Renegades

Ruth Fischer (1895-1961), born in Leipzig and raised in Vienna, was a prominent leader of the Communist Party of Germany in the mid-twenties. After being ousted by the party, she became a strong and vocal critic of Stalinism. Especially after 1941, when her partner Arkadij Maslow was murdered, she denounced vehemently communists who wouldn't dissociate themselves from Stalin. However, Fischer seems to have never given up the ideals which once drew her towards communism, something that can be found in several biographies of so called "renegades". Focusing on crucial moments in Fischer's life, the article argues that this continuity can be illuminated with reference to Fischer's social background, revealing a specific desire which stays with Fischer throughout her life.

There is only very limited evidence for the life of the sixteenth century English renegade and eunuch slave, Hassan Agha, whose birth name was Samson Rowlie. Until now, he has been known from a single letter written in 1586, supplemented by a striking watercolour portrait from 1588. However, new research on early English diplomatic relations with the Ottomans has uncovered further evidence of Hassan Agha's later life and continued contacts with his fellow Englishmen. This previously unstudied evidence includes a report of Hassan Agha's premature death in sinister circumstances, presumed murdered. This paper will present these original research findings in the context of England's early diplomatic and commercial relations with the Ottoman Levant. Particular attention will be paid to the position of eunuch slaves within Ottoman government and society, as well as questions of personal identity and loyalty amongst renegade ministers and officials. This will address the proposed conference topics of 'consular, diplomatic and commercial interactions' and 'individual or family histories that reveal aspects of the Levantine world'.

Negli ultimi decenni, grazie ad una maggiore accessibilità alle fonti archivistiche ottomane presenti a Istanbul, Ankara, Il Cairo e Gerusalemme, la conoscenza della storia dell’Impero turco dal suo interno ha favorito un nuovo approccio storiografico, contribuendo a scardinare la tradizionale interpretazione dei rapporti tra il mondo orientale e il mondo occidentale. L’obiettivo di questo articolo di sintesi, che fa il punto sulle più recenti acquisizioni storiografiche sul Mediterraneo di età moderna, è offrire una discussione sulle reciproche influenze tra queste due aree geografiche,  attraverso l’analisi della dimensione economica, sociale, militare e religiosa.

Topography and General History of Algiers is a fascinating chronicle written by the Portuguese cleric Antonio de Sosa, who describes, from the perspective of his captivity in the late 16th century, the Algerian society under the splendor of Turkish rule. In this article, I stress the importance of knowing the author’s identity for a better understanding of the reasons that pushed its anonymous publication, and of the perspective employed by the narrator to describe and judge the life, virtues and sins of the society he observes. Also, I emphasize the complexity and inconsistencies of Topography. The book oscillates between a harsh attack against the Algerian society, and praise of certain virtues of its inhabitants, between fascination for and complete rejection toward the Other.

RESUMEN: Este artículo trata de los esfuerzos de los Habsburgo para eliminar la amenaza naval otomana a través de medios clandestinos y emprendiendo operaciones secretas. Dándose cuenta del peligro que creaban la flota otomana y los corsarios otomanos en sus defensas, los servicios secretos de los Habsburgo enviaron a unos mediadores para recordar a
Uluc Ali su pasado cristiano y sus obligaciones hacia su verdadero monarca y convencerle de que hiciera alianzas. Los Habsburgo también intentaron organizar el magnicidio de este corsario que llegó al cénit de su poder como el Gran Almirante Otomano. Mientras la eficacia de los servicios secretos de los Habsburgo nos demuestra el poder de los mecanismos y las redes epistolares a la hora de recabar información en el circunmediterráneo, los intentos de magnicidio y de deserción nos sirven para analizar un aspecto poco estudiado de las rivalidades inter-imperiales: la diplomacia secreta.


Palabras clave: Magnicidio, desertor, soborno, conspiración, diplomacia secreta, espionaje, diplomacia interconfesional, corsarios otomanos, rivalidad Otomano-habsburgica.

