Criminal Law, Corporate, Economic and White Collar Offences

The Urban Surveillance of Hypebeast and todays fashion through a Foucauldian lens It's not much to be in need of a shirt for some miscellaneous reason, and out of desperation grab the cheapest tee-shirt in Wal-Mart. Now redirect this intention to be one of needing a shirt for a specific reason, such as a dinner party. You won't choose that same cheap cotton sweat rag for the dinner party. (I hope…) Especially when everyone there is lathered with compliments and expected to appear to a standard of dress, as we know called "formal" or "Business" attire. What's interesting is in the last generation we have seen an evolution to standards on consumption, specifically in how we value items and value ourselves in pursuit to purchase them. A phenomenon known as "Hypebeasting" has emerged and sparked consumers' excitement who desire to reside as the most significant in the expertise of popular culture and fashion. Now we see that the term Hypebeast and action of Hypebeasting articulates fashion discourse in the form of "hip" surveillance. Michel Foucault's theory of the gaze provides a way to understand the process by which a Hypebeast builds credibility for fashion statements. We initially get clarity on Foucault's theory of the gaze when speaking on his interview with Jean-Pierre Barou and Michelle Perrot. he goes on to explain that: "I noticed how the whole problem of the visibility of bodies, individuals, and things, under a system of centralized observation, was one of their most constant directing principles. In the case of the hospitals this general problem involves a further difficulty: it was necessary to avoid undue contact, contagion, physical proximity, and overcrowding, while at the same time ensuring ventilation and circulation of air, at once dividing space up and keeping it open, ensuring a surveillance which would be both global and individualizing while at the same time carefully separating the individuals under observation. For some time I thought all these problems were specific to 18th-century medicine and its beliefs."

Monografia de conclusão de curso aprovada na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
Natália Galvão da Cunha Lima Freire
A presente monografia se propõe a analisar os desafios da atribuição de responsabilidade penal
aos dirigentes empresarias, especialmente por meio da teoria do domínio do fato e da teoria dos
crimes omissivos impróprios. A partir, inicialmente, de uma análise criminológica, busca-se
compreender a forma com que se deu a mudança de paradigma no sistema criminal, passando
a alcançar esses sujeitos, historicamente excluídos da repressão estatal. Verificam-se as
possibilidades do uso da teoria do domínio do fato enquanto meio de fundamentação da autoria,
passando a abordar, ato contínuo, os problemas da identificação de responsabilidade penal
individual no âmbito de uma organização complexa, marcada pela divisão de tarefas e funções,
como o é a empresa moderna. Postas essas considerações, passa-se à revisitação bibliográfica,
a fim de observar as possibilidades de atribuição de responsabilidade valendo-se da teoria dos
crimes omissivos impróprios, assinalando os limites à posição de garantidor, o panorama da
causalidade e a medida com que podem ser responsabilizados penalmente os dirigentes, por
intermédio disso, por condutas praticadas por seus subordinados. Confrontam-se, em seguida,
as conclusões parciais obtidas a partir desse sucedido e a aplicação prática, tomando como
ponto de partida um conjunto de casos, em que se valeu o parquet, no oferecimento da denúncia,
das categorias objeto da presente investigação. O trabalho toca, por fim, a necessidade de
revisitação dessas categorias dogmáticas, objetivando demonstrar que um modelo de
responsabilidade que considere, unicamente, a posição ocupada pelos dirigentes empresariais
no interior da estrutura, é ilegítimo à luz dos princípios penais e das disposições normativas.

ES: se describe analíticamente la evolución histórica de la compilación y codificación de las normas punitivas fiscales en Venezuela, y se da cuenta de la tendencia "administrativizante" de tales disposiciones.

EN: this paper describes analitically the historical evolution of the compilation and codification of tax illicits rules in Venezuela, and registers the tendency to their "administrativization".

