Coverage

Abstrak-Setiap jaringan komunikasi bergerak seluler membutuhkan perencanaan sel dengan tujuan untuk dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pencakupan sel yang ditunjukan oleh jumlah base station, dimana diusahakan seminimal mungkin tetapi dapat memenuhi kapasitas trafik dan coverage area yang dibutuhkan. Optimasi penempatan BTS ini mecakup dua aspek yaitu ditinjau dari segi coverage dan dari segi trafik. Penanganan beban trafik meliputi prediksi jumlah pelanggan pada setiap sel, dimana dengan pertimbangan beban trafik yang diperlukan oleh pelanggan dan beban trafik yang diperlukan untuk mengatasi beban trafik yang diperlukan oleh pelanggan. Pada tugas besar ini akan dibuat perancangan jaringan 4G LTE di Provinsi Papua Barat. Dipilihnya Provinsi Papua Barat dikarenakan di wilayah tersebut belum terdapat jaringan akses 4G LTE. Teknologi LTE merupakan teknologi 4G evolusi dari GSM dengan datarate mencapai 100 Mbps. Hal ini juga dipengaruhi karena tingkat kebutuhan masyarakat akan akses data semakin meningkat Perancangan sel yang dilakukan di Provinsi Papua Barat dibagi menjadi 5 coverage area menurut kabupaten dan kota yang ada. Kelima daerah tersebut terbagi menjadi 1 daerah sub urban dan 4 daerah rural. Daerah sub urban 1 Kota Sorong mempunyai 42 Sel. Daerah rural I yang merupakan gabungan dari kabupaten Fak-fak, kabupaten Kaimana, kabupaten Teluk Wondama, dan kabupaten Teluk Bintuni mempunyai 196 Sel. Daerah rural II merupakan gabungan dari kabupaten Manokwari, kabupaten Manokwari Selatan, dan pegunungan arfak mempunyai 95 Sel. Daerah rural III merupakan gabungan dari kabupaten Sorong Selatan dan Sorong mempunyai 59 Sel. Daerah rural IV merupakan gabungan dari kabupaten Raja Ampat, kabupaten tambraw, dan kabupaten Maybrat mempunyai 52 Sel. Dari semua perhitungan yang dilakukan dalam perancangan jaringan di Papua Barat memenuhi syarat Path Loss karena nilai seluruh Path Loss Uplink dan Downlink lebih kecil dari MAPL. Kata kunci : 4G LTE, coverage, path loss

In recent years, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have gained much attention because of its varying applications from catastrophic region to industrial and household region. In few applications, sensors are deployed in extreme environmental conditions. Hence, node access is not possible in that scenario. Therefore, a large number of sensor nodes are deployed in the target field so that node replacement problem is eliminated. Also, coverage is a very important parameter because it measures how effectively a target field is monitored by the sensor network. This paper focuses on the coverage issue in wireless sensor networks. Initially, three different types of coverage issues are discussed. Then, full coverage issue is examined by considering different points such as node type, deployment type, relation of communication range to sensing range, strategy used to detect full coverage and positioning based/independent algorithms. Some applications of wireless sensor networks are given. Finally, research challenges in the field of area coverage are discussed.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are experiencing a revival of interest and a continuous advancement in various scientific and industrial fields. WSNs offer favorable low cost and readily deployable solutions to perform the monitoring, target tracking, and recognition of physical events. The foremost step required for these types of ad-hoc networks is to deploy all the sensor nodes in their positions carefully to form an efficient network. Such network should satisfy the quality of service (QoS) requirements in order to achieve high performance levels. In this paper we address the coverage requirement and its relation with WSN nodes placement problems. In fact, we present a new optimization approach based on the Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) to find the best placement topologies in terms of coverage maximization. We have compared the performance of the resulting algorithm, called FPACO, with the original practical swarm optimization (PSO) and the genetic algorithm (GA). In all the test instances, FPACO performs better than all other algorithms.