ABSTRACT: This article deals with Habsburg efforts to eliminate the Ottoman naval threat by employing clandestine measures and undertaking covert operations. Realizing the danger that the Ottoman fleet and corsairs created for their defenses, the Habsburg secret service dispatched a number of go-betweens in order to remind Uluc Ali of his Christian past and obligations to his true monarch and thus convince him to switch allegiances. The Habsburgs also tried to arrange the assassination of this dangerous corsair who reached the zenith of his power as the Ottoman Grand Admiral. While the efficiency of Habsburg secret service demonstrate us the strength of circum-Mediterranean information gathering mechanisms and epistolary networks, the attempts of assassination and defection point to an understudied aspect of inter-imperial rivalries: secret diplomacy.

Key words: Assassination, Defection, Bribery, Conspiracy, Secret Diplomacy, Espionage, Cross-Confessional Diplomacy, Ottoman Corsairs, Ottoman-Habsburg Rivalry.

His Bailo’s Kapudan: Conversion, Tangled Loyalties and Hasan Veneziano between Istanbul and Venice (1588-1591)

Abstract: This article concentrates on the relationship between the Ottoman Grand Admiral Uluc Hasan Pasha (Hasan Veneziano), a Venetian renegade, and the Venetian ambassadors (baili) in Istanbul. Based on documentation from Venetian and Spanish archives, it analyzes how the two compatriot’s shared background shaped diplomatic negotiations and their personal relationship. First, it scrutinizes several aspects of this mutually beneficent cooperation in the higher echelons of cross-confessional diplomacy. Secondly, it studies Hasan’s vacillation between the Serenissima and the Ottoman Empire, his past and present, his patria and his new homeland. It examines how this Ottoman convert resolved his inner conflicts and what kind of a role his tangled loyalties played in diplomatic negotiations. Finally, by comparing and contrasting a number of similar cross-confessional diplomatic negotiations between Christian rulers and renegade pashas, it aims to analyze the Europeans’ different attitude towards Ottoman renegades and illustrate how divergences in imperial projects and the renegades’ social background led the Habsburgs and the Venetians to employ different arguments and use a different vocabulary while negotiating with their former subjects.

Keywords: Conversion, renegade, identity, subjecthood, belonging, cross-confessional diplomacy, secret diplomacy, Ottoman Grand Admiral, bailo, Ottoman – Venetian relations, Spanish Habsburgs.

Even though in recent years renegades have been the object of many rigorous studies, the effects and meanings that religious images incite in the hands of these frontier figures have not yet been taken into full consideration. The interaction of these individuals with a symbol as distinctive and intimately tied to Christianity as that of the cross adds new subtleties to an icon that was originally conceived to have a single and common meaning, but in the hands of renegades, it takes on different uses depending on how and for what it is used. In this article, I examine the complex relationship between renegades and the power of images, focusing principally on the Murcian renegade in Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote, as well as other real and fictional examples, such as Guillén de Castro's El renegado arrepentido.

Référence électronique Giovanna Fiume, « Lettres de Barbarie : esclavage et rachat de captifs siciliens (xvie-xviiie siècle) », Cahiers de la Méditerranée [En ligne], 87 | 2013, mis en ligne le 15 juin 2014, consulté le 30 septembre 2016. URL : http://cdlm.revues.org/7255 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 30 septembre 2016.

Nel Cinquecento, lo spionaggio acquisisce formule e metodi diversi rispetto al passato e, grazie allo sviluppo della diplomazia e delle poste, che agevolano la trasmissione delle informazioni dimezzandone i tempi, i sovrani europei dispongono ora di mezzi aggiornati per scoprire le intenzioni del nemico. Si qualifica, in tal modo, il profilo della nuova "spia": agente specializzato che conosce la criptografia e i codici segreti, oltre a saper individuare le rotte più rapide ed efficaci per spedire i dispacci. Protagonista delle ricerche di Gennaro Varriale è Napoli, dove la corte promuove la costituzione di un sistema difensivo e di un ben articolato "network" spionistico. Nella strategia degli Asburgo, infatti, lo spionaggio rappresenta uno sguardo confidenziale sui turco-barbareschi e uno strumento essenziale nell'ambito del conflitto con l'Impero Ottomano.

