News Sources

ÖZET
Modern devletin doğuşuyla beraber gözetim, mekânsal ve zamansal açıdan genişlemiş, topluma yayılmıştır. 20. yüzyıldaki enformasyon temelli teknolojik gelişmelerle beraber ise yeni bir aşamaya geçilmiştir. Bu yeni dönemin en belirgin özelliği, insanları gittikleri her yerde gözetim altında tutabilen, eylemlerini kayıt altına alabilen gözetim teknolojilerinin ortaya çıkmış olmasıdır. Bunların başında kameralı gözetim teknolojileri gelmektedir. CCTV olarak önce İngiltere’de başlatılan kameralı gözetim, Türkiye’de MOBESE adıyla faaliyete geçmiştir.
Gözetim sistemleriyle beraber görüntü kaydetme teknolojilerinde yaşanan gelişmeler, insanların iktidarlar tarafından daha yakından takip edilmesine olanak vermiştir. Buna ek olarak, habercilik alanında yeni görüntü kaynakları kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Kolay taşınabilir amatör kameranın ve özellikle işyerlerinde kullanılan güvenlik kamerasının yanı sıra polis kamerasına ait görüntülerin de televizyon haberlerinde kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Bunların arasına en son eklenen ise MOBESE kameraları olmuştur. Bu tez çalışmasında MOBESE kameralarının haberlerdeki kullanımı ‘MOBESE haberciliği’ şeklinde tanımlanmış, kaynak kullanımı ve türsel özellikleri, içerik çözümlemesi yöntemi uygulanarak ortaya konmuştur. Çıkan sonuçlar, MOBESE haberciliğinin, haber kaynağı ve görüntü kaynağına olan bağımlılığın üst seviyede olduğu, tabloid özellikler gösteren, görüntü ve ses efektleri kullanılarak yeni bir gerçekliğin yaratıldığı ve ilginçlik etmenin ağır bastığı, asayiş konulu haberleri kapsadığını göstermektedir.

SUMMARY
With the birth of the modern state, surveillance expanded in terms of time and space, and spread to the society. A new phase was entered with the information based technological developments in the 20th century. The most distinct characteristic of this new phase is the emergence of the surveillance technologies that keep a close watch on people everywhere and record their actions. The camera surveillance technologies constitute the main part of these technologies. Launched first as CCTV in England, camera surveillance entered into service with the name of MOBESE in Turkey.
The developments in the image recording and surveillance technologies enabled rulers to keep a closer watch on people. In addition to that, new image sources were begun to used in journalism area. Images belonging to the police cameras as well as easy portable amateur cameras and security cameras for work places are used in television news. MOBESE cameras have been added to all of these cameras lately. In this thesis study, the use of MOBESE cameras in the news was defined as “MOBESE journalism” and the use of sources and specific features were set forth with an application of content analysis to television news. The results show that MOBESE journalism includes news about public order that are highly dependent on news and image sources, also show tabloid features, construct new realities by using image and sound effects and mostly rely on interestingness.

""La presente comunicación se centra en el proceso de producción de las noticias en dos medios públicos: rtve.es y canalsur.es. Mediante un análisis de contenido longitudinal se fija la agenda temática de los dos cibermedios y el reparto de su espacio entre los diferentes actores sociales. Para ello, se parte de dos conceptos fundamentales en la producción de noticias como son la selección y la jerarquización de la información. Estos ayudan a profundizar en la agenda cibermediática. Como elemento comparativo se toman los resultados obtenidos en una muestra compuesta por quince cibermedios españoles generalistas.
A través de un muestreo múltietápico, cada seis meses aproximadamente, se recogen y analizan las tres noticias principales de cada medio hasta configurar una semana artificial como corpus del estudio. Esta comunicación se enmarca dentro del desarrollo de la  herramienta metodológica del análisis de contenido empleada en el proyecto de investigación del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación: "Evolución de los cibermedios españoles en el marco de la convergencia: análisis del mensaje" (CSO2009-13713-C05-04 -subprograma SOCI-).

