Ancient Greece and Rome

This book presents a new study of Greek large-scale bronze statuary of the late Archaic and Classical periods. It examines the discovery, origin, style, date, artistic attribution, identification, and interpretation of the surviving bronzes, and focuses in particular on their technical features and casting techniques. It contains over 170 plates of photographs and drawings to illustrate its discussion.

It also places the development of the casting techniques in connection with the stylistic evolution in Greek free-standing sculpture. During the Classical period, artists preferred bronze to marble when creating their contrapposto figures. Indisputably, bronze gave particular freedom to artists in creating three-dimensional figures. In addition, the evolution in style encouraged the development of the uses of bronze to serve the new needs and tendencies in sculpture during the late Archaic and especially the Classical period. Through the examination of how technical matters affect style, this book presents fresh interpretations of these important monuments of Greek art and offers a new approach in the field of Greek free-standing bronze sculpture.

Preface; 1 Introduction; 2 Materials, technique and building devices; 3 The foundation and the core of the podium and of the tribunal; 4 The measuring system and proportions of the temple; 5 The facing of he podium and the tribunal; 6 The superstructure of temple; 7 Catalogue of fragments fiund during the exavations; 6 The style; 9 Workshop and tradition 10 The reconstruction drawings of the Augustan temple; 11 Conclusion; Appendix 1 A rebuilding of the Metellan temple?; Appendix 2 Early modern graffiti on the superstructure of the temple of Castor and Pollux; Appendix 3 Catalogue of drawings, models and plaster casts from the Temple of Castor and Pollux, Forum Romanum, in Sir John Soane's Museum, London; Bibliography; Photo credits.

Collection of contributions on the phenomenon of Piracy in the ancient Mediterranean World, with special reference to its development in the Roman Period as well as to some aspects of its evolution from the Middle Ages to the Present, in order to ascertain its impact on the political agendas and the legal systems of different periods.

This course offers an introduction to the history of ancient Greece from the Bronze Age to the end of the Hellenistic Age (roughly the 16th to the 1st centuries BCE), drawing on both source materials and modern works. This is a student-driven seminar based on a balance of lectures, readings, and in-class discussions on the societal, religious, and political developments of the Greek world in antiquity. Students will become familiar with the Bronze, Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, and early Roman periods of Greek history.

The foundation of this course is the geopolitical history of the expanding Greek world; however, students also will engage the importance of ancient Greek culture, literature, religion, art, and gender roles. Through the investigation of texts, architecture, and archaeology, students will gain an appreciation of not just the ruling classes of the ancient Greek world, but also of the daily lives of normal Greeks and Hellenized native peoples.

Warfare in the Ancient Mediterranean World, A Brill Companion to Classical Studies Series Series Editor: Lee L. Brice Aims and Scope The aim of the series is to publish high-quality, useful volumes each focused on a specific topic related to warfare in the ancient Mediterranean world. Where appropriate, volume coverage should include the eastern Mediterranean, including Assyria, Persia, Anatolia the Levant, and Egypt as well as Greece and Rome. The intended audience includes scholarly specialist and non-specialist students of the ancient world. Topics already published or in process include insurgency and terrorism, dealing with defeat, food and warfare, discipline/indiscipline, and Late Antiquity. We are seeking new volume proposals on a variety of topics covering a wide range of issues and methodologies. Specific topics we are interested in include: religion, topography/geography, reception of ancient warfare, medicine/death, Persia, Hellenistic world, archaeology/material culture and warfare, auxilia, the Pax Romana, navies, and peace, but we welcome proposals on any appropriate topic.

In the 6th century BCE, the Roman civilization flourished as a continuation of the perfect culture in Etruria (Truri, alb., = The Brain, eng.) and Latium (Albanum / Arbanum). In the 5th century, the book Mythologiæ or the Science of Untruth got published for the first time. Since the book would not have tilted the scale if it was alone, the creation of the poems Iliad, Odyssey, and Aeneid co-occurred. Iliad itself does not prove the Castle of Star (Illi, Ylli, Illion, alb.) or Troy as a place at the entrance of the Strait of Dardanelles.

Greek-speaking people have occupied the Aegean region continuously since the Bronze Age, while Greek culture has been a feature of the Eastern Mediterranean dating back to the Age of Alexander. But what do Greeks today have in common with Homer, Plato and Aristotle? What are the links between the people who built the Parthenon and those who currently conserve it? Drawing on the latest research into ancient, medieval and modern history, Nicholas Doumanis provides fresh and challenging insights into Greek history since early antiquity. Taking a transnational approach, Doumanis argues that the resilience of Greek culture has a great deal to do with its continual interaction with other cultures throughout the centuries.