Este artículo estudia a los renegados en la Guerra de Chile o de Arauco entre fines del siglo XVI y las primeras décadas del siglo XVII. Se trataba de aquellos hombres que desertaron de las fuerzas militares españolas para unirse a los mapuches rebeldes, a quienes aportaban informaciones tácticas a la vez que ponían a su disposición su conocimiento y experiencia bélica. En él se discuten las razones de su huida, su recepción en la sociedad mapuche y su rol tanto militar como de mediadores culturales. Junto con analizar las escasas informaciones que se tienen de ellos, escritas desde el bando español que los consideraba traidores y apóstatas, plantea que su incorporación plena a la sociedad mapuche no era tal si no entraban a formar parte de un linaje indígena, lo que les concedía todos los derechos y obligaciones que el admapu contemplaba. Esta condición fragilizaba la permanencia de muchos de ellos al interior de las tierras rebeldes, pues ella dependía solo de la protección que un jefe de guerra les pudiera dar.

Palabras claves: Chile, siglo XVI, siglo XVII, guerra, frontera, río Biobío, indios, soldados, renegados, mediadores culturales.

This article studies the renegades in the War of Chile or of Arauco between the end of the sixteenth century and the first decades of the seventeenth century. These were the men who deserted the Spanish military forces to join the Mapuche rebels, to whom they provided tactical information, as well as making their knowledge and war experience available to them. The reasons for their flight, their reception in Mapuche society and their roles as soldiers as well as cultural mediators are discussed. Along with analyzing the scarce information that exists about them, written from the Spanish side that considered them traitors and apostates, it is suggested that their full incorporation into Mapuche society depended on becoming a part of an indigenous lineage, which granted them all the rights and obligations that the admapu contemplated, which greatly weakened their presence within the rebel lands, since it relied on the protection a war chief could give them.

Keywords: Chile, sixteenth century, seventeenth century, war, frontier, Biobio River, In¬dians, soldiers, renegades, cultural intermediaries.

In response to Bill Maher's 'New Rules' on his version of "masculinity".

https://twitter.com/JacobinTrotsky/status/1507562612342546436

Other than the "hormonal male" or the resentful 'in-cel'. There's the cultural anarchist-renegade, who rejects the regression to "norms" or complains/resents the times. They, of both genders,  recognize the original presumptive fallacies of gender purpose/roles. And now define life and it's purpose on their own terms than some exoskeleton of social and cultural expectations of past behaviors and their aesthetics.

Chaos and Calamities of today may have their objective operatives and features we can name and blame, but they are the systems of the dis-ease of the cultural presumptions whose logic seeded and fertilized what is this apocalyptic 'Now'.

Anarchist-renegades rejoice in the space of contested ambiguity, for that IS the underlying dynamic: a testing and challenging of short and long term premises for the natural organic selection of the fittest existence of all.

La guerra di corsa crea tra l’Europa e il Maghreb un sistema economico integrato e l’economia delle città barbaresche diventa sempre più dipendente dalla corsa e dal lavoro schiavile, così come la stessa corsa dipende dall’approvvigionamento del materiale da guerra donato o venduto da Olanda, Danimarca, Svezia per impedire le aggressioni corsare ai propri convogli. Le opposte rive del Mediterraneo si iscrivono in reti economiche in cui esse appaiono, a fasi alterne, antagoniste e partners. L’attività corsara tende altresì a generare una vera e propria “economia del riscatto” e i contratti stipulati allo scopo si incastrano spesso in una serie di altre transazioni commerciali: noli, prestiti diversi, trasporto di passeggeri via mare, compensazioni finanziarie.

