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The objective of this study was to determine nicotine and the nicotine related impurities, that is, cotinine, myosmine, anatabine, anabasine, and β-nicotyrine, in electronic cigarette cartridges, the liquid used to fill the cartridges, and from smoke generated using the electronic cigarette devices. An HPLC method was validated for the determination. Samples of nicotine containing products were purchased via the internet from NJOY, Smoking Everywhere, CIXI, and Johnson Creek. Electronic cigarette devices were purchased from NJOY, Smoking Everywhere, and CIXI. The results from the testing found that (1) the nicotine content labeling was not accurate with some manufacturers, (2) nicotine is present in the “smoke” from electronic cigarettes, and (3) nicotine related impurities contents in cartridges and refills were found to vary by electronic cigarette manufacturer.

El presente artículo forma parte de la Tesis Doctoral Sobre el Concepto de Contingencia en Arquitectura. Afinidades desestabilizadoras del objeto arquitectónico, actualmente en desarrollo en el Departamento de Proyectos Arquitectónicos de la ETSAM, bajo la codirección de Federico Soriano y Pedro Urzaiz. Se trata de una investigación cuya voluntad última es la de resolver si existe en la arquitectura contemporánea una metodología de proyecto capaz de dar respuesta eficaz –formal, programática, estructural, comunicativa– a la incertidumbre de los entornos en los que emplaza sus formas, partiendo de la convicción de que el Movimiento Moderno se construyó sobre una voluntad de suspensión de la contingencia que le impidió responder de forma eficaz a los entornos inestables en los que trabajaba, unos entornos que la arquitectura contemporánea ha asumido como condición intrínseca en la definición de sus modelos de realidad. Para ello se construye esta aproximación, personal y precisa, a la definición del concepto de contingencia en arquitectura partiendo de la toma de posición relevante de tres autores acerca del papel de la incertidumbre en la definición de entornos operativos –o arquitectónicos o aplicados a la arquitectura.



This article belongs to the PhD investigation “On the Concept of Contingency in Architecture. Destabilizing affinities architectural object” currently under development at the Architectural Design Department of the ETSAM. The PhD thesis is co-directed by Federico Soriano and Pedro Urzaiz. It is an investigation whose last wish is to give an answer to the question whether there is in contemporary architecture a project methodology capable of giving effective response –formal, programmatic, structural, communicative– to the uncertainty of the environment in which forms are placed. Based on the conviction that Modern architecture was built on a willingness to suspend contingency and that it prevented it giving effective responses to unstable environments, environments that contemporary architecture has assumed as an intrinsic condition in the definition of models of reality. So this approach is started, personal and accurate, to build a definition of contingency in architecture based on relevant position taking by three authors about the role of uncertainty in the definition of operational environments (both architectural or applied to architecture).

A rapid, simple, sensitive, and selective chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of atorvastatin calcium, losartan potassium, atenolol, and aspirin in marketed formulation. The separation was carried out on a KYA TECH HiQ Sil C18HS (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle size) column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile: 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (pH 3.4) (70:30% v/v). The chromatographic analysis has been carried out using flow rate of 1 mL/min and detection at 236 nm. The proposed method was applied for analysis of ATN, ASP, LOS and ATO from plasma. ATO showed a linear response in the concentration range of 4–24 µg/mL, LOS and ATN showed a linear response in the concentration range of 20–120 µg/mL and ASP showed a linear response in the concentration range of 30–180 µg/mL in tablet formulation analysis. ATO, LOS, ASP, and ATN showed a linear response in the concentration range of 25–150, 50–300, 100–600, and 50–300 ng/mL in plasma analysis, respectively. The proposed methods for analysis of the four drugs from marketed formulation and plasma have been validated as per ICH and USFDA guidelines, respectively. Thus, proposed methods have their applications in field of bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic studies.