The performance of a surveillance wireless sensor network is generally measured with its detection capability within a monitored zone. This capability is affected by various parameters such as the sensor count, the sensor range, the area width and the target mobility model. In real life examples it is observed that intruders prefer some favorite regions because of their geographical advantages within a monitored border area. These regions, which bounds the randomly chosen trespassing paths, are generally in close vicinity. In this paper, we introduce the notion of trespassers’ favorite paths (TFP) and provide a tool that can be used to forecast the detection probability of a surveillance network in such a network with TFPs. The detection probability is reduced to the geometric line intersection problem using bijection and the boundary conditions of intruder trajectories for the border area and the favorite region are determined. The line intersection problem is solved using tools from the integral geometry and geometric probability. The effect of the favorable region on the detection quality under different conditions is calculated using probabilistic models. The accuracy of the proposed quality metric is validated by both analytical methods and simulation results. Furthermore, the importance of the intrusion model on the network performance is presented using realistic scenarios. It is shown that the existence of favorite paths has significant impact on the detection quality of the network. The proposed detection quality metric provides analytical tools suitable for both real life and simulation scenarios to the network designers to forecast and optimize the expected detection performance, and is computationally inexpensive compared to both simulation based and distributed quality measurements.

ABSTRACT This paper explores and compares the effectiveness of Minimum Income (MI) schemes in protecting persons of working age from poverty in the European Union. Using the European microsimulation model EUROMOD we estimate indicators of coverage and adequacy of MI schemes in 14 EU countries. In terms of coverage, we find that in several countries a significant number of individuals are ineligible for MI even when they fall below a poverty line set at 40 per cent of median income. With respect to adequacy, we show that in certain countries a large fraction of those entitled to MI remain at very low levels of income even when MI benefit is added. Overall, our findings suggest that the clustering of MI schemes in Europe may be more complex than previous literature has hitherto allowed for.

The objective of this paper is to outline the
implementation of the Walking Skeleton Strategy in the
environment of the test driven development. It is often observed
that the project build is time consuming which, delays the
project accomplishment, this paper will help us understand how
the implementation of Walking Skeleton Strategy is time and
cost effective by automating the project build, deploy and test
end-to-end.

Performance analysis of umts network is of major interest, because of the WCDMA technique used in umts, which leads to an interference limited system with a dynamic cell capacity and load dependent cell coverage. The performance of umts network depends on sectorization; also, the coverage area depends significantly on the geografical nature and the propagatoin environment of the covered area. In this paper, the capacity and coverage of umts cellular network covering a densed urban area and suburban area are simulated for incrising amount of sectorization showing the number of users and coverage area gradually increased. For modelling the propagatoin, the cost-231 hata model has been used.

The purpose of this study was to provide a reexamination of the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) News and the extent to which the publication provides equitable coverage to women and women's teams. To do so, 5,745 paragraphs and 1,086 photographs from 24 issues (12 issues in 1999, 12 issues in 2001) were coded for (a) gender, (b) size, (c) location, and (d) content. Results were then compared to a standard (i.e., the proportion of female athletes competing in NCAA intercollegiate athletics). Results indicate that coverage in the NCAA News was more representative, with respect to the amount of text and number of photographs, than it was in 1988 and 1991.

The aim of the current study is to examine the coverage of crimes in daily The Nation – an English language newspaper of Pakistan. To meet the objectives, the quantitative content analysis technique based on the last year of 2020 was carried out. First, the Karachi edition of the newspaper was selected, and then the crimes related news were generated through an archive service for the newspaper. Afterwards, the news were categorized as to know what things concerning crimes the newspaper has brought in the news. A total of 75 news related to crimes showed; most of the crimes (46) were committed in the urban areas of the province of Sindh. 29 out of 75 news mentioned inside the murder crime as committed more as compared to other crimes, 33 news mentioned the age bracket of people who committed crimes in which the age bracket of 21 to 30 years was commonly mentioned. 20 news mentioned the identities of the people who committed the crimes. The common cause behind the crimes was related to family matters, and mostly mentioned cause was honour killing. Findings showed that the most of crimes were committed domestically. The questions of how the press treats the news related to crimes, how the press can play its greater part to decline the rate of crimes, and what impacts the crime news leave to the masses should be answered through research studies.