Resumo: Partindo-se da constatação do avanço das relações humanas, em especial no pertinente ao desenvolvimento tecnológico, científico e, principalmente, econômico vivido no período do pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial, o presente trabalho tem por finalidade uma análise sobre as posturas doutrinárias do paradigma do conflito entre os adeptos do Direito Penal Moderno (especialmente na seara dos delitos econômicos) – defensores ou justificadores – e os adeptos do Discurso de Resistência – críticos ou opositores. Assim, o presente trabalho suscita a discussão a respeito do reconhecimento do Direito Penal Econômico enquanto Direito Penal Moderno, bem como sua tese contrária do Direito de Intervenção ou Direito administrativo sancionador.
Palavras-chave: Direito Penal Econômico – Direito de Intervenção
Abstract: Starting of the observation of the progress of human relations, in special in the technologic development, scientific and, mainly, economic lived in the post-World War II, this paper has the objective of do an analysis about the doctrine posture the paradigm of the conflict between the supporters of Modern Criminal Law (especially in the field of economic crimes) – defenders – and the fans Discourse of Resistance – opponents. Thus, this paper gives rise the discussion about the recognition of the Economic Criminal Law Criminal Law as Modern, as well as its case against the Intervention Law or Sanctioning Administrative Law.

Dopo una rapida analisi delle misure di commissariamento dell'impresa, di cui all'art. 32 d.l. n. 90/2014, convertito nella l. 114/2014, che colpiscono soggetti economici aggiudicatari di commesse pubbliche di sospetta matrice illecita, il lavoro pone in luce talune incongruenze della relativa disciplina. In particolare, il contributo si sofferma sulle ragioni di perplessità dei presupposti cd. generici di applicazione delle misure, nonché dell'inserimento del traffico di influenze illecite nel catalogo tra i "reati matrice".

O compliance tem sido um tema recorrente no âmbito empresarial. O Estado, incapaz de fiscalizar totalmente a atividade das empresas, transfere para as organizações a responsabilidade de verificar se seus colaboradores estão atuando de acordo com a lei no exercício de suas funções. Trata-se de uma preocupação a nível internacional: o criminal compliance objetiva impedir condutas ilícitas na empresa e, por conseguinte, prevenir a responsabilidade penal de seus colaboradores. A responsabilidade criminal de administradores e compliance officers pode ser analisada por meio do estudo de jurisprudência e doutrina estrangeiras em temas como a teoria da cegueira deliberada e da participação criminal por meio das ações neutras. Conclui-se que, se o programa de compliance for devidamente implementado, nem o administrador nem o responsável pelo setor de conformidade devem ser responsabilizados por eventuais condutas criminosas cometidas na empresa.

White collar criminality is causing a potential threat to socioeconomic life of each and every country in the world. It is distinct from traditional crimes and therefore demands different treatment. In India, white collar crimes include bank frauds, blackmail, bribery, computer fraud, counterfeiting, environmental schemes, racketeering, embezzlement, money laundering, tax evasion, telemarketing fraud, weight and measures etc. To combat the menace causing by this form of criminality, the Indian government has enacted several laws from time to time. However, despite having plethora of laws on white collar criminality the pertinent question that still exists is whether these laws are implementing effectively in India. This question has prompted the authors to make critical analysis on the working of laws dealing with white collar criminality by studying two important surveys from 2014-2017. Lastly, some valuable suggestions are also put forward hoping to contribute in effective implementation of such laws.

Negligent complicity is becoming the standard tool to prevent corporate offences. However, there are still many questionable issues regarding the issue: there is uncertainty about the art. 113 of the Italian Criminal Code as a foundation of a criminal charge and about the characteristics of the negligent criminal contribution. A more recent ‘normative’ interpretation of negligent complicity, focused on the idea of role and on the notion of entitlement for the risk, faces a more traditional approach, oriented to the mental element of the agent, which requires the existence of a representation coefficient, variously declined by scholars, with respect to the behavior of the co-agents. Attempting to synthesize these different perspectives, the essay aims to identify the hallmarks of the negligent accomplice in current criminal law.

