TRIPs

The presence of foreign investment and the subsequent development of a commercial culture that facilitates participation in the global marketplace can have an adverse impact on indigenous culture. The “Coca-colonization” of non-Western, non-capitalist societies has become the new economic imperialism of developed countries. From eco-tourism to cultural tours and souvenir artifacts, culture has been transformed into a commodity that can be merchandised and sold across international borders. This “commodification” of culture is often achieved without the consent or participation of the holders of such cultural rights, particularly when those holders are indigenous peoples. This Article contends that even though the commodification and de-culturization of native and indigenous culture may be enhanced by the intellectual property protection regimes enacted by the developing countries at the behest of foreign investors, intellectual property does not have to play so narrow a role. To the...

... from investment subsi-dies but also an absolute market monopoly ensured by import protection. ... had been recognized as an important cause hindering the development of pharma-chemical production ... chemical plants and the lack of sufficient capital in the private sector to invest ...

As other forms of advertising have been restricted, packaging has be-come an increasingly important way for the tobacco industry to attract new smokers. As part of its efforts to reduce smoking and its harmful effects, Australia became the first country to require standardised packaging for tobacco products (referred to as plain packaging). Predictably, this drew a strong response from the tobacco industry, which has launched or funded a series of challenges to Australia’s health measure. One arena for these legal challenges is the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO complaints concerns WTO obligations related to different agreements, including the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), but the area that has generated the most interest concerns the WTO obligations concerning intellectual property contained in the Agreement on Trade Related-Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS Agreement). They key question here is ...

The trend of the continued rejection of compulsory licence applications in India goes against the local generic drug manufacturers and public health safeguards incorporated in the Indian patent law. It raises serious questions about the intervening role of the state in patent monopoly to equalise the competing interests between patent holders and consumers of “public good.” This trend indicates a policy shift of the government regarding compulsory licensing.

Governed through the World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) since 1995, the current medical R&D system requires significant trade-offs between innovation and high monopoly prices for patented drugs that restrict patient access to medicines. Since its implementation, few amendments have been made to the original TRIPS agreement to allow low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to facilitate access by generic manufacturers through flexible provisions, such as compulsory licensing and parallel import. Although a useful policy tool in theory, the routine use of TRIPS flexibilities in LMICs in the procurement of new essential medicines (EMs) is regarded as a ‘last resort’ due to strong political response in high-income countries (HICs) and new trade agreements’ restrictions. In this context, access-oriented biomedical Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have emerged. More recently, leading multilateral health organizations have ...

Excessive pharmaceutical pricing represents one of the most contentious issues in legal and political discourse and has recently gained renewed attention by courts, competition authorities and political forces on both sides of the Atlantic. Balancing the public demand for affordable and accessible health-care with the need for sufficient incentives and a sustainable innovation system in the field of medicines also attracts a great deal of media and scholarly attention. Facing what seems to be a revival of competition law enforcement in this highly sensitive and complex environment it is of vital importance to keep up to date with the most recent developments. It is further crucial that the necessary debates are taking place within a well-informed and transparent environment that takes into account multiple factors, interests, responsibilities and concerns. This entails inter alia to consider various types of diseases (rare, neglected or blockbuster) treatment outcomes (cure or long dependency), as well as the economic complexities of successful innovation systems and higher societal goals such as sustainability, solidarity and fairness . Only then, will it be possible to devise well-balanced policies that allow relevant stakeholders to align their policies in order to achieve what society expects from the pharmaceutical innovation system: life-saving new therapies that are safe, efficient and accessible. This article depicts and discusses some of the latest cases and the underlying legal-economic and policy considerations.

Current international trade rules such as the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) may restrict domestic policy options to increase access to affordable medicines. This impact is amplified in bilateral and regional free trade agreements containing stronger “TRIPS-Plus” intellectual property rights. These rules may run counter to the human rights imperative to increase access to affordable medicines, with deleterious impacts on individual and population health. This paper explores the feasibility of implementing an impact assessment tool drawn from the international human right to health to measure and remediate these impacts. It explores the potential utility of this tool against the backdrop of law, theory and politics relevant to global pharmaceutical access, focusing on relevant policy experience in Thailand.

