s✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ✏ ▲❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❛♥ ❜✉s❝❛❞♦ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❡s ② s♦♥ sú♣❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ❛ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ❡str✉❝✲ t✉r❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❨ t❛♠❜✐é♥ t✐❡♥❡♥ ❡♠♦t✐✈✐❞❛❞ ❛ ❧❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❧❛③❛r ♥♦❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❡s♦ s❡rí❛ ✉♥❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♠❛s ❛❝t✉❛❧✱ ♦r❣á♥✐❝❛ ② s❡♠á♥✲ t✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❡stá ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦✑ ✭❊❧❧❡✢❛♥❡✮ ✏ ❈♦♥ ❡❧ t❡♠❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐❞❛❞ ② t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❡ ✈✐st♦ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♠✉② t❡❝♥ó❧♦❣❛s✱ ♠✉② ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s✳ ▲♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❛❜❛♥ ❧❛s ❣❡♥❞❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡rs ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s t❡❧❛r❡s✱ t❛♥ s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❡s ♠❛s ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♥ ✉♥♦s tr❛❜❛❥♦s ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝✐❛ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛ ♠❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡ ② ♦tr♦s ♠❛s ♣❡q✉❡ñ❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ②♦ ♥♦ ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s s❡❛♥ ♠❡♥♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✲ ✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s ♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✐♥t❡r❡s❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❡st♦s t❡♠❛s✑ ✭❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❖✮ ✏ ❨♦ ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❧✉❝❤❛r ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞✱ ❡s♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❝❤✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❞✐❝❡♥ s♦♠♦s ♠❡❥♦r❡s✱ ✉s❛♠♦s ♠❡❥♦r ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ② s♦♠♦s ♠❡❥♦r❡s ❛❝t✐✈✐st❛s ♣♦rq✉❡ s♦♠♦s ❝❤✐❝❛s✱ ❛ ♠í ♠❡ s❛❜❡ ♠❛❧ ♣❡r♦ ❡s q✉❡ ♥♦ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛♥ ❧♦s ❡①tr❡♠✐s♠♦s✱ ② s✐❡♠♣r❡ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ t❡♥✲ ❡r ✉♥ ♣✉♥t♦ ♠❡❞✐♦ ② q✉❡ ❤❛②❛ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❛r✐❞❛❞ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠♣♦❝♦ ❧♦ ✈❡♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❝♦s❛ ❡s❡♥❝✐❛❧✳ P♦rq✉❡ ❛ ♠í t♦❞♦ ❡s❡ r♦❧❧♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✱ ❞❡ ✐r ❞✐s❝✉t✐é♥❞♦❧♦ t♦❞♦✱ ♥♦ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛✱ s✐ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❤❛❝❡r ❛❧❣♦✱ ♣✉❡s s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ② ♠❡ ❡s ✐❣✉❛❧ s✐ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❝♦♥ ❤♦♠❜r❡s✱ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ tr❛♥s ♦ ❤❡r♠❛❢r♦❞✐t❛s✑ ✭❇❧❛❦❝❤♦❧❞✮ ✏ ❈r❡♦ q✉❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛❧ ♠❡♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠✐s ❛❧✉♠♥❛s ❡s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❧❡s ❣✉st❛ ❞❡st❛❝❛r ❛ ❧❛s ❝❤✐❝❛s✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ s❛❧❡♥ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❝❤✐❝♦ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❈✳■ ❞❡ ✾✵ ② ❡❧❧❛s s♦♥ ❞❡ ✶✹✵ ❛❝t✉❛r❛♥ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❈✳■ ❞❡ ✽✾✱ ② s✐ ❤❛s s✐❞♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❞❛ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❝❤✐❝❛s✱ ♥♦ ♠✐①t♦✳✳ ♥♦ ❡s♣❡r❛s q✉❡ ♥❛❞✐❡ t❡ ✈❛②❛ ❤❛❝❡r ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s✳ ❊s ❝✉❡st✐ó♥ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞✑ ✭▲✐❧✐❛ ❱✐❧❧❛❢✉❡rt❡✮ ✏ ❯♥ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r✐♦ q✉❡ ❤❡ r❡❝✐❜✐❞♦ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❡s ✏ q✉❡ r❛r♦ q✉❡ s❡❛s ❛✉t♦✲ ❞✐❞❛❝t❛✑ ♣♦rq✉❡ s♦② ✉♥❛ ♠✉❥❡r✱ ❡s♦ ❧♦ ❤❡ ✈✐✈✐❞♦ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❡♥ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡♦ ❧❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ♠✉② ❛ ♠❡♥✉❞♦ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❡♥t♦r♥♦s ♠❛s ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ▼✉❝❤❛s ✈❡❝❡s ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉✐❡r❡♥ ✐r ♣♦r r❡❝✐❜✐r ✉♥ t❛❧❧❡r ♠❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦❜❛r ❡❧❧❛s ♠✐s♠❛s✱ ❧❛s ❝❤✐❝❛s s♦♥ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✐❜✐r ❝❧❛s❡s✳ ❊s ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ t❡♠❛ ❞❡❧ ❞✐s❝✉rs♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♠✉② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡✱ ❤❛❝❡s t✉ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧♦ ❞❡✜❡♥✲ ❞❡s ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♦✱ ♦tr❛ ❣❡♥t❡ t❡ ♠❛❝❤❛❝❛ ② ❛q✉í t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✈❡♦ ♠✉❝❤♦ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦✱ ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ❛tr❡✈❡♥✱ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❡ ❤❛❜❧❛ t❛♥t♦ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❛s❛♠❜❧❡❛s ♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❛② t❛♥t❛s ❞✐♣✉t❛❞❛s✱ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ♥♦ ❤❛② t❛♥t❛s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❛s✳ ❍❛❜í❛ ✻✵ ✉♥ ❞❡❜❛t❡ ♠✉② ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❤❛❝❡ ✉♥♦s ❛ñ♦s q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r✐✈❛t✐✈♦ ❤❛❜í❛ ♠❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❙▲✱ ②♦ ❝r❡♦ ♠❛s ♦ ♠❡♥♦s✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❡ ✈✐st♦✱ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥♦③❝♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❙▲ ❡♠♣❡③❛r♦♥ ❛ ❧♦s ✶✻✴✶✼ ❛ñ♦s✱ q✉❡ t❡♥í❛♥ ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❛♥t❡s ❛ ❧♦s ✶✸✱ ❝♦♥ s✉s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s✱ ❡s ❡s❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ❛♣❛rt❤❡✐❞ ❡♥tr❡ ❧♦s ❝❤✐❝♦s ② ❧❛s ❝❤✐❝❛s✱ ❧♦s ❝❤✐❝❛s s❡ ✈❛♥ ② ❤❛❜❧❛♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❛❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝✐♥❡ ② ❧♦s ❝❤✐❝♦s ❤❛❜❧❛♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝♦❝❤❡s✱ ❧♦s q✉❡ ❧❡s ❣✉st❛♥ ❧♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s ❤❛❜❧❛♥ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡r♦ ❧♦s ❝❤✐❝♦s ❤❛❝❡♥ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s✱ ② ❧❛s ❝❤✐❝❛s ❡stá♥ ❛❧❧í ❝♦♥ ❝✐♥❡ ② ♣✐♥t❛ ❧❛❜✐♦s✱ s✐❡♥❞♦ ♠✉② ❝❛r✐❝❛t✉r❛❧ ② ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❡①❝❡♣❝✐♦♥❡s✳ ❊♥ ❡s❡ ❡♥t♦r♥♦✱ ②♦ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❢✉✐ ✈❛r♦♥❡r❛✱ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛❜❛ ♠❛s ❧❛ ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ② s✐❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❡s❡ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡r ✈❛r♦♥❡r❛ ❡s ❧♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♠❡t✐ó ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ② ❡❧ ❙▲ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❧❧❡❣❛r❛ ♠❛s t❛r❞❡ q✉❡ ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s ❞❡ ♠✐ ❣❡♥❡r❛❝✐ó♥✑ ✭❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❖✮ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ s✐ ❡s út✐❧ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ♠❛s ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♠❜♦s ❣é♥❡r♦s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❈■ ② ❧♦s ♦✜❝✐♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈✱ ❧❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡♥ ❡♥ q✉❡ s✐ ❧♦ ❡s ② ❞❡s❣❧♦s❛♥ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❢❛❝t♦r❡s ❡♥ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s ❤❛② q✉❡ ✐♥❝✐❞✐r ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❧♦✿ ✏ ❙❡❣✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ s✐✳ ◆♦s ✐♥t❡r❡s❛✱ ❡♥ t♦❞♦ ❡s ♠❡❥♦r q✉❡ ❤❛②❛ ✉♥ ❡q✉✐✲ ❧✐❜r✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❣é♥❡r♦s✳ ◆♦ sé s✐ ♠❡❥♦r❛rí❛ ❡❧ ❛rt❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r✱ ♠❛s ❢✉❡♥t❡s t✐❡♥❡s✱ ♠❛s ♣✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ t✐❡♥❡s✱ ② ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❞❡t❛❧❧❡s ② ❢♦r♠❛s ✈✐❡♥❡ ❜✐❡♥✱ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛r ❡♥tr❡ ❤❛❝❡r ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s rá♣✐❞♦ ② ❤❛❝❡r ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s ❜✐❡♥✱ ❡s ❜✉❡♥♦✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ❆q✉í✱ ❡♥ ❉❡❧♣❤ t❡♥❡♠♦s ♠ás ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡q✉✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❧♦ ❝✉❛❧ ❡s ❜✉❡♥♦✱ ♣♦r s✉♣✉❡st♦✱ ②♦ tr❛t♦ ❞❡ ❧❧❡✈❛r ❛ ♠ás ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ② ♥♦s ❞❛♠♦s ❝✉❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡♥✉❞♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡s ♠ás ❢á❝✐❧✱ ❤❛② ♠✉❝❤❛s r❛③♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦✳ ❍❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛❞♦ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦ ❝♦♥ tr❡s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦r❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ② ❡r❛ ✉♥❛ ❞❡❧✐❝✐❛✱ ❤❛❜í❛ ♠✉② ♣♦❝♦ ♣r♦❜✲ ❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡❣♦s✱ ② tr❛❜❛❥á❜❛♠♦s ❥✉♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧♦❣r❛r❧♦✳ ❬✳✳✳❪ P❛r❛ ❛tr❛❡r ❛ ♠ás ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉✐r ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ② ♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❝♦♥t❛r ❝♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛r ❬✳✳✳❪ ❆ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ ❛tr❛❡r ❛ ❧❛s ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s✱ t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r q✉❡ s❡ q✉❡❞❡♥✱ ② ❡❧ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ✳✳✳ ❜✉❡♥♦✱ ❛❧❣♦ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❬✳✳✳❪ ▲❛s ❝♦s❛s ♥❡r❞ ♥♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥ ♠✉② ❛tr❛❝t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♥❛ ❛♠♣❧✐❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♥✐ñ❛s✱ ♥♦ ❞✐❣♦ t♦❞❛s✳ ▲❛ s❡♥s❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❡❝❡r ❛ ✉♥ ❧✉❣❛r ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ♣♦rq✉é s❡♥t✐rs❡ ✧❖❤✱ ②♦ s♦② ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ② ❡s ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✑ ✱ ❡s ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ s❡♥s❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ t✉✈❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❛ñ♦s ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♠❡ ✉♥í ❛❧ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ❯♥✐①✳ P♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ ♥♦ ❡s só❧♦ ✉♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s t❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❝❡r❧♦s ♠ás ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡s✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜❧❡s ❛ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡s ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❤♦②✳ ❆sí q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❝ó♠♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❧❛ ❢♦r✲ ♠❛ ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r❧❛s ♠ás ✈✐s✐❜❧❡s ② q✉❡ s❡ s✐❡♥t❡♥ ♠ás ❡♥ ❝❛s❛✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❛② q✉❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛r ❛ ❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡s♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡r ♠ás ❛♠❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❡st✉✲ ❞✐❛♥t❡s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝r❡❛r ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♥t♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❛ñ♦✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s t✐❡♥❡♥ q✉❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r q✉❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡stá♥ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ❡s ✻✶ ❧♦ q✉❡ q✉✐❡r❡♥ ❤❛❝❡r✱ ② ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s t✐❡♥❡♥ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❜✐r ❛❧❣ú♥ ❛♣♦②♦✳ P❡r♦ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ❤❛② ✉♥❛ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ t❛♠❜✐é♥✔ ✭❋r❛♥❝❡s ❇r❛③✐❡r✮ ✧◆♦ t❡♥❣♦ q✉❡❥❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❡s ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ ❝✉❡st✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦✱ ♣❡r♦ s✐ ❡st♦② ✐♥✈♦❧✉❝r❛❞❛ ❡♥ ✈❛r✐❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ✭♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❡❧ ❣✐r❧ ❣❡❡❦ ❞✐♥♥❡r✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛tr❛❡r ❛ ♠ás ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛s ❚■❈ ❡♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✳ ❈r❡♦ q✉❡ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♣♦rq✉é ❛ ❧❛s ♥✐ñ❛s ❡♥ ❡❞❛❞ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ♥♦ s✐❡♠♣r❡ s❡ ❧❛s ❛♥✐♠❛ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡♥❞❡r ✉♥❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛ ❡♥ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠át✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ t❡♠❛ ✈á❧✐❞♦ q✉❡ ❡st✉❞✐❛r✳ ❆❞❡♠ás ❡s❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ✈❛rí❛ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣❛ís ❛ ♦tr♦✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♥ P♦❧♦♥✐❛ ❤❛② ♠✉❝❤♦ ♠ás ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❝❛rr❡r❛s ❞❡ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❡♥ ❍♦❧❛♥❞❛✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✳ ❊st♦ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❛ ❧❛ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s✉s ♣❛❞r❡s✱ ❞❡ s✉s ♠❛❞r❡s ② ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡♥ ❛ s✉ ❛❧r❡❞❡❞♦r✧ ✭▼❡❧❛♥✐❡ ❘✐❡❜❛❝❦✮ ✸✳✻✳ Pr❛❝t✐❝❛s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✲ ✈✐st❛❞❛s ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ♠♦str❛♠♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s s♦♥ ❧❛s ❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡✲ s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ②✴♦ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✳ Pr♦❢✉♥❞✐③❛r❡♠♦s ❡♥ s✉s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ✈✐❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥ s✉ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❛❜❛r❝❛♥ ✉♥ ❛♠♣❧✐♦ r❡♣❡rt♦r✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s❡s ② s❛✈♦✐r ❢❛✐r❡✱ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠✲ ❜✐é♥ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ s❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡❜❡r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ② ❢♦r♠❛rs❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ◆✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥ ❧❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♦❢r❡❝❡ ❧❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ② ❛♣♦rt❛♥ ♥✉❡✈♦s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦s ❛ ♠❡♥✉❞♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ♣r♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ♠ás ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❞♦s ② ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ♠ás ✐❣✉❛❧✐t❛r✐♦✳ P❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉②❡♥ ❛❧ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ♠ás ❜❛s❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ s✉s ✉s✉❛r✐❛s✱ s❡❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❧❛s ❞✐s✲ ❡ñ❛♥ ♣❛rt✐❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣r❡s✉♣✉❡st♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐✈❛ ♦ ❡❧ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✭✉s❡r ❝❡♥tr❡❞ ❞❡s✐❣♥✮✱ s❡❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❧❛s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r♦♥ ❝♦✲ ❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ② ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s✳ ❆❜♦r❞❛r❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❡s❛s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ✐♠♣❛❝t❛♥ ❡♥ s✉s ✈✐❞❛s✱ s❡❛ ❛ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❢ís✐❝♦✱ ♠❡♥t❛❧✱ s❡❛ ❛ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❞❡ s✉s ❡❧❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧❡s ② ✈í❛s ❞❡ s♦st❡♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞✳ ❈♦♥ ❡❧❧♦ ❡♥tr❡✈❡r❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❣❛♥❛♥ ❧❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉②❡♥ ❛ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s ❞❡ í♥❞♦❧❡ ✈♦❧✉♥✲ t❛r✐❛✱ ② ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛♥ ♣❛✉t❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦ r❡♠✉♥❡r❛❞♦s ② ♦tr❛s ❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ② ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✳ ❚♦❞♦ ❡❧❧♦ ♥♦s ❛❝❡r❝❛rá ❛ s✉ ✈✐s✐ó♥ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ♣♦♥✐❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ r❡❧✐❡✈❡ ❧❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞✱ ❧❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞✱ ❧❛ ❞❡s❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❧❛ ❝r❡❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥③❛ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ s♦❜❡r❛♥í❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❝✐✈✐❧✳ ❉❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ❜❛❝❦❜♦♥❡ ❡✉r♦♣❡♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ✏ ✭➽❡r❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s r❡♣❡r❝✉s✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ✐❜❛ ❛ t❡♥❡r s✉ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛❜❛ ❛②✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ ✻✷ ♣r✐♠❡r ❜❛❝❦❜♦♥❡ ❡♥ ❊✉r♦♣❛❄✮ P♦r s✉♣✉❡st♦ q✉❡ ♥♦✱ ❡s♦ ❡r❛ ❧❛ ❛♥❛r✲ q✉í❛✱ ♥♦❄ ❍✐❝✐♠♦s ❧♦ q✉❡ q✉❡rí❛♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r✱ ② s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❡♠♦s t❡♥✐❞♦ ♥♦r♠❛s ❛❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❡❧ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❤❛② ♣❡rs♦♥❛s q✉❡ ❞✐❝❡♥ ✓♥♦ ❤❛❜í❛ ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛ r❡❣❧❛ ❛❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❯s❡♥❡t✑ ✳ P❡r♦ ❡s♦ ♥♦ ❡s ✈❡r❞❛❞✳ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐✈❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❧❛s r❡❣❧❛s ❡①✐stí❛♥✱ ❜ás✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s✐ ✐♥✐❝✐❛s ✢❛♠❡s✱ t❡ ❡❝❤❛♠♦s ② ②❛ ♥♦ t❡♥í❛s ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❡①✐ó♥✱ s✐ t❡ ♣♦rt❛s ♠❛❧✱ ♥♦ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❞❡❥❛rt❡ ❡♥tr❛r ❞❡ ♥✉❡✈♦✳ ❍❛❜í❛ ✉♥ ♠♦♥tó♥ ❞❡ ❧✐st❛s ♥❡❣r❛s ② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❡♥ ❡s❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡s♣❡r❛♠♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐❝❡s ❡st♦ ❝♦rr❡❝t❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊①✐stí❛♥ ♥♦r♠❛s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❡❣✉❧❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❝♦♠♦ ✉s❛r ❯s❡♥❡t✱ ❧❛ r❡❞ q✉❡ t❡♥í❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡s❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✑ ✭❋r❛♥❝❡s ❇r❛③✐❡r✮ ❉❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛✉tó♥♦♠♦s ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ✏ ❊st❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ② ♥♦ ❡♥t✐❡♥❞❡s ♠✉② ❜✐❡♥ ❝ó♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♥ ② q✉❡ ❡stá♥ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥ t✉s ❞❛t♦s ② ♥♦ t❡ ❤❛s ❞❛❞♦ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛❧ ♣♦♥❡r ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ t✉②❛✱ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ s❛❜❡ ❛❤♦r❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡s t✉ ❝✉♠♣❧❡❛ñ♦s✳ ❬✳✳✳❪ ❍❛② q✉❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡st♦ ② ❛❧ ♠✐s♠♦ t✐❡♠♣♦ ♥♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ❡st♦✱ ♣♦r ❡❧❧♦ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ s❡r ❞✐s❡ñ❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝✉❝❤❛r ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡♥ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s✳ ❙✐ ❞❡❝✐❞❡s ❝♦♥✜❛r ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❡s♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❡❧ s✐s✲ t❡♠❛ ❞❡❜❡ ♣♦❞❡r ♠♦str❛rt❡ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛rt❡ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❝♦♥ t✉s ❞❛t♦s✳ ➽❊s♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦❜❛r s✐❡♠♣r❡❄✱ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❞❡❜❡ ❤❛❜❡r ❛❧❣ú♥ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s❡❣✉r❛rt❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ❤❛❝❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❞✐❥♦ q✉❡ ✐❜❛ ❛ ❤❛❝❡r✳ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ❨ ❧✉❡❣♦ ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛ ❡s✿ ➽♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛s✱ ❡❧ s♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♥♦s ❛②✉❞❡ ❛ ❞✐s❡ñ❛r ❡s♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❛❧ ♠❛♥❡r❛❄✳ ❊❧ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐✈♦ ❡s ♥❡❝❡s❛r✐♦✱ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♠♣r❡♥❞❡r ❧❛s ❢♦rt❛❧❡③❛s ② ❞❡❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣❛rt❡s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s✑ ✭❋r❛♥❝❡s ❇r❛③✐❡r✮ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ✏ ▼❡ ❣✉st❛ ❧❛ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ♣♦rq✉é ❡s ✉♥❛ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❝♦s❛✱ ②❛ q✉❡ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r t❡♠❛ q✉❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❡❝❡♥ ❛ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s✱ ♦ ❡♥ ❝✐❡rt❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❛ ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✱ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❛ ❧❛ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞✳ ❙✐ q✉✐❡r❡s ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r