RESUMEN La responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas introducida en la reforma del año 2014, en el Código Orgánico Integral Penal, cumplió con los principales obligaciones de carácter internacional que el país tenía pendiente. No obstante tal como lo señala actualmente el artículo 49, existen varios problemas de carácter doctrinario y constitucional que dificultan la imputación de la criminalidad empresarial, y que por lo tanto producen un efecto negativo en la eficacia de los mecanismos normativos implementados. Tanto es así que hasta la fecha son contados los procesos penales imputados a las personas jurídicas y mucho menos las sentencias condenatorias, dado que en esencia estas reformes responden más a un carácter formal que sustancial. PALABRAS CLAVE: Responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas, derecho penal, cultura empresarial, derecho penal economico, compliance. ABSTRACT The criminal responsibility of legal entity's introduced in the reform of 2014, in the " Código Orgánico Integral Penal " , complied with the main international obligations that the country had pending. However, as currently stated in article 49, there are several problems of a doctrinal and constitutional nature that hinder the imputation of corporate criminality, and therefore have a negative effect on the effectiveness of the normative mechanisms implemented. Currently are a few criminal processes charged to legal persons, much less convictions, given that these reforms essentially respond to a formal obligation.

The Information and Communication Technology nowadays plays a core role in the execution of crimes of economic criminality. This seems to be due to two factors, that can be defined as the structural factor and the instrumental factor. Moreover, every time we use the new technologies we leave behind us some sorts of “traces”, i.e. the traffic and location data on both legal entities and natural persons and to the related data necessary to identify the subscriber or registered user. Such data can be extremely useful in the context of criminal investigations. The regulation on the obligation of the States to require the retention of such data by service providers for investigative purposes, for the discovery and repression of crimes is called “data retention”. Data retention has some general features that are valid at global level.
Within the European Union the respective regulation set out by the Directive 2006/24/EC has been declared invalid by the Court of Justice of the European Union.
Therefore it seems necessary to adopt a new European regulation on data retention, regarding to which the article traces in its conclusions the possible reference points.

Aproximación al fundamento de la responsabilidad penal de los accionistas por la criminalidad corporativa, mediante la fundamentación y delimitación de una posición de garantía limitada de aquellos respecto a los riesgos corporativos. Análisis de la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas desde la perspectiva de la afectación a sus socios.

Negligent complicity is becoming the standard tool to prevent corporate offences. However, there are still many questionable issues regarding the issue: there is uncertainty about the art. 113 of the Italian Criminal Code as a foundation of a criminal charge and about the characteristics of the negligent criminal contribution. A more recent ‘normative’ interpretation of negligent complicity, focused on the idea of role and on the notion of entitlement for the risk, faces a more traditional approach, oriented to the mental element of the agent, which requires the existence of a representation coefficient, variously declined by scholars, with respect to the behavior of the co-agents. Attempting to synthesize these different perspectives, the essay aims to identify the hallmarks of the negligent accomplice in current criminal law.

Resumen

La introducción del autoblanqueo derivado de las exigencias de la Unión Europea y las recomendaciones del GAFI supusieron toda una revolución normativa, dogmática y jurisprudencial en los ordenamientos jurídicos tanto de Italia como de España. En este sentido, cabe preguntarse si puede el delito fiscal constituir una actividad delictiva previa a efectos del ilícito de blanqueo de dinero cometido por el mismo sujeto activo. Esta cuestión ha suscitado una enorme polémica debido a la posible vulneración del principio non bis in idem. En este sentido, llama la atención las diferentes soluciones a las que ha llegado. Así, mientras que en Italia se opta por la introducción de una cláusula en su art. 648 ter I en virtud de la cual los actos de disfrute personal de la cuota defraudada no deben ser considerados como un delito de autoblanqueo, en España nos vemos abocados a una interpretación jurisprudencial restrictiva, que nos lleva a reformular la pregunta enunciada, puesto que no se trata de si delito fiscal (o cualquier otro) puede constituir como tal “actividad delictiva” antecedente a efectos del blanqueo de dinero sin ulteriores matizaciones, sino de la relación concursal (de delitos o de normas) en la que ambos preceptos pueden entrar en función de las circunstancias concretas.