... DANIEL GUILLON*, BENOfT HEINRICH IPCMS, Groupe des Materiaux Organiques, 23 rue du Loess, BP 20 (CR), 67037 Strasbourg ... chemical composition was determined by ele-mental analysis (table 2), vapour pressure osmometry measurements (Eu complex), magnetic ...

A new HPLC-RP method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of benzocaine, two preservatives (propylparaben (nipasol) and benzyl alcohol) and degradation products of benzocaine in a semisolid pharmaceutical dosage form (benzocaine gel). The method uses a Nucleosil 120 C18 column and gradient elution. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol and glacial acetic acid (10%, v/v) at different proportion according to a time-schedule programme, pumped at a flow rate of 2.0 ml min(-1). The DAD detector was set at 258 nm. The validation study was carried out fulfilling the ICH guidelines in order to prove that the new analytical method, meets the reliability characteristics, and these characteristics showed the capacity of analytical method to keep, throughout the time, the fundamental criteria for validation: selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and sensitivity. The method was applied during the quality control of benzocaine gel in order to quantify the drug (benzocaine), preservatives and degraded products and proved to be suitable for rapid and reliable quality control method.

The phase transition behaviour of the chiral liquid crystal CE6 doped with spherical surface-functionalised CdSe nanoparticles has been examined by means of high-resolution adiabatic scanning calorimetry and polarising microscopy. The addition of nanoparticles results in an essentially stabilised blue phase III. The phase diagram is displayed upon heating and cooling and the enthalpy changes involved in the conversion between the blue phases are determined. The dispersion of functionalised nanoparticles is prominent for the stabilisation of blue phase III, which is potentially useful for applications, especially if applied on liquid crystals that exhibit blue phases close to room temperature.

A simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous quantification of glimepiride (GMP) and atorvastatin (ATN) in human serum was developed and validated. GMP, ATN, and internal standard (IS), pioglitazone (PG) were extracted into dichloromethane and methanol solvent system and separated using an isocratic mobile phase on an Inertsil C18 column. The eluent was monitored by UV detector at 230 nm. The linearity range of proposed method was 1–1600 ng mL−1 for each analyte. The retention times for GMP, ATN, and IS were found to be 9.8, 6.92, and 7.96 min, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day coefficient of variation and percentage error values of the assay method were less than 15% and mean recovery was more than 96, 93, and 95% for GMP, ATN, and IS, respectively, and the method was found to be precise, accurate, and specific. The method was successfully applied for pharmacokinetic study of GMP and ATN after oral administration to patients. The CMax, TMax, and AUC0–12 of GMP and ATN were found to be 355.3 ng mL−1, 3.1 hr, 2167.5 ng h mL−l and 12.6 ng mL−1, 2.6 hr, 80.8 ng h mL−l, respectively.

Rapid chiral method development using microfluidic multiparallel HPLC is illustrated with several examples of ‘real world’ pharmaceutical intermediates for which speed was critical for successful process development. It is shown that this rapid chiral method development approach is suitable for support of high throughput screening of enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation reactions and other high throughput experimentation initiatives in pharmaceutical process research.

S‐Carvone was isolated from Mentha spicata (Fam. Lamiaceae) and purified using chromatographic methods, and also characterized with GS‐MS, FTIR, and NMR techniques. The antioxidant activity of S‐carvone obtained from Mentha spicata was evaluated as in vitro using a total antioxidant activity test. Results were compared with a standard antioxidant, α‐tocopherol. The results indicate that S‐carvone possess high antioxidant activity compared to α‐tocopherol.

We present a new photonic micro-optical device based on an array of electrodes made from vertically aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes used to address a liquid crystal cell. The electrodes create a Gaussian electric field profile which is used to reorient a planar aligned nematic liquid crystal. The variation in refractive index within the liquid crystal layer acts like a graded index optical element which can be varied by changing the applied electric field to the carbon nanotube. Results are presented from a device fabricated with a 10um pitch between the micro-optical elements.