This communication is centered on the production of news stories in two public online media: rtve.es y canalsur.es. Through a quantitative content analysis, we study what issues have most salience in the breaking news of the online media analyzed and the distribution of its space among the social actors. Two fundamental concepts in the production of news determine this paper: selection and journalistic hierarchy. These help us to deep on the configuration of the online media agenda. The results of a sample of fifteen Spanish online media is taken as comparative framework. 
Through multistage sampling, every six months approximately, we will collect and analyse the three leading news stories of each medium until, on each occasion, an artificial week is formed as the corpus of the study. This communication is framed within the development of the methodological tool of content analysis, which we employ in the research project of the Ministry of Science and Innovation: “Evolution of the online media in the context of convergence: message analysis” (CSO2009-13713-C05-04-sub-SOCI-).   

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Societies in transition require new processes and new relationships for their visions to be effected. While it is acknowledged that the barriers to change are significant and that the levers for change are varied, there is usually an appreciation that the news media have an important role to play. Therefore, it is not surprising that the mainstream news media – newspapers, television and radio -- in particular, are typically under pressure to both help drive social change, and to demonstrate that they had been affected by the social change. An investigation of the debate on the South African media’s transformation following the country’s first democratic elections on April 27, 1994, shows that the role of news information sources – and particular the relationships between commercial media organizations and public relations practitioners – has largely escaped the public scrutiny to which other elements of media influence have been subjected. Drawing on a series of in-depth interviews with editors and senior public relations practitioners, this paper explores the state of the relationships between the daily newspapers in the legislative capital city, Cape Town, and their commercial content providers, with reference to Huang’s (2001) cross-cultural, multi-item scale for measuring organization-public relations (called Organization-Public Relations Assessment [OPRA]). The paper also investigates to what extent these organization-public relationships (OPRs) have been impacted by the national transformation agenda. Amongst the key findings are that the decline in skills amongst journalists and the corresponding increase in capacity of publicists have resulted a change in the power dynamic between the two parties. This discussion paper aims to contribute to a further study in which it will be argued that alterations in the media environment have eroded the gate-keeping function of the news media and subsequently its power in a democratic society.

This study explores which sources are ‘‘making’’ local news and whether these sources are simply indicating the type of news that appears, or are shaping newspaper coverage. It provides an
empirical record of the extent to which sources are able to dominate news coverage from which future trends in local journalism can be measured. The type and number of sources used in 2979 sampled news stories in four West Yorkshire papers, representing the three main proprietors of local newspapers in the United Kingdom, were recorded for one month and revealed the relatively narrow range of routine sources; 76 per cent of articles cited only a single source. The analysis indicates that journalists are relying less on their readers for news, and that stories of little consequence are being elevated to significant positions, or are filling news pages at the expense of
more important stories. Additionally, the reliance on a single source means that alternative views and perspectives relevant to the readership are being overlooked. Journalists are becoming more passive, mere processors of one-sided information or bland copy dictated by sources. These trends indicate poor journalistic standards and may be exacerbating declining local newspaper sales.

Local television news remains a primary news source for Americans and is a key source of consumer health information. This study explores why local television health journalists cover particular topics and assesses why health journalism newsgathering practices often differ from the normative newsgathering practices of general assignment reporters. Fifteen in-depth telephone interviews were conducted with health journalists from varying geographical regions and media markets. Influence from local hospitals and personal interest in a health topic often determined the health content the journalists produced. Journalists said it was difficult to cover health issues in addition to other newsroom responsibilities.

La investigación describe y analiza el uso de los contenidos de redes sociales como fuentes informativas por los cuatro diarios digitales de información general más leídos en España. Se analizó cuantitativamente una muestra no probabilística de noticias extraídas de las ediciones online de El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia y ABCformada por las piezas más leídas por la audiencia y que incluyesen fuentes de información de redes sociales. El análisis de contenido se practicó sobre contenidos clasificados en función de su volumen, su naturaleza (escritos, gráficos, audiovisuales e híbridos), su uso respecto a fuentes de información tradicionales, su función informativa y su temática. Los resultados revelan que los informadores llevan a cabo un uso restrictivo de las redes sociales como fuentes de información periodística y que el valor informativo de los recursos es complementario y no esencial en la mayoría de los casos analizados. Solo los recursos gráficos suponen fuentes de información fiables y resultan relevantes, tanto en las noticias que sólo incluyen fuentes de redes sociales, como en aquellas elaboradas también con fuentes tradicionales. Las redes sociales más utilizadas son, por este orden, Twitter, Instagram, Facebook y YouTube. Sus contenidos fueron citados correctamente en el 95 por ciento de las noticias y sólo se detectaron ausencias o deficiencias en la atribución de las fuentes en un porcentaje marginal de casos.