Nel 1624 viene catturato dalle galere di Sicilia il corsaro Aly raìs. Condotto a Palermo, l’Inquisizione sospetta si tratti di un cristiano rinnegato e, avendo raccolto numerose testimonianze e rintracciato la fede di battesimo, lo accusa formalmente di essere il ferrarese Francesco Guicciardino, preso dai corsari da bambino e condotto a Tunisi, dove abbraccia la religione musulmana, diventa capo delle galere di Biserta e va in corsa contro i cristiani. A queste accuse Aly contrappone di essere “turco” di nascita e dunque il Santo Uffizio non ha su di lui alcuna giurisdizione. Incrociando fonti madrilene (il processo inquisitoriale), fonti tunisine (la corrispondenza dei capi della Reggenza, le carte consolari francesi) e palermitane (le lettere della Deputazione per il riscatto dei captivi e del cardinale Giannettino Doria) si ricostruiscono le complesse trattative politico-diplomatiche attorno a un riscatto mancato, che fa scorgere la complessità degli interessi in gioco, ben al di là di quelli commerciali e finanziari, tipici della economie de la rançon.

A growing number of studies deal with the historical figures with “trans-imperial life trajectories” in early modern Mediterranean. While Istanbul itself should be the locus classicus for such figures, Ottoman historiography has long lagged behind in bringing them forth, mostly due to the nature of sources extant in the Ottoman archives (government issued documents) and the scarcity of first-person narratives. This presentation tries to fill this lacuna by employing documents from the Spanish and the Venetian archives in order to focus on a renegade Ottoman pasha, the Genoese Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha, né Scipione Cicala, and his family connections across the Mediterranean.
While one of his brothers constantly traveled between Sicily and Istanbul, serving both as a Habsburg spy and an aide to his brother, Cigalazade himself visited his family in the most unusual manner: after ravaging the Sicilian coasts with the Ottoman fleet, he anchored off Messina and arranged a visit by his mother (an Ottoman convert to Christianity) and siblings to his capitana. His correspondence with his mother demonstrate his affection for his family while his close ties with his brother whom he kept at his side and supported for an Ottoman governorship despite his compromised status as a Habsburg spy is a case in point for converts’ ongoing ties with their families. Moreover, his correspondence with the Habsburg authorities whose shores he just pillaged is also very revealing: his evoking of aristocratic concepts such as “honor,” and of the good relations between the House of Cicala and the House of Leyva points to a shared aristocratic culture between the renegade Ottoman pasha and his Habsburg counterparts and an elite consciousness that transcend political, religious and civilizational boundaries.

Abstract: The Renegades Between the First and the Second Stage of the Inquisición de la Mar: Variants and Constants (1571-1624)
This essay focuses on a peculiar category of convicts, numerically and qualitatively relevant in archival records regarding both stages of this court: Christians who turned Turk, the so-called renegades. Christian who converted to Islam deserve special attention not just because the Inquisition of the sea only sentenced four persons to death and they were all apostates, but also because thanks to their stories it will be possible to examine the complexity of Christian-Islamic interactions, as well as the operational mechanisms of an essentially Mediterranean and naval inquisitorial court. By analyzing their life stories and their inquisitorial experiences, it is possible to focus on changes and continuities in the Inquisition’s posture between the first and the second period of the Inquisition of the sea, as well as to focus on which political and social circumstances determined such evolution.

Bamford, D.;
Eric R. Dursteler, Renegade Women. Gender, Identity, and
Boundaries in the Early Modern Mediterranean. Baltimore (MD), Johns Hopkins University Press 2011.
E. Natalie Rothman, Brokering Empire. Trans-Imperial Subjects between Venice and Istanbul, Ithaca (NY) and London, Cornell University Press 2012.
Rosetta 17: 123 – 131.

NB:There is a formatting error in the official PDF download version of this review, which ahs been corrected here.