1.Ragioni sanitarie ed economiche per una vaccinazione a livello globale.-
2. Strumenti attivati a livello internazionale per agevolare l'accesso ai vaccini.-
3. Efficacia parziale di tali strumenti: il nazionalismo vaccinale.-
4. La proposta di liberalizzazione dei diritti di proprietà intellettuale di India e Sudafrica.-
5. Il nodo del trasferimento di tecnologia.-
6. L'evoluzione del dibattito all'interno del WTO.-
7. Le reazioni alla proposta di waiver.-
8. Gli argomenti a favore del waiver.-
9. La concessione del waiver produrrebbe gli effetti pratici che si ripromette?-
10. Gli effetti (positivi) della discussione sulla proposta di waiver

The ever-increasing digitization of works, along with the deployment of technical measures to protect such works and the expansive use of the Internet, further exacerbate the divide between the IP-rich and IP-poor countries in their ability to benefit from such works. It is suggested by this paper that to borrow from experiences on how the telecommunications world provides universal service to each and every household at affordable prices, and to endeavor to shed some new light on how the copyright divide can be narrowed. It is structured in three parts. The first part will examine the past and future failure of the current compulsory licensing scheme which was worked out in the last century in the international copyright treaties, followed by a study of the universal services arrangement in telecommunications in the second part. The third part will envisage a universal copyright fund for the world community to consider.

O presente artigo tem por finalidade analisar os objetivos imediatos e mediatos subjacentes ao Acordo TRIPS, verificando a adequação e eficiência dos primeiros na consecução dos últimos, indagando, pois, em última análise se o estabelecimento de padrões internacionais mínimos de proteção da propriedade intelectual é o caminho para o fomento e a difusão da inovação tecnológica e para a promoção do balanceamento entre os interesses de produtores e usuários de tecnologia. Para tanto, investigar-se-á o contexto de inclusão da temática da propriedade intelectual na Rodada Uruguai de negociações do GATT, e o modelo de padronização adotado pelo TRIPS.
This article intends to analyze the immediate and near objectives underlying the TRIPS, verifying its adaptation and efficiency, and investigating, in last analysis if the establishment of minimum international protection's patterns of intellectual property is the way for technological innovation's fomentation and diffusion, and for the promotion of counterbalancing between the interests of producers and technology users. For so much, the context of inclusion of the intellectual property subject will be investigated in the GATT's Uruguay Round, and the standardization model adopted by TRIPS.

The importance of biodiversity and traditional knowledge protection has increased immensely in the recent past, due to the technological leap in the area of Biotechnology. The pace of competition induced the Western scientists and Multi National Corporations infiltrate local community's traditional knowledge and genetic resources. This in turn resulted in major conflicts among local communities, national governments and MNCs. International agreements dealing with Intellectual Property Rights and Bio Diversity, like Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement has contradictory objectives. This article explores the fundamental tenants, divergence, controversies between CBD and TRIPs; also specifically looks at the major controversies within the Agreements

Numerous editions of World Trade Organization (WTO) accords on trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) are perceived in the pharmaceutical industry of India, although small and middle-sized pharmaceutical firms are progressively raising their product development, process expansion and research and development (R&D) potential. Close scrutiny of the disparity shows up a considerable distinction in the achieved results of sole ownership/partnership, private limited and public limited organizations versus product development, process advancements, extended purview of products and enterprises, magnitude of R&D, new concepts acceptance and adaptations. Factor assessment results exhibited that developing accredited intellectual property rights (IPR), technical steps and marketing practices elucidated 75% of variety. Approach commotion is prominent and SMEs are till now relying substantially on the government aid. Bhanot, A., & Kiran, R. (2013) (1) .