s♦❜r❡ s✐s✲ t❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦s ❡s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞✐❛r ❧❛s r❡❞❡s✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛❢í❛✱ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❧❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ❤❛r❞❝♦r❡✱ s✐❣✉❡ s✐❡♥❞♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡✱ ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ ❡s ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♠❡❥♦r❡s t❡♠❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❡s✲ ♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛rs❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❝♦s❛✧ ✭▼❡❧❛♥✐❡ ❘✐❡❜❛❝❦✮ ✏ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠❡♥❝é ♠✐ ❞♦❝t♦r❛❞♦ ♠❡ ♣❛sé ♠✉❝❤♦ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❡st✉❞✐❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ♣r♦t♦tí♣♦✱ ❡st✉❞✐❛♥❞♦ ❧♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♠ó✈✐❧❡s✱ ❧♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s✱ ❧♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡♠❜❡❜✐❞♦s✱ ② ❡❧ ❘❋■❉ ❡s s♦❧♦ ✉♥❛ t❡❝✲ ♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ♠❛s✱ s✉s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ② ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s t✐❡♥❡♥ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❡♥ ❝♦♠ú♥ ❝♦♥ ♦tr❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❧♦ ✈❡♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❛✐s❧❛❞❛✱ s✐ ♥♦ q✉❡ t❡♥❣♦ ✉♥❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣❝✐ó♥ ♠✉❝❤♦ ♠ás ❛♠♣❧✐❛ ❞❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡s ❧❛ ✻✸ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞✳ ❬✳✳✳❪ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♥ ♥✉❡✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ ❡♥ ♣r✐♠❡r ❧✉❣❛r✱ ❧❛ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛ t✐❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛rs❡ ❡♥ ❤❛❝❡r q✉❡ ❡s❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛ ❢✉♥✲ ❝✐♦♥❡✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ ❡♥ ❝ó♠♦ ❤❛❝❡r❧❛ ♠ás s❡❣✉r❛✳ ❘❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ❞❡❧ ❘❋■❉✱ ♠✉② ♣♦❝❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❡st❛❜❛♥ ✐♥✈♦❧✉❝r❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❡s❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✳ ❊s♦ ❤❛❝❡ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛rá ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧✲ ❧❛r ✉♥ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ♣✐♦♥❡r♦ ❡♥ ❡st❛ ár❡❛✳ ❯♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s ♣♦r ❧❛ ❝✉❛❧ s♦② ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞❛ ❡s q✉❡ ❢✉✐ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ❡♥ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ✉♥ ✈✐r✉s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ❡t✐q✉❡t❛s ❞❡ ❘❋■❉✑ ✭▼❡❧❛♥✐❛ ❘✐❡❜❛❝❦✮ ❙❡♠á♥t✐❝❛ ② r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ✏ ▼❡ ❣✉st❛ ❧❛ ✇❡❜ s❡♠á♥t✐❝❛ ② ❧♦ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♥ ❧✐♥❦❡❛r✲ ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✳ P❡r♦ ♠❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡①✲ ♣❧✐❝❛r ♣♦rq✉❡ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛✱ ❛❤♦r❛ ♠✐s♠♦ ❡s ♠❛s ✉♥❛ ✐♥t✉✐❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❛sí✳ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ② s❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✱ s❡ ✐♥t❡♥t❛ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ✈❡r q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ② r❡✉s❛r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦ s❡ ✉s❛♥ r❡♣♦s✐t♦r✐♦s✳ ❆❧❧í ❧❛ s❡♠á♥t✐❝❛ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛②✉❞❛r✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥✲ ❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♥ tr♦③♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❞❡ ❜✉❣ ♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❛②✉❞❛ ❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦tr♦s ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡♥ q✉❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♥ ❡❧ t✉②♦✳ ❉✐❣❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ ♣♦❞rí❛ ❡♥❧❛③❛r ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❤❛✲ ❝✐❡♥❞♦ ♦tr♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s s❡ ♣✉❡❞❛ ❞❡❞✉❝✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ♠❛s ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞❛✳ ❊st♦ ❛❤♦r❛ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❛ ♠❛♥♦✱ ♣❡r♦ s✐ ✈❛s ♣♦♥✐❡♥❞♦ ♠❡t❛✲ ❞❛t♦s ❡♥ ❧♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s✳✳✳ ❛ ✈❡r ❧❛ ✇❡❜ s❡♠á♥t✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✳ ❊♥ ❧❛ ✇❡❜ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ♣❛❣✐♥❛s ❡stá♥ ❡❝❤❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ✉♥ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❛ ❧❡❡r❧❛s ❢á❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡r♦ ❡st♦ ❛ ♥✐✈❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♠❛q✉✐♥❛s ❝✉❡st❛ ♠❛s✱ ♣❡r♦ s✐ ❧❡s ♠❡t❡s ♦tr♦s ❢♦r♠❛t♦s q✉❡ s♦♥ ♠❛s ❢á❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❝❡s❛❜❧❡s ♣♦r ❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✱ ❛❧❧í ♣✉❡❞❡ ❡♠♣❡③❛r ❛ ✐♥❢❡r✐r ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ♥✉❡✈♦✏ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❝♦♥ t❡♠❛ r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✳ P♦rq✉❡ ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ ❤❛② ♠✉❝❤❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s✱ ❣r✉♣♦s ② ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ✐♥t❡♥t❛♥ ❤❛❝❡r ✉♥ ♠✉♥✲ ❞♦ ♠❡❥♦r ♣❡r♦ ♠✉② ❛ ♠❡♥✉❞♦ ♥♦ s❛❜❡♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛ ♦tr❛ ❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ t✉✈✐❡r❛ ✉♥♦s ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s✱ ♦ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ✉♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦✱ ♦ ✉♥❛ ❤❡r✲ r❛♠✐❡♥t❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦ t✐❡♥❡ ❛ ❧♦ ♠❡❥♦r s✉ ♣❛❣✐♥❛ ✇❡❜✳✱ s✉ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❢❛❧t❛ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❡ ❡❧ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ❡s♦s ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s✳ ❆ ♠✐ ♠✐s♠♦ ♠❡ ❤❛ ♣❛s❛❞♦✱ ♥❡❝❡s✐tá❜❛♠♦s ♠♦♥✲ t❛r ♣❧❛❝❛s s♦❧❛r❡s ♣❡r♦ ❡❧ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡❛❦✐❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❡stá❜❛♠♦s✱ ♥❛❞✐❡ s❛❜✐❛ ❤❛❝❡r ❡s♦✳ ❨♦ s❛❜✐❛ q✉❡ ❤❛❜í❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣♦❝♦s ♣❛s♦s ❞❡ ♥♦s♦tr♦s q✉❡ s❛❜✐❛ ❤❛❝❡r❧♦ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ s❛❜✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥t❛❝t❛r ❝♦♥ ❡❧❧♦s✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛❝✐ó♥ r❡❞❡s ② s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ✏ ❙♦② ♠ás ♣✐♥❣ü✐♥♦✱ q✉❡ ●◆❯✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ t♦❝♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❡❧ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞í❛ ♠❡ ❡st♦② ✈♦❧✈✐❡♥❞♦ ♠ás ●◆❯✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❡♥❞♦ ♠❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ✻✹ ❞❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ t❡♥❣♦ ❛❤♦r❛ ❜❛❥♦ ♠✐ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ✷✺ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s✑ ✭❈❛♥✲ ❞❡❧❛✮ ✏ ▲♦ ❞❡ s②s❛❞♠✐♥ ❡♥ ❡❧ á♠❜✐t♦ ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ ❧♦ ❤❛❣♦ t❛♥t♦✱ ❧♦ ❤❛❣♦ ❡♥ á♠❜✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s✱ ♣♦r ❧❛ ❝❛r❛✳ ❊st♦② ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛♥❞♦ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✲ ✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ s♦② ❧❛ ú♥✐❝❛✱ ♠❡ ♦❝✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛r s❡r✈✐❞♦r ✇❡❜✱ ❞❡ ❛❜r✐r ✉♥❛ ♣❛❣✐♥❛ ♥✉❡✈❛✱ ❝r❡❛r ✉♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s✱ ✉♥❛ ❞✐r❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♦✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❛② ❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ s❛❜❡ ♠❛s q✉❡ ②♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ✜❧❡ s②st❡♠ ❤❛❝❡ ❢❛❧t❛✱ ❡st❛ ❡❞✐❝✐ó♥ ♦ ❡st❛ ♦tr❛ ❞❡❧ ♠②sq❧✱ s✐ ❡❧ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❜✉❣✱ ❡♥ ❡s❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♥♦ ♠❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣♦ ♠✉❝❤♦✳ ❊❧ t❡♠❛ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ♥♦ ❡s ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❣♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st♦② ♠✉❝❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ② ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡✱ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ r❡❝❛❞♦s✳ ❖tr❛ ❝♦s❛ q✉❡ ❤❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ tr❛❜❛❥❛❜❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛ ❡r❛ ❧♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ② r❡q✉❡r✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❞❡❧ ❡♥t♦r♥♦✱ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡s ❛❧❣♦ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r ② ❛ ♠✐ ♠❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡st✉✈❡ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡♥ ✈❛r✐♦s ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s✱ tr❛t❛♥✲ ❞♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥❡r ❛❧❧í ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❜í❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞ ✭s♦♥r✐s❛✮✏ ✭❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❖✮ ✏ P✐❡♥s❛ q✉❡ ❡st♦② tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ② ❡s ✉♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥ú♦ ❡st❛r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛♥❞♦ ❝♦s❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✱ s❡❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦♥t❛r ✉♥ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❝♦s❛s ♥✉❡✈❛s ② ❞❡❝✐r ✈♦② ❛ ✈❡r ❝ó♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✱ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛s ♠✉❝❤❛ ❝✉✲ r✐♦s✐❞❛❞ ② ❡s ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ t❡ ❧❧❡✈❛ s❡r ♠❛s ❝✉r✐♦s❛✑ ✭❇❧❛❝❦❤♦❧❞✮ ✏ ▼❛s ♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛ñ♦ ✷✵✵✵✱ ♠♦♥t❛♠♦s s✐♥❞♦♠✐♥✐♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❈❙❖❆ ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦ ✵✷✱ ✉♥ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ❛✉t♦❣❡st✐♦♥❛❞♦✱ ❡s♦ ❢✉❡ ❧❛ ❝❛ñ❛✱ ❡♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❧♦s s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❡♥ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ❡st❛❜❛♥ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♥ ❣r✉♣♦ r❡❞✉❝✐❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❝♦♥ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❛❧t♦s✱ ② ♥♦s♦tr♦s ❞✐❥✐♠♦s ✓❧♦ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❤❛❝❡r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✱ ✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❞❛r ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❛ q✉✐❡♥ q✉✐❡r❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛ ② ✈❛ ❛ s❡r ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛✲ ❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❛✉t♦✲❣❡st✐♦♥❛❞❛✱ ❧❛s ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥❡s s❡ t♦♠❛r❛♥ ♣♦r ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♦ ✔✳ ❊r❛ ✉♥❛ ❝♦s❛ ✐♥só❧✐t❛ t❛♠❜✐é♥✱ ❡st♦② ❤❛❜❧❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡ ✶✷ ❛ñ♦s✱ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❧❡ ❡s❝✉❝❤❡ ♣✐❡♥s❡ ❡♥ q✉❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠✐❡♥t♦s ② ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝♦s s❡ t❡♥í❛♥ ❡♥ ❡s❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❬✳✳✳❪ ◆✉❡str♦ ❡♥✲ ❢♦q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡r❛ ❞❡ ♦❢r❡❝❡r s❡r✈✐❝✐♦s✱ ❤❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ② t❡♥❡r ❛✉t♦♥♦♠í❛✱ s♦❜❡r❛♥í❛ ② ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛r ♠✉❝❤♦ ❧❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r✱ ♥♦ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞✱ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r ❝♦s❛s✱ ❝r❡❛r✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦ t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✉s❛r ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡ q✉❡ ❡s ❡❧ ú♥✐❝♦ q✉❡ ♥♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ② ❝r❡❛r ② t❡♥❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛❜r✐r ❧❛s ♣✉❡rt❛s ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❣❡st✐ó♥ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❞❛ ② ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ♥♦s ♣♦❞❛♠♦s ❡q✉✐✈♦❝❛r✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡❧ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡ ❡r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ② ♥♦ ♣♦❞í❛♠♦s r❡❧❡❣❛r ❡s♦ s♦❧♦ ❛ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❛❝❛❞é♠✐❝♦✱ ❡s♦ ♥♦ ♠♦❧❛✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ✏ ❈♦♥ ❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥ q✉✐❡♥ ❝♦❧❛❜♦rá❜❛♠♦s ❞❡❝✐❞✐♠♦s ❝r❡❛r ❡❧ ❤❛r❞♠❡❡t✲ ✐♥❣✱ ✉♥❛ ❢❡❝❤❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣♦♥❡r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❜í❛♠♦s ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦✱ ❧♦ ✻✺ ❛❜r✐♠♦s ❛ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦❣❡st✐ó♥ ② ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ✈✐♥♦ ② s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tró ❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛ ❡❧❡❝tró♥✐❝❛✱ r♦❜ót✐❝❛✱ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ② ♥♦s ❥✉♥t❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❧✐❜r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❘✐♠❛✐❛ ❉❡ ❛❧❧í s❛❧✐♦ ♠✉❝❤♦s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❡ ❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ s✐❣✉❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ❥✉♥t❛s✱ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r ♠❛s ❤❛r❞♠❡❡t✐♥❣s ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ✐♥✈✐❡r♥♦✱ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ r✉r❛❧ ② t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❡❧ ❛❣✉❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛♠♦s ❡♥ t❡♠❛s ❡♥❡r❣í❛s✱ ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r s♦❜❡r❛♥í❛ ❡♥❡r❣ét✐❝❛✱ ② ♥♦ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠í❛ ❡♥❡r❣ét✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡s♦ ❧♦ ♣♦❞❡✲ ♠♦s ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r✱ s✐ ♥♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡❝✐❞✐r q✉❡ ❡s ❧♦ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ② ❝♦♠♦ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r❧♦✑ ✭❊❧❧❡✢❛♥❡✮ Pr♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ♠✉❧t✐♠❡❞✐❛✱ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ♣❛❣✐♥❛s ② ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✇❡❜s ✏ ❉❡s❞❡ ❡❞✐t❛r s♦♥✐❞♦✱ t♦❝❛r ♣❤♣✱ ❤❛❝❡r ✈í❞❡♦✱ s♦② ♠✉② í♥t❡r✲❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❞✐❜✉❥♦✑ ✭❈❛♥❞❡❧❛✮ ✏ ❨♦ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❝♦♥ r✉❜②♦♥r❛✐❧s✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ♣❛❣✐♥❛s ✇❡❜s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞✐♥á♠✐✲ ❝♦✱ sq❧ s❡r✈❡r✱ ❡❧ ♣❤♣ ② ♠②sq❧ ② ❛❥❛①✳ ❊♠♣❡❝é ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛♥❞♦ ❆♣♣❧❡① ♣❛r❛ ❛❢t❡r ❡✛❡❝ts✱ ♣❤♦t♦s❤♦♣✱ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✳ ❊st♦ ❡s ❞✐✈❡rs✐ó♥✳ ❚❛♠✲ ❜✐é♥ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛ ♠❡③❝❧❛r s♦♥✐❞♦ ② tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❡♥ ✐❧✉str❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ✇❡❜✑ ✭▲✐❧✐❛ ❱✐❧❧❛❢✉❡rt❡✮ ❉❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐ó♥ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✏ ▲❛ ❝❛r❛✈❛♥❛ ❤❛❝❦t✐✈✐st❛ ❢✉❡ ♠✉② ❞✐✈❡rt✐❞♦✱ ♥♦s ❧♦ ♣❛s❛♠♦s ♠✉② ❜✐✲ ❡♥✱ r❡❝♦r❞❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ q✉✐❡♥ ❤❡♠♦s ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✈✐❞❛ ② ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❡sté♥ ♠✉❡rt♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡❧ t❡❛tr♦ ❞❡ ❢❡❞❡r✐❝♦ ❣❛r✲ ❝✐❛ ❧♦r❝❛ q✉❡ ✐❜❛ ♣♦r ❧♦s ♣✉❡❜❧♦s✱ ♥♦s♦tr♦s q✉❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥ s♦♠♦s ✉♥♦s ✉tó♣✐❝♦s✱ ♥♦ ♥♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛ ♣r♦❜❛r ② ❡q✉✐✈♦❝❛r♥♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡♥t❛r❧♦✳ ▼♦♥✲ t❛♠♦s ✉♥❛ ❡s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❡❜✐❛♥ ♣❛r❛ ❧❧❡❣❛r ❡❧ ❤❛❝❦♠❡❡t✐♥❣✱ q✉❡ ❡s ✉♥ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr♦ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❡st♦② ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❤❛❝❡ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❛ñ♦s✳ ❋✉✐♠♦s ♣♦r ❧♦s ♣✉❡❜❧♦s ✐♥t❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❛r✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s ② ❡♥s❡ñ❛r ❞❡ ▲✐♥✉①✳ ❚✉✈✐♠♦s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s ♠✉② ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s✱ ❡st✉✈✐♠♦s ❡♥ ♣✉❡❜❧♦s ♣❡r❞✐❞♦s✱ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❡s❝✉❡❧❛ ❧✐❜❡rt❛r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♥✐ñ♦s✱ ❡♥ ❈❡♥tr♦s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ♦❦✉♣❛❞♦s ❞❡ s❡✈✐❧❧❛✱ ❢✉❡ ♠✉② ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝❡❞♦r✱ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♠♦s ✉♥ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦❣❡st✐ó♥ ② ❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ s♦❧♦ ♥♦s ❤✐❝✐❡r♦♥ ❢❛❧t❛ ✺✵ ❡✉r♦s q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠í ❡s ✉♥ ❣r❛♥ r❡t♦ ♣♦r ❤❛❜❡r ❡st❛❞♦ t♦❞♦ ✉♥ ♠❡s r♦❞❛♥❞♦✱ ❝❛r❛✈❛♥❛✱ ❤❛❝❦♠❡❡t✐♥❣✱ ❛✉t♦❜✉s❡s✱ ❝❛r❣❛❞♦s✱ ❢✉❡ ✐♥❝r❡í❜❧❡✧ ✭❈❛♥❞❡❧❛✮ ✏ ❍❛❝❡ tr❡s ❛ñ♦s q✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ♠♦♥t❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛s ❥♦r♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐✲ ❝❛ ❛❧ ❛✐r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ❡❧ ❙✉♠♠❡r ❈❛♠♣ ●❛rr♦t①❛✱ ❧❛ ✐❞❡❛ s❛❧✐ó ❞❡ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❥♦r♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ s✐❡♠♣r❡ s♦♥ ❡♥ ❧✉❣❛r❡s ❝❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ② ❧♦s ❤❛❝❦♠❡❡t✐♥❣ s♦♥ ❡♥ ✐♥✈✐❡r♥♦ ② ❤❛❝❡ ❢rí♦ ❬✳✳✳❪ ▲❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❡r❛ ❤❛❝❡r ✉♥❛s ❥♦r♥❛❞❛s t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❞á❝t✐❝❛s✱ s❛❧✐r ❞❡ ❛❧❧í ② ♣❡♥s❛r q✉❡ ❤❛s ❛♣r❡♥✲ ❞✐❞♦ ❛❧❣♦✑ ✭❇❧❛❝❦❤♦❧❞✮ ✻✻ ✸✳✻✳✶✳ ❆✉t♦✲❡✈❛❧✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ s✉s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛s ❯♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♥♦s ❤❛ ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦ ❧❛ ❛t❡♥❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s t✐❡♥❞❡♥ ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r s✉s ❧♦❣r♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❙✉❡❧❡♥ s❡r ♠✉② ♠♦❞❡st❛s ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥ s✉s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s✿ ✏ ✭❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❛❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❜❡r s✐❞♦ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦✲ r❛ ❞❡ ✉♥ ✈✐r✉s ♣❛r❛ ❘❋■❉✮ ❡♥ r❡tr♦s♣❡❝t✐✈❛✱ ❢✉❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦s❛ ♠✉② ♦❜✈✐❛ ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r✱ ♥♦ ❢✉❡ t❛♥ ♣♦❝♦ t❛♥ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✱ ❞✐❣❛♠♦s q✉❡ ②♦ ❡st❛❜❛ ❛❧❧í ❡♥ ❡❧ ❧✉❣❛r ❝♦rr❡❝t♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞♦✱ ② ♠❡ ❞✐ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❡♥ ❡s❡ ♠♦✲ ♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♥❛❞✐❡ ❧♦ ❤❛❜í❛ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❛♥t❡s ② q✉❡ ❡r❛ ✉♥❛ ♠✉② ❜✉❡♥❛ ✐❞❡❛✱ s✐♥ ❞✉❞❛✱ s✐ ②♦ ♥♦ ❧♦ ❤✉❜✐❡s❡ ❤❡❝❤♦✱ ❧♦ ❤❛❜rí❛ ❤❡❝❤♦ ♦tr❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✑ ✭▼❡❧❛♥✐❛ ❘✐❡❜❛❝❦✮ ✏ ❙✐ t✉✈✐❡r❛ q✉❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r ❛❧❣♦✱ ② ♥♦ ♣♦r ♠✐ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✱ q✉❡ ❢✉❡ ♣❡q✉❡ñ❛ ♦ ♥✉❧❛✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛rí❛ ❤❛❜❡r ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐❞♦ ❛❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❞♦✲ ♠✐♥✐♦✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ✏ ◆♦ ❤❛❣♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❤❛❣♦ ♠✐❝r♦✲♣r♦②❡❝t♦s✱ ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ❝♦s✐t❛✱ ♣♦♥❡r ✉♥❛ ❡t✐q✉❡t❛ ❍❚▼▲ ② q✉❡ q✉❡❞❡ ❡♥ s✉ ❧✉❣❛r t✐❡♥❡ s✉ ❝♦s❛✱ ✐♥st❛❧❛r ✉♥ ❞r✐✈❡r✱ ♥♦ ❡s t❛♥t♦ ✉♥ ❣r❛♥ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦✱ ♥♦ ♠❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛ q✉❡ s❡❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡✱ ♣❡q✉❡ñ♦✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ t❡ ❞✐❣♦ ♥♦ ♠❡ ✈❡♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❜✉❡♥❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❤❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❛♣♦rt❛❝✐♦♥❡s✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ✏ ❚❡♥❣♦ ❧❛ ❞❡s✈❡♥t❛❥❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ s♦② sú♣❡r ❜✉❡♥❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝♦s❛ ♣❡r♦ t❡♥❣♦ ✈✐s✐ó♥ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✑ ✭❈❛♥❞❡❧❛✮ ✸✳✻✳✷✳ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♠♦ t♦❞❛s ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s t✐❡♥❞❡♥ ❛ r❡s❛❧t❛r ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❧❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡ s✉ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❝♦✲ ♠♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s✳ ❊s♦ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❡♥ ♣❛rt❡ ❛❧ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ♣♦r ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ✉♥ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡♥ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ② rá♣✐❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ q✉é r❡q✉✐❡r❡ ❡st❛r ❛❧ t❛♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ♦❝✉rr❡ ② s❛❜❡r ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r t✉s ♣r♦♣✐♦s ❝❛♥❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ r❡s❛❧t❛♥ ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ s✉❡❧❡♥ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ♠❛s ❛♠♣❧✐♦s ❡♥ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s s❡ ❞❛ ❡❧ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❡❧ tr❛s✈❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❞❡❧❡❣❛❝✐ó♥ ②❛ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛ ❡♥ ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❧❡ ❞❛ ♠❡❥♦r ✭s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞✱ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③✱ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ✉s✉❛r✐❛s✱ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❡t❝✮✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥✲ ✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❛✉t♦✲❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥ s❡ ❞❛ ♣♦r ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❝♦♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ❞♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛✱ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ② ❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♥ ❝♦♠✉✲ ♥✐❞❛❞❡s✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧♦ s❡ ✉s❛♥ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ❝♦♠♦ r❡♣♦s✐t♦r✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r r❡✲✉s❛r ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ②✴♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ♠❡❥♦r❛r❧♦ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r❧♦✳ P♦r t♦❞♦ ❡❧❧♦✱ ❧❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ② r❡s✉❧t❛ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♠♦ ✈❛r✐❛s ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s r❡s❛❧t❛♥ ❧❛s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛r ❞❡♥tr♦ ♦ ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❛✳ ✻✼ ✏ ✭r❡✜r✐é♥❞♦s❡ ❛❧ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣✮ ❙✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❛❧❣♦ ♣♦r ❧♦ q✉❡ q✉❡ ❤❡ t❡♥✐❞♦ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞✱ ❡♥tr❛r ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ♦tr❛ ❣❡♥t❡✱ ♣❡r♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡s ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ t❡ ♠❡t❡ ❡♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ② q✉❡ ②♦ s♦② ✉♥❛ ❝❤✐❝❛ ❜✉❡♥❛✱ ❡s❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡s ❧❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♠❛♥t❡♥í❛ ❛❧❡❥❛❞❛ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡r❛ ♠ás ❥♦✈❡♥✳ ▲✉❡❣♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠♣❡❝é ♠✐ ♠❛❡strí❛✱ ♠❡ ❞✐ ❝✉❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞í❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐✈❛✱ q✉❡ ❢✉❡s❡ ❧❡❣❛❧✱ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ q✉❡ ②♦ ♣✉❞✐❡s❡ ❛②✉❞❛r ❛ ♦tr❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ② ♥♦ ❤❡r✐r❧❛s✱ ② ❡s♦ ❢✉❡ ❧❛ ❡①❝✉s❛ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛❜❛✱ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛❞❡♠ás s❡ ♠❡ ♣r❡♠✐❛❜❛ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ t✐t✉❧♦ ❛❝❛❞é♠✐❝♦✑ ✭▼❡❧❛♥✐❡ ❘✐❡❜❛❝❦✮ ✏ ▲❛ s❡♠á♥t✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❡st❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝❛❧❧❡✱ ❧❛ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛♥ ♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✱ ❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r ✉♥ ❞♦❝t♦r❛❞♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❡s❝✉❜rí ❧♦ q✉❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❜❛ ♣❡r❞í ❡❧ ✐♥✲ t❡rés✱ ❤❛② q✉❡ ❡s❝r✐❜✐r ♠✉❝❤♦ ❡♥ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ② ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛r ❜❛❥♦ t✉ ♥♦♠❜r❡ ❡♥ ♠✉❝❤❛s r❡✈✐st❛s✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ❆♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r✱ ♠❡ ♣♦♥❣♦ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛②✳ ❆ ✈❡❝❡s✱ ❡s♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ♣❛s♦ ♠❛s t✐❡♠♣♦ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛♥❞♦ ② ❝✉❛♥✲ ❞♦ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❛s ❝♦s❛s t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ ♠✐r❛r❧❛s✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r❧❛s ② ✈❡r ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❡♥❝❛❥❛r✳ ❚❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♠♦♥tó♥ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥♦s ❛❜✐❡rt♦s ② ❞❡ ♣♦s✐✲ ❜❧❡s ♠❛♥❡r❛s ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r❧♦✱ ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r❧♦s✱ ❡♥ q✉❡ ♣✉♥t♦ ❝✐❢r❛s ♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝r❡❛s r❡❣❧❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡✲ s♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♥ ❛s❡❣✉r❛r ✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ② ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ❆✉t♦❞✐❞❛❝t❛ s✐❡♠♣r❡ t❡♥❣♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛r ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛r✱ ② ❛❤♦r❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡❧ ✉❧t✐♠♦ ❛ñ♦ ❡st❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐✲ t❛t ▲❧✐✉r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❘✐♠❛✐❛✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣í❛s ② ❝♦❣❡♠♦s ❧❛s ♣❛t❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❤❛♥ s✐❞♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❚❡s❧❛ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ◆♦s♦tr❛s ❡st✉❞✐✲ ❛♠♦s ② ♥♦s r❡♣❧❛♥t❡❛♠♦s ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s✱ ♥♦ ♣♦❞rí❛ s❡r ❞❡ ♦tr❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛✑ ✭❊❧❧❡✢❛♥❡✮ ✸✳✼✳ ■♠♣❛❝t♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ② ❧❛ ♠❡♥t❡ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❡st❛s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ✈❛r✐❛s ❝♦♥ ❚■❈✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❡♠♦s ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ ❝✉á❧❡s s♦♥ s✉s ✐♠♣❛❝t♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦✱ s❛❧✉❞✱ ♠❡♥t❡ ② s♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✳ ▲❛ ❡①♣❡✲ r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛ ② ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❡st❛❞íst✐❝♦s ❛♣✉♥t❛♥ ❤❛❝✐❛ ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ sí♥t♦♠❛s ❢ís✐❝♦s ② ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡❧ ✉s♦ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐ó♥✳ ▲❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞ ② ❡✜❝✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠í❛ ② s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡♥ ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❧♦s ❧í♠✐t❡s ② ❧❛s ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡❧ ❝✉❡r♣♦ ♦r❣á♥✐❝♦✳ ❋r❛♥❝♦ ❇❡r❛r❞✐ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛ ❞❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❡♥ s✉ ❧✐❜r♦ ✏ ▲❛ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢❡❧✐❝✐❞❛❞✑ ✶✷ ❧❛s ♥✉❡✈❛s ♣❛t♦❧♦❣í❛s ❞❡❧ s✉❥❡t♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ② ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛s ❛❢❡❝t❛♥ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛♥ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ♥✉❡✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ② ❧❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ✶✸ ✳ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ t♦❞♦ ❡❧❧♦✱ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s s✉❡❧❡♥ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ♣❛✉t❛s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ s❛❧✉❞❛❜❧❡s ② ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛♥ ❡❧ s❛❜❡r ❞❡s❝♦♥❡❝t❛rs❡ ② ❞♦r♠✐r s✉s ❤♦r❛s✳ ❊♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❡s♦ s❡ ❞❡❜❡ ❛ ❧❛ ❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♦tr❛s ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ❞❡❜❡♥ ✶✷ ❇❡r❛r❞✐✳✱ ❇✳✱ ✏ ▲❛ ❢á❜r✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢❡❧✐❝✐❞❛❞✑ ✱ ❡❞ ❚r❛✜❝❛♥t❡s ❞❡ s✉❡ñ♦✱ ✷✵✵✸ ✶✸ ❈♦❞✐ ▲❡❧❛✿ ❛❝❝és✱ ✉s♦s ✐ ♣rà❝t✐q✉❡s ❞❡ ❧❡s ❞♦♥❡s ❛♠❜ ❧❡s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✳ ✷✵✵✾ ✻✽ s❡r ❛t❡♥❞✐❞❛s ✭❢❛♠✐❧✐❛✱ ❤✐❥♦s✱ ♦tr♦s ✐♥t❡r❡s❡s✮✳ ◆✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❝❛❡♥ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣♦ ❞❡❧ ✏ ♥❡r❞✑ ❝♦♠✐❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠✐❞❛ ❜❛s✉r❛✱ tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ t♦❞❛ ❧❛ ♥♦❝❤❡ ♦ ✹✽ ❤♦r❛s s❡❣✉✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s❛❝❛r s✉ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳ ✏ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛r ❡s ❛❜s♦r❜❡♥t❡ ♣♦rq✉é s❡ ❜❛s❛ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ r❡tr♦❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ❙✐ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ② ❤❛s ❝♦♠❡t✐❞♦ ✉♥♦ ❡rr♦r ② s✐❣✉❡ s✐♥ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r✱ ➽q✉é ❤❛s ❤❡❝❤♦ ♠❛❧ ② ❝ó♠♦ ♣✉❡❞❡s ❤❛❝❡r ❧♦ ❝♦rr❡❝t♦❄✱ s✐ ❡r❡s ❧❛ q✉❡ ❡stá ❡s❝r✐❜✐❡♥❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛r ♠✉② ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❞❡❥❛r❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♥ t✐❡♠♣♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❛ ✈❡❝❡s t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ ♣❛r❛r ♣♦rq✉❡ t✐❡♥❡s ♦tr❛ ✈✐❞❛ t❛♠❜✐é♥✑ ✭❋r❛♥❝❡s ❇r❛③✐❡r✮ ✏ ❙✐ sé q✉❡ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ♦ ❧❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t❡ ✈❛ ❛ ❛❜s♦r❜❡r ❡♥ s✉s ❡♥❣r❛♥❛❥❡s✱ ❝♦s❛ q✉❡ ❤❛rá✱ ❡st♦② ♠ás ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛❞❛ ❛ t❡♥❡r❧♦ ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛✱ ✏ ❜✐❡♥ ✈❛ ❛ t♦♠❛r ❡❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✑ ✱ ✈♦② ❛ ♣r♦❜❛r❧♦ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ❧❧❡❣❛ ✉♥ ♣✉♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❝❤❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ② ❜✉❡♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s t❛♠❜✐é♥✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛rt❡ ♣♦r ♦tr❛s s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡s ❝♦♥ t✉ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛ ♦ ❡♥ t✉ ❝❛s❛✳ ▲❧❡❣❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♥ ❝✐❡rt♦ ♣✉♥t♦ t❡♥❣♦ q✉❡ ❞❡❥❛r❧♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡❧ t❡♠❛ s✐❣✉❡ ❛❧❧í tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ❡♥ t✉ ❝❡r❡❜r♦✱ ❤❛❝❡s ♦tr❛s ❝♦s❛s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r ② ❧✉❡❣♦ ✈✉❡❧✈❡s ❛❧ t❡♠❛✱ ② ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ ❡s❛ ❡s ✉♥❛ ♠❡❥♦r ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s✑ ✭❋r❛♥❝❡s ❇r❛③✐❡r✮ ✏ ❈♦♠♦ ❡st❛s ❡♥ ❧♦s ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ✈❛s ❝❤❛r❧❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ② ❧❡s ❡♥s❡ñ❛s ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛s ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦ ② ❡s ✉♥ ♥♦ ♣❛r❛r✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠♣✐❡③❛s ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❞r♦❣❛✱ ❡s ❛❞✐❝t✐✈♦✳ ◆♦ ❤❛② q✉❡ ♣✐❧❧❛r ❧❛ s♦❜r❡❞♦s✐s✱ ❛ ♠✐ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♠❡ ♣❛s❛✱ ❞✐❣♦ ❛❧❧í ♦s ❞❡❥♦ ② ✈✉❡❧✈♦ ✉♥ ♣❛r ❞❡ s❡♠❛♥❛s ♠❛s t❛r❞❡✑ ✭❇❧❛❝❦❤♦❧❞✮ ✏ ❆ ♣❡s❛r ❞❡ q✉❡ s♦② ♠✉② ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❛❧ ❡st❛r t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ❞í❛ ❞❡❧❛♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r t❡♥❣♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r ❞❡♣♦rt❡✱ ♣♦r ♠✐ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ♥♦ ❧♦ ❡st♦② ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦✳ ❚❡ ❞✉❡❧❡ ❡❧ ❝✉❡❧❧♦✱ ❡❧ ❝✉❧♦✳✳✳ t❡♠❛ ❞♦r♠✐r✱ tr❛t♦ ❞❡ ❧❧❡✈❛r ✉♥ ❤♦r❛r✐♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❞❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ s✉❡ñ♦ s✐ ♥♦ ❧♦ ❤❛❣♦✱ ❡s ✉♥ ❤♦rr♦r✱ s❛❧✈♦ ❡①❝❡♣❝✐♦♥❡s ♣♦rq✉❡ ❤❛②❛ ♠✉❝❤❛ ♣r❡s✐ó♥✱ ❞✉❡r♠♦ ♠✐s ✽ ❤♦r❛s✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ▲♦s s❡r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❡♠♦s s✐ t♦❞♦s ❢✉ér❛♠♦s ❤❛❝✐❛ ❞♦♥❞❡ ✈♦②✱ ♥♦ t❡♥❞rí❛♠♦s ♣✐❡r♥❛s t❡♥❞rí❛♠♦s ♠✉ñ♦♥❝✐t♦s✱ s❡r✐❛♠♦s ♠✉② ❞❡❧❣❛❞❛s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡st❛♠♦s ❡♥ ✉♥ ❡s♣❛❝✐♦ ❝❡rr❛❞♦ ② ♥♦ ✈❡♠♦s ❡❧ s♦❧ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❧♦s ♦❥♦s r❛❞✐❛♥❞♦ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ r❛t♦✱ s❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❢❡❝t❛♥ ❧♦s ♦❥♦s ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ ♣❛r♣❛❞❡♦✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♠✉❡✈♦ ❧♦s ❞❡❞♦s✱ s❡ ♠❡ ♣♦♥❡♥ ❝✉r✈♦s✳ ▼❡ ♠♦❧❡st❛ ❧❛ ❡s♣❛❧❞❛ ② ♣♦r ❡s♦ ✈♦② ❛❧ ❣✐♠♥❛s✐♦ ❛❤♦r❛✱ ❤❛❣♦ ❞❡♣♦rt❡✑ ✭▲✐❧✐❛ ❱✐❧❧❛❢✉❡rt❡✮ ✏ ❘❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✉❡r♠♦ ♣♦❝♦ ② ❡st♦② ♠✉❝❤♦ ❡♥ ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦✱ ♠❡ ❝✉✐❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s✱ s✐ ♥♦ ❡st❛s ❜✐❡♥ ❢ís✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❧♦ ❡st❛s ♠❡♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❛❣♦ ❡❥❡r❝✐❝✐♦s ♣♦r ❧❛ ♠❛ñ❛♥❛✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ sé q✉❡ ❡s❡ ❞í❛ ✈♦② ❛ ❡st❛r ❝❛r❣❛♥❞♦ ♣✐❡③❛s ♦ ♠♦t♦r❡s✱ ❜❡❜♦ ♠✉❝❤❛ ❛❣✉❛✱ ♣✉❡❞♦ ❞♦r♠✐r ♣♦❝♦ s✐ s✐❣♦ ❝♦♠✐❡♥❞♦ ♠✉❝❤♦✑ ✭❊❧❧❡✢❛♥❡✮ ✏ ❯♥♦ ♣♦♥❡ ❧♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥✐❞♦s q✉❡ q✉✐❡r❡ ❡♥ s✉ ♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡r♦ ✉♥❛ ♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ s❛❜❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r✱ ❡s ♠❡❥♦r✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛ ✻✾ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ✈❡s ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s ② t❡ ❡str❡s❛s ♠❡♥♦s✳ ❊str✉❝t✉r❛r ❧❛s ❝♦♥❡①✐♦♥❡s ② ♣♦❞❡r ✈❡r ❧❛s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ t❡ ❤❛❝❡ s❡r ♠❛s ❢❡❧✐③✑ ✭❊❧❧❡✢❛♥❡✮ ✸✳✽✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ s♦st❡♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ s♦st❡♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛s q✉❡ ❡stá♥ ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❛✱ ✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ s✉❡❧❡♥ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ✏ ♠✉❧t✐tr❛❜❛❥♦s✑ ✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ s✉❡❧❡♥ s❡r ♣r❡❝❛r✐♦s ❡♥ ❝✉❛♥✲ t♦ ❛ s✉ ❞✉r❛❝✐ó♥ ② r❡tr✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✳ ❆❧❣✉♥❛s ❤❛♥ t❡♥✐❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ♠❛❧❛s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♥ ❛❧❣✉♥❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♥ ❚■❈ ♣❡r♦ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ♦tr❛s s✉❜r❛②❛♥ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ s❡r ♠✉❥❡r ❧❡s ❤❛ ❜r✐♥❞❛♥❞♦ ♠❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❞❡s✈❡♥t❛❥❛s✳ ❊♥ r❡❣❧❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ s♦♥ ♣♦❝♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐st❛s ② ❡①♣❡rt❛s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ r❡❝✐❝❧❛❥❡ ② ❡❧ ❛rr❡❣❧♦✳ Pr❡✜❡r❡♥ r❡s❡r✈❛r s✉ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❧✐❜r❡ ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❡♥ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❡s ♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ❧❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❡♥ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡♣t❛r ✉♥ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ♣♦❝♦ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡ ②✴♦ ♠❛❧ r❡♠✉♥❡r❛❞♦✳ ❨ ❡♥ r❡❣❧❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥ s✉ ❜úsq✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞✱ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠í❛ ② s♦❜❡r❛♥í❛ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛✉t♦✲❣❡st✐ó♥✱ ②✴♦ tr❛❜❛❥♦s r❡♠✉♥❡r❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❡s❝❧❛✈✐③❛❞♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❧❛s✱ ❧♦s ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s ❛ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉②❡♥✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❡♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✳ ✏ ❊♥✈í♦ ❞✐♥❡r♦ ❛ P❡rú✱ ❛ ♠✐ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♣✉❡❞♦ ② t❡♥❣♦✳ P❡r♦ ❛ ♥✐✈❡❧ ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝♦ ❤❡ t♦♠❛❞♦ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥❡s ❞rást✐❝❛s✱ ♣r❡✜❡r♦ t❡♥❡r ♠❡♥♦s ❞✐♥❡r♦ ② ♠❛s t✐❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐♦ ♣❧❛③♦ ♠❡ ❞❡♥ ♠❛s ❞✐♥❡r♦ s✐♥♦ s✐❡♠♣r❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♥ s✉❡❧❞♦ q✉❡ s✉❡❧❡ s❡r ❞❡ ✻✵✵ ✕ ✽✵✵ ❡✉r♦s✳ Pr❡✜❡r♦ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❡♥ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐♦ ♣❧❛③♦ ♠❡ ❞❡♥ ✉♥ s✉❡❧❞♦ ❞✐❣♥♦✑ ✭▲✐❧✐❛ ❱✐❧❧❛❢✉❡rt❡✮ ✏ ❆q✉í ❡st❛♠♦s tr❛t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❧❡✈❛r ✉♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❧♦ ♠❛s ❛♥t✐✲❝♦♥s✉♠✐st❛ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡✱ ❡s♦ ♠❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛r♠❡ ♠❡♥♦s ♣♦r ❡❧ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠✐s ✐♥❣r❡✲ s♦s ② ♠❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❤♦r❛ s♦❧♦ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❡♥ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s q✉❡ ♠❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥ ✉♥ ♠♦♥tó♥✳ ▼❡ ♣✉❡❞♦ ❞❛r ❡s❡ ❧✉❥♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❤❛② ✉♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞ q✉❡ ♠❡ s♦st✐❡♥❡✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ✈❛ ❛ ❞❛r ✉♥❛ ❝❛s❛✱ q✉❡ ✈❛ ❛ ✈❡♥✐r ❝♦♥♠✐❣♦ ❛ r❡❝✐❝❧❛r ❝♦♠✐❞❛ ♦ s✐ ❤❛② ✉♥ tr❛❜❛❥✐t♦ ♠❡ ✈❛♥ ❛ ❛✈✐s❛r✳ ▼❡ ❞♦② ❝✉❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❡st♦② ✈♦❧✈✐❡♥❞♦ ♠✉② t✐q✉✐s♠✐q✉✐s✱ ② ♠❡ ❝✉❡st❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛r♠❡ s✐ ❡s ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ♠❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛✳ ❊st♦② ❛❝♦st✉♠❜r❛❞❛ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❛ tr❛✲ ❜❛❥❛r ♦✛✲s✐t❡ ② ❝✉❛♥❞♦ t❡♥❣♦ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ♦✜❝✐♥❛ ♠❡ ✈✉❡❧✈♦ ❧♦❝❛✱ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞♦ ❢✉♠❛r✱ t❡♥❣♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛r t❡♠♣r❛♥♦ ② ❥✉st♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♠❡ ❡st♦② ♣♦♥✐❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ t❡♠❛✱ ♠❡ t❡♥❣♦ q✉❡ ✐r ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ❖tr❛s ✈❡❝❡s ♠❡ ♣❛s❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr♦ ♥❛❞❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s❡ ② s✐❣♦ tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥❝✐ó♥ ② ❝♦s❛s ❞❡ s②s❛❞♠✐♥ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ s✐❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❡sté ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ♥❛❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✑ ✭❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❖✮ ✸✳✽✳✶✳ ❙♦st❡♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ② ❣é♥❡r♦ ✧❈r❡♦ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♥❛ ❣r❛♥ ❝❛♥t✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♠✉✲ ❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s ② ❧❛ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡s ♠✉❝❤♦ ♠ás ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ❧❧❛♠❛r ❧❛ ❛t❡♥❝✐ó♥✱ ❡r❡s ♠ás ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ r❡❝♦r❞❛r✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ✼✵ ♥♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❡sté ❡♥ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❝✐ó♥ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ✧ ✭▼❡❧❛♥✐❡ ❘✐❡❜❛❝❦✮ ✏ ▼✉❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s tr❛❜❛❥♦s q✉❡ ❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ❧♦s ❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ♣♦r s❡r ✉♥❛ ❝❤✐❝❛✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡st❛❜❛♥ t♦❞♦s ❝♦♥ ❡❧ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛r✐❞❛❞ ② t❛❧✱ ② s✐ ❤❛② ✉♥❛ ❝❤✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r ❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ♠❡❥♦r✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ s✐❡♠♣r❡ s♦♥ t♦❞♦ tí♦s ② ❝✉❛♥t❛s ♠❛s ❝❤✐❝❛s ♠❡❥♦r✑ ✭❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❖✮ ✏ ❈r❡♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❙▲ ② ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ ✈❡♥❞❡rt❡ ❜✐❡♥ ♣❛r❛ s❛❝❛r ❛❧❣♦ ❞❡ ♣❛st❛✱ ❞❡s♣✉és ❞❡ t❡♥❡r ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❝♦s❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛s✱ ❡♠♣✐❡③❛♥ ❛ ❧❧❡❣❛rt❡ ❧♦s tr❛❜❛❥✐t♦s ♣❡r♦ ❤❛② q✉❡ s❛❜❡rs❡ ✈❡♥❞❡r ② ❝♦❜r❛r s♦❜r❡ t♦❞♦✱ ❡s❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❡s ♠❛s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳ ❉❡ t♦❞❛s ♠❛♥❡r❛s ❡♥ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❡❧ ❣♦❜✐❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ♥♦ sé q✉❡✱ q✉❡ ❡st❛ tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❙▲✳ ❊♥ ❡s♦s ❡♥t♦r♥♦s ♠✉❝❤❛s ✈❡❝❡s s✐ ❞✐❝❡s q✉❡ ❡r❡s ✉♥❛ ♠✉❥❡r ❡s ✉♥❛ ✈❡♥t❛❥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦✱ ❧✉❡❣♦ ②❛ ❞❡s♣✉és ❡♥ ❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s s❡ ❞❡♥✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❤❡ t❡♥✐❞♦ ♠✉❝❤♦ ♠❡♥♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❝❛s❛s ♦❦✉♣❛❞❛s ♦ ❡♥ ❡♥t♦r♥♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❧✐t❛♥❝✐❛✱ q✉❡ s✉♣✉❡st❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡✢❡①✐♦♥❛♥ ♠❛s s♦❜r❡ ❡❧❧♦✑ ✭❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❖✮ ✏ ▲✉❡❣♦ s❡ ❞❛♥ ♦tr♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛❜❛ ❞❡s❡♠♣❧❡❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❇❛r❝❡❧♦♥❛ ♠❡ ♣r❡s❡♥té ❝♦♠♦ s♦♣♦rt❡ té❝♥✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ P❈ ❈✐t② ② ♠❡ ❞✐❥❡r♦♥ q✉❡ s♦❧♦ ❤♦♠❜r❡s ❡♥ s♦♣♦rt❡ té❝♥✐❝♦ ② ②❛ ❡stá✱ q✉❡ s✐ q✉❡rí❛ s❡r ❝❛❥❡r❛ ✭r✐s❛s✮✳ P❡r♦ ❜✉❡♥♦ t❛♠♣♦❝♦ ♠❡ s✉✐❝✐❞é ♣♦r ♥♦ t❡♥❡r tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❡♥ ♣❝ ❝✐t②✱ ♦tr♦ ❞❡ ❡s♦s tr❛❜❛❥♦s ❞❡ ✹✵✵ ❡✉r♦s ♣♦r ✻ ❤♦r❛s✑ ✭❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❖✮ ✸✳✽✳✷✳ ❙♦st❡♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ② s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✈❡r q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ r❡♠✉♥❡r❛❞❛ ❞❡♥✲ tr♦ ❞❡❧ ♠❛r❝♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❈✉❧t✉r❛ ▲✐❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ❝♦♥❧❧❡✲ ✈❛ ✈❛r✐♦s r❡t♦s ② ❞❡s❛❢í♦s ✐♥❤❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡s❡♠❜♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞ ❞❡ ♣r❡❣✉♥t❛s ② tá❝t✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ♠❡❥♦r❛r ❧❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❝t✉❛❧✳ ✏ ❉❡s❞❡ q✉❡ s❛❧í ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛✱ ❧❛s ú♥✐❝❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ♣✉s❡ ❡♥ ♠✐s tr❛❜❛❥♦s ❡r❛ ✉s❛r ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡s♦ ②❛ ♠❡ ♠✐♥t✐❡r♦♥ ✈✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡♥ ✉♥ tr❛❜❛❥♦✱ ♥✉♥❝❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛r♦♥ ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❜í❛ ❤❡❝❤♦ ②♦✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ r❡st♦ ❤❡ t❡♥✐❞♦ s✉❡rt❡ ②❛ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♥❞✐✲ ❝✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ ❤❡ ✐❞♦ ♠❛r❝❛♥❞♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧❛s ❤❡ ♣♦❞✐❞♦ s❛t✐s❢❛❝❡r✳ ❆❤♦r❛ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r q✉❡ ❤❡ ♣✉❡st♦ ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞❛s ② ❡♥ ❡st❛ é♣♦❝❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ♥♦ ♠❡ ❡st❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❢á❝✐❧✳ P❡r♦ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ s❛❧í ❞❡ ❧❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ❊♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❧♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s s♦♥ t❛♥ ❝❛r♦s ② ❞✐❢í❝✐❧❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r✱ ♣❡r♦ s✐ t❡ ❛❝♦st✉♠❜r❛s ❡♥ s❡♥t❛rt❡ ❡♥ ✉♥ ❝✉❜✐❧ ② ❞❛r❧❡ t♦❞♦s t✉ ♣r♦♣✐❡❞❛❞ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧ ❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛ñí❛✱ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ s✐ q✉✐❡r❡s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ✉♥ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦ t✉②♦ s❡ ❤❛❝❡ ♠❛s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳ ❨ ❤❛② ❝♦♠♦ ❡st♦s ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡❧ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡✱ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr♦s ❛ ❧♦s q✉❡ ✈❛♠♦s ❤❛② ❣❡♥t❡ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ✼✶ ❤❛❝❡r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r✐✈❛t✐✈♦ ♣♦rq✉é ❧♦s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛♥ ♠❡❥♦r ❥✉♥t♦s ♣♦rq✉❡ s❛❜❡♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❤❛❝❡rs❡ ❛♠✐❣♦s ❝♦♥ ❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❤❛♥ ✈✐st♦✱ s❛❜❡♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛r ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✑ ✭❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❖✮ ✏ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♥tr❛s ❡♥ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❡♥tr❛s ❡♥ ✉♥ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ♥♦ ❡s q✉❡ ❞❡❜❛s ❡♥tr❛r ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❝♦♣②❧❡❢t ♦ ♥♦✱ s✐ ♥♦ q✉❡ s♦❧♦ ❡♥tr❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ②❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❡♥tr❛r ❡♥ ✉♥ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❧✐❜r❡ ❞♦♥❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ♣❡♥s❛r ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳ P❛r❛ ♠í ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❧✐❜r❡ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❛❝t✐t✉❞✱ ✉♥ ❡s✲ t❛❞♦ ♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ♥♦ ❡s q✉❡ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❧✐❜r❡ s❡❛ ❡❧ ❝♦♣②❧❡❢t ② ♣✉♥t♦✱ s✐ q✉❡ ❡s♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥✱ ❧❛s ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛s ❧✐❜r❡s✱ ❡❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡✱ ♣❡r♦ t♦❞♦ ❡s♦ ❤❛ ♥❛❝✐❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❡st❛❞♦ ♠❡♥t❛❧ q✉❡ ②❛ s❡ ✈✐✈í❛ ❡♥ ❛q✉❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❨♦ ❡s❝r✐❜í❛ ✉♥ t❡①t♦ ② ❧♦ ♣❛s❛❜❛✱ ♥✐ s❡ ♠❡ ♦❝✉rrí❛ ❝♦❜r❛r ♣♦r é❧✱ ② ❞❡ ♣♦❝♦ ❛ ♣♦❝♦✱ ②♦ ❛❧ r❡❣❛❧❛r ♠✐s t❡①t♦s✱ ②❛ ♥♦ ❡r❛ ✉♥❛ ❞❡✲ s❝♦♥♦❝✐❞❛✱ ② s✐ t❡♥í❛ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r ✉♥ t❡①t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦✱ ❝♦❜r❛♥❞♦✱ ②♦ ②❛ ❡r❛ ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞❛ ♣♦rq✉é ❤❛❜í❛ r❡❣❛❧❛❞♦ ❝♦s❛s ❧✐❜r❡s✱ ❡s♦ ♠❡ ❜❡♥❡✲ ✜❝✐❛❜❛ ♣♦rq✉é ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ s❡ ♠♦str❛❜❛ ❞✐s♣✉❡st❛ ❡♥ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r ❝♦♥♠✐❣♦✱ ♣❛r❛ s✉st❡♥t❛r ♠✐ ♣r♦♣✐❛ ❝♦♠✐❞❛✱ ❜✉❡♥♦ ❡s♦ ❡s ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❧✐❜r❡ ❛❧ ✜♥ ② ❛❧ ❝❛❜♦✑ ✭▼❡rçé ▼♦❧✐st✮ ✏ ❊s q✉❡ ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡s ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ➽❞❡ q✉❡ t❡ s✐r✈❡ ✉♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ t❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❝r❡❛r❄✱ ➽s♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r❧♦❄✳ P❡r♦ ♥♦ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ✉s❛r ❝♦s❛s✱ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r ♠❛q✉✐♥❛ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❝♦s❛✱ ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ s❡r ❧✐❜r❡✱ ❡s ✉♥ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❝✐✉❞❛❞❛♥í❛✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛② q✉❡ ♣❡♥s❛r s♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❨♦ ♥♦ ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ ❤❛ ❞❡ s❡r ❣r❛t✐s✱ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ ♣♦rq✉❡✱ ♣❡r♦ ❧✐❜r❡ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ s❡r✱ ❡s ♣❛tr✐♠♦♥✐♦ ❝♦♠ú♥✳ ◆♦ ♣✉❡❞♦ ♥✐ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛r✲❧♦ ❞❡ ❧♦ ❝❧❛r♦ q✉❡ ❧♦ ✈❡♦✳ ❊❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r✐✈❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✳ ❍❛② q✉❡ ♣❡♥s❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s♦st❡♥✐❜❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ✏ ❍❛② ✉♥❛ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ♠✉② ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐✲ ❜r❡ ✭❙▲✮ ② ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r✐✈❛t✐✈♦ ✭❙P✮ ② ♥♦ ✈❡♦ ❛❤♦r❛ ♠✐s♠♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❡st❡ ♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ② ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❜✐❡♥✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ s❡ ❤❛ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ t♦❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❣r❛t✉✐❞❛❞✳ ❊♥t♦♥❝❡s✱ s✐ ②♦ ♣✉❡❞♦ t❡♥❡r ✉♥❛ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♦ ❣r❛t✉✐t❛ ❡♥ ❣♠❛✐❧ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ✈♦② ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛r ❧❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❄ ❨♦ ❧❡ ❞✐ré ♣❡r♦ ❡s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡s ❙▲ ② ❡❧❧❛ ♠❡ ❞✐rá ✓ ✈❛❧❡✱ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s❄✑ ② ❧❡ ❞✐ré ❜✉❡♥♦ s✐♥❞♦♠✐♥✐♦ t❛❧✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡s♦ ♥♦ s♦♥ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡s♦s ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s ❡①✐❣❡♥ ❛❝❡♣t❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ t✐❡♠♣♦s✱ s♦♥ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s✳ ●♠❛✐❧ ♥♦ ❡s ✉♥ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦✱ ②♦ ❧❡ ❛❜r♦ ✉♥❛ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❛ ♠✐ ♠❛❞r❡ ❡♥ ❣♠❛✐❧ ② ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ ❛♣♦rt❛r ♥❛❞❛ ♠❛s✱ s♦❧♦ ❡❧ ✉s♦✳ ❊s♦s ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛♠♦s ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♥ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❝✐ó♥✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ❛❧❧í ❤❛② ✉♥ ❞❡s❢❛s❡ ② ❛❤♦r❛ ♠✐s♠♦ ♥♦ t❡♥❡♠♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❧✐✲ ❜r❡s ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛ ❧❛ ❤✉♠❛♥✐❞❛❞ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❧❡♠át✐❝♦s✳ ◆♦ ❤❛② r❡❝✉rs♦s ❧✐❜r❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s ② ❛❧❧í ❤❡♠♦s ♣❡r❞✐❞♦ ❧❛ s♦❜❡r❛♥í❛✱ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❛♠♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❧❛s ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s ✷✳✵ ❝♦♠♦ s✐ ❢✉❡r❛♥ ❞✐♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✐ ❢✉❡r❛♥ ❛ s❡r ❡t❡r♥❛s ② ♥♦ ❡s ❛sí ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡stá♥ ❡♥ ♠❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✱ ② ❡st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❜✐❡♥ ♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛❧ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❝❛❡r✳ ❨❛ ❤❛ ♣❛s❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ♣✉♥t♦❝♦♠s q✉❡ s❡ ❝❛②❡r♦♥ t♦❞❛s ② ❡st❛s ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❞✉r❛r t♦❞❛ ✼✷ ❧❛ ❡t❡r♥✐❞❛❞ ♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❝✐❡rr❡♥✳ ❆❤♦r❛ ✐♠❛❣í♥❛t❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❝✐❡r✲ r❛ ●♦♦❣❧❡✱ ➽q✉❡ ♣❛s❛ ❝♦♥ ♥✉❡str❛s ✈✐❞❛s❄✳ ◆♦ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❛✉t♦♥♦♠í❛ ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛✱ ❡s ✉♥❛ ♣❛r❛❞♦❥❛ ♠✉② ❣r❛♥❞❡✱ ② ❡❧ ❙▲ ♥♦ ❡st❛ ❞✐❝✐❡♥❞♦ ♥❛❞❛ ❛❧ r❡s♣❡❝t♦✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ✏ ❚r❛❜❛❥♦ ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❛ q✉❡ s✉r❣✐ó ❢r✉t♦ ❞❡❧ ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜ ❝✐❡❧✐t♦ ❧✐♥✲ ❞♦✱ ❞♦♥❞❡ ♥♦s ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠♦s ② t♦♠❛♠♦s ❝♦♥✜❛♥③❛ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r q✉❡ ♣♦❞í❛♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r❧♦✳ ❉❡ ❛❧❧í s✉r❣✐❡r♦♥ ✸ ♦ ✹ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❛s ♠❛s✱ s♦❧♦ q✉❡ ❧❛ ♥✉❡str❛ ❡s ❞❡ ❝❤✐❝❛s✳ ❊♥tr❛s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❛✈❡♥t✉r❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛❧ q✉❡ ❡s ♠✉② ❝♦♠♣❧✐✲ ❝❛❞❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❝✉❛♥❞♦ q✉✐s✐ér❛♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r ♠✉♥❞♦s ♥✉❡✈♦s ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ▲♦ q✉❡ ♥♦s♦tr❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s ♥✉❡str♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ♥❛t✲ ✉r❛❧❡s ❡stá♥ ✐♠❜✉✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❧❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛t✉✐❞❛❞✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ♥♦s♦tr❛s ♥♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♣❡t✐r ❝♦♥ ❣♠❛✐❧ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦s♦tr❛s ♥♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❛r✲ ❧♦ t♦❞♦ ❣r❛t✉✐t♦✳ ❆❧❧í ❤❛② ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ②❛ q✉❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡r✐❛♥ ♥✉❡str♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ♥❛t✉r❛❧❡s ♥♦ ♥♦s ❞❡✜❡♥❞❡♥ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣r♦♣✐♦s ♣♦rq✉❡ ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞ s❡ ❧♦ ❡stá s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❣r❛♥ ♠♦✲ ♥♦♣♦❧✐♦ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈♦✳ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ❊s❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛t✉✐❞❛❞✱ ♥♦ ❡s ♠✐ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✱ ❡s ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ♥♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ✐♥t❡r✲ ❧♦❝✉t♦r❡s s✐♥t✐❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ t❡♥❡♠♦s ✉♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ú♥ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❡❝✐♠♦s ✏ q✉✐❡♥ t❡ ✈❛ ❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛r ❛ t✐ ❧❛ ✉❜✉♥t✉ s✐ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ♥✉❡str❛ s❡ ❝✐❡rr❛ ② s♦❧♦ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❣♦♦❣❧❡❄✑ ✳ ▲♦s ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜s ♥♦ ❞❛♥ ❛❧ ❛❜❛st♦✱ ➽❝♦♠♦ ♣❛❣❛♠♦s ❡s♦❄ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ◆♦ s♦♠♦s ❝❛♣❛❝❡s ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ ❞❛♠♦s ✈❛❧✲ ♦r✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ t❡rr❡♥♦ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛r✐♦ ♣❛s❛rí❛ ♦tr♦ t❛♥t♦ ♣❡r♦ ❛❧❧í ❧♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦✲❝♦♥s✉♠♦ s❡ ❛✉t♦✲♦r❣❛♥✐③❛♥ ♣❛r❛ t❡♥❡r s✉s ♣r♦✈❡❡❞♦r❡s ❞✐✲ r❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s✱ ➽♣♦rq✉❡ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s❡ ❛✉t♦✲♦r❣❛♥✐③❛ s✉s ♣r♦✈❡❡❞♦r❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♣r❛♥❞♦ ❞✐r❡❝t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧ s♦♣♦rt❡ t❡❝✲ ♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛s ❡♥ t✉ ✈✐❞❛✱ ✐❣✉❛❧ q✉❡ ❧❛s ③❛♥❛❤♦r✐❛s❄ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ❙✐ s❡ ❞✐❡r❛ ✈❛❧♦r ❛ ❧❛ s♦❜❡r❛♥í❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ q✉✐③ás ♣♦❞rí❛♠♦s ❤❛❝❡r ❧♦ ♠✐s♠♦✳ ❊❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦✲❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ✉♥ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t♦r ❥♦✈❡♥ ♥♦ s❡ ✈❛②❛ ❞❡❧ ♣✉❡❜❧♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❝✐✉❞❛❞✱ s✐❣❛ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ✉s♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s✱ ❡s ✉♥ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐♦s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ♥♦ ❡s ❡str❡❝❤❛♠❡♥t❡ s✉ ♥❡❣♦❝✐♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦✱ ❡s ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❛s ❛♠♣❧✐❛✳ ❊❧ ♠✐s♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ②♦ ♥♦ ❧♦ ✈❡♦ ② ❡s ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ ❡stá ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛❞♦ ② ❡s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛r❧♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ ✈❡♠♦s ❡❧ ✈❡♥❡♥♦ q✉❡ ❤❛② ❡♥ ❡s❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♠✉❧t✐♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❡s q✉❡ t❡ ❡stá♥ ♠♦❞✲ ❡❧❛♥❞♦ ❧❛ ♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥ s✉s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ú♥✐❝❛s✳ ❊s q✉❡ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r q✉❡ t♦❞❛s ❡st❡♠♦s ❡♥ ❢❛❝❡❜♦♦❦ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❢✉❡r❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥❛❧✱ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ❡st❡♠♦s ❛❧❧í✱ ❡s♦ ❡s ♣♦❜r❡③❛✱ t♦❞❛s ✈❡♠♦s ❧❛s ♠✐s♠♦s ❝♦❧✉♠✲ ♥❛s✱ ❝♦❧♦r❡s✱ ✐♥t❡r❢❛③✱ s✐ s❡ ❞❡✜❡♥❞❡ ❧❛ ❜✐♦❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ ❤❛❜❡r ❜✐♦❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✳ ❊s q✉❡ ✈❛ ❛ ❤❛❜❡r ❤❡❝❛t♦♠❜❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s s✐ t❡♥❣♦ ❡❧ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦♥str✉✐r ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✳✳✳ ❍❛② q✉❡ s♦st❡♥❡r ❡s❛ ❧❧❛♠❛✱ ② ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ ❡s❡ ❡s ❡❧ r♦❧ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✱ ✉♥✐r ❙▲✱ ✈✐s✐ó♥ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❡❝♦♥♦♠í❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❝❡r❝❛♥í❛✱ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✱ s♦♥ ❧✉❝❡❝✐t❛s✏ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ❱❡♠♦s ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❡st♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❡①tr❛❝t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ s♦st❡♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❡s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡♥s❛❞❛ ❡♥ s✉ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✳ ❊❧ s❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛ ♦ ❤❛❝❦❡r ❝♦♥❧❧❡✈❛ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✼✸ r❡✴❝r❡❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❧❛❜♦r❛❧❡s✱ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ② r❡t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ❧❛ ♠❡❥♦r❛ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ② r❡✲ ❞✐str✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ❜✐❡♥❡s ② s❛❜❡r❡s q✉❡ ❛t❛ñ❡♥ ❛ ♥✉❡str❛s s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡♥ s✉ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✐❞❛❞✱ ② ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❡♥ s✉ ✈❡s❛♥t❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✳ ❈♦♥ ❡❧❧♦✱ ❝r❡❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♣❛rt❡♥ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❢✉❡rt❡s q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡♥ q✉❡ s✉s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❝♦♥ ❧❛s t❡❝✲ ♥♦❧♦❣í❛s s❡❛♥ t❡❝♥♦♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛s✳ ▲❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ r❡✢❡①✐ó♥ ♥♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ s❡♥t❛r ❧❛s ❜❛s❡s ✉♥❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝tr✐❝❡s ❞❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✿ ✏ ❋r❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧❛ ❞✐❝♦t♦♠í❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ✴ ♠✉❥❡r✱ ♠❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛ ♠ás ♣r♦♣♦♥❡r ♦tr❛✿ ét✐❝❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r ✴ ❢❡♠✐♥✐s♠♦✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❛q✉í✱ ♣❧❛♥t❡♦ ❧❛ ♣r❡❣✉♥✲ t❛ ❞❡ s✐ ❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ♣❡♥s❛r ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ét✐❝❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r ❢❡♠✐♥✐st❛ ②✱ ❡♥ ❝❛s♦ ❛✜r♠❛t✐✈♦✱ ❝✉á❧❡s s❡rí❛♥ s✉s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ❧❛s ♠ás ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝✉á❧❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♠í s♦♥✿ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐s♦ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ❞♦♠✐♥✐♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝♦ ② ❧❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝♦♠ú♥❀ ❧❛ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❀ ② ❧❛ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐ó♥ ❝♦♥tr❛✲❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✜❧♦s♦❢í❛ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ② ❧❛ ét✐❝❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r ✭② ❞✐❣♦ ❝♦♥tr❛✲❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❡♥ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s s❡♥t✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛✮✑ ✳ ✶✹ ❊♥ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ♣❛s❛♠♦s ❛ ❞❡t❛❧❧❛r ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ✈✐s✐♦♥❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❡①♣r❡s❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❧❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ② ✈❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt❡♥ ✈❛r✐❛s ♣r❡♠✐s❛s ❝♦♥ ❧♦ s❡ñ❛❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r Ptq❦✳ ✸✳✾✳ ❱✐s✐ó♥ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❊♥ ❡st❡ ❛♣❛rt❛❞♦ ❤❡♠♦s r❡❝♦❣✐❞♦ ❧❛s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s✱ ❝r✐t✐❝❛s ② ✈♦❧✉♥t❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡❥♦rí❛ ❡①♣r❡s❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❧❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s q✉❡ ❝✉❡st✐♦♥❛♥✱ ❝r✐t✐❝❛♥ ♦ r❡✐✈✐♥❞✐❝❛♥ s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❡s ② ❝❛♠❜✐♦s ❛ ♥✐✈❡❧ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦ ② s♦❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♥✉❡str❛s ✈✐❞❛s s❡❛♥ ♠ás ❥✉st❛s ② ❜❛s❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐r✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡s♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝❝✐ó♥✱ ② ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr♦s ② ❝♦♥t❛❝t♦s q✉❡ ❤❡♠♦s ✈✐✈✐❞♦ ❝♦♥ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ②✴♦ ❤❛❝❦❡rs✱ s❡ ❤❛ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ ❡❧ ❝✉❡st✐♦♥❛r ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ q✉❡ r♦❞❡❛ ♥✉❡str❛s ✈✐❞❛s✳ ❊♥ ❡s❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♠✉❝❤❛s ❝♦♠♣❛rt❡♥ ❧❛s ❝r❡❡♥✲ ❝✐❛s r❡s✉♠✐❞❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ♠❛♥✐✜❡st♦✿ ✏❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ✉♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❞❡♠♦❝rát✐❝❛ ❡st❛ ❜❛s❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❞❡r❡✲ ❝❤♦ ❞❡ t♦❞①s ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ② ❡♥ ❡❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❛s♦❝✐❛rs❡ ❧✐❜r❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ② ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ r❡❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❤❛♥ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛✲ ❞♦ ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r ❡s❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❧❛s ❝✉❛❧❡s ♦❜s❝✉r❡❝❡♥ ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡❧ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❧❡❥✐❞❛❞✱ ② q✉❡ ❡st❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣✉❡❞❡♥ t❛♠❜✐é♥ s❡r✈✐r ♣❛r❛ ❛s♦❧❛r ❧♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉♦s ② ❛♥✉❧❛r s✉ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❛ ❛s♦❝✐❛rs❡✱ ◆❖❙❖❚❘❳❙ ❆❋■❘▼❆▼❖❙ ❨ ❉❊❈▲❆❘❆▼❖❙ ✿ ❡❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❛ ❞❡s❝✉❜r✐r ♥♦ s♦✲ ❧♦ t♦❞❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✱ s✐♥♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡❧ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣♦r ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❝♦❧❡❝t❛❞❛ ② ❛♥❛❧✐③❛❞❛❀ ❧❛ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ♣❡r❥✉❞✐❝❛r t❡r❝❡r♦s ♠✐❡♥tr❛s ❡❥❡r❝❡♠♦s ❡s❡ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❛❧ ❞❡s❝✉❜r✐♠✐❡♥t♦✱ ②❀ ❡❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ② r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✲ ✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐r ❧♦s ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ② ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s út✐❧❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡✈❡❧❛r ❧❛ ❢✉♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ✶✹ Ptq❦✱ ✏ ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦ ❋❡♠✐♥✐st❛ ❈②❜❡r♣✉♥❦✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♣tq❦❜❧♦❣③✐♥❡✳❜❧♦❣s♣♦t✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✶✵✴✶✶✴❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦✲❢❡♠✐♥✐st❛✲❝✐❜❡r♣✉♥❦✳❤t♠❧ ✼✹ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❝♦♥✜❛❞❛ ♦ ❞❛❞❛ ❛ ❡s♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣♦r ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r✐✲ ✈❛❞❛s✳ ❉❡❝✐♠♦s ◆❖ ❛ ❧❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❙■ ❛ ✉♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞❛✑ ✶✺ P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ s❡ ❤❛ ❡①♣r❡s❛❞♦✱ ❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❧❛ ✈♦❧✉♥t❛❞ ❞❡ s✉♣❡r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥✲ ❥✉st✐❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡st❡ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ② s✉ ❡①♣r❡s✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❧❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛✱ s♦❜r❡ t♦❞♦✱ ❝♦♥ r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧❛s ✐♥❥✉st✐❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ② ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❧❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐s✐ó♥ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s✱ ② ❡♥ ♠❡♥♦r ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❧❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦✳ ❊st❛s ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥❡s✱ ❛❞❡♠ás✱ ♥♦ só❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♥ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❛q✉❡❧❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ q✉✐❡r❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r✱ s✐♥♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡♥ ✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ❛q✉❡❧❧♦s ❢❛❝t♦r❡s ② ❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❤❛♥ ❤❡❝❤♦ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❛ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✳ ❈♦♥ t♦❞♦ ❡❧❧♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✈❡r ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♣❛rt❡♥ ❝✐❡rt❛s ♣r❡♠✐s❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✳ P♦r ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ s❡ r❡✐✈✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❝❡♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s✱ s✉s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ② s✉s ♥❡❝❡s✐✲ ❞❛❞❡s ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ❧❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡❧ ❢♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ② ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ ✉s♦ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✳ ❊st❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❡st❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ✏ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈ ❝❡♥tr❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s✑ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✏ ✉♥❛ ✜❧♦s♦❢í❛ ❞❡ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❧❛ ❝r❡❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦s q✉❡ r❡s✉❡❧✈❛♥ ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛s ❞❡ s✉s ✉s✉❛r✐♦s ✜♥❛❧❡s✱ ❝♦♥s✐❣✉✐❡♥❞♦ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦r s❛t✐s❢❛❝❝✐ó♥ ② ♠❡❥♦r ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ❝♦♥ ❡❧ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❡s❢✉❡r③♦ ❞❡ s✉ ♣❛rt❡✳ ❚♦♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡s♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ q✉❡ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥ ✉♥❛ s❡r✐❡ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♠✉❧t✐❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r❡s ② ❞♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞❡❝✐s✐ó♥ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡❜❡ ❡st❛r ❜❛s❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❧❛s ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s✱ ♠♦t✐✈❛❝✐♦♥❡s ② ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s ✉s✉❛r✐♦s✑ ✳ ✶✻ ❉❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ ♠✉❝❤❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ ❡♥ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❛❝tú❛♥ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐ó♥ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❡❧ ❢♦♠❡♥t♦ ② ♣r♦t❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞❡r❡❝❤♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❡s ② ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧✲ ❧♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❧✐❜r❡s✳ ❊♥ ❡s❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ ✉♥❛ ♠✉❡str❛ ❡♥ ❝✐❡rt❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛❝tr✐❝❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥✲ t❛❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❧✐❜r❡ ② ❞❡ s♦❜❡r❛♥í❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣❡♥s❛❞❛s ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞❛s ♣♦r ② ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡✱ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥♠❛r❝❛❞❛s ❡♥ ✉♥ ❝♦♥t❡①✲ t♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉❛❧ ❧❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞ ♥♦ ❡s ❡❧ ❛♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❧✉❝r♦ s✐♥♦ ❡❧ ❢♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥♥♦✈❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❝✐❛❧✳ P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❞❡❝✐r q✉❡ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦rr✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ✐❞❡❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❧❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❝✐✈✐❧✿ ✏ ▲❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❝✐✈✐❧ ② ❧❛s ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❧❛ ❈♦♠✉♥✐✲ ❝❛❝✐ó♥ ✭❚■❈✮ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛♥ ✉♥ ❞ú♦ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝♦✳ P❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♥tr❛rr❡st❛r ❝✐❡rt❛s ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥❝✐❛s ♣r♦♣✐❛s ❞❡ ❧♦s ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♦ s♦♥ ❧❛ ♣❛r❛❞♦✲ ❥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❛❝❝✐ó♥ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈❛✱ ❧❛s ❡str✉❝t✉r❛s ❞❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡s❢❛✈♦r❛❜❧❡s ② ❧❛ ❡s❝❛s❛ ♠♦✈✐❧✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ❧❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❝✐✈✐❧ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❛ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦ ✉s♦s tá❝t✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈ ② ❧♦s ♠❡❞✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✳ ❊st♦s ✉s♦s ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛♥ ♣r♦✈❡❡r s❡r✈✐❝✐♦s ② ✶✺ ❋❡❧s❡st❡✐♥✱ ▲✳✱ ▼❛♥✐✜❡st♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✓ ●❛❧❛❝t✐❝ ❤❛❝❦❡r ♣❛rt② ✔ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❡❧ ♣❛r❛❞✐s♦✱ ❆♠st❡r❞❛♠✱ ✶✾✽✾✳ ✶✻ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❡s✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦r❣✴✇✐❦✐✴❉✐s❡ ✪ ❈✸ ✪❇✶♦❴❝❡♥tr❛❞♦❴❡♥❴❡❧❴✉s✉❛r✐♦ ✼✺ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❡s ❛ ✉s✉❛r✐❛s ✜♥❛❧❡s❀ ❤❛❝❡r ❝❛♠♣❛ñ❛ ♣❛r❛ ✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ❧✉❝❤❛s✱ ❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s❀ ❝♦❧❡❝t❛r ❢♦♥❞♦s ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✉❝r❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♥t❛r✐❛❞♦❀ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛r ♣r♦❝❡s♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛r ♠❡♠♦r✐❛ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈❛✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❡❧ tr❛s✈❛s❡ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❛②✉✲ ❞❛r ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥❀ ♠❡❥♦r❛r ❧❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❝✐ó♥ ② ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐ó♥ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❡❧ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦❀ ♠❡❥♦r❛r ❝❛♥❛❧❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝❝✐ó♥ ② ❢♦♠❡♥t❛r ❧❛ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥❝✐❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❡s ② ♦tr♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ✐♥❝❧✉②❡♥ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥♥♦✈❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ s❡r ❧❛s ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❧❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✱ ❡❧ ❝❛rs❤❛r✐♥❣✱ ❧♦s ♠✐❝r♦❝ré❞✐t♦s✱ ❡❧ ❝♦♣②❧❡❢t ♦ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❲✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝✐t❛r só❧♦ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❞❡ s✉s ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦s ♠ás ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦s✳ P❡r♦ ❧❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❝✐✈✐❧ ♥♦ s❡ ❤❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❛❧ ✉s♦ ♣❛s✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♦tr♦s ✭❡s ❞❡❝✐r✱ ❞♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s ❜❧❛♥❝♦s ② r✐❝♦s ❧❧❛♠❛❞♦s ❇✐❧❧ ●❛t❡s ② ❙t❡✈❡ ❏♦❜s✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✮✱ s✐♥♦ q✉❡ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❤❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐❞♦ ❛❧ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ s✉s ♣r♦♣✐❛s ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛s t❡❝♥♦♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❢♦♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛sí s✉ ♣r♦♣✐❛ ✏ s♦❜❡r❛♥í❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✑ ✿ ❞❡s❞❡ r❛❞✐♦s ② t❡❧❡✈✐s✐♦♥❡s ❝♦✲ ♠✉♥✐t❛r✐❛s✱ ❡❧ ❧❛♥③❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❡♥ ór❜✐t❛ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r s❛té❧✐t❡ ♥♦ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✱ ❧❛ ✐♥✈❡♥❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ② ❧❛s ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛s ❧✐❜r❡s ❤❛st❛ ❡❧ ♣r✐♠❡r ♣♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ♥♦t✐❝✐❛s ❝♦♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❜✐❡rt❛ ② ❛♥ó♥✐♠❛✱ ❤❛❜✐❧✐t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❧❛ r❡❞ ■♥❞②♠❡❞✐❛ ❡♥ ✶✾✾✾✑ ✳ ✶✼ ❚♦❞♦ ❡❧❧♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✜❧♦s♦❢í❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❞❛ ♣♦r ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s r❡✲ s♣❡❝t♦ ❛❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡r ❛❝tr✐❝❡s ❞❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❝♦♥❧❧❡✈❛ ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❛❝❝❡❞❡r✱ ❡st✉❞✐❛r ② ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❡❧ ❝♦❞✐❣♦ ❞❡trás ❞❡❧ ❢✉♥✲ ❝✐♦♥❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ② ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❡s ✇❡❜s q✉❡ ✉s❛♥ ②✴♦ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛♥✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧❛s✱ ♥♦ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❞❡❧❡❣❛r ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ s✉ ❝♦♠♣r❡♥s✐ó♥ ✱ ♠❡❥♦r❛ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❛ t❡r✲ ❝❡r♦s s✐ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥❛ ❞❡❜❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♥t❛r ❝♦♥ ❧❛s ❝✉❛tr♦ ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✳ ✏ ▲❛s ❞✐s❝✉s✐♦♥❡s q✉❡ t❡♥í❛♠♦s ❡♥ ❡s❡ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ✭❡♥tr❡ ✶✾✼✺ ② ✽✵✮ tr❛t❛❜❛♥ ❞❡ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❧♦s ❡st✉❞✐❛♥t❡s✱ ❞❡ ♣s✐❝♦❧♦❣í❛ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❡❝❡✲ s✐t❛♥ s❛❜❡r s♦❜r❡ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐ó♥✱ ② ♠✉❝❤♦s ♣❡♥s❛r♦♥ ✏ só❧♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♥ s❛❜❡r ❝ó♠♦ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❝♦♥ ❡❧❧❛s✑ ✱ ② ②♦ ♥♦ ❡st❛❜❛ ❞❡ ❛❝✉❡r❞♦✳ ▲♦ ❝✐❡rt♦ ❡s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ s❛❜❡r ❧♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❤❛❝❡♥✱ ♥♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ t❡♥❣❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r t♦❞♦s ❧♦s ❞í❛s✱ ♣❡r♦ s✐♥ ❞✉❞❛ t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❝ó♠♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♥✜❛r ❡♥ ❡❧✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r s✉s ❧✐♠✐t❛❝✐♦♥❡s ② s❛❜❡r ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦✱ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡s ❞❡❝✐r ✓♦❤ ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛s s❡ ♦❝✉♣❛♥ ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦✑ ✱ ❡s♦ ♥♦ ❢✉♥✲ ❝✐♦♥❛✱ ② ♥♦ ♣♦r ❡❧❧♦ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ s❛❜❡r ❝ó♠♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ❡♥ ✶ ② ✵ ❝♦♠♦ ②♦ ♠✐s♠❛ ❤✐❝❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐ t❡s✐s✱ ❡s♦ ❡s ❝✉❡st✐♦♥❛❜❧❡✱ ♣❡r♦ s✐ t✐❡♥❡♥ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r q✉❡ t♦❞♦ s❡ tr❛❞✉❝❡ ❡♥ ✶ ② ✵✑ ✭❋r❛♥❝❡s ❇r❛③✐❡r✮ ✏ ❈♦♠♦ ✉s✉❛r✐❛✱ ❧❛ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ② ❧❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞ s✐❣✉❡♥ s✐❡♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❛♠❡✲ ♥❛③❛✱ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡❜❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡s♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ②✱ ❛❞❡♠ás✱ ❞❡❜❡ ✶✼ ❍❛❝❤é✱ ❆✳✱ ❋r❛♥❝♦✱ ●✳▼✳✱ ✏ ❘❡❝❧❛✐♠ t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✿ ❙♦❜❡r❛♥í❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s s♦✲ ❝✐❛❧❡s✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴♥✲✶✳❝❝✴♣❣✴❜❧♦❣✴r❡❛❞✴✻✾✾✼✹✴r❡❝❧❛✐♠✲t❤❡✲♥❡t✇♦r❦s✲s♦❜❡r❛♥❛✲ t❡❝♥♦❧❣✐❝❛✲♣❛r❛✲r❡❞❡s✲s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ✼✻ ❤❛❜❡r ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ q✉❡ ✈❡❧❡♥ ♣♦r ❧♦s ✐♥t❡r❡s❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝♦♥✲ s✉♠✐❞♦r❡s✳ ❊st♦② ♠✉② ❝♦♥t❡♥t❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❧♦s P❛ís❡s ❇❛❥♦s ❡❧ ♣r♦②❡❝✲ t♦ ❇✐ts ❢♦r ❋r❡❡❞♦♠ s❡ ❤❛②❛ r❡❛❝t✐✈❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❬✳✳✳❪ ❊❧❧♦s t✐❡♥❡♥ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ s❡ t♦♠❛♥ ❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛rs❡✱ s❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛♥ ❡♥ ❢✉❡r③❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡s✐ó♥✱ ② ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧♦s ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r❡s ♥♦ ❡s✲ tá♥ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦ ❞❡ s✉ ✐♥t✐♠✐❞❛❞✱ s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉②❡♥ ❡♥ ❣r✉✲ ♣♦s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥ ❧♦s ✐♥t❡r❡s❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r❡s ② s♦♥ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡✜❝❛❝❡s ❡♥ ❢♦r③❛r ❝❛♠❜✐♦s✑ ✭▼❡❧❛♥✐❡ ❘✐❡❜❛❝❦✮ ✏ ✭❡✈♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛ñ♦s ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ② ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❧✐❜r❡✮ ❨♦ ✈❡♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ❢✉✐ ❛ ❧❛s ❥♦r♥❛❞❛s ❈❖P❨❋■●❍❚ ② ❛❤♦r❛✱ ❡s q✉❡ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ❡s ❧♦ ♠✐s♠♦✱ ❧♦s ❛ñ♦s q✉❡ ❧❧❡✈♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❤❛❝❦t✐✈✐s♠♦✱ ❡st❛♠♦s ❤❛❜❧❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ❝❛♥♦♥ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ q✉❡ ❡♥ ✷✵✵✺ ♥♦s ❧♦ ❛❝❛❜❛❜❛♥ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦♥❡r ② s❡✐s ❛ñ♦s ❞❡s♣✉és t♦❞❛✈í❛ ❡st❛♠♦s ❧✉❝❤❛♥❞♦ ② ♣❛r❡❝❡ q✉❡ s❡❛ ✉♥❛ ❝❛✉s❛ ♣❡r❞✐❞❛✳ ❆❤♦r❛ ♥♦s ✈❡♥❞❡♥ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞❡r❡❝❤♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❡s✱ q✉❡ ♥♦s q✉✐❡r❡♥ ❝❡rr❛r ♣á❣✐♥❛s ✇❡❜✱ ❝❡rr❛r ❧❛s r❡❞❡s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐❛r ❛r❝❤✐✈♦s✱ q✉❡ ♥♦s q✉✐❡r❡♥ ❧✐♠✐t❛r ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ♣❡r♦ ❛ ✈❡r✱ ➽♥♦ ❞❡❜❡rí❛♠♦s ✐r ❤❛❝✐❛ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥❡①✐ó♥ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧✱ ❧✐❜r❡❄✳ ❨ ❡st❛ ♠❛ñ❛♥❛ ❤❡ ❧❡í❞♦ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✐s✐ó♥ ❡✉r♦♣❡❛ t✐❡♥❡ ♣r❡✈✐st♦ ❝♦rt❛r ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ♠ás ❧❛s ❛❧❛s ❛❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ② ♦str❛s✱ ♣✐❡♥s❛s✱ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ❧❧❡✈♦ ❞❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ●◆❯✴▲✐♥✉①✱ s✐st❡♠❛s ❧✐❜r❡s q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❡s ❡❧❡❣✐r✱ r❡♠♦✈❡r✱ ❤❛❝❡r ❧♦ q✉❡ q✉✐❡r❛s✳ ❯s❛r ❞❡❜✐❛♥✱ ✉❜✉♥t✉✱ r❡❞ ❤❛t✱ ❙✉③❡✱ ❯t✉t♦✱ ❧♦ q✉❡ t❡ ❞é ❧❛ ❣❛♥❛✱ t✐❡♥❡s ❧❛ ♦♣❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❡❧❡❣✐r ❛❞❡♠ás✑ ✭❇❧❛❝❦❤♦❧❞✮ ✏ ❊♥t♦♥❝❡s ❤❛s ❞❡ ❛♣❡❣❛rt❡ ❛ ❡❧❧♦✱ ❛❤♦r❛ ❤❛② ✉♥❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣❝✐ó♥ ♠✉② ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛s r❡❞❡s✱ s✐ ♣✐❡♥s❛s ❡♥ ❢❛❝❡❜♦♦❦ ②❛ ❡s ♦tr❛ ❝♦s❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧ ❝②❜❡r♣✉♥❦✱ ❡❧ t♦♥♦ ✈✐t❛❧ ❡r❛ ♠✉② ♦s❝✉r♦✱ ❧♦s ❛ñ♦s ✽✵✱ ❝r✐s✐s ❡❝♦♥ó♠✐❝❛✱ ❧❛s ❞r♦❣❛s✱ ❧❛ ❞❡str✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧♦s ✈í♥❝✉❧♦s ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦s✱ ✉♥ ♥♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ ♠✉② ❣r❛♥❞❡✳ ❍✉❜♦ ✉♥❛ s✉❜❥❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❝♦♥str✉②ó✱ ❛t❛❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦②❡❝tá♥❞♦s❡ ❡♥ ❧♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ② q✉❡ ❤❛ ❞❛❞♦ ✉♥ ❧❡❣❛❞♦ ♠✉② ❢✉❡rt❡✳ ▼✉❝❤♦s é①✐t♦s q✉❡ ❛❤♦r❛ s❡ r❡❝♦♥str✉②❡♥ ❝♦✲ ♠♦ ❤✐st♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✇❡❜ ✷✳✵ s♦♥ ❡♥ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❤✐t♦s ❤❛❝❦❡r ❝②❜❡r♣✉♥❦✳ ▲❛s r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ❝♦rr❡♦ ❡❧❡❝tró♥✐✲ ❝♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡st❛❜❛♥ ❡♥ ❧♦s ♣❧❛♥❡s ❞❡ ❤❛❝❡r ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ♣❡r♦ s❡ ❤✐③♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ② ❡s❛ ❡s ❧❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❧♦s s❡r✈✐❝✐♦s✳ ▲❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❜✐❡rt❛ ❡st❛❜❛ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❇❇❙✱ ❛❤♦r❛ ♠✐s♠♦ ❧❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ ❛❜✐❡rt❛ ❡♥ ❨♦✉❚✉❜❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ♣❡r♦ ❛♥t❡s ②❛ s❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥tó✱ ❤❛st❛ ❡♥ ❧♦s ✐♥❞②♠❡❞✐❛✳ ❯♥♦s ♣r♦❞✉❝t♦s ❞♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❞❛ ✉♥❛ ❛❧✐❛♥③❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧ ✉♥❞❡r❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛♥t✐s✐st❡♠❛ ♥♦ ❢✉t✉r♦✱ t♦♥♦ ♦s❝✉r♦✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♣r♦✲ ❞✉❝❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠í❛s✱ ♦tr♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡s ♣♦s✐❜❧❡✳ ❊s❛ ❛❧✐❛♥③❛ q✉❡ ❤❛ s✐❞♦ ♠✉② ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐✈❛ ♣❡r♦ ♣♦❝♦ ❡st✉❞✐❛❞❛ ② ♣✉❡st❛ ❡♥❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❡s❛✳ ❨ ❡s♦s ✉s♦s s✐❣✉❡♥ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✱ ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❧♦s ♥✐❝❦s✱ ➽♣♦rq✉❡ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❛❧✐❛s❄✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ s♦♥ ❞❡ ❡s❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ❡r❛♠♦s ♦tr❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛✱ ❡s❡ ✈❡rt❡ ❝♦♥ ♦tr❛ ❝♦s❛✱ ✐rt❡ ❛ ♦tr♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❞♦♥❞❡ ❤❛② ♦tr❛ ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞✱ ✈✐❡♥❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❧í✏ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ✏ ❊❧ ❙▲ ❡s ✉♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ② ❞❡ s♦❜r❡♠❡s❛ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❡s ✉♥ ✼✼ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ✇❡❜ ✷✳✵ ② ❛q✉í ❡❧ ♠❛s✱ ♦ ❧❛ ♠❛s✱ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ t✐❡♥❡ s✉s ❞♦❝✲ ✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥ ❣♦♦❣❧❡ ❞♦❝s✱ ➽q✉❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❤❛② q✉❡ s❡❛ t❛♥ s❡♥❝✐❧❧❛❄ ❬✳✳✳❪ ❈r❡♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ♣❛s❛♥❞♦ ❧♦ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ✉♥❛ ✈✐s✐ó♥ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♥♦ s❡ ✈❛❧♦r❛ ❧♦s ❢❡♥ó♠❡♥♦s ✷✳✵ ❡♥ s✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞ s✐ ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❧✳ ❊♥t♦♥❝❡s ❝✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣r♦②❡❝t♦ ❛❜r✐rá s✉ ♣❡r✜❧ ❡♥ ❢❛❝❡✲ ❜♦♦❦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛❧❧í ❡stá ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡✱ ♣❡r♦ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛s ❡♥ ✉♥ s✐t✐♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ q✉✐s✐❡r❛s ❡st❛r✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ❡st❛s ♣❡r♦ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ✐♥❝ó♠♦❞❛✳ ❊st♦ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ♣♦rq✉❡ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❡stá ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ❡s ❞♦♥❞❡ ♣❛s❛♥ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s✱ ❡s♦ s❡ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ ♣❡♥s❛r✳ ◆♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡st❛r ❡♥ ❢❛❝❡❜♦♦❦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ✐♥❝ó♠♦❞❛✱ ❞❡❜❡♠♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♥❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛r✱ ❡st❛♥❞♦✱ ♥♦ ❡s✲ t❛♥❞♦✱ s❛❧✐❡♥❞♦✱ ❜♦✐❝♦t❡❛♥❞♦✱ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ r✉✐❞♦✱ ❧❛ q✉❡ s❡❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❧❛ q✉❡ ❤❛② ❛❤♦r❛ q✉❡ ❡s ❧❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ♣❛s✐✈❛ ② r❡s❡♥t✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛r✱ q✉❡ ❡s ❧❛ ❞❡ ✏ ❡st♦② ♣❡r♦ ♦❥❛❧á ♥♦ ❡st✉✈✐❡r❛✑ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ▲❛ ✇❡❜ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❢❡❞❡r❛❞❛✱ ❤❛② q✉❡ ✐r ❛ t♦♣❡ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❡s ✉♥❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ♠✉② ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡✳ ◗✉✐③á s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛rí❛✱ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s❡r✐❛ ♠❛s✐✈♦ ♣❡r♦ ♥♦ ❤❛② q✉❡ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥❛r✱ ❧❛s ❞♦s ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❧❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡❜♦♦❦ ② ❧❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❡s♦ ♠❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡ ② ❤❛② q✉❡ ♣♦♥❡r ♠❛s ❧❡ñ❛ ❛❧ ❢✉❡❣♦✱ ♠❛s r❡❝✉rs♦s ② t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧♦ ❞❡ ❣✉✐✜✳♥❡t✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ✸✳✾✳✶✳ ▲❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❍❛❝❦❡❛r P❛r❛ ❇❛r❜❛r❛ ❚❤♦❡♥s✱ ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♣♦❝❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ❝♦♥♦❝✐❞❛s ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥t❡ ❞❡❧ ❈❤❛♦s ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❈❧✉❜✿ ✏ ❍❛❝❦❡❛r ❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✳ P❡r♦ ❝r❛❝❦❡❛r ♥♦✳ P♦rq✉❡ ❝✉❛♥✲ ❞♦ t♦♠❛s ❡❧ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ② s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♣✉❡❞❡s ♠♦str❛r q✉é ❤❛② ❞❡trás ❞❡ ❡s❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s✱ ♣✉❡❞❡s ♠♦str❛r q✉é ❤❛② ❝♦♥str✉✐❞♦ ❞❡trás ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡❧ ♠❛✐♥str❡❛♠✳ ▲♦ ♣r✐♠❡r♦ q✉❡ s❛❜❡s ❡s q✉❡ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♥♦ s♦♥ s❡❣✉r♦s ❞❡❧ t♦❞♦✳ ▲❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣❛ñí❛s ♥♦ ❧♦ ❛❞♠✐t❡♥✱ tr❛t❛♥ ❞❡ ♦❝✉❧t❛r❧♦✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ♣✉❡❞❡s ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ❡s♦s s✐st❡♠❛s t✐❡♥❡♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ❡s❝♦♥❞✐❞❛ ♠✉② ♣❡❧✐❣r♦s❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ❡s♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐ ❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦ ♠♦str❛r ❡s♦✿ q✉❡ ❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♥♦ s♦♥ s❡❣✉r♦s ② q✉❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❡s ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜❧❡✳ P♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❤❛② ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡s❝♦♥❞✐❞❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ s♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t q✉❡ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥♦❝❡✱ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t✐❡♥❡♥ s✉❜♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ✭❝♦♠♦ ❧♦s ❚r♦②❛♥♦s✿ ♥♦ ❧♦s ✈❡s ♣❡r♦ ❡stá♥ tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ❡♥ t✉ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛✮ q✉❡ s❡ ♠❡t❡♥ ❡♥ t✉ s✐st❡♠❛ ② t❡ s❛❝❛♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ r❡✈✐s❛♥ t✉ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛ s✐♥ q✉❡ tú ❧♦ s❡♣❛s ② ❡s♦ ❡s ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r✳ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ❈r❡♦ q✉❡ ❡s ♠✉② ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦ ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ❡s ❧♦ q✉❡ ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡st❛ ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥ ♥♦s♦tr♦s ② t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s ♠✉② ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦ ♠♦str❛r ❝ó♠♦ ❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✱ ❝ó♠♦ tr❛❜❛❥❛✳ P❛r❛ ♠✐✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❡s ✉♥❛ ❝✉❡st✐ó♥ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ✔✳ ✶✽ ❘❡s✉❧t❛ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛♥t❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐✲ ❝✐♦♥❡s ❡s❣r✐♠✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❧❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ❛❝❛❜❛♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥✐❡♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ♠✉② ❛♠♣❧✐❛✱ ② ❡♠✐♥❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ② s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ❤❛❝❦❡❛r✳ ❱✐s❧✉♠❜r❛♠♦s ❧♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✢✉✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧♦s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦s ② r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❡s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ❡s❛ ♥♦❝✐ó♥ ♣♦r ❧❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s✿ ✏ ▼❡ q✉❡❞❛rí❛ s✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ q✉❡ ❞✐s❢r✉t❛ ❞á♥❞♦❧❡ ✉♥ ✶✽ ❊♥❣❧❡r✳ ❱✳✱ ✓ ❍❛❝❦❡❛r ❡s ♣♦❧✐t✐❝♦ ✔✱ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦❜♥✳♦r❣✴❤❛❝❦❡rs✴t❡①t✹✳❤t♠❧ ✼✽ ♣♦❝♦ ❧❛ ✈✉❡❧t❛ ❛ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s✱ ♠❡ r❡✜❡r♦ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛r ✉♥ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♥✉❡✈♦✱ ❡♥ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ s❡ t❡ ♦❝✉rr❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ♥✉❡✈❛✱ ❞✐s❢r✉t❛s ❝♦♥ ❡❧❧♦ ② ❛❞❡♠ás tr❛t❛s ❞❡ ❞❛r❧❡ ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ s♦❝✐❛❧✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ❍❛❝❦❡❛r ❡s ❤❛❝❡r ❛❧❣♦ ❝♦♥ ♣❛s✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ❞❡♠ás ② s✐♥ ❡s♣❡r❛r ♥❛❞❛ ❛ ❝❛♠❜✐♦✳ ▲❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ❧❡ ❢❛❧t❛ ♠❛s ❝♦♥❝✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r q✉❡ ❤❛② q✉❡ ❡st❛r ❤❛❝❦❡❛♥❞♦ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ t✐❡♠♣♦✱ t❡♥❡r ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞ s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦ s♦♥ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ s♦♥ ❛sí ② ❜✉s❝❛r s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ② ❧✉❡❣♦ t♦❞♦ ❡s ♠❛s ❢á❝✐❧✱ s✐ tr❛❜❛❥❛s ❤❛❝✐❡♥❞♦ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s ❛sí✑ ✭❊❧❧❡✢❛♥❡✮ ✧❍❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❡s ❧♦ q✉❡ ❛❜r❛③❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ❡❧ ❛❜r❛③♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ s✉❝❡❞❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞ q✉❡ ♠❛♥t✐❡♥❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝♦s✱ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❝✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ✈❡♥ ❡❧ ✉♥♦ ❛❧ ♦tr♦✱ ♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ t❡ ❡♥✈í❛♥ ♠❡♥s❛❥❡s✱ t❡ ♠❛♥❞❛♥ ❛❜r❛③♦s ② ❡s♦ ✉♥❡ ❛ ❞♦s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❥✉♥t❛s✳ ❊s ✉♥ ♠❡❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♠♦str❛r ✐♥t❡rés ♣♦r ❧♦s ❞❡♠ás ② ❛❜r❛③❛r ❛❧❣♦ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡stás tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❛❜❛r❝❛r❧♦✱ ❛sí q✉❡ s✐ ❞❡❝✐❞♦ ♠✐r❛r ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ ❡♠♣❡③❛ré ♣♦r ❡①♣❧♦r❛r❧♦ ② ❡♥ ❛❧❣ú♥ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡❝✐❞♦ t♦♠ár♠❡❧♦ ❡♥ s❡r✐♦✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ❧♦ ❛❜r❛③❛ré✱ s❡ ❝♦♥✈✐❡rt❡ ❡♥ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ t✉ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ② ♣♦r ❡❧❧♦ t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ s❡♥t✐r ♣❛s✐ó♥ ♣♦r ❡❧❧❛✑ ✭❋r❛♥❝❡s ❇r❛③✐❡r✮ ✏ ❊s ✉♥ tér♠✐♥♦ ♠✉② ♠❛♥✐❞♦✱ tr❛t♦ ❞❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ❡s❡ tér♠✐♥♦✱ ❡❧ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ s✉ ❞♦❜❧❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛rí❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦tr♦ tér♠✐♥♦ ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ s❛❜❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ❤❛❜❧❛♥❞♦✳ ❨ ❡♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ s❛❜❡✱ ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ s✐ q✉❡ ❡s ♠✉② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ s❡r ❝r❡❛t✐✈♦ ② ✈❡r ♠❛s ❛❧❧á ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s✳ P❛r❛❧❡❧❛♠❡♥t❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❛② ✉♥ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❛♠✉rá✐s✱ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧❡s s♦♥ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s✱ ♠❛s ❣✉❛②s✱ ♠❛s ❝rí♣t✐❝♦ t✉ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❡s ❝♦♠♦ q✉❡ ✈♦s s♦s ♠❛s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ♠✐ t♦❞♦ ❡s❡ r♦❧❧♦ ♥♦ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛ ♠✉❝❤♦✳ ❆ ♠✐ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛♥ q✉❡ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s s❡❛♥ ❢á❝✐❧❡s ❞❡ ✉s❛r✱ q✉❡ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ♣✉❡❞❛✱ q✉❡ s❡❛♥ ❜♦♥✐t❛s✱ ❝♦♥ ❝♦❧♦r❡s✳ P♦rq✉❡ ♠✉❝❤❛s ✈❡❝❡s ❡s ♠✉② ❛♣♦st♦❧❛❞♦ ❡s♦ ❞❡❧ ❙▲✱ ♣❛r❡❝❡ q✉❡ ❤❛② q✉❡ s✉❢r✐r✱ ❛ ♠✐ ♠❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ q✉❡ ♥♦✱ q✉❡ ❡❧ ❙▲ ❡s ♠❛s ❞❡ ❝r❡❛r ❡❧ ❡♥t♦r♥♦ q✉❡ ❛ t✐ t❡ ❣✉st❡✱ ② s❛❝❛r ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s✳ ❨ ❤❛❝❦❡❛r t✐❡♥❡ ♠✉❝❤♦ q✉❡ ✈❡r t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❝♦♥ ❧♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❤❛❝❡r ✉♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ♣♦❞❡r r❡✉s❛r ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ q✉❡ ♦tr❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ❤❛ ❤❡❝❤♦✱ ❧❛ ét✐❝❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r✱ s♦♥ ♠❛♥❡r❛s ❞❡ ✈❡r✳ ❈r❡♦ q✉❡ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❙▲ ❤❛❝❡♠♦s ♠✉❝❤♦s ❢♦r❦s ❞❡ t♦❞♦✱ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✏ ❛❤ ❡s♦ ♥♦ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛ ♣✉❡s ♠❡ ✈♦② ② ♠♦♥t♦ ♠✐ ♣r♦♣✐♦ ♣❛rt✐❞♦✑ ② ❡s♦ ♣❛s❛ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❙▲✱ ♠✉❝❤❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ✈✉❡❧✈❡ ❛ r❡✐♥✈❡♥t❛r ❧❛ r✉❡❞❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛s♦ ② ❡s ♠✉② ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳ ❙♦❜r❡ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ét✐❝❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r q✉❡ ❡s ❞❡ ♥♦ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛r ❡❧ tr❛❜❛❥♦✱ s✐ ❤❛② ✉♥❛ ❝♦s❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ t❡ ❣✉st❛ t❡ ♠❡t❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❥♦r❛r❧♦ ❡♥ ✈❡③ ❞❡ r❡❤❛❝❡r t✉ ♣r♦♣✐♦ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦✱ ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ ❡s♦ ♥♦s ❡stá ❛❢❡❝t❛♥❞♦✱ ✉♥ ♠♦♥tó♥ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❛ ♠❡❞✐♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛r✱ s❡rí❛ ♠❡❥♦r q✉❡ t♦❞❛ ❡s❛ ❣❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❥❛s❡ ❥✉♥t❛✑ ✭❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❖✮ ✧❊st♦ ❡s ❞✐✈❡rt✐❞♦✱ ❤❛② t♦❞♦ ✉♥ ❞❡❜❛t❡✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❞✐❝❝✐♦♥❛r✲ ✐♦s ❡s ✉♥❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ✐♥❣❧❡s❛ q✉❡ ❡①✐stí❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡❧ ❤❛❝❦❡r q✉❡ q✉✐❡r❡ ❞❡❝✐r r♦♠♣❡r✱ ❤❛❝❦✱ ❡s ♠✉② ♦♥♦♠❛t♦♣é②✐❝♦✱ ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝♦✱ ❡s ✼✾ ✉♥ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ❡♥ s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❡s ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♠♦♥t❛r ✉♥❛ r❡❞ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡✲ ♥❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❡r❧♦ ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r✳ ▼♦♥t❛♥ s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡♥ q✉❡ s❛❜❡r ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡r✱ ② t❛♠❜✐é♥ t✐❡♥❡♥ q✉❡ s❛❜❡r ❛t❛❝❛r✱ ❡r❡s ✉♥ ❣✉❡rr❡r♦ ② ✉♥ ❥❛r❞✐♥❡r♦✱ s❛❜❡s ♠❛♥t❡♥❡r ✉♥ ❡♥t♦r♥♦✳ ❊s ♠✉② ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✳ ❙✉ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❤❛ ✐❞♦ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦✱ ② ❧❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ ❤❛ ✐❞♦ ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r ✉♥ ❧❛❞♦ t❡♥❡♠♦s ❛ ❧♦s ♠❡❞✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❝r✐♠✐♥❛❧✐③❛♥ ❡❧ ❤❛❝❦❡r ② ❧♦ ❝♦♥❢✉♥❞❡♥ ❝♦♥ ✉♥ ❝r❛❦❡r ❬✳✳✳❪ ❨♦ s✐ ❞✐❣♦ q✉❡ s♦② ✉♥❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r ♣❡r♦ ✉♥❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ② s♦② ❤❛❝❦t✐✈✐st❛ ② ❛❧❧í t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡♥tr❛ ❡❧ tér♠✐♥♦ ❤❛❝❦❡r✱ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ ♠✐❡❞♦ ❛ ❧❛s ❢r♦♥t❡r❛s ② s✐ t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ ✐r ✉♥ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ② ❝r❡❡r q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦✱ ✈❛ ❛❧❧á✑ ✭❈❛♥❞❡❧❛✮ ✧❙✐❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❣✉stó ❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❊r✐❝ ❘❛②♠♦♥❞✱ ❡r❡s ✉♥ ❤❛❝❦❡r✱ s✐ ♦tr♦ ❤❛❝❦❡r ❞✐❝❡ q✉❡ ❧♦ ❡r❡s ✭r✐s❛s✮ ② t❛♠❜✐é♥ s✉s❝r✐❜♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ▼■❚ q✉❡ ❞✐❝❡ q✉❡ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❜ás✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ❜r✐❧❧❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛❧❣♦ ♦❝✉rr❛✳ ❍❛❝❦❡❛r tr❛t❛ ❞❡ s❡r ❝r❡❛t✐✈♦ ② s❡r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r t✉ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ P♦r s✉♣✉❡st♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡①✐st❡♥ ❧♦s ❝r❛❦❡rs q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥ ❝♦s❛s ✐❧❡❣❛❧❡s✱ ♣❡r♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐ ❡❧ ❝r❛❦✐♥❣ ♥♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛❧ ❡s♣ír✐t✉ ❞❡❧ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣✧ ✭▼❡❧❛♥✐❡ ❘✐❡❜❛❝❦✮ ✏ ❍❛❝❦❡❛r ❡s s♦❧♦ ♠❡❥♦r❛r ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛ s❡r ♠❡❥♦r❛❞♦✳ ✭❉♦♥♥❛ ▼❡t③❧❛r✮ ✲ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡st❛ ❧❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❞❡ r❡❜❡❧✐ó♥✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❝♦♥str✉②❡♥ ❛❧❣♦ ② ❞✐❝❡♥ q✉❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ s❡ r♦♠♣❡rá✱ ♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡s ❤❛❝❡r ❡s♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡s ❡s❝❛♣❛r✳ ❊st❛❜❛ ❧❡②❡♥❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❢❛♠♦s❛s ❡s❝❛♣❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝ár❝❡❧ ❡♥ ❧♦s P❛ís❡s ❇❛❥♦s✱ ② ✉♥❛ ♠✉❥❡r ❡♥ ✉♥ ❝❡♥✲ tr♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡♥❝✐ó♥ s❡ ❡s❝❛♣ó ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❝✉❝❤❛r❛ ② ②♦ ❛ ❡s♦ ❧♦ ❧❧❛♠ó ❤❛❝❦❡❛r✱ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ❛❝❡♣t❛s ❛❧❣♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠❛❞♦ ② ❡r❡s ❝r❡❛t✐✈❛ ❛❧ r❡s♣❡❝t♦✳ ❆❞❡♠ás✱ ❧♦s ✉s✉❛r✐♦s ❞❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♥♦ s❛❜❡♥ ❛❝✲ ❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ② ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞ s✐ ♥♦ ❢✉❡r❛ ❣r❛❝✐❛s ❛ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ② s♦♥ ❡❧❧❛s ❧❛s q✉❡ ❢✉❡r③❛♥ ❧❛s ♣á❣✐♥❛s ② s❡r✈✐❝✐♦s ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❡♥ t❡♥❡r ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞ ② ❡♥ s❡r ✏ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡s✑ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡♥✑ ✭P❡tr❛ ❚✐♠♠❡r♠❛♥✮ ✧❊st❛ ♣❛❧❛❜r❛ t❡♥❞rá ♣♦s✐❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ♠✉❝❤❛s ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ♣♦r ✉♥♦s s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛r ❡♥ ✉♥ s✐st❡♠❛ ② ♣❛r❛ ♦tr♦s tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ❤❛❝❦❡❛r ❧❛ ♠❡♥t❡✳ P❛r❛ ♠í ❡s ❝♦❣❡r ✉♥❛ ❤❡rr❛♠✐❡♥t❛✱ ② s❛❝❛r❧❡ ❡❧ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❥✉❣♦ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡✳ ❬✳✳✳❪ ❊♥ ❧♦s ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s ❡♥ ❧♦s ❝✉❛❧❡s ❡st♦② tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ❡st♦② tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ s♦❧❛✱ ② ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡s s❛❜❡r ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ❨ ❝♦♥ t❡♠❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ♥♦ ✈❛❧❡ s❡r ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦ ❝❡rr❛❞♦✱ t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ s❡r ♠ás ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ② ❝♦♥t❛❝t❛r ❛❧❣✉✐❡♥ q✉❡ t❡ ♣✉❡❞❛ ❡❝❤❛r ✉♥❛ ♠❛♥♦✱ ❡s♦ ❡s t❛♠❜✐é♥ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ❤❛❝❦❡❛r ❛ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ② ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ✉♥ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦ ❡♥ ❝♦♠ú♥ ② q✉❡ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ❧♦ ✉s❡✳ ❊s♦ ❡s ❧♦ ♠❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ❧♦ ✉s❡✧ ✭❇❧❛❝❦❤♦❧❞✮ ✧P❛r❛ ♠í ❤❛❝❦❡r ❡s ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡ ❡❧ ❥❛r❣♦♥✲ ✜❧❡✱ ❛❧❣✉✐❡♥ q✉❡ s❛❜❡ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♦ ❛❧❣✉✐❡♥ q✉❡ s❛❜❡ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♥ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦✱ ❡❧ ❛♣❛❝❤❡✱ ❡❧ ✇✐♥❞♦✇s✱ ❡♥ ✜♥ ❛❧❣✉✐❡♥ q✉❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡ ♠✉② ❜✐❡♥ ❧♦s ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❨ t❛♠✲ ❜✐é♥ ♣✉❡❞❡s ✐r ♠✉❝❤♦ ♠ás ❛❧❧á ② ❞❡❝✐r q✉❡ ✉♥ ❤❛❝❦❡r ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ t❡♥❡r ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ✈❡r ❝♦♥ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ ❡❧ ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉✐❡♥ q✉❡ s❛❜❡ ✽✵ ♠✉❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❛str♦♥♦♠í❛✱ ♣✉❡❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♥ ❤❛❝❦❡r ❡♥ ❡s❡ ♠✉♥✲ ❞♦✳ ❈✉❛❧q✉✐❡r ♣❡rs♦♥❛ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡ ♠✉❝❤❛ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞ s♦❜r❡ ❝♦s❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ✈✐❞❛✧ ✭▼❡rç❡ ▼♦❧✐st✮ ❆ñ❛❞✐♠♦s ❛ t♦❞❛s ❡st❛s ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ✉♥❛ ♠ás ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦r❛ ❇✐❡❧❧❛ ❈♦❧❡♠❛♥ q✉✐❡♥ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛ ✉♥ tr❛❜❛❥♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ♠✉② ✐♥t❡r❡✲ s❛♥t❡✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❧❛ ✓ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛ ✧❤❛❝❦❡r✧ ❡s ✉♥❛ t❡❝♥ó❧♦❣❛ q✉❡ ❛♠❛ ❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ② ✉♥ ✧❤❛❝❦✧ ❡s ✉♥❛ s♦❧✉❝✐ó♥ té❝♥✐❝❛ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❧❧❡✈❛ ❛ ❝❛❜♦ ♣♦r ♠❡❞✐♦s ♥♦ ♦❜✈✐♦s✳ ❊st♦ ♥♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ♣♦♥❡r ❡♥ ♣❡❧✐❣r♦ ❡❧ P❡♥tá❣♦♥♦✱ ❝❛♠❜✐❛r t✉s ❣r❛❞♦s✱ ♦ ❛❝❛❜❛r ❝♦♥ ❡❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❡r♦ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✱ ❛ ♣❡s❛r ❞❡ q✉❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥ s❡ ♣♦❞rí❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡st♦ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ✉♥❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ♠✉② r❡❞✉❝✐❞❛ ❞❡❧ tér♠✐♥♦✳ ▲❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s ❤❛❝❦❡rs t✐❡♥❞❡♥ ❛ ✈❛❧♦r❛r ✉♥ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦s ❧✐❜❡r❛❧❡s✿ ❧❛ ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞✱ ❧❛ ♣r✐✲ ✈❛❝✐❞❛❞ ② ❡❧ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❀ t✐❡♥❞❡♥ ❛ ❛❞♦r❛r ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❛s✱ ② ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ♦❜t✐❡♥❡♥ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ♥♦ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞♦ ❛ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❡❧ ❣r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✐❧❡❣❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❡s ♠✉② ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✭❞❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ s❡❣ú♥ ♠✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❡s ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧❡③❛ ❧❡❣❛❧✮✳ P❡r♦ ✉♥❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ s❡ ❛❢r♦♥t❛ ❡❧ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❞❡s❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝✲ t✐✈❛ ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛✱ ❡st♦s r❛s❣♦s ❝♦♠✉♥❡s s❡ ❢✉♥❞❡♥ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♠❛r ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s✱ ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❞❡ ❡st❛s ❞✐st✐♥❝✐♦♥❡s s♦♥ s✉t✐❧❡s✱ ♠✐❡♥tr❛s q✉❡ ♦tr❛s s♦♥ ❧♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦✲ ❢✉♥❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛r ✉♥ ♣❡♥s❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❡♥ tér♠✐♥♦s ❞❡ ✶✾ ❣❡♥❡❛❧♦❣í❛s ♦ ❡s❝✉❡❧❛s✔✳ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛ ② ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs✱ ❛s✐ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ s✐ ♥✉❡s✲ tr❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡♥ ❝♦♠♦ t❛❧ ② ❞❡ s✐ ❝♦♥♦❝❡♥ ♦tr❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs✱ ❡st❛ ❝✉❡st✐ó♥ ❜✉s❝❛ r♦♠♣❡r ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❧❛s ♥♦ ❡①✐st❡♥✳ ❊st❛ ✐❞❡❛ ❡st✉✲ ✈♦ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛❞❛ ✜♥❛❧❡s ❞❡ ❧♦s ✾✵✱ ❈♦r♥❡❧✐❛ ❙♦❧❢r❛♥❦ ❞❡❧ ❣r✉♣♦ ❝✐❜❡r❢❡♠✐♥✐st❛ ❖❧❞ ❇♦②s ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❛✜r♠❛❜❛✿ ✏ ❈♦♠♦ ❝✐❜❡r❢❡♠✐♥✐st❛✱ ❜✉s❝❛❜❛ ❛ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs✳ ❆❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐♦ tr❛té ❞❡ ✐❣♥♦r❛r ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❧❛s ♣♦❝❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❜❛♥ ❡♥ ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr♦s ❞❡ ❤❛❝❦❡rs ♥♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❜❛♥ ❛❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣ ② ♥♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❛♥ ❛ sí ♠✐s♠❛s ❤❛❝❦❡rs✳ ▼❡ t♦♠ó ✉♥ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❞❛r♠❡ ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡♥ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ ◆❖ ❤❛❜í❛ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs✑ ✳ ✷✵ P❛tr✐❝❡ ❘✐❡♠❡♥s✱ ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ♥✉❡str♦s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞♦s ♠✐❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡❧ ♠ít✐❝♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❝❦❡rs ❤♦❧❛♥❞❡s❡s ✏ ❍✐♣♣✐❡s ❢r♦♠ ❍❡❧❧✑ ♥♦s ❝♦♠❡♥tó✿ ✏ ❈♦r♥❡❧✐❛ ❙♦❧❢r❛♥❦ t❡♦r✐③ó s♦❜r❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ❜❛st❛♥t❡ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥♦❝❡r ♥✐♥❣✉♥❛✱ ♥♦ sé s✐ ❢✉❡ ♣♦r ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❧♦s ❝♦♥t❛❝t♦s ❝♦rr❡❝✲ t♦s✱ ♦ s✐ ♥♦ ❤✐③♦ ❡❧ ❡s❢✉❡r③♦ ♦ ♥♦ ♠✐ró ❡♥ ❡❧ ❧✉❣❛r ❛❞❡❝✉❛❞♦ ♦ ❧♦ q✉❡ s❡❛✳✳✳ ❧✉❡❣♦ s❡ s♦r♣r❡♥❞✐ó ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧❧❛s ❛♣❛r❡❝✐❡r♦♥ ② ♥♦ ❡r❛♥ ♣♦❝❛s✱ ② ❧❧❡✈❛❜❛♥ ✉♥ ✷✶ ❊♥ r❡❧❛❝✐ó♥ ❝♦♥ ❡st❛ ✐❞❡❛✱ ♦tr❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❞✐❥❡r♦♥✿ ✧❙✐ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❡♥ ❡❧❧♦✑ ✳ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♥❛ ♦✈❡❥❛ ♥❡❣r❛ ② t✐❡♥❡s ✉♥❛ ♠❡♥t❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡s ❛✜r♠❛r q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡①✐st❡♥ ❧❛s ♦✈❡❥❛s ♥❡❣r❛s✱ ❡s só❧♦ q✉❡ ❛ú♥ ♥♦ ❤❛s ❡♥❝♦♥✲ tr❛❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♥❛✳ ❚❛❧ ✈❡③ ❧❛s ♦✈❡❥❛s ♥❡❣r❛s s♦♥ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s✱ ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❧❛s ❡♥❝✉❡♥tr❡♥ ✭◆✐♥❦❡ ❋♦❦♠❛✮ ✲ ❇✉❡♥♦✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡st❛ ❧♦ q✉❡ tú ❞❡❝í❛s✱ s✐ ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ ✶ ❡s ✉♥ ❤❛❝❦❡r✱ ② ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦r❡s s♦❧♦ ✶✵ s♦♥ ♠✉❥❡r❡s✱ ❡♥t♦♥❝❡s t✐❡♥❡ q✉❡ ❤❛❜❡r ♠✉② ♣♦❝❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ✭❉♦♥♥❛ ▼❡t③❧❛r✮✑ ✳ ✶✾ ❈♦❧❡♠❛♥✱ ●✳✱ ✓ ❚❤❡ ❆♥t❤r♦♣♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❍❛❝❦❡rs ✔✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳t❤❡❛t❧❛♥t✐❝✳❝♦♠✴t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✴❛r❝❤✐✈❡✴✷✵✶✵✴✵✾✴t❤❡✲❛♥t❤r♦♣♦❧♦❣②✲♦❢✲ ❤❛❝❦❡rs✴✻✸✸✵✽✴ ✷✵ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦❜♥✳♦r❣✴❤❛❝❦❡rs✴t❡①t✶✳❤t♠ ✷✶ ❊♥tr❡✈✐st❛ ❝♦♥ P❛tr✐❝❡ ❘✐❡♠❡♥s✱ ❋❡❜r❡r♦ ✷✵✵✾✳ ✽✶ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❛r♥♦s ❝✉❡♥t❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ s✉ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ✐♥✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❧❛s ❤❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ❡♥ ♠✐t♦s✱ ✉♥❛ ♠❡③❝❧❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❤❡❝❤♦s r❡❛❧❡s ② ♣r♦②❡❝❝✐♦♥❡s ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛r✐❛s✳ ✷✷ ❘❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❡st❛s ✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♥ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧❛ ❣é♥❡s✐s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❝②❜❡r♣✉♥❦ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❛ñ♦s ✽✵ ② s✉❡❧❡♥ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞✐r ❡♥ ❢❛♥t❛sí❛s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❢✉❡rt❡s✱ ❧✐st❛s✱ ❞✉r❛s ② ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ s❡①✉❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❛❝t✐✈❛ ② ♣❧❡♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s✉♠✐❞❛✳ ❆❝t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧ ♠á①✐♠♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r ❤❛❝❦❡r ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛r✐❛ ❡s ▲✐s✲ ❜❡t❤ ❙❛❧❛♥❞❡r✱ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❥❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ tr✐❧♦❣✐❛ ♥❡❣r❛ ✏ ▼✐❧❡♥✐✉♠✑ q✉✐❡♥ s❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❞❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛s ♣r❡✈✐❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❆♥❣❡❧✐♥❛ ❏♦❧✐❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣❡❧✐❝✉❧❛ ❍❛❝❦❡rs✱ ❧❛s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ❧❡s❜✐❛♥❛s ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ♣♦r ❧❛ ❛✉t♦r❛ ❞❡ ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛ ✜❝❝✐ó♥ ▼❡❧✐ss❛ ❙❝♦tt ② ❧❛s ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛s r❡❜❡❧❞❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ tr✐❧♦❣í❛ ✏ ▼❛✜❛ ❣❡❡❦✑ ✳ ❊♥ ❝✉❛♥t♦ ❛❧ ❛♥á❧✐s✐s ❞❡ ❧❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞ s♦❧♦ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛♠♦s ❧❡❡r ❛❧❣✉♥❛s ❞❡ ❧❛s ❜✐❜❧✐❛s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r ❝♦♠♦ ✏ ✷✻✵✵✱ ❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r ♦❞❞✐s❡②✑ ❞❡ ❧❛ r❡✈✐st❛ ✷✻✵✵✱ ✏ t❤❡ ❛rt ♦❢ ❞❡❝❡♣t✐♦♥✑ ♦ ✏ t❤❡ ❛rt ♦❢ ✐♥tr✉s✐♦♥✑ ❞❡ ❑❡✈✐♥ ▼✐t♥✐❦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❤❛❝❦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❤❛♥ s✐❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠✉❥❡r❡s✳ ❉❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ s✐ ♥♦s ❝❡ñ✐♠♦s ❛ ❧❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r✱ q✉❡❞❛rs❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ s♦♠❜r❛ ② ❡♥ ❡❧ ❛♥♦♥✐♠❛t♦ s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉②❡♥ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ♣r♦t❡❝❝✐ó♥ ❡♥ ❝♦♥tr❛ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐❜❧❡s ❛❝❝✐♦♥❡s ❝r✐♠✐♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦r❛s✱ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ❤❛②❛♥ ❡❧❡❣✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡rs❡✳ P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❛❞❡♠ás ❞❡ ❧❛s r❛③♦♥❡s ❞❡t❛❧❧❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❡st❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣♦❝❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❡❧ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣✱ t❛♠✲ ❜✐é♥ r❡❝❛❧❝❛♠♦s ❧❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡ ✐❞❡❛ ❡①♣r❡s❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❇❛r❜❛r❛ ❚❤♦❡♥s✿ ✏ ❨♦ ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤✐stór✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❤❛♥ ❡st❛❞♦ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t✐❞❛s ❡♥ ❝✉❡s✲ t✐♦♥❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐ ❡s❛ ❡s ❧❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ r❛③ó♥✳ ▲❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♥♦ ❤❛♥ ❡st✉❞✐❛❞♦ ❝✉❡st✐♦♥❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♣♦r ♠✉❝❤♦ t✐❡♠♣♦✳ ▲❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❆❧❡♠❛♥✐❛ ❛❞q✉✐r✐✲ ♠♦s ❡❧ ❞❡r❡❝❤♦ ❛ ❡st✉❞✐❛r r❡❝✐é♥ ❡♥ ✶✾✶✻✱ ♥♦ ❡s ♠✉❝❤♦✱ ②♦ ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♥❡❝❡s✐t❛ ✉♥❛ tr❛❞✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ♠ás ❛ñ♦s✳ ❊♥ ❝❛♠❜✐♦ ❧♦s ❤♦♠❜r❡s ❡stá♥ ❡♥ ❡st♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ♠✉❝❤♦ t✐❡♠♣♦ ❛♥t❡s✔✳ ✷✸ P♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❛② q✉❡ s❡ñ❛❧❛r ❧❛s ♣❛✉t❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❝❡s♦ ❡ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s r❡s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐❛r✱ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ❝❛r✲ r❡r❛s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐❛s ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧❡s✳ ❉❡r❡❝❤♦s q✉❡ ❤❛♥ s✐❞♦ ♥❡❣❛❞♦s✱ ② s✐❣✉❡♥ s✐❡♥❞♦ ♥❡❣❛❞♦s✱ ❛ ❣r❛♥ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s✳ ❉❡ ❧❛ ♠✐s♠❛ ♠❛♥❡r❛✱ q✉❡ ❧❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♠❛s t❛r❞í❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧♦s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♥❧❧❡✈❛ ✉♥❛ ❜r❡❝❤❛ ❞❡ ❣é♥❡r♦✱ ❧❛ s✐t✉❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧♦ ❡st✉❞✐♦s ② ❧❛s ❝✐❡♥❝✐❛s t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s ✉♥ ❤❛♥❞✐❝❛♣ q✉❡ t❡♥❡r ❡♥ ❝✉❡♥t❛✳ ❆✉♥q✉❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥ s❡ ♣✉❡❞❡ r❡❝♦r❞❛r ❞❡ q✉❡ s✐ ♠✉❝❤❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ♥♦ ♣♦❞í❛♥ ❛❝❝❡❞❡r ❛ ❡st✉❞✐♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ②❛ ❡♥ ❧♦s s✐❣❧♦s ✶✼ ② ✶✽✱ ❡①✐stí❛♥ ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s q✉❡ s❡ r❡✉♥í❛♥ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞✐❛r ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r ❛✈❛♥❝❡s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✱ ❤❛❜í❛ ♠✉❥❡r❡s tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ❡♥ ❧♦s ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦s ♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s✲ t❛s ❞❡ ❞❛t♦s ② ♠✉❝❤❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❝❛s❛❞❛s ❝♦♥ ❤♦♠❜r❡s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡❥❡r❝í❛♥ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ♥♦ r❡✐✈✐♥❞✐❝❛❜❛♥ ❧❛ ❛✉t♦rí❛ ❞❡ s✉s tr❛❜❛❥♦s✳ P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❝✉r✐♦s♦ ✈❡r q✉❡ ♠✉❝❤❛s ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ❧❡s ❝✉❡st❛ ❞❡✜♥✐rs❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❤❛❝❡❦rs✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❧❛s q✉❡ s✐ s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡♥ ❝♦♠♦ ❤❛❝❦❡rs✱ ❧♦ ❤❛❝❡♥ ♣♦rq✉❡ r❡❝♦♥♦❝❡♥ t❡♥❡r ❧❛s ❝♦♠♣❡t❡♥❝✐❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❝❦❡❛r ②✴♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❞✐❝❡♥ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐r✱ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛r✱ ✈✐✈✐r ❡♥ s✉ ❞í❛ ❛ ❞í❛ ❧♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❧❛ ét✐❝❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r✳ ✷✷ Pr❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ② ❧✐st❛♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥♦s ❞❡ ❡st♦s ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛r✐♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❣❛❧❡r✐❛ s✐❣✉✐❡♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴♥✲ ✶✳❝❝✴♣❣✴♣❤♦t♦s✴❛❧❜✉♠✴✺✵✻✷✸✸✴✐♠❛❣✐♥❛r✐s ✷✸ ❊♥❣❧❡r✳ ❱✳✱ ✓ ❍❛❝❦❡❛r ❡s ♣♦❧✐t✐❝♦ ✔✱ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦❜♥✳♦r❣✴❤❛❝❦❡rs✴t❡①t✹✳❤t♠❧ ✽✷ ✏ ❙✐✱ ♠❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r♦ ✉♥❛ ✇❤✐t❡ ❤❛t ❤❛❝❦❡r✑ ✭▼❡❧❛♥✐❡ ❘✐❡❜❛❝❦✮ ✏ ❤✉♠✳✳✳ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ s✐✳ ✭➽♣♦rq✉❡ ✉♥ ♣♦❝♦ s♦❧♦❄ ✮ P♦rq✉❡ t♦❞❛✈í❛ ♥♦ ❤❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ ♥❛❞❛ q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❛ s❡r✈✐r ❛ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡✳ ❊♥ ❡❧ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ♦tr❛s ❞❡✜♥✐✲ ❝✐♦♥❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❡♥tr❛ ❡♥ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❛❥❡♥♦s ② r♦❜❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♠✐❧❧❛s ❞❛t♦s✱ ❡♥ ❡s❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♥♦✱ ♥♦ s♦② ❤❛❝❦❡r✳ P♦rq✉❡ ❛❤♦r❛ ♠✐s✲ ♠♦ ♥♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❞❡ ♠✐s ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ② ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥♦ ♠❡ ❛♣❡t❡❝❡ ♠❡t❡r♠❡ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♣❛r❛♥♦✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❝♦♥s❡❝✉❡♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ♣✉❡❞❛♥ ✈❡♥✐r❄✑ ② ✏ s✐ ❝♦♥♦③✲ ❝♦ ❛ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs✱ t❛❧ ✈❡③ ♥♦ s❡❛♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ♣❡r♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ t❡r♠✐♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡ ❛❜❛r❝❛r ♦tr❛s ❝♦s❛s✱ ✉♥❛s ❤❛❝❡♥ ✈í❞❡♦ ❝♦♥ ▲✐♥✉① ② r❡♣❛r❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ② t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❡s♦ ❡s s❡r ❤❛❝❦❡r✑ ✭❆♥ó♥✐♠❛✮ ✏ ②♦ ❤❛❝❦❡r❄✱ ②♦ ♠❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r♦ ❝✉r✐♦s❛✱ ♥♦ sé✱ ② ❡♥ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❥❡✱ ♥♦ sé ✐❣✉❛❧ ❝✉❛♥❞♦ t❡♥❣❛ ✼✵ ❛ñ♦s s❡ré ❤❛❝❦❡r ❍❆❈❑❊❘✱ ❛❤♦r❛ ❡st♦② ❛❧❧í ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❡♥❞♦✱ ❡s q✉❡ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧❛s ♣❛❧❛❜r❛s✱ ❧♦s ❧é①✐❝♦s✱ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♥♦ ❧♦ ❡♥t✐❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦ ❡♥t✐❡♥❞❡ t♦❞♦ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ♥♦✱ ♦ s❡❛ ②♦ ✈❡♦ ❛ ♠✐ ❛❧r❡❞❡❞♦r ♠✉❝❤ís✐♠❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ❤❛❝❦❡r✱ ② ❛ ♥✐✈❡❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ ② ❛ ♥✐✈❡❧ té❝♥✐❝♦✱ ② ❛ ♥✐✈❡❧ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ♠✉❝❤ís✐♠♦s ♥✐✈❡❧❡s✱ ❧♦ ❜✉❡♥♦ ❡s q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ✈❡♦ ♠❛s✱ ♦ s❡❛ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ t✐❡♥❡ ♠❛s ❣❛♥❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❡❛rs❡ ❧❛s ❝♦s❛s✑ ✭❊❧❧❡✢❛♥❡✮ ✏ ❍✉♠✐❧❞❡♠❡♥t❡ s✐✱ ②❛ ♥♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❤❛②❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦✱ ♠✐ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❝✐ó♥ ❛❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡s ♥✉❧❛✱ ❡s❝❛s❛✱ ♣❡r♦ ②♦ ✈❡♦ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠✐r❛❞❛ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✱ ❞♦♥❞❡ ♠❛s ♣✉❡❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛r✱ ♠✐s ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡s s♦♥ ✈✐rt✉❛❧❡s✱ ❡♥ ❡s♦ ♠✐ ♠✐r❛❞❛ ❡s ❤❛❝❦❡r✑ ② ✏ ❝♦♥♦③❝♦ ❛ ♠✐s ❝♦♠♣❛ñ❡r❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❥♦✱ t♦❞❛s s♦♥ ❝❤✐❝❛s✱ ❡s ♣♦r r❛③ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦❞✐❞❛❞ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛✱ t❛♠♣♦❝♦ ❡s ✉♥❛ ❞❡❝✐s✐ó♥ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❡♥tr❛r ❝❤✐❝♦s ♣❡r♦ ❡❧ ✢✉❥♦ ❧❧❡✈❛ q✉❡ ❤❛② ♠❛s ❛✜♥✐❞❛❞✱ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ♣❛s❛ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❝❤✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❤❛② ♠❛s ❛✜♥✐❞❛❞ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❧♦s✱ ❧❧❡✈❛♠♦s tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ❥✉♥t❛s ✺ ❛ñ♦s✑ ✭▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✮ ✧❉❡♣❡♥❞✐❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❤❛❝❦❡r ❬✳✳✳❪ ❈✉❛♥❞♦ ❡r❛ ❥♦✈❡♥ ❡ ✐❜❛ ❛ ❤❛❝❦❡rs ❝❛♠♣s✱ ❧♦s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ❡st❛❜❛♥ s♦❧♦s s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛ s✉ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ② ♠✐r❛❜❛♥ ❤❛st❛ ❞ó♥❞❡ ♣♦❞í❛♥ ❧❧❡❣❛r✱ ♥♦ ❤❛❜í❛ ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s✳ ❆❤♦r❛ ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❤❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐❞♦ ♠ás ❡♥ ✉♥❛ ❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞✱ ❧❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛s tr❛❜❛❥❛♥ ❥✉♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r ❤❛st❛ ❞ó♥❞❡ ♣✉❡❞❡♥ ❧❧❡❣❛r✳ ❊♥ ❡s♦s t✐❡♠♣♦s ②♦ ♥♦ ❡r❛ ✉♥❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r ♣♦r ♠✐ ❝✉❡♥t❛✱ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❧♦ ❤❛❜rí❛ ❤❡❝❤♦✱ ❛❤♦r❛ s✐ ♠❡ ❤✉❜✐❡r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❣r✉♣♦s s❡❣✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡ ❤❛❜rí❛ ✐♥t❡r❡s❛❞♦ ♠✉❝❤♦ ♠ás ❤❛❝❡r❧♦✳ P❡r♦ só❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❛r q✉❡ ❤❛② ✉♥ ❡rr♦r ✳✳✳ só❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ❡r❡s ♠ás ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❧♦s ❞❡♠ás ✳✳✳♥♦ sé ✧ ✭❋r❛♥❝❡s ❇r❛③✐❡r✮ ✧❨♦ ❞✐❣♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ s♦② ❤❛❝❦❡r✱ ♣❡r♦ ❤❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ❬✳✳❪ ❨♦ s♦② ♥❡r❞✱ ❡st✉❞✐❛ré t♦❞❛ ❧❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛✱ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ❝♦♠♣❛rt♦ ❧❛ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞✱ q✉❡ ❛ ♠í ♥♦ ♠❡ ♣❛r❛♥ ❜❛rr❡r❛s s✐ q✉✐❡r♦ ♠✐r❛r ❞❡trás ❞❡ ✉♥ ♠✉r♦✑ ② ✏ ✭r✐s❛s✮ ❨♦ ❞✐rí❛ q✉❡ ✉♥❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r ❞❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❧♦ ❞✐rí❛ ♣♦r s✉ ♣r♦♣✐❛ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞✱ ② s✐ ❝♦♥♦③❝♦ ❛ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs✑ ✭❈❛♥❞❡❧❛✮ ✏ ❜✉❡♥♦ ❡st♦ ❡s ✉♥ ♣♦q✉✐t♦✱ ❧❛ ❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ r✐♠❛✐❛ ❛ ❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ t❡❧❡♠át✐✲ ✽✸ ❝❛ ♥♦s ❧❧❛♠❛♥ ❧♦s ❤❛❝❦❡r ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ❡♥ ✉♥ ❤❛❝❦❡rs♣❛❝❡ ❜❝♥✱ ✉♥ ❤❛❝❦❧❛❜✱ ❡s ✉♥ t❡r♠✐♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♥♦s ♣♦♥❡♥✳ P✉❡❞❡ s❡r q✉❡ s✐✱ s❡❣ú♥ ❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ P❡❦❦❛ ❍✐♠❛♥❡♥ ♣♦❞rí❛♠♦s s❡r ❧♦✱ ♦ ♥♦ s❡r ❧♦✳ ❊❧ ♥✐✈❡❧ té❝♥✐❝♦ q✉❡ t❡♥❣♦ t❛♠♣♦❝♦ ❡s q✉❡ s❡❛ ❛str♦♥ó♠✐❝♦✱ ♣❡r♦ t❡♥❣♦ ♠í♥✲ ✐♠♦s ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❝✐ó♥✱ ♠❡ ♠❛♥❡❥♦ ❡♥ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❡s✱ s✐ t❡♥❣♦ ❛❧❣ú♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣✉❡❞♦ ✐r ❛rr❡❣❧❛♥❞♦✱ ♣❡r♦ ❡st♦ q✉❡ ❧♦ ❞✐❣❛ ♦tr♦✱ ➽s✐ s♦② ✉♥❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r ♦ ♥♦ ❄✧ ② ✏ ②♦ s✐ ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ ❤❛② ♣❡r♦ ❡stá♥ ♠ás ❛ ❧❛ s♦♠❜r❛ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ ♥♦ t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ ❛✈❡r❣♦♥③❛rt❡ s✐ ❛❧❣✉✐❡♥ s❛❜❡ ♠❛s q✉❡ tú ♣♦rq✉❡ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ✈❛s ❛✈❛♥③❛♥❞♦ ② ♣♦s✐❜❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❜❡s s❛❜✐❡♥❞♦ ♠ás q✉❡ ♠✉❝❤❛ ❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ s❛❧❡ ❞❡ ✉♥❛ ❝❛rr❡r❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✧ ✭❇❧❛❝❦❤♦❧❞✮ ✏ ❨♦ ♥♦ ♠❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r♦ ✉♥❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r✳ ▼✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs✱ ♣✉❡s ♣♦r ❡❥❡♠♣❧♦ ❧❛ ❜❧❛❝❦❤♦❧❞ ♦ ❧✬❛♠❛✐❛✑ ② ✏ ❍❛❜í❛♥ ♠✉② ♣♦❝❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ② ❤❛② ♠✉② ♣♦❝❛s t♦❞❛✈í❛ ❬✳ ✳ ✳ ❪ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❝♦♠♦ t❡ r❡❝✐❜❡♥✱ ❞❡❜❡s t❡♥❡r ❧♦s ✏ ❤✉❡✈♦s✑ ❜✐❡♥ ♣✉❡st♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛rs❡ ❡♥ ❡s❡ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❡s ✉♥ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ tí♦s ② tú ❡♥tr❛s ❛❧❧í✱ ❛❞❡♠ás ♥♦ ❡r❡s ✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❧♦s ② ②❛ t❡ ♠❛r❝❛♥ ❧❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝✐❛✱ ♥♦ ❢♦r♠❛s ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞✱ t❡ ❧♦ t✐❡♥❡s q✉❡ ❣❛♥❛r ② ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❤❛❝❦❡rs s❡ ❧♦ t✐❡♥❡♥ q✉❡ ❣❛♥❛r ♠❛s q✉❡ ❡❧❧♦s ❬✳✳✳❪ ❊st❛♠♦s ❡♥ ✉♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ♣❛tr✐❛r❝❛❧ ② s❡ ✈❡ ❡♥ ♠✉❝❤♦s ❞❡t❛❧❧❡s✳ ❊♥ ♠✐ ❝❛s♦✱ s❡ ♠❡ ❤❛ r❡❝✐❜✐❞♦ ♠✉② ❜✐❡♥ ♣❡r♦ ♠❡ ❧♦ ❤❡ ❣❛♥❛❞♦✳ ❚✉✈❡ q✉❡ ❡st✉❞✐❛r ② ❡st❛r ❡♥ ❧❛ ♦♥❞❛✱ ② ❛ ✈❡❝❡s t✉✈❡ q✉❡ s♦❧t❛r ❛❧❣ú♥ ♠♦❝♦✱ ② ❡st♦② sú♣❡r ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐❞❛ ❛ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞ ❤❛❝❦❡r✱ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❡ ❞❛❞♦ ② ♠❡ ❤❡ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❛❝❡♣t❛r✳ ▲❛s tí❛s ❤❛❝❦❡rs ✈❛❧❡♥ ♠✉❝❤♦✳ ▲❛ ❏♦❛♥♥❛ ❘✉t❦♦✇s❦❛✱ ❤❛❜❧é ❝♦♥ ❡❧❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛r❧❛ ② ❡s ✉♥ tí❛ ❞✉r❛✱ ❡s q✉❡ ❡s ❡s♦✱ s♦♥ tí❛s ❞✉r❛s✱ ♥♦ ❡s q✉❡ ❡❧ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛r ❡♥ ❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡❧ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❧❛s ❤❛②❛ ❤❡❝❤♦ ❞✉r❛s ♣❡r♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r♦ q✉❡ ❧❛s q✉❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡♥ ❡s ♣♦rq✉❡ t✐❡♥❡♥ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡rs❡ ✈❛❧❡r ② ❝r❡♦ q✉❡ t✐❡♥❡♥ q✉❡ ❤❛❝❡r❧♦ ♠ás q✉❡ ❧♦s tí♦s✳ ❨ ❞❡❥❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ t♦❞♦ ❡❧❧♦✱ t❡♥❣♦ q✉❡ ❞❡❝✐r q✉❡ s✐❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❣✉st❛ ✈❡r ❛ ❝❤✐❝❛s ❡♥ ❡st♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✧ ✭▼❡rçé ▼♦❧✐st✮ ✸✳✶✵✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥❡s ◆✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛♥ ♣♦r ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ✉♥❛ ❝♦♥tr❛✲t❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❛ r❡✲ s♣❡❝t♦ ❡❧ é①♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❢✉❡r❛ ❞❡ ❈✐❡♥❝✐❛s ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛s✱ t❛❧ ② ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❤❛ ✈✐✈✐❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛✶ ❞❡ ♣❛ís❡s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧❡s ❞❡s❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❧♦s ✽✵✳ P♦r ♦tr❛ ♣❛rt❡✱ ❛✉♥q✉❡ ❡❥❡r❝❡♥ s✉s ❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ♦ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t❛r✐♦ ✭✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥✱ ❞♦❝❡♥❝✐❛✮✱ ❡❧ s❡❝t♦r ❝♦♠✲ ❡r❝✐❛❧ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦ ✭❡♠♣r❡s❛s✱ ❢r❡❡❧❛♥❝❡✮ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❝✐✈✐❧ ② ♦tr❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❡s ❜❛s❛❞❛s ❡♥ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❝✐♦♥❡s ✈♦❧✉♥t❛r✐❛s ✭❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❋▲❖❙❙✱ ♣r♦②❡❝t♦s ❛❝t✐✈✐st❛s ♦ ❤❛❝❦t✐✈✐st❛s✮ ❤❛♥ ❡❧❡❣✐❞♦ tr❛❜❛❥❛r ❝♦♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ❞❡s❝❛rt❛♥❞♦ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r✐✈❛t✐✈♦ ❛❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r❧♦ ❛♥t✐♥ó♠✐❝♦ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ♣r❡s✉♣✉❡st♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧❡s ❞❡trás ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❝✐ó♥✳ ❚❛♠❜✐é♥ ❤❡♠♦s ♣♦❞✐❞♦ ✈❡r ❝♦♠♦ ❧❛ ♠❛②♦rí❛ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛♥ s✉s ❝❛rr❡r❛s ♦s❝✐❧❛♥✲ ❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡s♦s ✈❛r✐♦s ♠✉♥❞♦s s❡❛ ♣❛r❛ s✉ s♦st❡♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ✭tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡❛ r❡♠✉♥❡r❛❞❛ ② tr❛❜❛❥❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡r❛ ✈♦❧✉♥t❛r✐❛✮ ② s✉ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧✳ ▼❛s ♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❧❛ ♠✐t❛❞ ❤❛ ❝✉rs❛❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥ r❡❣❧❛❞❛ s❡❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ s❡❛ ✽✹ ❛ tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❡s ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❛❧❡s✱ ❧❛ ♦tr❛ ♠✐t❛❞ ❤❛ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧❛❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛✲ ❝✐ó♥ ♠❛r❝❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❜❛s❛❞❛ ❡♥ ❧❛ ❛❞q✉✐s✐❝✐ó♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ❣r❛❝✐❛s ❛ ❞✐♥á♠✐❝❛s ❛✉t♦❞✐❞❛❝t❛s ✏ ❉♦ ■t ❨♦✉rs❡❧❢ ✲ ❍❛③❧♦ ❚✉ ▼✐s♠❛✑ ✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛❝✐ó♥ ✈♦❧✉♥t❛r✐❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ② ❝♦❧❡❝t✐✈♦s ✏ ❍❛③❧♦ ❏✉♥t❛s✑ q✉❡ ❤❛♥ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞♦ ② ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦ ❡❧ tr❛s✈❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥♦❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ❡♥tr❡ s✉s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s✳ ❙✉s ✐♥t❡r❡s❡s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❡s ② ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s r❡s✉❧t❛♥ ❡❝❧é❝t✐❝♦s ❛❜❛r❝❛♥❞♦ ✉♥❛ ❛♠♣❧✐❛ ♣❛❧❡t❛ ❞❡ s❛❜❡r❡s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧❛ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡♥ ❡❧ á♠❜✐t♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❘❋■❉✱ ❧♦s ❡♠❜❡❞❡❞ s②st❡♠s ② ❧❛s r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✱ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❥♦r❛r ❧❛ ❝✉❛❧✐❞❛❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛❝✐ó♥✱ s✉ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❝✐ó♥ ② ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐♠✐❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♥ ❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s s❡♠á♥t✐❝❛s ② s✐st❡♠❛s ❛✉tó♥♦♠♦s✱ ❤❛st❛ ❡❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦❣❡st✐ó♥ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣❡♥s❛❞❛s ❞❡s❞❡ ② ♣❛r❛ ❧♦s ♠♦✈✐♠✐❡♥t♦s s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ② ❧❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞ ❝✐✈✐❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❣✉✐✜✱ ♠❛rs✉♣✐✱ ❧♦r❡❛✱ s✐♥❞♦♠✐♥✐♦✱ ❘❋■❉ ❣✉❛r❞✐❛♥✱ r✐❡r❡t❛✱ ✐♥❢♦❡s♣❛✐✱ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ❧❧✐✉r❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ r✐♠❛✐❛✱ ❤❛r❞♠❡❡t✐♥❣✱ s✉♠♠❡r ❝❛♠♣ ❣❛rr♦t①❛ ❡t❝✳ ❱❡♠♦s ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ q✉❡ s✉s ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ❡stá♥ ♠✉② ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ② ♣rá❝t✐❝❛s ❛s♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ❧❛ ét✐❝❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧ ❢♦♠❡♥t♦ ② ❞❡❢❡♥s❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❧✐❜r❡✱ ♣❛s❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❧❛ ❞❡❢❡♥s❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞ ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡s✐ó♥✱ ❡❧ ❛♥♦♥✐♠❛t♦✱ ❧❛ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞ ② ❧❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞✱ ♣❡r♦ t❛♠❜✐é♥ ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ❛❧ ❞✐s❡ñ♦ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❚■❈ ❜❛s❛❞♦s ❡♥ ❧❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐✈❛ ② ❧❛ ❡s❝✉❝❤❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ♥❡❝❡s✐❞❛❞❡s ② ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ s✉s ✉s✉❛r✐❛s✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛❜❡ ❞❡❝✐r✱ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝❝✐ó♥ ❤❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝✐❞♦ ✉♥♦s r❡❧❛t♦s ❝❛s✐ ❛♥tr♦♣♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❧❛s ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❛s ② s✉❜❥❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s✳ ❊st❛s ❛✉♥q✉❡ ♣r♦✈❡♥❣❛♥ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ② ❝❛t❡❣♦rí❛s s♦❝✐♦✲❞❡♠♦❣rá✜❝❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ② ♣♦r ❧♦ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ♣✉❡❞❛♥ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ♠✉❡str❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ✉♥❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❡st❛❞íst✐❝❛✱ s✐ ✐❧✉str❛♥ ✉♥ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ♠✉❥❡r❡s t❡❝♥ó❧♦❣❛s ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ❛ ❧❛ ét✐❝❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r ② ❧❛ ♣rá❝t✐❝❛ ② ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ② ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❧✐❜r❡✳ ❊❥❡r❝❡r s✉ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛r ② ❝r❡❛r✱ ❝✉❡st✐♦♥❛r ❧❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞ ② ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐r ❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞ s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉②❡♥ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡r♦s♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❡♠♣♦❞❡r❛♠✐❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡r♠❛r ❡❧ ♣❛tr✐❛r❝❛❞♦ ② ❡❧ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✐s♠♦✳ P♦r t♦❞♦ ❡❧❧♦✱ ❡s♣❡r❛♠♦s q✉❡ s✉s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉②❛♥ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥❛ ❢✉❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛❝✐ó♥ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦tr❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡❧✐❥❛♥ s❡❣✉✐r ❧❛ ✈í❛ ❞❡ ●♥✉✴▲✐♥✉① ② s❡ ❛♣✉♥t❡♥ ❛❧ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ ② ❧❛ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛ ❞❡❧ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣✳ ✽✺ ❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦s ▼✉❝❤❛s ❣r❛❝✐❛s ❛ ❱✐❞❡♦❤❛❝❦❡rs ♣♦r r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❧❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s ❛✉❞✐♦✈✐s✉❛❧❡s ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡❞✐t❛r❧❛s ❝♦♥ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐❜r❡ r❡s✐st✐❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❛ t❡♥t❛❝✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ❝♦♥❢♦rt ② ❧❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞ ❡♥ ♣♦s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❧✉❝❤❛ ♣♦r ❧❛ ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞ ② ❧❛ ❝♦❤❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✦ ❯♥ ❣r❛♥ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❛ ♥✉❡str❛s ❡①♣❡rt❛s ♣♦r ❧❡❡rs❡ ❝♦♥ ❛t❡♥❝✐ó♥ ❡st❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦ ② ♥✉tr✐r❧♦s ❝♦♥ ❛♣♦rt❡s ② ♠❡❥♦r❛s ✈❛r✐❛s✿ ❈❧❛r❛ ❈❡♥t❡♥♦✱ ❆❝t✐♦♥ ❧❡❛❞❡r ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ❞❡❧ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ❢♦r Pr♦s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❙t✉❞✐❡s ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡❧ ❉✐r❡❝t♦r❛t❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❏♦✐♥t ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❈❡♥tr❡ ✭❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥✮❀ ❆♥♥❛ ▼❡r❝❛❞é✱ ❘❡s♣♦♥s❛❜❧❡ ❞❡❧ ❖❜s❡r✈❛t♦r✐ ❉♦♥❛✱ ❊♠♣r❡s❛ ✐ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❈❛♠❜r❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♠❡rç ❇❛r❝❡❧♦♥❛❀ ❨ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♥ ❢✉❡rt❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠✐❡♥t♦ ❛ t♦❞❛s ❧❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛❞❛s q✉❡ ❤❛♥ ❛❝❡♣t❛❞♦ ❞❛r♥♦s ❞❡ s✉ t✐❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐r ❝♦♥ ♥♦s♦tr❛s s✉s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛s ② ❤❛❝❡r ♣♦s✐❜❧❡ ❡st❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❝❝✐ó♥✿ ❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❖✱ ▼❡❧❛♥✐❡ ❘✐❡❜❛❝❦✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡s ❇r❛③✐❡r✱ ▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ P❛❞✐❧❧❛✱ ❆♥ó♥✲ ✐♠❛✱ ❇❧❛❝❦❤♦❧❞✱ ❈❛♥❞❡❧❛✱ ❊❧❧❡✢❛♥❡✱ ▼❡rçè ▼♦❧✐st✱ ▲✐❧✐❛ ❱✐❧❧❛❢✉❡rt❡✱ ▼❛r❣❛r✐t❛ ●r❛❜✉❧ós ❙❛❜❛tés✱ ▼❛rt❛ ●✳ ❋r❛♥❝♦✱ P❡tr❛ ❚✐♠♠❡r♠❛♥✱ ❉♦♥♥❛ ▼❡t③❧❛r✱ ❆♥❥❛✱ ❲❡♥❞②✱ ◆②♥❦❡ ❋♦❦♠❛✱ P❛tr✐❝❡ ❘✐❡♠❡♥s✳ ✽✻ ❆♥❡①♦s ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✿ ❆❧✉♠♥❛❞♦ ♥✉❡✈♦ ❛♣✉♥t❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧ ✷✵✵✾✴✷✵✶✵ ❡♥ ✏ ■♥❣❡♥✐❡rí❛ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❣❡st✐ó♥✑ ❛sí ❝♦♠♦ ✏ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✑ ✭■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❊st❛❞íst✐❝♦✮ ✽✼ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸✿ ❆❧✉♠♥❛❞♦ q✉❡ t❡r♠✐♥ó ♣r✐♠❡r ② s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❡♥ ❈❛t❛❧✉♥②❛ ♣❛r❛ ■♥❣❡♥✐❡r❛ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ✭■◆❊✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ✽✽ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛❢í❛ ❬✶❪ ❆✉r♦r❛✱ ❱✳✱ ✏ ❚❤❡ ❉❛r❦ s✐❞❡ ♦❢ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❧✇♥✳♥❡t✴❆rt✐❝❧❡s✴✹✶✼✾✺✷✴ ❬✷❪ ❆✉r♦r❛✱ ❱✳✱ ✏ ❍❖❲❚❖ ❊♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡ ❲♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ ▲✐♥✉①✑ ✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴t❧❞♣✳♦r❣✴❍❖❲❚❖✴❊♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡✲❲♦♠❡♥✲▲✐♥✉①✲ ❍❖❲❚❖✴ ❬✸❪ ❆✉r♦r❛✱ ❱✳✱ ② ❤❛r❛ss♠❡♥t ❛❧✳✱ ✏ ●❡t ♣♦❧✐❝② ②♦✉r ❤❡r❡✦✑ ✱ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❛♥t✐✲ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❣❡❡❦❢❡♠✐♥✐s♠✳♦r❣✴✷✵✶✵✴✶✶✴✷✾✴❣❡t✲②♦✉r✲❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✲❛♥t✐✲ ❤❛r❛ss♠❡♥t✲♣♦❧✐❝②✲❤❡r❡ ❬✹❪ ❇❈❙✱ ❡✲s❦✐❧❧s ❇❊❘❘✱ ✓ ❯❑ ❲♦♠❡♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ■♥t❡❧❧❡❝t ■❚ ✇✐t❤ s❝♦r❡❝❛r❞ ✔✱ t❤❡ ✷✵✵✽✳ s✉♣♣♦rt ♦❢ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡ ✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜❝s✳♦r❣✴❝♦♥t❡♥t✴❝♦♥❲❡❜❉♦❝✴✷✺✵✺✸ ❬✺❪ ❇❡r❛r❞✐✳✱ ❇✳✱ ✏ ▲❛ ❢á❜r✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛ ✐♥❢❡❧✐❝✐❞❛❞✑ ✱ ❡❞ ❚r❛✜❝❛♥t❡s ❞❡ s✉❡ñ♦✱ ✷✵✵✸ ❬✻❪ ❇✐❡❞❛✱ ❧✐♥❡✿ ▲✳✱ ❆ ✏ ❲♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳❥s ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✑ ✳ ❚✐♠❡✲ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴r❛r❧✐♥❞s❡②s♠❛s❤✳❝♦♠✴✐♥❞❡①✳♣❤♣❄♥❂✶✸✶✷✼✹✼✷✹✷✫❝♦♠♠❡♥ts❂✶ ❬✼❪ ❇❧✉♠✱ ▲✳✱ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✿ ❆ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ❋r✐❡③❡✱ ❈✳✱ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ♦❢ ✏ ❚❤❡ ■s ❲♦♠❡♥ t❤❡ ❊✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❈✉❧t✉r❡ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡✑ ✱ ❙t✉❞✐❡s✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ♦❢ ❋r♦♥t✐❡rs✿ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝s✳❝♠✉✳❡❞✉✴⑦❧❜❧✉♠✴P❆P❊❘❙✴❋r♦♥t✐❡rs❴❚❤❡❴❊✈♦❧✈✐♥❣❴❈✉❧t✉r❡❴♦❢❴❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✳♣ ❬✽❪ ❇r❛t❛❛s✱ ❆✳✱ ✏ ❚❤✐s ❞♦❡s♥✬t ❝♦♠♣✉t❡✿ ❆s ♠♦r❡ ✇♦♠❡♥ ❡♥t❡r s❝✐❡♥✲ t✐✜❝ ✜❡❧❞s✱ t❤❡✐r ♥✉♠❜❡rs ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛r❡ ❞❡❝❧✐♥✐♥❣✑ ✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴t✐♥②✉r❧✳❝♦♠✴✻✻✺✽❧✉ ❬✾❪ ❇✉❡❝❤❧❡②✱ ▲✳✱ ▼❛❦♦✱ ❇✳✱ ❍✳✱ ✏ ▲✐❧②P❛❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❲✐❧❞✿ ❍♦✇ ❍❛r❞✲ ✇❛r❡✬s s✐❣♥ ✲ ▲♦♥❣ ❚❛✐❧ ✐s ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s✱ ▼❛ss❛❝❤✉s❡tts s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ ▼■❚ ▼❡❞✐❛ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ◆❡✇ ▲❛❜✱ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❍✐❣❤✲▲♦✇ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤ ❉❡✲ ●r♦✉♣ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❤❧t✳♠❡❞✐❛✳♠✐t✳❡❞✉✴♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✴❜✉❡❝❤❧❡②❴❉■❙❴✶✵✳♣❞❢ ✽✾ ❬✶✵❪ ❈❤❛♥✱ ❱✳✱ ❙t❛✛♦r❞✱ ❑✳✱ ❑❧❛✇❡✱ ▼✳✱ ❈❤❡♥✱ ●✳✱ ✏ ●❡♥❞❡r ❉✐❢✲ ❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❱❛♥❝♦✉✈❡r ❙❡❝♦♥❞❛r② ❙t✉❞❡♥ts✳ ■♥t❡r❡sts ❘❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❈❛r❡❡rs✑ ✱ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t✲ ❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❇r✐t✐s❤ ❈♦❧✉♠❜✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠✉♥✳❝❛✴❝✇s❡✴❈❤❛♥✱❱❛♥✐❛✳♣❞❢ ❬✶✶❪ ❈❤❡r②❛♥✱ ❙✳✱ ❍✉❞s♦♥✱ ▲✳✱ ❚♦s❡✱ ❆✳✱ ✏ ❊❳♣❧❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❲♦♠❡♥✬s ❯♥✲ ❞❡rr❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✿ ❚❤❡ ❘♦❧❡ ♦❢ ●❡♥✲ ❞❡r ❙t❡r❡♦t②♣❡s✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳♠✐❝r♦s♦❢t✳❝♦♠✴❛♣♣s✴✈✐❞❡♦✴❞❧✳❛s♣①❄✐❞❂✶✹✷✾✾✸ ❬✶✷❪ ❈♦❧❡♠❛♥✱ ●✳✱ ✓ ❚❤❡ ❆♥t❤r♦♣♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❍❛❝❦❡rs ✔✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳t❤❡❛t❧❛♥t✐❝✳❝♦♠✴t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✴❛r❝❤✐✈❡✴✷✵✶✵✴✵✾✴t❤❡✲ ❛♥t❤r♦♣♦❧♦❣②✲♦❢✲❤❛❝❦❡rs✴✻✸✸✵✽✴ ❬✶✸❪ ❉♦♥❡st❡❝❤✱ ✏ ❉❡s❝✐❢r❛♥❞♦ ❡❧ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❧❡❧❛✑ ✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴s✉❜✈✐❞❡♦✳t✈✴♣❧❛②❡r✳♣❤♣❄✐❞❂✽✽✫s✈❂✼✵ ❬✶✹❪ ❉♦♥❡st❡❝❤✱ ✏ ❈✐❢r❛s ❞❡ ▼✉❥❡r❡s ② t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣í❛s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡s✲ ♣❛ñ♦❧ ❡♥ ✉♥ ♠❛r❝♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❈❈❆❆ ❞❡❧ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡s♣❛ñ♦❧ ② ❧❛ ❯♥✐ó♥ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛✿ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝✉❡st✐ó♥✑ ✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❞♦♥❡st❡❝❤✳♥❡t✴❝❛✴♥♦❞❡✴✽✹✸ ❬✶✺❪ ❉♦♥❡st❡❝❤✱ ❉❊ ▲❆❙ ❏❊❘❊❙ ✏ ❊❙❚❯❉■❖ ❙❖❇❘❊ ❚❊❈◆❖▲❖●❮❆❙ ❊◆ ❊▲ P❖❘ ❊❙❚❆❉❖ ❊▲ ❆❈❈❊❙❖ P❆❘❚❊ ❊❙P❆Ñ❖▲✑ ✱ ❉❊ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❨ ▲❆❙ ❯❙❖ ▼❯✲ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❞♦♥❡st❡❝❤✳♥❡t✴❝❛✴❡st✉❞✐♦❴❝✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈♦❴❝♦❞✐❣♦❧❡❧❛❴❞♦♥❡st❡❝❤ ❬✶✻❪ ❉❚■✱ ✏ ❲❖▼❊◆ ■◆ ❚❍❊ ■❚ ■◆❉❯❙❚❘❨✿ ❚♦✇❛r❞s ❛ ❜✉s✐✲ ♥❡ss ❝❛s❡ ❢♦r ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ✑ ✱ ■♥t❡r✐♠ ❘❡♣♦rt ✱ ✷✵✵✺ ✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜✐s✳❣♦✈✳✉❦✴✜❧❡s✴✜❧❡✾✸✸✹✳♣❞❢ ❬✶✼❪ ❉✉r♥❞❡❧❧✱ ❆✳✱ ❚❤♦♠s♦♥✱ ❑✳✱ ✏ ●❡♥❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✿ ❛ ❞❡❝❛❞❡ ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥❣❡✑ ✱ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ❛♥❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✶✾✾✼ ❬✶✽❪ ❊❈❲❚✱ ✏ P♦s✐t✐♦♥ P❛♣❡r ♦♥ ●❡♥❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✿ ▲✐♥✐♥❣ ✉♣ ❢♦r ❛ ●❡♥❞❡r ❆❝t✐♦♥✲P❧❛♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❆❣❡♥❞❛✑ ❡●❊◆ ✲ ❆❉❆ ✷✵✶✶✲✷✵✶✺✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴t✐♥②✉r❧✳❝♦♠✴✸❥✈❝✉①✹ ❬✶✾❪ ❊♠♣✐r✐❝❛ ❛♥❞ ■❉❈ ❊▼❊❆ ●♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ■♥s✐❣❤ts ✱ ❉● ❊♥t❡r♣r✐s❡ ❛♥❞ ■♥❞✉str② ✭❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❈♦♠✐ss✐♦♥✮✱ ✏ ❆❢t❡r t❤❡ ❝r✐s✐s✱ t❤❡ ❡✲ s❦✐❧❧s ❣❛♣ ✐s ❧♦♦♠✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❊✉r♦♣❡✑ ✱ ✷✵✵✾✱ ❢✉❡♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡s❦✐❧❧s✲ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✳❡✉✴❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts✴Pr❡ss ✪✷✵r❡❧❡❛s❡ ✪✷✵✜♥❛❧✳♣❞❢ ❬✷✵❪ ❊♥❣❧❡r✳ ❱✳✱ ✓ ❍❛❝❦❡❛r ❡s ♣♦❧✐t✐❝♦ ✔✱ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦❜♥✳♦r❣✴❤❛❝❦❡rs✴t❡①t✹✳❤t♠❧ ❬✷✶❪ ❊❯❘❖P❊❆◆ ❈❖▼▼■❙❙■❖◆ ✱ ❉✐r❡❝t♦r❛t❡✲●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❢♦r ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❉✐r❡❝t♦r❛t❡ ▲ ✖ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❊❝♦♥♦♠② ❛♥❞ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ✱ ❯♥✐t ▲✳✹ ✖ ❙❝✐✲ ❡♥t✐✜❝ ❈✉❧t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ●❡♥❞❡r ■ss✉❡s✱ ✏ ❙❤❡ ✜❣✉r❡s✑ ✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴t✐♥②✉r❧✳❝♦♠✴✸❜❦✼✸♣✉ ✾✵ ❬✷✷❪ ❋❡❧s❡st❡✐♥✱ ▲✳✱ ▼❛♥✐✜❡st♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♥ ❧❛ ✓ ●❛❧❛❝t✐❝ ❤❛❝❦❡r ♣❛rt② ✔ ❡♥ ❡❧ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❡❧ ♣❛r❛❞✐s♦✱ ❆♠st❡r❞❛♠✱ ✶✾✽✾✳ ❬✷✸❪ ❋❡r♥à♥❞❡③ ✐ ❆r❛❣♦♥ès✱ ❆✳✱ ✧▲❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐t③❛❝✐ó ❞✬■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ Ús ❞✬❡str❛tè❣✐❡s ❢❡♠❡♥✐♥❡s ❡♥ ❧❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❤❛❝❦❡r✳✧✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❞♦♥❡st❡❝❤✳♥❡t✴✜❧❡s✴❋❡♠✐♥✐t③❛❝✐♦❴❞❴■♥t❡r♥❡t❴❚❋▼❆✐♥❛❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡③ ✪✺❇✶ ✪✺❉✳♣❞❢ ❬✷✹❪ ❋❡rr✐✱ ❏✳ ●✳✱ ✏ ▲❛ ♣r♦❢❡s✐ó♥ ❞❡ ✐♥❢ór♠❛t✐❝❅✑ ✱ ❖❜s❡r✈❛t♦r✐♦ ❈✐❜❡r✲ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❬✷✺❪ ●❛❧♣✐♥✱ ❱✳✱ ✏ ❲♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✑ ✱ ❙❝❤♦♦❧ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❲✐✇❛t❡rsr❛♥❞✱ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛✱ ✷✵✵✷ ❬✷✻❪ ●❤♦s❤✱ ❘✳✱ ✏ ❋r❡❡✴▲✐❜r❡ ❆✳✱ ❛♥❞ ●❧♦tt✱ ❖♣❡♥ ❋▲❖❙❙✱ ❉❡❧✐✈❡r❛❜❧❡ ✈❡② ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs✑ ✱ ♦❢ ❘✳✱ ❑r✐❡❣❡r✱ ❙♦✉r❝❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✿ ❉✶✽✿ ❋■◆❆▲ ❚❤❡ ❇✳✱ ❘♦❜❧❡s✱ ❙✉r✈❡② ❘❊P❖❘❚✱ ◆❡t❤❡r❧❛♥❞s✱ ❛♥❞ P❛rt ✷✵✵✷✳ ●✳✱ ❙t✉❞② ■❱✿ ❙✉r✲ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✢♦ss♣r♦❥❡❝t✳♦r❣✴r❡♣♦rt✴❋▲❖❙❙❴❋✐♥❛❧✵✳♣❞❢ ❬✷✼❪ ●r❛s✲❱❡❧❛③q✉❡③✱ ❆✳ ✱ ❏♦②❝❡✱ ❆✳✱ ❉❡❜r②✱ ▼✳ ✱ ✏ ❲❍■❚❊ P❆P❊❘ ✿ ❲♦♠❡♥ ❛♥❞ ■❈❚ ✳ ❲❤② ❛r❡ ❣✐r❧s st✐❧❧ ♥♦t ❛ttr❛❝t❡❞ t♦ ■❈❚ st✉❞✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❝❛r❡❡rs❄ ✑ ✱ ❈✐s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❙❝❤♦♦❧♥❡t✱ ✷✵✵✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♥❡✇sr♦♦♠✳❝✐s❝♦✳❝♦♠✴❞❧❧s✴✷✵✵✾✴❡❦✐ts✴❲♦♠❡♥❴■❈❚❴❲❤✐t❡♣❛♣❡r✳♣❞❢ ❬✷✽❪ ❍❛❝❤é✱ ❛♥í❛ ❆✳✱ ❋r❛♥❝♦✱ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ●✳▼✳✱ ♣❛r❛ ✏ ❘❡❝❧❛✐♠ r❡❞❡s t❤❡ s♦❝✐❛❧❡s✑ ✱ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✿ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❙♦❜❡r✲ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴♥✲✶✳❝❝✴♣❣✴❜❧♦❣✴r❡❛❞✴✻✾✾✼✹✴r❡❝❧❛✐♠✲t❤❡✲♥❡t✇♦r❦s✲ s♦❜❡r❛♥❛✲t❡❝♥♦❧❣✐❝❛✲♣❛r❛✲r❡❞❡s✲s♦❝✐❛❧❡s ❬✷✾❪ ❍❡ss✱ ❉✳❏✱ ✧❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ♣❛t❤✇❛②s ✐♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞✉str②✱ ❆❝✲ t✐✈✐s♠✱ ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❛♥ ❡r❛ ♦❢ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✐③❛✲ t✐♦♥✧✱ ✷✵✵✼✱ ❚❤❡ ▼■❚ Pr❡ss✳ ❬✸✵❪ ■❣❛③✐ss❛①✱ ❛r❡ ✏ ❚❤❡ s♦ ❢❡✇ ❧❛t❡st ✇♦♠❡♥ t❡♠♣❡st ✐♥ t❡❝❤✑ ✱ ♦♥ ✇❤② ✷✵✶✵✳ t❤❡r❡ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❛❧❡❦s❛♥❞r❡✐❛✳✇♦r❞♣r❡ss✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✶✵✴✵✽✴✸✵✴t❤❡✲❧❛t❡st✲ t❡♠♣❡st✲♦♥✲✇❤②✲t❤❡r❡✲❛r❡✲s♦✲❢❡✇✲✇♦♠❡♥✲✐♥✲t❡❝❤✴ ❬✸✶❪ ■❣❛③✐ss❛①✱ ❛❧✇❛②s ✏ ❙❤❡ ❛ ❤✐❞❡s ❤❛❝❦❡r ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❛ ♠❡✑ ✱ ❜❛t ✷✵✶✵✳ ❜✉t s❤❡ ✐s ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❛❧❡❦s❛♥❞r❡✐❛✳✇♦r❞♣r❡ss✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✶✵✴✵✽✴✸✶✴s❤❡✲❤✐❞❡s✲❧✐❦❡✲❛✲ ❜❛t✲❜✉t✲s❤❡s✲❛❧✇❛②s✲❛✲❤❛❝❦❡r✲t♦✲♠❡✴ ❬✸✷❪ ❑♦♥st❛✱ ❍✳✱ ✏ ❚❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✐♥ ●r❡❡❝❡✿ ✶✾✺✹✲✷✵✵✹✳ ▲❛❜♦r✱ ❲♦r❦♣❧❛❝❡✱ ●❡♥❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✑ ✳ ❋✉❡♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♦❧❞✳♣❤s✳✉♦❛✳❣r✴❤st✴❙t✉❞❡♥ts✴❑♦♥st❛✳❤t♠❧ ✾✶ ❬✸✸❪ ▲❛❣❡♥s❡♥✱ ♣✉t❡r ❇✳ ▲✳✱ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝✐♦♥❡r ✏ ●❡tt✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ✇♦♠❡♥ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ✔✱ ❙■●■❙✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❜r✐❡✜♥❣✱ ✐♥t♦ ❝♦♠✲ P♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❞ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳r❝ss✳❡❞✳❛❝✳✉❦✴s✐❣✐s✴♣✉❜❧✐❝✴❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts✴❙■●■❙❴❉✵✽❴✵✺❴❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✳♣❞❢ ❬✸✹❪ ▲❡✈②✱ ❙✳✱ ❝❛♣✐t✉❧♦ ✷ ✓ ❍❛❝❦❡rs ✿ ❤ér♦❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r r❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✔✱ ✶✾✽✹ ❬✸✺❪ ▲❡✇✐s✱ ❆✳✱ ✏ ●✐r❧s ●♦ ●❡❡❦✳ ✳ ✳ ❆❣❛✐♥✦✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❜❧♦❣✳❢♦❣❝r❡❡❦✳❝♦♠✴❣✐r❧s✲❣♦✲❣❡❡❦✲❛❣❛✐♥✴ ❬✸✻❪ ▼❛r❣♦❧✐s✱ ❏✳✱ ❋✐s❤❡r✱ ❆✳✱ ✏ ❯♥❧♦❝❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❈❧✉❜❤♦✉s❡✱ ❲♦♠❡♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦♦♣✑ ✱ ❚❤❡ ▼■❚ ♣r❡ss✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❬✸✼❪ ▼❡✐✱ ❚❡①t ❙✳✱ ❋✐❡❧❞ ✏ ❉✐s❛❧✐❡♥❛t✐♦♥✿ ♦♥ ❲❤② ❉✐❛s♣♦r❛ ✔✱ ●❡♥❞❡r ✷✵✶✶✳ ✐s ❛ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳s❛r❛❤♠❡✐✳❝♦♠✴❜❧♦❣✴✷✵✶✵✴✶✶✴✷✻✴❞✐s❛❧✐❡♥❛t✐♦♥✴ ❀ ❬✸✽❪ ▼✐♥✐st❡r✐♦ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐ó♥✱ ✧❊st✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♦❢❡rt❛✱ ❧❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ② ❧❛ ♠❛trí❝✉❧❛ ❞❡ ♥✉❡✈♦ ✐♥❣r❡s♦ ❡♥ ❧❛s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ② ♣r✐✲ ✈❛❞❛s✧✱ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦ ❝♦♥ ❧♦s ❞❛t♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐❡♥t❡s ❛❧ ♣❛s❛❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ✷✵✵✾✲✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴t✐♥②✉r❧✳❝♦♠✴✸❦✈❝♣✺✸ ❬✸✾❪ ▼✐s❛✱ ❚✳✱ ❏✳✱ ✏ ▼✐❡♥tr❛s s❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❧❛s ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥tr❛r♦♥ ❝♦♥ ❢✉❡r③❛ ❡♥ ❧❛s ♣r♦❢❡s✐♦♥❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❛s ❡♥ ❧♦s ✻✵ ② ✼✵✱ s❛❜❡♠♦s ❞❡♠❛s✐❛❞♦ ♣♦❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❧♦ q✉❡ ❤✐❝✐❡r♦♥ ❛❧❧✐ ② q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r♦♥✑ ✱ ✏ ●❡♥❞❡r ❈♦❞❡s✱ ❉❡✜♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❬✹✵❪ ▼✐s❛✱ ❚✳✱ ❏✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧✱ ✏ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥❝❡✿ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❞✐❜❧❡ ❙❤r✐♥❦✐♥❣ ✇♦♠❛♥✑ ✱ ❈✳ ❈✳ ❍❛②❡s✱ ✐♥ ✏ ●❡♥❞❡r ❈♦❞❡s✿ ❲❤② ✇♦♠❡♥ ❛r❡ ❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ ❝♠♣✉t✐♥❣❄✑ ✱ ❊❞✳ ❚✳ ❏✳ ▼✐s❛✱ ❞❡✳ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❬✹✶❪ ❖♥❣✱ ▼✳✱ ✏ ❇r♦❛❞❡♥✐♥❣ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥✿ ❚❤❡ st❛t✉s ♦❢ ✇♦♠❡♥ ♦❢ ❝♦❧♦r ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥❝❡✑ ✱ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❬✹✷❪ P❊❖P▲❊❈❊❘❚✱ ✏ ❈♦♠♠✐t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❈♦❞❡ ♦❢ ❇❡st Pr❛❝t✐❝❡s ❢♦r ❲♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ ■❈❚✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴t✐♥②✉r❧✳❝♦♠✴✸♥✹❤✹❡✷ ❬✹✸❪ Ptq❦✱ ✏ ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦ ❋❡♠✐♥✐st❛ ❈②❜❡r♣✉♥❦✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♣tq❦❜❧♦❣③✐♥❡✳❜❧♦❣s♣♦t✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✶✵✴✶✶✴❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r✐♦✲ ❢❡♠✐♥✐st❛✲❝✐❜❡r♣✉♥❦✳❤t♠❧ ❬✹✹❪ ❘✉✐③✱ ❡❧ ▼✳✱ ❞❡s❛rr♦❧❧♦ ✏ ▲❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❛s ❞❡ ❚■❈✑ ✱ ❧❛s ✷✵✶✵✳ ♠✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠✐r✐❛♠r✉✐③✳❡s✴✇❡❜❧♦❣✴❄♣❂✻✷✶ ❬✹✺❪ ❘✉✐③✱ ▼✳✱ ✏ ▼✉❥❡r❡s ❡♥ ❡❧ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡ ✑ ✱ ❊♥❝✉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡ ▲✐❜r❡✱ ❆rt❡ ② ▼✉❥❡r ✱ ▼✉s❡♦ ❞❡ ❆rt❡ ❈♦♥t❡♠♣♦rá♥❡♦ ✾✷ ❞❡ ❈❛st✐❧❧❛ ② ▲❡ó♥ ✭▼❯❙❆❈✮ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣s✿✴✴♥✲ ✶✳❝❝✴♣❣✴✜❧❡✴r❡❛❞✴✼✶✶✸✹✴♠②r✐❛♠✲r✉✐③✲s♦❜r❡✲♠✉❥❡r❡s✲②✲s♦❢t✇❛r❡✲ ❧✐❜r❡ ❬✹✻❪ ❙♣❡rt✉s✱ t♦r② ❊✳✱ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ✏ ▼■❚ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❘❡♣♦rt ✶✸✶✺✑ ✱ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✶✾✾✶✳ ▲❛❜♦r❛✲ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♣❡♦♣❧❡✳♠✐❧❧s✳❡❞✉✴s♣❡rt✉s✴●❡♥❞❡r✴♣❛♣✴♣❛♣✳❤t♠❧ ❬✹✼❪ ❱❡r❣és✱ ◆✳✱ ❍❛❝❤é✱ ❆✳✱ ✏ ❱✐s✉❛❧✐t③❛❝✐♦♥s ✐ ❘❡❝❡r❝❛ ❆❝t✐✈✐st❛✿ ✉♥ ✐♥t❡♥t ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝✐❧✐❛❝✐ó✑ ✱ ✷✵✵✻✱ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ♣❛♣❡r ❊❙❋ ▼❡♠♦r② ♣r♦❥❡❝t✳ ❬✹✽❪ ❲❛❧❧❛❝❤✱ ❍✳ ▼✱ ✏ ❲♦♠❡♥ ✐♥ ❋r❡❡✴❖♣❡♥ ❙♦✉r❝❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣✲ ♠❡♥t ✑ ✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ▼❛ss❛❝❤✉s❡tts ❆♠❤❡rst ✱ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝s✳✉♠❛ss✳❡❞✉✴⑦✇❛❧❧❛❝❤✴t❛❧❦s✴✇♦♠❡♥❴✐♥❴❋▲❖❙❙✳♣❞❢ ❬✹✾❪ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s✱ ❘✳✱ ✓❙tr❛t❡❣✐❡s ♦❢ ■♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✿ ●❡♥❞❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛✲ t✐♦♥ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✔✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❊❞✐♥❜✉r❣❤✱ ❙❝♦t❧❛♥❞✳ ❬✺✵❪ ❩❛❢r❛✱ ❘✳✱ ✏ ❯♥ ❝✉❛rt♦ ♣r♦♣✐♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦✳ ✭❈✐❜❡r✮❊s♣❛❝✐♦ ② ✭❛✉✲ t♦✮❣❡st✐ó♥ ❞❡❧ ②♦✑ ✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ✾✸