Il volume raccoglie una serie di studi realizzati nell'ambito di numerosi progetti di ricerca internazionali, i cui componenti appartengono a diversi enti di ricerca e università italiane e spagnole. La prolungata e consolidata collaborazione accademica e scientifica di tutti questi specialisti ha consentito di realizzare un incontro dalle caratteristiche trasversali e multidisciplinari, fortemente voluto dagli organizzatori e già emerso in altre iniziative simili. In questa occasione la riflessione si è incentrata sui Centri di potere nel Mediterraneo occidentale in un arco cronologico di lunga durata, compreso tra il Medioevo e la crisi dell'Antico Regime. Ancora una volta tale ambito si presenta di estremo interesse, sia dal punto di vista geografico che storico, e continua ad appassionare gli studiosi per la sua forte valenza identitaria, presentando caratteristiche comuni nell'insieme dei suoi territori. I lavori che si pubblicano in questo volume riguardano tematiche diverse, dimostrando chiaramente quali potenzialità presentano le fonti sarde per una storia comparata. In queste pagine vi sono studi riguardanti le interrelazioni fra i centri di potere e la realtà insediativa, le varie fasi vissute nel corso del tempo, le osservazioni sullo spazio fisico e monumentale dei centri di potere, lo studio dell'amministrazione e degli uomini che esercitavano il potere in nome del re, le tradizioni giuridico-politiche e le realtà finanziarie, i mutamenti e le persistenze nel potere, le relazioni fra monarchia e feudi, il ruolo dei centri di potere in una realtà di frontiera. Lluis J. Guia Marín, professore associato all'ISEM-CNR (Cagliari), insegna Storia Moderna nell'Università di Valenza. Tra le sue pubblicazioni più significative: Corts Valencianes de Felip IV. Corts de 1645 (València 1984); Rebels i Marginats al segle XVII valencià (València 1994) e Sardenya, una història pròxima. Ele regne sard a l'època moderna (Catarroja-Barcelona 2012). Maria Grazia Rosaria Mele, ricercatrice presso l'ISEM-CNR, ha pubblicato saggi sulla realtà insediativa in età medioevale e moderna, sulla politica mediterranea della monarchia ispanica e sulle realtà di frontiera nella prima età moderna.

A Renegade's Testament

Here’s sumptin for those of you who know your so far on the cultural margins that OTHERS are misanthropic to YOU! You have at first 
incidentally and now reached the point of disaffection and estrangement from the social choreography and its rhetorical
mores of decorum.

These 9-volumes of essays will resonate with where you’ve not only thought, but dared to seriously believe.

Here are the volume topics, a brief description, their individual length and price for purchasing them.

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                                                    Foreword

We gravitate and celebrate those people and things which resonate strongly with our visceral reaction of our humanity-a natural self-identifying and empathetic reaction. That resonating affinity is within the matrix of the structures of our social conditioning. What about those things at the minimized margins: those intangibles not derived from a profound , kinetic source?

In those margins there does exist our personal and private aesthetics from our unhampered and unbiased ontology. Those unhampered and unbiased aesthetics lie dormant until a reckoning forces us to choose an aesthetic choice, which estranges us from the contemporary pedestrian standards. Having committed this act, we have now created an alternative-narrative with its own thread of resonating logical consequences for this ‘logos of one’s “truth” ‘.

It’s in these divergent logos that the legion of cries derived from that alternate, personal logos becomes the genesis of your renaissance of identity, apart from being the social tool of a predetermined structure not in congruence with the logos empirics of your experience. It’s in these moments of self-consciousness that we are the divergent renegade from the proscribed order, decorum of expectations of the past.

Total pages 6    Price $0.50
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Psychological 'Mea Culpas'!

[My realizations in my ‘self-discovery’]
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            The aesthetic culture of the individual Few

The Many exist in their herds of 'Temporality'.The Few can operate as improvisational contrarians. Social culture is a network of matrix logic traps.