Anayasa Mahkemesi son dönemde temel hakların KHK ile düzenlenemeyeceği gerekçesi ile önüne gelen norm denetimlerinde iptal kararları vermektedir. 556 sayılı Markaların Korunması Hakkında Kanun Hükmünde Kararname ile de 7/1- (ı), 16/5, 42/1-(c) maddeleri bu gerekçe ile iptal edilmiştir. Her ne kadar Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu Tasarısı ile fikri ve sınai hakların önemli bir bölümü kanuni dayanağa kavuşturulmaya çalışılsa da, iptal kararı ile tasarının kanunlaştığı süreç arasında çıkacak uyuşmazlıklar ve hatta yeni kanun yürürlüğe girdiğinde bahsi geçen ara dönem ile yeni kanun dönemi arasındaki yürürlük sorunu, iptal kararlarının yarattığı sonuçların, bu kapsamda da hukuki bir boşluk oluşup oluşmadığının belirlenmesi ihtiyacını doğurmuştur. Her ne kadar ilk etapta boşluk oluşacağı düşünebilse de, özellikle Paris Konvansiyonu ve TRIPS'in ilgili hükümleri ile Anayasa m. 90/5 hükmü ile birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, iptal kararı sonrası uluslararası anlaşmaların Türk hukukuna uygulanması ile herhangi bir boşluktan söz edilemeyecektir.

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→ No fewer than 107 preferential trade agreements (PTAs) include provisions on copyright protection.
→ Some PTAs refer to multilateral copyright agreements or replicate their requirements, but an increasing share of them also provide obligations that go beyond multilateral requirements.
→ The most active proponents of copyright provisions in PTAs are the United States, the European Union and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
→ There is a strong correlation between the propensity to include copyright provisions in PTAs and a country’s interest in copyright protection.

“Commercial” and “non-commercial” aspects of the copyright law - consequences of the challenges related to setting the demarcation line

This article discusses the issues related to the limits of the European Union competence in external relations in terms of the copyright law with a focus on the problem of defining its particular areas as “commercial” or “non-commercial”. According to Article 207 TFEU, the scope of the common commercial policy (under an exclusive competence of the EU) includes the commercial aspects of the copyright law; thus, it is vital to set a clear demarcation line.

Through the analysis of settled case law of the European Court of Justice (incl. judgement in case C-414/11 and in case C-114/12) the authors diagnose numerous problems related to determining whether and to what extent the European Union has the exclusive competence over the intellectual property law. This also leads them to a conclusion that the European Union has a very wide competence as regards the conclusion of agreements concerning intellectual property rights, what poses a substantial risk.

Nel presente lavoro l’a. procede allo studio del c.d. Codice UNCTAD sul Trasferimento di Tecnologia, e ne valuta le ricadute sul diritto internazionale privato europeo uniforme costituito dalla Convenzione di Roma sulla legge applicabile alle obbligazioni contrattuali, nonché sul diritto internazionale privato interamericano uniforme, rappresentato dalla Convenzione Interamericana sulla legge applicabile ai contratti internazionali, ispirato in larga misura dalla Convenzione di Roma. In conclusione, alla luce della tendenziale coincidenza programmatica tra Codice UNCTAD e Preambolo e Parte I dell’Accordo TRIPS/WTO, l’a. considera inoltre la possibilità di considerare le legislazioni speciali sul trasferimento di tecnologia adottate da molti PVS come norma rilevante ai fini dell’art. 7.1 della Convenzione di Roma.*** In the present contribution, the author first of all deals with the so called UNCTAD Technology Transfer Code, in light of the echoes it finds in the Preamble and in Part I of the WTO TRIPS Agreement, and assesses its effects on the uniform European private international law regime established by the Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations, as well as on uniform Inter-American private international law set by the 1994 Inter-American Convention on the Law Applicable to International Contracts. In conclusion, in light of the wide programmatic overlap between the UNCTAD Code and the Preamble and Part I of the TRIPS Agreement, the author proposes to consider the special legislations enacted by many developing countries as possibly relevant according to art. 7.1 of the Rome Convention. The work is cited by J.M. Jacquet, La fonction supranationale de la règle de conflit de lois, Recueil des cours, Vol. 292, 2001, pp. 147-248, at p. 372 f., where Jaquet adheres to the main point raised in this paper.