Almost 15 years after it started, civic journalism is waning. Some say that its practices have been integrated into the routines of news making without the label attached. Others say that it is simply dying. This study seeks to define the legacy of civic journalism by investigating the news practices in Savannah Morning News, a newspaper in Georgia, USA. Ethnographic observation and interviews found that the ideas of civic journalism were instituted in the newspaper through
its presentation and the routines of discovering community news. However, it was less obvious in the discovery and gathering of news about larger events and issues. The role of the news organization in convening the public for problem solving has continued, but the role of championing particular solutions was not observed.

With most political journalism research focusing on Western elections, one tends to forget that mediatization exists in non-Western reportage too. Television news is still a powerful political tool, especially in developing democracies and particularly in South Africa – the case of this research. This article investigates the sources used on television news during five democratic South African elections, 1994–2014, and aims to shed light on the type of mediatized political reporting in and about a non-Western country. The main finding of this research is that news sources during the South African elections were made up increasingly of pundits and decreasingly of political leaders and citizens. The importance of ‘listening’ directly cannot be overstated, especially in developing democracies like South Africa. A solid link between journalist and politician as well as journalist and citizen is crucial to implement substantive information necessary to enable the media’s democratic duty. When journalists ignore citizen voices in favor of interpretive and evaluative sources, this link is steadily degraded. This article suggests reasons for the drop-off of political and citizen sources in South African election reporting, and, on the eve of the sixth general election in May 2019, argues a case for more ‘straight from source’ voices in political journalism.

Las fuerzas y cuerpos de seguridad, como en cualquier corporación empresarial, organización política u ONG que se precie, ha hecho imprescindibles sus gabinetes de comunicación para alcanzar y potenciar una imagen pública positiva.
Resulta evidente el esfuerzo que han hecho en los últimos años por acercar y mostrar su labor al ciudadano desde una ponderada perspectiva. Lograr comunicar una imagen positiva es especialmente importante cuando se trata de las fuerzas y cuerpos de seguridad, puesto que para ellas es esencial difundir valores que inspiren confianza en la sociedad. Sin embargo, son numerosos los ejemplos que indican que lo que, en principio, podría ser una rutinaria labor, requiere de de mayores esfuerzos.

This analysis will look into the Qatari media coverage of the abuse of migrant workers in Qatar during the construction of the World Cup stadiums for 2022. The issue is controversial and has had an impact on the way journalists report. It has created a stir among news media in the West, like The Guardian and Russia Today, and Human Rights organisations. This in turn has impacted the way journalists are now covering the story. There are certain structural influences imposing order on parts of the Qatari media’s coverage and therefore it is important and relevant to the field of journalism studies. The aim of the analysis is to explore the reasons behind the Qatari media’s selective reporting and whether its lack of transparency was indeed journalistic or due to “influences originating primarily from outside the media organization” (Reese, 2001). This analysis will use two theoretical approaches to explore and further analyse the issue: the news framing approach and the news sources approach.

This article examines the impact of social media on Czech news media content. The study relies on a content analysis of a six-month sample of news articles collected in 2013 and focuses on social networking sites (SNSs), namely Facebook and Twitter, in their capacity as acknowledged sources in the agenda of traditional news media in the Czech Republic. The results include information on the differences between tabloid and quality press, the topics and actors that are likely to be associated with social media in their capacity as sources, the links between social media sources and the geographical focus of the news, and the type of social media content that the news media are inclined to use. The main features of the utilization of SNSs as news sources in the Czech Republic can be characterized by low intensity, a preference for domestic affairs, and a bias toward tabloidization. In several examined categories, we found evidence of consistently disparate uses of Facebook and Twitter that caution against generalizations about the role of social media in journalism and signal the requirement for a more nuanced approach to individual
platforms. The article concludes that Czech news media do not fully exploit the democratic potential of SNSs and favor elite sources.