Abstract

"The introduction of self-laundering according to with the European Union requirements and FATF recommendations has led a regulatory, dogmatic, and case-law revolution in the Italian and Spanish legal systems. In this regard, it is worth considering whether tax crimes may be included as a previous criminal activity for money laundering when it is committed by the same subject. This issue has raised enormous controversy because it could infringe the non bis in idem principle. The solutions that can be found in both countries are striking. Whereas in Italy it opted for the amendment of Art. 648 ter I, laying down in the new clause that the acts of personal enjoyment from defrauded payment will not be considered as part of the self-laundering offence, in Spain it has been developed a restrictive case-law interpretation, which leads us to reformulate the question raised.  The question should not be if tax offences (or any other) can be considered previous "criminal activity" as part of the money-laundering offence without further clarifications, but about the rules to be applied for the concurrence of crimes in cases where both offences have been committed.

In past though attempts have been made to discuss in general, the
sentencing policy in India, but no serious attempts have been made
to analyze sentencing policy in context of socio-economic offences.
This article attempts to fill this gap and analyze the sentencing
policy (loose or specific, in whatever form it exists in India) under
five different socio-economic statutes. It aims to do descriptive and
comparative study of various punishment prescribing provisions in
these five statutes, plus examination of court practices wherever
necessary, in order to search and then analyze some common
policy or at least a trend of some dominating policy of Indian
legislature with respect to socio-economic statutes. Finally, in long
concluding section, the article analyzes the models prevailing in
other jurisdictions such as U.S. and U.K., and suggests reforms
that can be introduced in India with suitable modifications.

The full paper is available at:  https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4XaA30casoDVGo2b3FhbUdLMGc/view   
or the full paper is also available from:  http://www.ijlprnujs.com/ijlpr_2017_vol_6_no_1

Στόχος του άρθρου είναι η εξέταση -από κοινωνιολογική κυρίως σκοπιά- των οικονομικών εγκλημάτων ιδιαίτερης σπουδαιότητας, καθώς και η περιγραφική ανάλυση του εγκληματικού προφίλ των δραστών αυτών. Το παρόν δημοσιεύθηκε στον ιστότοπο www.curia.gr

This study reports the results of a survey of students in a Mexican university who were asked to rate the seriousness of 75 crimes on a scale of 1 to 100. Results are reported overall as well as by gender. In 46 of 75 cases, the male and female mean scores were not significantly different. In the other 29 cases, women usually rated particular crimes as more serious than the men in the sample. Buying a pirated CD/DVD was considered to be the least serious crime, overall, while various kinds of murder and rape ranked as most serious. Some kinds of murder were found to be more serious than others. Women thought that murdering a prostitute would result in a greater loss to society than would murdering a local politician, whereas the male sample valued the losses equally.

A raíz de la incorporación de la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas y, sobre todo, su posible exención, muchas empresas se han preocupado por adoptar un programa de cumplimiento eficaz (compliance). A estos efectos, la práctica parece sugerir que no es suficiente con basarse en las exigencias de la ley penal. Se ha ido más allá y las formas de autorregulación normativa han ganado protagonismo. La proliferación de las normas técnicas en materia de compliance no solamente comporta una mayor estandarización (internacional ) de lo que es la estructura
de los sistemas de gestión, sino también la aparición de otros agentes colaboradores en la gestión de riesgos por parte de las empresas. En concreto, cabe referirse a los denominados certificadores y, de ahí, a las certificaciones en compliance. En el ordenamiento jurídico español, las certificaciones en compliance las emiten sujetos privados que, en el mejor de los casos, están acreditados. Desde una perspectiva penal, al igual que ya se ha hecho respecto del denominado compliance officer, cabe plantearse si la actividad de certificación puede tener algún tipo de trascendencia
penal.

