Finnish

We describe the methods and resources used to build FinnTreeBank-3, a 76.4 million token corpus of Finnish with automatically produced morphological and dependency syntax analyses. Starting from a definition of the target dependency scheme, we show how existing resources are transformed to conform to this definition and subsequently used to develop a parsing pipeline capable of processing a large-scale corpus. An independent formal evaluation demonstrates high accuracy of both morphological and syntactic annotation layers. The parsed corpus is freely available within the FIN-CLARIN infrastructure project.

Abstrakti ja diaesitys Itä-Suomen yliopiston sosiaalihallintotieteen väitöstyön tutkimussuunnitelmasta, joka esiteltiin 15.11.2017 Tampereen yliopistolla Hallinnon ja kuntatutkimuksen päivillä työryhmässä Integroiva johtaminen soten rajapinnoilla.

I denna samlingsvolym anlägger nordiska forskare filologiska och historiska aspekter på äldre tiders rättsprotokoll eller domböcker. Perspektivet är tvärvetenskapligt: författarna fokuserar på de filologiska och historiska dimensioner som är förknippade med domböcker som text och källa. Tidigare har man huvudsakligen fokuserat på domböcker som historisk källa, medan det filologiska perspektivet inte sällan har saknats. Boken vill göra nordiska filologer uppmärksamma på den historiska forskning som bedrivs i dag och nordiska historiker medvetna om vad filologin har att erbjuda. Allt för ofta är man nu för tiden okunnig om det arbete som utförs inom närliggande forskningsområden och därför vill boken bidra till en ökad interdisciplinär diskussion i fråga om modern nordisk domboksforskning. Bokens huvudsakliga målgrupper är filologer och historiker men den vänder sig också till alla andra som är intresserade av domböcker i ett nordiskt perspektiv.

This volume gathers together articles dealing with Finnic minority languages and language contacts. The first part presents topics focusing on phonology, morphology, morphosyntax, syntax as well as lexical relations. The second part of the book consists of non-peer-reviewed reports on archived and digital Finnic minority language materials as well as two field trip reports to Finnic-speaking or formerly Finnic-speaking areas. This collection is based on the work carried out during the project “Language change in multilingual Finnic”, funded by the Kone Foundation. Most articles are based on presentations given at a symposium organized at the XII International Congress for Finno-Ugric Studies in Oulu in August 2015.

This paper presents the perceptions of silence in two Romani (Gipsy) cultures in Europe-Bulgaria and Finland. On the basis of field studies and two in-depth interviews, conducted in the towns of Mikkeli (Finland) and Ihtiman (Bulgaria), it outlines the attitudes of the European Roma people towards "being marginalised" and "silenced". Silence is perceived by them in terms of "being different" and "being sometimes ashamed". In the Romani culture there is a special relationship between "silence", "pride" and "shame" as a specific worldview and a mechanism of constructing of both the personal and the collective ethnic identities. The paper also studies the phenomenon of self-silencing as a strategy of coping with undesirable situations that seem to disturb the mental wellbeing of two individuals. It underlines the need for raising the awareness of education within the Roma community in Europe and concludes that it is necessary to differentiate between "cultural" and "non-cultural" practices in the educational system. This is an open access article under the CC-BY-SA license. Keywords Romani people Ethnic identity Cultural practices Bulgarian Gypsies Finnish Gypsies How to Cite: Petkova, D. P. (2021). Silenced voices and speaking up: A case study of Romani people in Europe.

This thesis explores the inventory of syntactic features that drive Finnish word order. It focusses on several non-finite constructions that manifest categorially inconsistent morpho-syntactic properties. The central assumption underlying this research is that such incongruities result from alternative combinations of cross-linguistically common syntactic features rather than from the presence of rare and exceptional functional categories. My main proposal is that lexical and functional syntactic features may combine to produce hybrid forms. I examine the nature of such feature complexes in different clause types in Finnish: main, finite and non-finite embedded and relative, and infinitival clauses.