The article summarizes three consecutive studies (2001, 2006, 2011) in which national Israeli
press reporters detailed how they obtained random samples of their recently published items
(N = 1003): first, in order to explore the public interest in whether the standards of news
production are deteriorating, improving or staying put; second, to indicate whether journalists
adjust to the transforming news ecosystem; and third, to resolve the theoretical dilemma regarding
the openness of news practices to change. While showing a general trend of conservatism, data
indicate some statistically significant changes across time, not always in the expected directions.
Reporters rely more often on ordinary citizens (who remain a marginal source), and public
relations practitioners intervene more broadly in their items. They not only question their
sources’ credibility more often, but also rely on slightly more sources per item and more crosschecking,
mainly thanks to older contacts rather than to new voices.

The diversity of the corporate news sources used
and referenced in the internet news brings an element
of trust in online journalism. Reliable and trusted
online news sources are consumed more often, sets
the agenda, and creates an interactive environment.
Utilizing the descriptive analysis method, this study
focuses on BBC Turkish news which broadcasts news in
the local language. As a case study, 88 BBC Turkish news stories on the ‘Operation Peace Spring’ were reviewed, and it was determined that 127 corporate news sources were referenced in them. It has been evaluated that the principle of using corporate news sources, like in the BBC Turkish example, has a positive impact on online news consumption, interactivity, and agenda-setting.

The purpose of this study is to explore the differences in the uses of news sources between national and local journalism. For this, we examine the coverage of the South Korean nuclear scandal, the so-called ‘nuclear power mafia scandal,’ analyzing the differences in the source type, attribution, and quotation in accordance with the scope of coverage(national/local) and type of media(newspaper/television). Findings are as follows. First of all, there were differences in the types of sources used: national press utilized elite sources such as nuclear agency officials, government agencies, and the prosecution/police, while local press, in addition to these sources, also made use of  civic organizations. In particular, local journalism’s utilization of civic organizations and the nearby inhabitants of the nuclear power plant was almost twice that of national journalism. Second, there were differences in the source attribution depending on the media type but not the scope of coverage. Specifically, newspapers tended to rely on anonymous sources, while television showed the opposite tendency. Finally, although direct quotation was used overwhelmingly compared to indirect quotation, the use of the latter in local press was three to four times that of national press. Based on these findings, we discuss the relationship between the uses of news sources and the construction of reality by the press.

This study focuses on the performance of female and male reporters in various news processes for
which little systematic research has been accomplished. It is based primarily on a series of
reconstruction interviews with 60 Israeli reporters in parallel beats and on the ways in which they
obtained material for a sample of their recently published items (N
494). Findings challenge the
accepted theoretical wisdom which suggests that male and female reporters obtain news
differently. Regrettably, female reporters do not diversify the overwhelmingly restricted and malehegemonic
source pool. Female journalists show some greater journalistic initiative and greater
time pressures. Gender discrimination migrated to less observable arenas: female reporters
experience more editorial involvement in their news work and a greater news beat overload.
Together with reduced emphasis on exclusivity and newsroom presence, these factors endanger
the status that female journalists achieved in a long and exhausting struggle.

News sourcing practices are critical as they shape from whom journalists get their information and what information they obtain, mostly from elite sources. This study evaluates whether social media platforms expand the range of actors involved in the news through a quantitative content analysis of the sources cited by NPR’s Andy Carvin on Twitter during the Arab Spring. Results show that, on balance, non-elite sources had a greater representation in the content than elite sources. Alternative actors accounted for nearly half of the messages. The study points to the innovative forms of production that can emerge with new communication technologies, with the journalist as a central node trusted to authenticate and interpret news flows on social awareness streams.

The combined interplay of commercialisation, digitalisation and globalisation offers opportunities for international non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to gain more news access. We set up a quantitative content analysis to study how and to what extent press releases from the international NGO Me´decins Sans Frontie`res (MSF) were adopted in foreign coverage by four Flemish newspapers (1995
2010). First, the analysis shows that fewer articles were based on MSF press releases in 2010 than in 1995. Furthermore, we found that Flemish journalists generally supplemented the MSF press releases with additional information. The decreased agenda-building capacity of MSF can be explained by the nature of events (violent conflicts in 1995 versus natural disasters in 2010) and by the increased competition between NGOs in 2010. The fact that MSF press releases and articles increasingly discuss global issues nonetheless indicates that globalisation offers opportunities for international NGOs to enhance their agenda-building capacities. Second, our research found less evidence to support often heard complaints about ‘‘churnalism’’ in newsrooms and showed that public relations can also be a positive factor in the news production process; specifically, we found that MSF press releases are often used to counterbalance the ‘‘official’’ message coming from political representatives or contending parties.