Ideal for the undergraduate student, or anyone keen to find out more about Greek history, A History of Greece provides a unique and fascinating account of the fortunes and many transformations of Greek culture and society, from the earliest times to the present.

The article takes a look at some historiographical perspectives that have conditioned the studies on the Greek polis during the last decades, paying particular attention to the concept of consumption city impelled by Moses Finley, following Werner Sombart and Max Weber, and the criticisms on this notion elaborated by Mogens Hansen within the Copenhagen Polis Center. A review of Sombart’s formulation on the consumption city, which is Weber’s point of departure taken up by Finley in proposing that the ancient city was a city of consumers, allows Hansen to conjecture that the polis does not fit into this model. Indeed, it is based on a distribution of the population between countryside and town that is not in line with what recent archaeological surveys have shown in relation to the polis. On the basis of this, the notion of Normalpolis, promoted by John Bintliff but originally enunciated by Eberhard Ruschenbusch, and certain ideas of Aristotle, on the inclusion of peasant population in the politeia, are reconsidered to understand the relationships between population, territory, and political models that were probably characteristic of the structure of most poleis.

The article explores the content and peculiarities of Greek patriotism as a multifaceted spiritual phenomenon in the context of imperial realities. This patriotism, focused primarily on native polis, was an ideological, emotional, psychological and practical reality that cannot be ignored in dealing with the behavioral motives of the polis elite, the models of adaptation of the Greek world to the conditions of the Roman imperial state. While preserving particularistic traditions and a system of concepts that concern the feeling of love for the motherland, the Greeks of Roman times maintained their cultural identity but were forced to rethink the very concept of «fatherland» and to change the forms of service to it. The general considerations about the love for the fatherland as well as the individual biographical facts and self-representations of the Greek authors of the imperial era reveal a patriotism of a polis type expressed in attachment to the native city, in connection with its civil traditions. This patriotism was combined with patriotic feelings towards a broader community or to other cities and did not contradict to a successful career at the empire-wide level. Within the political realities of  he Roman Empire this patriotism was manifested in carrying out of civic duties, liturgies and acts of evergetism. It lost the accent on the primacy of common civilian goals over private interests, on self-sacrifice and military virtues, which were replaced with cultural values. The honours and prestige of the individual city communities now depended on the benevolence of the imperial power, and the sense of limited political independence was implicitly or explicitly present in the judgments of Greek intellectuals who wrote about the love for the «small homeland».

Quali istituzioni politiche hanno accompagnato - e in parte determinato - la straordinaria vicenda storica di Roma antica? Cosa conosciamo del loro funzionamento e della loro evoluzione? Quali sono stati i principali interrogativi della lunghissima tradizione esegetica della quale siamo debitori? In base a quali suggestioni, invece, per secoli si è reinterpretato, attualizzato e, non da ultimo, strumentalizzato il vincente – e avvincente – “modello romano” nelle sue varie declinazioni? Per quali ragioni la comprensione di concetti politici d’indubbia attualità non può prescindere dallo studio di Roma antica? Tenendo presenti questi interrogativi di fondo, l’autore propone una guida sintetica al complesso sistema politico-istituzionale romano: un sistema che, sebbene lontano, offre ancora molti spunti di riflessione

La desigual distribución de la riqueza bajo las condiciones actuales del capitalismo es, como bien se sabe, el eje sobre el que Piketty ha centrado su atención; asimismo, forma parte de sus reflexiones el posible rol del estado, a través de los sistemas de tributación, como modo de in-tervenir en la distribución y atenuar el impacto de la desigualdad, incluso de propender a cierta igualación. No son sus respuestas concretas sino los interrogantes y los aspectos conceptuales a veces subyacentes en las respuestas mismas, los que aquí abordamos, en la medida en que nos convocan a reflexionar sobre la especificidad de la Atenas del siglo IV a.C. a partir de cuestiones que no dejan de remitir a la situación presente. Como en muchos otros aspectos de la Grecia antigua, las estimaciones acerca de cuán igualitarias o desiguales fueron las póleis según la distribución de la riqueza han conducido a que, sobre la misma base documental, unos las hayan considerado sociedades relativamente igualitarias, mientras que otros las han percibido como sociedades desiguales. En este contexto, la distribución de la riqueza y la eva-luación del grado de igualdad o desigualdad en la Atenas del siglo IV han encontrado un lugar privilegiado entre los intereses de los especialistas, debido a la conjunción de los datos disponibles sobre población y riqueza y a cierto nivel de consenso dentro de la comunidad académica en cuanto a la posibilidad de usar estos números, más de allá de discusiones sobre la interpretación de ciertos datos. Mi objetivo, tras revisar los datos e interpretaciones plan-teadas, es tratar de ensamblar este conjunto para producir un modelo de distribución de la riqueza entre diferentes sectores de la comunidad de ciudadanos atenienses. A partir de esto, se extrae el coeficiente de Gini con la idea de ponderar, dentro de lo que cabe, el grado de desigualdad que implica determinada disposición de los datos, cuando se asumen ciertos puntos de partida. Mi propia percepción a partir de los diferentes argumentos esgrimidos, conforme a los datos ensamblados, me llevará a proponer un modelo de distribución de la riqueza, con el cual voy a configurar un posible cuadro de distribución de la tierra, el elemento más significativo de la riqueza. Finalmente, planteo diversas cuestiones abiertas al debate conforme a los ejes de este evento. Mi perspectiva es que, a pesar de las importantes disparidades, en términos relativos y comparativos no en términos absolutos, claro está, la sociedad ateniense fue relativamente igualitaria.