How, in a context of growing critiques of financialization, can law contribute to protecting the legitimacy of finance? This paper argues that the assignment of responsibilities between individuals and organizations plays a decisive role, using the recent Libor scandal as an empirical illustration. To do so, the paper offers a Foucauldian framework, the differential management of financial illegalisms, dedicated to the study of illegalities in financial capitalism. The comparison of the legal treatment of two manipulations of Libor, this key benchmark in financial markets, reveals how mid-level traders have been the object of criminal prosecution, while law undervalued the role of top-managers and organizations. To capture how differential management is performed in practice, I analyze precisely how the conflict-resolution devices (criminal trial vs. settlement) and the social categorizations prevailing in the two manipulations of Libor favor different forms of responsibility, individual or organizational. I conclude by exploring the implications of law's relationship to financial legitimacy.

The main banking is credit commodification and this fact takes place within a structure known as the National Financial System. The National Financial System creates the rules that banks must follow mandatory. Money is the good that participates in all banking and financial activities, and through the loan that the bank holds its credit function. The Austrian school of economics says that modern banks "creates money out of thin air", and that this fact is the greatest fraud of the last centuries. The national financial system is protected from the criminal point of view with the law 8.492 / 86 which basically wants to fight any kind of fraud within the system ensuring the healthiness of it. The intersection between the legal and economic dogmatic on the subject is of vital importance to the quality of the national financial system in the collective goals that the Federal Constitution consecrated.

O presente artigo trata da possibilidade de rendimento e aplicação da Teoria Significativa
do delito na esfera da criminalidade econômica, especialmente quanto à capacidade
de agir das pessoas jurídicas. O modelo significativo parte da Filosofia da Linguagem de
Ludwig Wittgenstein, bem como da concepção de ação comunicativa de Jürgen Habermas.
Inicialmente, apresentam-se razões para refutar a autonomia científica do Direito penal
econômico diante da ciência do Direito penal e os conceitos amplo e restrito de Direito
penal econômico. Então, é apresentada a delimitação temática escolhida, isto é, como
a proposta significativa pode superar os argumentos contrários à realização de ação por
pessoas jurídicas.

Abstract: The present article tries to establish the premises that justify the criminalization of the money laundering crime in Brazil and to discuss the current importance of the concept of criminal legal good for its delimitation and legitimation. Once the established doubts and inaccuracies regarding the criminal legal good protected in the money laundering crime and the resulting problems have been identified, it seeks to approximate the discussion of the legitimacy of the criminalization of money laundering from the common law perspective, especially from the so-called harm to other principle. In the end, the conclusion is reached in order to recognize the legitimacy of the criminalization of money laundering by the legislator, no longer from the concept of criminal legal good, but from the concept of remote harm. The method of bibliographic review on the themes is used, as well as the comparative analysis of the study of crime.
Keywords: Economic criminal law – Money laundering – Legitimacy of criminal law – Criminal legal good – Harm principle

Resumo: O presente artigo procura estabelecer as premissas que justificam a criminalização do crime de lavagem de dinheiro no Brasil e debater a atual importância do conceito de bem jurídico-penal para a sua delimitação e legitimação. Identificada a fundada dúvida e imprecisão quanto ao bem jurídico- penal protegido no crime de lavagem de dinheiro e os problemas daí decorrentes, busca-se aproximar a discussão da legitimidade da criminalização da lavagem de dinheiro a partir da perspectiva do common law, especialmente a partir do denominado harm to other principle. Ao final apresenta-se conclusão no sentido de reconhecer a legitimidade da criminalização da lavagem de dinheiro por parte do legislador, não mais a partir do conceito de bem jurídico-penal, mas sim a partir da noção de remote harm. Utiliza-se o método de revisão bibliográfica sobre os temas, além da análise comparada do estudo do crime.

1 Introdução - 2 A respeito da (in)determinação do bem jurídico-penal protegido no crime de lavagem de dinheiro: observações e críticas - 3 Ante a ausência de definição relativa ao bem jurídico-penal protegido no crime de lavagem de dinheiro, que caminho seguir? - 4 Premissas e construção do interesse público protegido no crime de lavagem de dinheiro à luz do harm principle - 5.Considerações finais: o crime de lavagem de dinheiro como hipótese de danos remotos (remote harm) ou hipótese de extensão do harm principle - 6 Referências bibliográficas