All problems become smaller if you don’t dodge them but confront , so we have to solve energy problems that happened because Egypt completely depends on fossil fuels to generate electricity and this nonrenewable source will be depleted soon, so we have a sustainable solution for this problem .Our solution depends on the sun. We will use III-V high efficient solar cell with two effective systems which are: cooling (to balance cell temperature) and tracking system (to make it receive maximum possible sun light).
  We have design requirements to meet in our project such as persistence and reliability.  We will make our prototype by using a PV cell as an example for III-V solar cell with simple cooling and tracking system. We chose two design requirements to be tested in the prototype, they are efficiency which we will improve by using the III-V solar cell  and use this with the tracker, the second one is temperature effect and as we know when temperature increases, life time of the cell decreases, so we used a cooling system.  After testing our prototype we found that the average voltage of the PV cell by using the tracker is 1.59 times the average voltage of the cell without the tracking system and when we heated the solar cell at the same rate, the cell's temperature without our cooling system was 1.2 Celsius degree more than the cell with our cooling system. As our results met our design requirements, so our solution is successful and it can solve energy problem which affects other grand challenges

We know that journalists accommodate green interest groups' voices in the reporting of climate change. Argument continues, nevertheless, over the extent of groups' contributions to coverage. The study on which this article is based traces groups' presence during a rapid politicization of the issue (2000-2010). Its analysis of U.K. newspaper coverage shows that groups appear alongside a growing number of political messages "to tackle" climate change and act there as a critical foil to these performances and to explain climate consequences.

This study emphasizes the significance of a functional distinction between two categories of journalistic referents: the ‘sources’ who are at the origin of the information and the ‘voices’ who react to the news. Drawing examples from the French press coverage of the Second Intifada, the paper analyzes the problems raised by falla- cious shifts from the role of source to that of voice and vice-versa. It thus demonstrates the importance of such categorization for the journalists and their public.

In new media era traditional functions of journalism (government
control and criticism, formation of public opinion are changing.
Ukrainian news sites have become a platform for popular topics
reprint. Journalists don’t provide context, balance to the information,
which is spread by PR-services. This study uses content analysis,
made on the basis of two prominent Odessa news sites in order
to discover the manner of the Ukrainian president’s visits coverage.
Both loyal and opposing to the present Ukrainian president news
media, reprint main messages gained during press-conferences or
from press releases, and rarely seek exclusive information or own
newsbreaks (30-46% of texts had similar newsbreaks). Local news sites gave preference to president’s messages transmission (60% of
texts contained president’s quotes and only 3 publications had experts’
commentaries). Local journalists also wrote about the president’s
promises, compliments to Odessa inhabitants, his appreciation
of work of the local authorities, but didn’t add any analysis. Such coverage doesn’t appeal to readers who perceive themselves as members of civil society, but to people, who prefer fast acquaintance with popular topics on the internet.

This article analyzes foreign news coverage and sourcing practices in contemporary newsrooms. It builds on theories concerned with the interplay between digital technologies and journalistic practice to explore the use of social media sources at professional journalistic outlets. The central research question deals with the diversity of sources in Belgian newspaper and TV news coverage of the grass roots uprisings in Egypt, Tunisia and Syria in 2011. The quantitative content analysis shows how journalists under normal circumstances in their coverage of the street protests in Egypt and Tunisia still value traditional sourcing practices. In contrast, coverage of the Syrian uprising displays more characteristics of network journalism practices, which can be related to factors of proximity regarding news values. Moreover, we found that when covering Syria, Belgian journalists relied more on on-the-ground, non-mainstream sources that circumvented the restricted information access by mean...