This course presents a broad survey of historical forces at work over the past 6,000 years, examining the manners in which human societies have organized themselves along categories of race, ethnicity, class, and gender to meet the challenges of the increasing human population and its demands on natural resources: thus, it examines continuity and change in societies over time, in different places, and among various peoples.

Abstract
This article examines the longstanding rivalry of Rome and Parthia, which began as an unintended consequence of Crassus’ decisive defeat at Carrhae in 53 BCE. It synthesizes the accounts and opinions of numerous Graeco-Roman writers from the Augustan Age to late antiquity in order to help illustrate the new and interconnected post-Carrhae world and its legacy. The rivalry of the Romans and Parthians became a primary focus of their foreign policies and drastically expanded their perceptions of the world in which they interacted. Even after the fall of the Parthians to the rebellious Sassanid Persians in the 220s CE, the Romans continued to find their three-century-long rivalry with the Parthians of interest and relevant to the changing world of late antiquity.

Roman Law: An Introduction offers a clear and accessible introduction to Roman law for students of any legal tradition. In the thousand years between the Law of the Twelve Tables and Justinian’s massive Codification, the Romans developed the most sophisticated and comprehensive secular legal system of Antiquity. Roman law remains at the heart of the civil law tradition of Europe and much of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. Roman lawyers created new legal concepts, ideas, rules, and mechanisms that most Western legal systems still apply. The study of Roman law thus facilitates understanding among people of different cultures by inspiring a kind of legal common sense and breadth of knowledge.

The Seven Hills of Rome are on the east of the Tiber in the heart of the Ancient City and are said to be the origins of the empire. Back in the day (there is proof of civilization on the hills from as early as 1,000BC) the seven hills were inhabited separately, each with its own independent tribe mixed with Giants. Eventually, the tribes came together to compete in sports, strengthening their bonds and uniting their villages. And thus, began the great Roman Empire.

This publication demonstrates the important link between the history of Rome and its geologic setting in a lively, fact-filled narrative sure to interest geology and history buff. The author point out that Rome possessed many geographic advantages over surrounding areas: proximity to a major river with access to the sea, plateaus for protection, nearby sources of building materials, and most significantly, clean drinking water from springs in the Apennines. Even the resiliency of Rome's architecture and the stability of life on its hills are underscored by the city's geologic framework. If carried along with a good city map, this book will expand the understanding of travelers who explore the eternal city's streets. Chapters are arranged geographically, based on each of the seven hills, the Tiber floodplain, ancient creeks that dissected the plateau, and ridges that rise above the right bank. As an added bonus, the last chapter consists of three field trips around the center of Rome, which can be enjoyed on foot or by using public transportation.

Desde Escitia a la Península Ibérica, de la Edad de Bronce -si no antes- a los primeros siglos de nuestra Era, diversos seres antropomorfos, humanos o mitológicos, han sido representados luchando contra el grifo -id est, la grifomaquia- a lo largo de milenios y kilómetros con distintos significados, muchos de los cuales aún suponen una incógnita para la arqueología...

Oliy o‘quv yurtlari tarix fakultetlari talabalari uchun mo‘ljallangan
ushbu “Jahon o‘quv qo‘1lanmasi jahon tarixining Qadimgi Sharqda
ilk sivilizatsiya o‘choqlarining vujudga kelishi davridan boshlab,
Yevropada G‘arbiy Rim imperiyasining qulashigacha b0‘lgan davrlami
0‘z ichiga oladi. Mazkur o‘quv q0‘llanma jahon tarixshunosligida so‘nggi
yillarda olib borilgan tadqiqotlaming umumc’tirof etilgan natijalari bilan
boyitilganligi, fan bo‘yicha imlovatsiyalami o‘quv jarayoniga joriy
etilganligi bilan ilgarigi o‘quv adabiyotlaridan farq qiladi.