Notre premier travail de recherche s'interroge sur la détermination de la référence de la personne zéro et des éléments subjectifs dans les constructions à personne zéro en finnois, d'un point de vue syntaxique, sémantique et discursif. Une réflexion didactique est par ailleurs esquissée.

My first study focuses on the determination of the reference of the zero person and subjective elements in the zero person constructions in Finnish, from a syntactic, semantic and discursive point of view. A didactic reflexion is also sketched.

Ensimmäinen tutkimukseni kyselee nollapersoonan referenssia ja subjektivisia elementteja nollapersoonakonstruktioissa suomen kielessä syntaktisen, semanttisen sekä diskursiivisen näkökulmasta. Didaktinen pohdiskelu on myös hahmotettu.

'New loan etymologies in the western subgroup of the Estonian Coast dialect of the northeastern coast'

The vocabulary of the Estonian Northeastern Coastal dialect group reflects the historical contact between Estonians and Finns across the Gulf of Finland. New loan etymologies in the western subgroup of the Estonian Coast dialect are at the focus of the present article. This article is based on material collected for the Dictionary of Estonian Dialects. The analysed data comprises 225 words, which are attested in all three or at least two of the parishes (Jõelähtme, Kuusalu, Haljala) where the subdialect was spoken. Half of the words are loanwords from neighbouring languages around the Baltic Sea borrowed between the beginning of the modern age all the way up to the first decades of the 20th century. A considerable amount, about 38% of the analysed words, are of Finnish origin. As a result of language contacts in the analysed Estonian dialect, word-initial consonant clusters – a feature not typical of Finnic languages – and some new suffixes emerge. In this article, all the new etymologies found in the data are presented: 40 completely new etymologies and 19 revised etymologies altogether. Almost all of the Finnish source words are known in South-Eastern Finland in Kymenlaakso and on the Karelian Isthmus; one fourth of them are attested only in both of these areas or in one of them. Some of the Swedish source words are attested only in the dialects of Eastern Nyland in Finland (the Kymenlaakso area). The results show that Estonians have had contacts mostly with the aforementioned areas and also support the concept of close contacts between Estonians and Finnish as well as Swedish-speaking Finns. Thus, there seems to be strong evidence that the contacts with Finnish-speaking Finns have been the most intense: the loanwords are mostly of Finnish origin and the thematic variability of these is as wide as in the vocabulary of Estonian origin, while the Swedish, (Low) German, and Russian loanwords are nouns concerning almost exclusively semantically maritime-related vocabulary. Furthermore, the Finnish loans emerging in all the word classes demonstrate close relations. Although the mutual intelligibility of Estonian and Finnish, two genetically relatively closely-related Finnic varieties, is somewhat limited, the receptive multilingualism seems to have supported not only the borrowing process in general but the borrowing of numerous expressive words.