Tarihin tanık olduğu en ilginç ordu Solomon'un ordusuydu. Bu ordu insanlardan, cinlerden, kuşlardan ve diğer hayvanlardan oluşuyordu. Rüzgarlar bile Solomon'un emrindeydiler. Onu istediği yere taşırlardı. Solomon'un ordusunun korkunçluğu düşmanının onları görememelerinden kaynaklanıyordu. Her tür askerin başına kendi türünden biri geçiyordu.''Hüdhüd'' diye bilinen çavuş kuşu istihbarattan sorumlu olan bilgi toplayıcısı bir kuşu vardı. Ordu içerisinde çok önemli bir rolü vardı. Hüdhüd'ün görevi çok uzaklara gidip casusluk yapmaktı. Solomon bir gün yine ordusunun yanına geldi. Ve büyük ordusu arasında fısıldaşmalar duydu. Etrafına bakındı ve Hüdhüd kuşunu göremedi.

Harga Paket Pulau Genteng Kecil
PAKET PULAU GENTENG KECIL


Harga Paket /orang/malam

Jumlah Pax Weekday Weekend Additional WD Additional WE
Min 5-10 1.590.000 1.640.000 890.000 940.000
Min 10-20 1.440.000 1.490.000 840.000 890.000
Min 30 1.290.000 1.340.000 790.000 840.000
Infant 160.000 160.000 160.000 160.000

Fasilitas Paket Pulau Genteng Kecil
Welcome drink
Speedboat PP
Makan 4 x ( prasmanan ),
Coffee Break 1x
Hopping Island
Alat Snorkeling
Kapal Snorkeling dan Hopping Island
Bungalow AC share ( 2,3,4,6,8)
Barbeque night
Free cannoe

Note :

Kami tidak meyediakan Handuk dan peralatan mandi



Fasilitas Pulau :
Bungalow AC & spring Bed ( max 70 -120 pax),
Pantai pasir putih,
Diving center ( TREVALLY DIVE )
Catering service,
olah raga air (snorkeling, banana boat, Cannoeing, dll),
dome stage max (100 orang),
sound system & Lighting
Water sport ( banana boat, Jet ski, snorkeling, canoeing )
Kapal carter tradisional
Meeting room max 60 Pax
dll

Additional Charge :
– Banana boat : 50rb/orang
– Alat snorkelintg : 35rb/set
– Karaoke + 1 Singer : 3.500.000 (projector, sound, karaoke komputer)
– organ tunggal 6.000.000 (full sound + biduan)
– Diving 800.000/orang/2x dive
– sewa kapal kayu 25 orang max : 800.000/hari
– projector : 700.000/hari
– 2 sound portable 15″ : 850.000/ hari
– Meeting Room 700.000/3 Jam

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Daftar Harga Paket One Day Tour Pulau Pari

Jumlah Peserta Harga/Pax
2 Orang Rp    950.000,
3 Orang Rp    795.000,
4 Orang Rp    700.000,
5 Orang Rp    650.000,
6 Orang Rp    630.000,
7 Orang Rp    600.000,
8 Orang Rp    580.000,
9 Orang Rp    565.000,
10-20 Orang Rp    550.000,-
21 Orang > Rp    540.000,-
Harga Paket One Day Tour Pulau Pari Include:

Transport Speedboat PP via Marina Ancol - Pulau Pari
1x Lunch
Hometay untuk Ganti Baju dan Bilas
Alat Snorkeling
Kapal Tradisional untuk Snorkeling
Guide Local untuk memandu Snorkeling
Berkunjung ke Pantai Pasir Perawan
Sepeda
Camera Underwater