Culture, per se, is IMNHO an association of operationally related and logically coherent aesthetics.

Based on that, what is chosen and focuses upon as facilitating means for your contingent ends becomes your aesthetics. The formalized fetishes and rituals become the individualized culture: your psychological matrix.

Pages  133    Price  $11.05
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    Metas
The derived thoughts from my self-realized  imperatives of persona
              -------------------------------------------------------
                  - Zig-zag Rabbit-Hole of 'soul-initiating-serendipity'-

Logic and conventional reasoning won't help you make the transcendent leap needed for the graces of serendipity.

Ya have to enter the deconstruction site of rabbit-hole intrigues to journey to those fields of amazing grace

Pages 97  Price  $8.00
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Economy
'The Progenitor of  Secularized Theologies, Politics, Race, Cultural Perspectives, Networking'

To simplify recessions and other economic downturns: with all the money there was at the highs, what happened; where did it go??

If ya remember the kid’s game-song,...
‘The Rubber Ball goes Round-n-Round’:
The rubber ball goes round and round.
To pass it quickly, we are bound.
If you’re the one to hold it last,
Then you’re the one
And You are out

Pages 17      Price  $1.40
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Politics
~The 'Whore of Babylon' to the dynamics of the economic structure~
‘Liberties of Freedom’ are nihilistic without the empathetic connection of the individual parts as extensions of the other parts.

Nihilistic 'liberties' are oppressive, fascist threats for all, as the lack of sympathetic identity with the-other creates the anomie of autonomous impunity Autonomous impunity is a contradiction of holistic energy. More than particles, but a networked effect in a holistic wave-form.

Self-centered-to-self serving, myopic, provincial perceptions and conceptions are blindly ignorant by the inward looking, insular cognizance of juxtaposition with the unacknowledged or dismissed holistic surroundings. The resulting holistic wave lacks the continuity and coherence when in the particle anomie state than the wave of connected energies.   

Pages 47      Price  $3.90
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Theology
Theology, the pimped-out controlling sibling of Politics
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If there’s not a definable theological 'truth', then the aggregate  of signals that point from the transient and the relative tell of a dimension of  a more trusted concept

Pages  29        Price $2.40
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Race
-the fabricated concept of Politics-Theologies for their myopically provincial cultural interests-
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We're the same genome origins, only distinguished by the affects of our geographic locales that enabled our probably genetic  short-sighted cognitive faculties to fabricate the cultural vanities that distract us from the uninvestigated and latent genetic gifts

Pages  30            Price  $2.50

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Cultural

Cultural Perspectives
Culture is the tar-baby morass of captured thoughts in their own narcissistic and incestuous matrices
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History is just the recycling of individual and aggregate 'karmic debt'.
Whether evolutionary-natural selection (visceral) or viral paradigm shifts):
generational (conscientiousness) are the competing dynamics. Most likely precipitated by mass exigencies than prospective insight. There are also the pedestrian-held common retrospective insights

Pages  104        Price  $8.65
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Networks
Deconstructing  the cultural myths and fallacies forthe reconstruction of your perceptual cognizance and the new or alternate connections for a better emotional grounding for a more coherent perceptual cognizance

Pages  26    Price  $2.15 
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https://nakedhumanity.blogspot.com/2021/12/a-renegades-testament.html

In the sixteenth century, the Ottoman capital gradually became a centre of diplomacy as European nations set up permanent diplomatic missions, paving the way for regular contact and active social relations between European diplomats, their large retinues, Ottoman
grandees, and all types of intermediaries. The history of diplomatic translation and interpretation in the Ottoman Empire is tightly linked to dragomans. As the ones who were translating all official correspondence, dragomans had access to sensitive information, a good reason why European ambassadors found it expedient to buy
their goodwill by making regular payments and acquiescing to their occasional requests for rewards and favors.