In order to assess the impact of cost-cutting and digitalization on the expansion or contraction of the mediated public sphere, we developed a quantitative and longitudinal content analysis focused on sourcing practices for foreign news reporting in four Belgian newspapers (1995–2010). The results show little to no shift in the news access of different types of sources. Political sources dominate foreign news output, but ordinary citizens also play a significant role. Although it becomes clear that Belgian journalists often do not explicitly mention their use of news agency copy, recycled news articles or PR material, our findings indicate that concerns about cost-cutting in newsrooms or sanguinity about the democratic potential of Web 2.0 seem exaggerated, at least in the Belgian context.

O artigo é resultado de uma investigação realizada no período de ocupação das escolas paranaenses no mês de outubro de 2016. O objetivo foi analisar a percepção dos estudantes sobre a cobertura enquanto fontes jornalísticas e as estratégias de divulgação das ações nas instituições ocupadas. O estudo ainda explora as fontes utilizadas sobre a ocupação em emissoras de rádio de sete regiões polos do Estado. Com base nos conceitos de acesso ao jornalismo (MOLOTCH e LESTER, 1999) e rádio expandido (KISCHINHEVSKY, 2016), verificou-se a utilização dos portais das emissoras como plataformas de consumo
de notícias sobre o movimento e as diferentes vozes selecionadas durante a cobertura das emissoras.

L’essor du web est, avec insistance, présenté comme ayant provoqué l’avènement d’une économie de l’information en réseau qui s’affranchirait des filtres qui limitaient auparavant la production et la dissémination des nouvelles et qui se traduirait par une plus grande diversité de l’offre d’informations. L’objectif de cet article est, en s’intéressant au cas des nouvelles internationales, de déconstruire cet argument. Nous montrons comment, à chaque vague d’études sur l’information internationale en régime numérique, émerge le même type de croyances qui ne peuvent s’imposer qu’au prix d’un oubli des réalités de l’économie politique qui continuent pourtant, pour une large part, à régir les logiques de production et de circulation des nouvelles sur l’étranger.

News channels (Fox News Channel, MSNBC, and CNN) have long held the position as a source of providing political and social news for the typical layman and educating the public. These news organizations are widely respected for the content of their news coverage and are regarded as highly efficient and reliable by many. However, these esteemed news channels, which are available by many local television providers, may not always provide news coverage impartially and may also be introducing bias. These biases intended or not, can significantly affect the way one perceives the real-world – representatively or not – and sense of security. The type of news coverage presented or emphasis of particular events are broadcasted is not the issue, per se, but is dependent upon the political ideologies of news channels and the agenda control they wield. The bias occurs when specific events and/or coverage are overemphasized or made salient, and thus can distort the true frequency and prevalence of the event. In this study, many hypothesis and other explanations will be considered for why heavy media consumption may lead to bias is personal ideologies.

O artigo é resultado de uma investigação realizada no período de ocupação das escolas paranaenses no mês de outubro de 2016. O objetivo foi analisar a percepção dos estudantes sobre a cobertura enquanto fontes jornalísticas e as estratégias de divulgação das ações nas instituições ocupadas. O estudo ainda explora as fontes utilizadas sobre a ocupação em emissoras de rádio de sete regiões polos do Estado. Com base nos conceitos de acesso ao jornalismo (MOLOTCH e LESTER, 1999) e rádio expandido (KISCHINHEVSKY, 2016), verificou-se a utilização dos portais das emissoras como plataformas de consumo de notícias sobre o movimento e as diferentes vozes selecionadas durante a cobertura das emissoras.

The article presents the results from a systematic observation of and interviews with journalists who produce local radio news program, BandNews FM, in Rio de Janeiro. The objective is to analyze how the gatewatching process is applied to selecting sources from WhatsApp, and to explore the specific nature of work carried out in radio journalism newsrooms. One of the main features of this broadcaster is the large number of public voices selected from the WhatsApp instant messaging application. The data shows popular voices selected for this paper which fit into a particular theme, it shows the collaborative curation with listeners, and it shows the organizational constraints of investigation, highlighted by journalists sitting behind a desk, absent from the stage of the events. Unlike other media vehicles, radio demands continuous updating and decentralization when selecting material to be broadcast. This study points out characteristics that are demanded of journalists who work in r...