Course Description:
This course offers an introduction to the history of ancient Greece from the Bronze Age to Alexander the Great, drawing on both source materials and modern works. This is a student-driven seminar based on readings and in-class discussions on the societal, religious, and political developments of the Greek world in antiquity. Students will become familiar with the Bronze, Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic ages of Greek history. The foundation of this course is the geopolitical history of the expanding Greek world; however, students also will engage the importance of ancient Greek culture, literature, religion, art, and gender roles. Through the investigation of texts, architecture, and archaeology, students will gain an appreciation of not just the ruling classes of the ancient Greek world, but also of the daily lives of normal Greeks and Hellenized native peoples.

O artigo aqui apresentado tem como objetivo uma análise do Imaginário Romano do Oriente no século I E.C.. Pretende-se fazê-la a partir de trechos retirados do texto anônimo intitulado “O Périplo do Mar Eritreu”, o qual narra portos, cidades e povos descritos pelo autor como parte da jornada realizada através desse universo plural que, em sua época, englobava a Costa Leste da África, a Península Arábica e a Índia.

This paper focuses on one of the major criticisms made to Aristotle's virtue ethics, namely that it lacks explicit moral action guidance. The same criticism has been addressed to later developments of virtue ethics. There have been several attempts to overcome this objection and to demonstrate that modern theories of virtue ethics do provide principles of right action. In this paper, I discuss mainly two such major attempts: the exemplarist approach and the virtue rules approach. My aim is to examine whether, if applied to Aristotle’s virtue ethics, these two approaches can provide a convincing answer to the criticism that Aristotle’s ethics does not offer explicit moral action guidance .

Chapter III (55)

How Roman Arms Came to Conquer the Successors of Alexander (55)

How Much More Successful Was the Roman Legion than the Macedonian Phalanx? (57)

The Best Soldiers versus the Best Formation (59)

Why the Greeks Were Shocked after Rome’s Domination of Macedon (60)

Final Thoughts on the Impact of Alexander on Polybius’ Work (63)

Ce livre entreprend tout d’abord d’éclairer le lien étroit qui unit l’invention de la démocratie et l’esclavage en Grèce ancienne. En étudiant la façon dont est défini à Athènes l’homme-marchandise qu’est l’esclave, les formes d’organisation de son travail, ou encore le statut de sa parole dans l’espace judiciaire, il propose tout d’abord une analyse inédite du droit athénien de l’esclavage. Mais le livre entend surtout placer l’esclavage au cœur de nos réflexions sur l’expérience grecque, en éclairant la façon dont la cité des hommes libres est elle-même modelée par l’institution esclavagiste. L’imaginaire politique athénien, auquel nous associons l’expérience de l’autonomie politique, est en effet le produit de l’expérience esclavagiste. À travers l’esclavage, la cité pense et donne une forme à ses frontières, et c’est un certain rapport au corps, à l’écriture, ou à la notion même de représentation qui se trouve alors éclairé.
Mais le livre entend aussi interroger les relations souterraines qui nouent l’histoire de l’esclavage antique à notre présent. Si nous prétendons aujourd’hui, à tort et à raison, être les héritiers de l’Antiquité gréco-romaine, en quoi l’esclavage, qui fut la condition même de son développement, a-t-il contribué à écrire une part de notre histoire au point de persister jusque dans notre plus extrême modernité ? Explorant, sous la forme d’essais libres, le droit du travail, la cybernétique, ou les formes modernes de la représentation politique, mais aussi convoquant Hermann Melville ou Aimé Césaire, Paulin Ismard en arrive à la conclusion que la configuration athénienne est d’une certaine façon encore la nôtre.

This is the preliminary edition of a collection of translated ancient Greek sources on: family and household, sexuality, social groups, travel and foreigners, education, religion, military, leisure and sports, and science. The book is meant to be used in a university course on the History, society, or culture of Ancient Greece. One of its primary intentions is to train undergraduate students in testing the reliability of ancient sources and in extracting historical information from them.

En este trabajo presentaremos algunas de las más importantes fiestas romanas que tenían lugar a lo largo del año. Describiremos su significado y los rituales que se llevaban a cabo. En cada una de ellas se encuentra una referencia a una imagen del anexo fotográfico, lo que nos permite ver cómo los artistas, ya sean de la época o posteriores, han plasmado esa fiesta o alguno de sus aspectos en sus obras.

Palabras clave: Roma, fiestas, religión, ritual, calendario