On his third pilgrimage trip, in 1072/1661-1662, al-‘Ayyāšī (1090/1679) made a stop at Bugbug, about 30 km east of Sollum. The sight of the wreckage of a ship reminds him of a "strange story" (ġarība) that occurred there, during his second voyage, in 1064/1653-1654. The caravan saw a "Christian" boat failed and was soon joined by a "Christian" of this boat. The latter, dressed as a Muslim and speaking Arabic, said he was from Ifrīqiyya and came on this boat "belonging to Muslims". The caravan welcomed him, offering him food and drink. Nobody thought he was a "Christian" until he arrived in Alexandria, where he joined "the ships of Christians". Considered from a narratological point of view, the story was reconstructed from the final vicissitude. Considered from a historical point of view, it asks more questions than it gives answers. Is he really a Christian pretending to be a Muslim? If so, why does he do it and who, if not a "renegade", could act this way, that is to say, could linguistically and confessionally abuse a caravan of pilgrims? Or is he more simply the Muslim passenger of a Christian ship, but chartered by Muslims, owner and charterer of the boat sharing the common interest of trying to save the boat and its cargo, by going to seek relief in Alexandria? Whether the story is entirely true or entirely reconstructed, or partly true and partly reconstructed, it can be taken as an apologue on the unexpected meeting of two worlds destined not to meet and, beyond, a metaphor of the somewhat complicated relationships between "Islam" and "Christendom" in the Mediterranean of the time.

PROFANE MEN: IDENTITY FLUIDITY AMONG "PORTUGUESE" RENEGADES IN INDIA (C. 1540-1612) Eduardo Borges de Carvalho Nogueira  RESUMO O presente artigo oferece análise a respeito de trajetórias de três homens categorizados como apóstatas renegados pelo Santo Ofício de Goa. Súditos da Coroa portuguesa, tais homens, que viveram na Índia a partir de meados dos Quinhentos, aventuraram-se para além dos limites da entidade imperial luso-asiática, o Estado da Índia. Partindo para o Decão, no interior do subcontinente indiano, serviram a sultões, lutaram a favor destes contra portugueses, tornaram-se muçulmanos, assumiram aparência de iogues e retornaram à Cristandade lusitana. Neste contexto, metamorfosearam-se em outros para sobreviverem a duras condições de vida, bem como para escaparem de algozes. De modo a compreender como se deram tais transformações, sobretudo, quanto à identidade dos três renegados, cujas experiências foram analisadas pelo presente artigo mais detidamente a partir de documentação inquisitorial, foram utilizados os conceitos de sagrado e profano de Giorgio Agamben como principais instrumentos teóricos.
The following paper offers an analysis about trajectories of three men categoryzed as renegades apostates by the Goan
Inquisition between the end of 16th century and the begining of 17th century. Portuguese Crown subjects, such men, who
lived in India from mid 16th century, ventured beyond the limits of the Luso-Asiatic imperial entity, the Estado da Índia.
Going to the Indian inland of Dekan, they served sultans, fought for them against Portugueses, became muslims, took on
yogin semblances and returned to the Lusitanian Christemdom. In this context they metamorphized themselves in others to
survive to the hard conditions, as well as to escape their executioners. To comprehend how those transformations ocurred in
these renegades identities, Giorgio Agamben’s concepts of sacred and profane were used as theoretical instruments. Their
experiences were closely analysed by this thesis based on inquisitorial documents.

The confessional dynamics during the 17th century shaped complex scenarios within the western Mediterranean borders. In the limits of catholic Europe, the urban communities were deeply sacralised, so their government required a mystic communion with God and the authorities, both religious and civil. The very close presence of Islam, however, eased the crossing of religious boundaries. The return of those renegades to Christendom generated an inquisitorial casuistic that allows to glimpse the ways of prevention and discipline enforced in Christian cities to the safeguard of faith and of the urban policy.

Keywords: Renegades. Confessionalization. Discipline. Inquisition. Mediterranean sea.