ITINENARY ODT PULAU PARI
Day 1 (L)
07.00-07.30 Standby di Dermaga Marina Ancol No. 16-17
08.00-09.00 Perjalanan dari Marina Ancol ke Pulau Pari menggunakan Speedboat
09.30-10.00 Bersiap-siap untuk Snorkling
10.00-12.00 Kegiatan Snorkeling
12.00-12.30 Kembali ke Pulau Pari
12.30-13.30 Berkunjung ke Pantai Pasir Perawan
13.30-14.30 Bilas dan Makan Siang
14.30 Standby di Dermaga Pulau Pari
15.00 Kembali ke Marina Ancol dan Tour Selesai

NOTE Itinerary dapat berubah sesuai dengan situasi dan kondisi yang berlaku

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The assessment of the relationship between patent rights and human rights has resulted in several tentative findings, such as by the UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, that there are “apparent” or “actual or potential” conflicts. Also the World Intellectual Property Organization says that “conflicts may exist” between the two. This article, which is based on a Ph.D. dissertation on the right to food and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), analyzes the relationship between the two, based on an established understanding of conflict in international law, namely incompatible obligations. Also another level of conflict is introduced, namely conflict on the level of prescribed measures in one treaty which impedes the taking of measures prescribed by another treaty. Finally, the article assesses conflict on the level of impact. The findings are that strict legal conflict between the two is difficult to establish, but that there are serious concerns regarding their implementation. Developing states should make use of all the flexibilities that the TRIPS Agreement provides.

(CASE ANALYSIS) The Sri Lankan Court of Appeal refused an application made by the Ceylon Tobacco Company PLC seeking to quash the Tobacco Products (Labelling and Packaging) Regulation No 1 of 2012 (published in Gazette Extraordinary No 1770/15 of 8 August 2012) subsequently amended by regulation published in Gazette Extraordinary No. 1797/22 of 15 February 2013 (‘regulations’) for being ultra vires its empowering statute, the National Authority on Tobacco and Alcohol Act 2006. The court came to its finding having considered the impact pictorial health warnings have on the use of tobacco, the nature of trade mark rights guaranteed under the Intellectual Property Act 2003 and the Sri Lankan government's interest of promoting public health, especially in view of its obligations under the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

O objetivo desse artigo é traçar um breve retrospecto da evolução do regime de proteção das indicações geográficas no direito brasileiro. O objetivo é observar a relação entre os acordos internacionais, internalizados ou não, e a evolução da proteção das indicações geográficas no Brasil em uma perspectiva histórica. Esta análise se dá, desta forma, com base nos diferentes períodos históricos e relaciona-se com a internalização de diversos acordos internacionais no ordenamento brasileiro que são anteriores ao TRIPS e da Lei no 9.279/1996. Como resultado verifica-se que muito antes da era OMC as indicações geográficas já possuíam mecanismos de proteção no Brasil.

This paper objects to study the history of the evolution of the geographical indication protection in the Brazilian law. The matter is understand the relation between the international agreements and the evolution of the geographical indication protection in Brazil with a historical perception. This historical time means the internalization of international agreements before the TRIPS and the Brazilian Law no 9.279/1996. As conclusion we can see that before the OMC Age the geographical indication were protected in Brazil.

This article discusses the complexity inherent in the relationship between written law and social action. It uses actor-network theory (`ANT') to amplify this complexity and considers its value both in understanding socio-legal objects and, more broadly, to socio-legal studies itself. The article uses a case study of the role of the Trade Related Intellectual Property agreement (`TRIPS') regarding pharmaceutical patents in a `least developed country', Djibouti. The study uses this pharmaceutical example to argue the insights offered by ANT, conceptualizing socio-legal objects, beyond comparable approaches such as implementation studies. It also offers a different, more compelling set of understandings than that which appears in the more standard texts on TRIPS.