Viron koillisrannikkomurteiden sanasto heijastaa virolaisten ja suomalaisten välisiä historiallisia kontakteja yli Suomenlahden. Tämän artikkelin keskiössä ovat viron koillisrannikkomurteiden rantamurteen länsiryhmän uudet lainaetymologiat. Artikkeli pohjautuu viron murresanakirjaa varten koottuun materiaaliin. Tutkittu sana-aineisto koostuu 225 sanasta, jotka esiintyvät rantamurteen länsiryhmän kaikissa kolmessa pitäjänmurteessa tai niistä kahdessa (Jõelähtme, Kuusalu, Haljala). Puolet sanoista on Suomenlahden ympäristön naapurikielistä uudella ajalla aina 1900-luvun alkuvuosikymmeniin asti saatuja lainasanoja. Huomattava määrä, noin 38 % tutkituista sanoista, on suomalaista alkuperää. Tutkitussa murteessa esiintyy kielikontaktien tuloksena sananalkuisia konsonanttiyhtymiä, jotka ovat itämerensuomalaisille kielille epätyypillinen piirre, ja joitakin uusia suffikseja. Tässä artikkelissa esitetään aineiston kaikki uudet etymologiat: yhteensä 40 täysin uutta etymologiaa ja 19 parannettua etymologiaa. Lähes kaikki suomalaiset lainaoriginaalit ovat tunnettuja Kaakkois-Suomen Kymenlaaksossa ja Karjalan kannaksella; neljännes niistä on esiintynyt suomen murteissa vain molemmilla näistä alueista tai toisella niistä. Jotkin ruotsalaisista lainaoriginaaleista ovat esiintyneet vain Suomessa Itä-Uudenmaan murteissa Kymenlaakson alueella. Tulokset osoittavat, että virolaisten kontaktit ovat suuntautuneet enimmäkseen mainituille alueille, ja ne tukevat käsitystä virolaisten läheisistä kontakteista niin suomen- kuin ruotsinkielistenkin suomalaisten kanssa. Kontaktit suomenpuhujien kanssa ovat tulosten perusteella kuitenkin olleet kaikkein intensiivisimmät: lainasanat ovat enimmäkseen suomalaista alkuperää ja niiden merkityskentät ovat yhtä moninaiset kuin tutkitun aineiston virolaisen sanaston. Ruotsalaiset, (ala)saksalaiset ja venäläiset lainat ovat puolestaan lähes yksinomaan meren semanttiseen kenttään liittyviä substantiiveja. Suomalaislainoja on lisäksi kaikissa sanaluokissa, mikä kertoo suhteiden läheisyydestä. Geneettisesti läheistä sukua olevien viron ja suomen osittainen keskinäinen ymmärrettävyys ja kontakteissa käytetty reseptiivinen monikielisyys ovat tukeneet sekä lainausprosessia yleisemmin että useiden ekspressiivisanojen lainaamista.

This article describes a study of Finnish colour terms the aim of which was to establish an inventory of basic colour terms, and to compare the results to the list of basic terms suggested by Mauno Koski (1983). Basic colour term in this study is understood as Brent Berlin and Paul Kay defined it in 1969. The data for the study was collected using the field method of Ian Davies and Greville Corbett (1994). Sixty-eight native speakers of Finnish, aged 10 to 75, performed two tasks: a colour-term list task (name as many colours as you know) and a colour naming task (where the subjects were asked to name 65 representative colour tiles). The list task was complemented by the cognitive salience index designed by Sutrop (2001). An analysis of the results shows that there are 10 basic colour terms in Finnish-punainen 'red,' sininen 'blue,' vihrea 'green,' keltainen 'yellow,' musta 'black,' valkoinen 'white,' oranssi 'orange,' ruskea &...

This is a continuing bibliography of works relating to Role and Reference Grammar. Included are advancements to the theory, applications to particular languages, reviews and critiques. Entries are not restricted to published works, but include manuscripts and unpublished theses and dissertations as well.1 Since this is a work in progress, any additions, corrections, comments, or suggestions are welcomed, and can be sent either to

Abstract. This article compares the results of Mean Length of Utterance (MLU) and Index of Productive Syntax (IPSyn) with the structural complexity of spontaneous utterances produced by 30-month-old Finnish children in a semi-structured playing situation. The comparison was carried out in order to determine the aspects of structural complexity which can be detected with MLU and IPSyn. This research adopts the frameworks of absolute complexity together with a multidimensional view of utterance structure and, furthermore, applies it through Utterance Analysis (UA). The results of the comparison between the metrics and changes in structural complexity discovered by UA reveal that MLU and IPSyn do function as measures of structural complexity but only if used in close relation to each other. Because they focus on different aspects of utterances, the results of both metrics should be interpreted in relation to one another.

The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet is the phonological descriptor or transcription for the Finnish language and its dialects and languages related to Finnish. This digitisation is based on Suomalais-ugrilainen tarkekirjoitus by Antti Sovijärvi, published in the fourth edition in 1965. In addition to the mere adoption of the characters, a German translation was also made.

In this work, we announce the Morfessor 1.0 software package, which is a program that takes as input a corpus of raw text and produces a segmentation of the word forms observed in the text. The segmentation obtained often resembles a linguistic morpheme segmentation. In addition, we briefly describe the Hutmegs package, also publicly available for research purposes. Hutmegs contains semi-automatically produced correct, or gold-standard, morpheme segmentations for a large number of Finnish and English word forms. One easy way for the reader to familiarize himself with our work is to test the demonstration program on our Internet site. The demo shows how Morfessor segments words that the user types in.

We analyze subword-based language models (LMs) in large-vocabulary continuous speech recognition across four “morphologically rich” languages: Finnish, Estonian, Turkish, and Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. By estimating n-gram LMs over sequences of morphs instead of words, better vocabulary coverage and reduced data sparsity is obtained. Standard word LMs suffer from high out-of-vocabulary (OOV) rates, whereas the morph LMs can recognize previously unseen word forms by concatenating morphs. We show that the morph LMs generally outperform the word LMs and that they perform fairly well on OOVs without compromising the accuracy obtained for in-vocabulary words.

The Department of Finno-Ugric Studies at the University of Vienna is the only university institute in Austria where Hungarology is taught and the only institution outside the Hungarian-speaking area where teachers of Hungarian are educated. The problems of teaching Hungarian in Vienna, however, are not unique; for this reason, this collection of symposium proceedings includes contributions not only by experts of Hungarian language teaching but also by other professionals of applied linguistics, non-Indo-European and minority languages.

ROOMAN KUNINGAS Hukattu mahdollisuus! Suomennos ei juuri alkuperäistekstiä kunnioita. Käännös on polveilevan epätarkkaa ja asioiden merkitys tuntuu muuttuvan paikoin jopa kokonaan. Ilmeisesti suomentaja itse ei ole jalkapalloihmisiä. Suurin synti on, että käännös ei tavoita alkuperäisteoksen travertiininkovaa, yltiöpäisen fanaattista ja poliittisesti tuuliajoille jääneen kaoottisen metropolin arkielämän tuskasta polttoaineensa saavaa intohimoa, sitä jotain, joka tekee Tottista Rooman keisarin. Käännöksessä Totti-ilmiön ironinen sekä sosiologinen puoli jäävät lopulta lapsen kenkiin. Myös rikas italialainen jalkapallo-ja kannatustermistö on harmillisen hutiloiden suomennettu. Siinä suomentajan olisi ehkä kannattanut käyttää asiantuntija-apua.

Background The Nature Step to Respiratory Health was the overarching theme of the 12th General Meeting of the Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD) in Helsinki, August 2018. New approaches are needed to improve respiratory health and reduce premature mortality of chronic diseases by 30% till 2030 (UN Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs). Planetary health is defined as the health of human civilization and the state of the natural systems on which it depends. Planetary health and human health are interconnected, and both need to be considered by individuals and governments while addressing several SDGs. Results The concept of the Nature Step has evolved from innovative research indicating, how changed lifestyle in urban surroundings reduces contact with biodiverse environments, impoverishes microbiota, affects immune regulation and increases risk of NCDs. The Nature Step calls for strengthening connections to nature. Physical activity in natural environments shou...

... to which an individual belongs has strong affective effects in terms of shared norms, cultural and religious beliefs (Zmegac 2005; Ghorashi 2005). ... Hassan, a refugee with three children in exile, stresses the importance of the family for refugees in terms of having com-pany and a ...

... to which an individual belongs has strong affective effects in terms of shared norms, cultural and religious beliefs (Zmegac 2005; Ghorashi 2005). ... Hassan, a refugee with three children in exile, stresses the importance of the family for refugees in terms of having com-pany and a ...