#2 villalobos brain, heart, reproductive syste and embryo development

A frog's circulatory system has three chambers - one ventricle and two atria. Deoxygenated blood enters one atrium from the body and oxygenated blood enters the other atrium from the lungs. The single ventricle then pumps this mixed blood out through the truncus arteriosus to circulate through the body and lungs before returning to the heart, making it a closed double loop system. Though the blood mixes somewhat, valves help direct the blood flows to minimize mixing and supply the tissues with sufficient oxygen.

The urinary system is composed of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter around 180 liters of blood per day to produce around 1-2 liters of urine, removing waste and regulating fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood to form urine. The ureters then transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, a temporary storage organ. From here, urine exits the body through the urethra upon voluntary muscle control. Together these organs work to maintain homeostasis by filtering waste from the blood and regulating fluid balance.

The document summarizes the main parts and functions of the male reproductive system. It describes the penis, scrotum, testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. It explains that the male reproductive system produces and transports sperm and male sex hormones to facilitate reproduction.

describes all detail gross and microscopic anatomy of urinary system. it also covers major clinical aspects of urinary system.

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers - the right and left atria receive blood, and the right and left ventricles pump blood out. Blood flows through arteries, capillaries, and veins in a closed circuit. The heart is a muscular pump made of cardiac muscle that is located in the chest cavity. It is surrounded by membranes and tissues that protect it. Valves ensure blood flows in only one direction through the heart and vessels.

This document summarizes the circulatory systems of various animals. It begins by describing the components of blood in mammals, including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It then discusses the open and closed circulatory systems, found in invertebrates and vertebrates respectively. The summary describes the unique circulatory approaches in different phyla, from sponges that rely on water currents, to worms with dorsal and ventral blood vessels, to arthropods with hemolymph that bathes organs. Finally, it analyzes the evolution of circulatory systems in vertebrates from fish to amphibians to mammals with their four-chambered hearts that separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

This document provides information about the urinary system. It discusses the key functions and components of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It also provides detailed information about kidney anatomy, the internal structures of the kidney like the renal cortex and medulla, and the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. Furthermore, it explains the multi-step process of urine formation within the nephron and kidney.

The document discusses the key components and functions of the urinary system. It describes the kidneys, which filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The urine travels from the kidneys to the bladder through the ureters. The bladder stores urine temporarily before it is excreted through the urethra. In addition to excretion, the kidneys play an important role in regulating fluid balance and blood pressure in the body.

This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It describes the key organs (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra), their locations, coverings, and structures. It explains urine formation through glomerular filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the nephrons. It also discusses blood flow in the kidneys, development of the urinary system, and changes with aging. The goal is to provide a comprehensive review of the main components and functions of the urinary system.

The document discusses the physiology of penile erection and the pathophysiology and management of erectile dysfunction. It covers the historical understanding of erection from ancient times through modern discoveries. Key points include that erection is caused by arterial inflow exceeding venous outflow due to relaxation of penile smooth muscle and compression of veins. Nitric oxide and phosphodiesterases play important roles. Erection involves reflex, psychogenic and nocturnal types triggered by various neural pathways and neurotransmitters like nitric oxide and endothelin.

The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), and blood. The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body and oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. In the capillaries, gases and nutrients are exchanged. The gastrointestinal system converts food into molecules that are distributed and excretes waste. It consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, pancreas, and glands. Food is broken down and absorbed in the small intestine and undigested material passes to the large intestine for water absorption before excretion.

The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood and remove waste, which is transported through the ureters to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until it is released through the urethra. Key functions include filtering waste from the blood and maintaining water and electrolyte balance. The kidneys receive blood from the renal arteries and produce urine that is collected in the renal pelvis before exiting through the ureters.

This document describes the male pelvic viscera and reproductive system. It discusses the primary sex organ (testis), reproductive tract (epididymis, vas deferens, spermatic cord), and accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands). It also describes the external genitalia including the penis, scrotum, testes and their coverings and vasculature. Accessory glands like the seminal vesicles and prostate are also summarized, along with the structures and blood supply of the penis.

The urinary system filters waste from the blood to produce urine, which is stored in the bladder and expelled through the urethra. It includes the kidneys, which filter blood and remove wastes to produce urine, and the ureters, bladder, and urethra, which transport urine for excretion from the body. The kidneys play an important role in homeostasis by regulating water, electrolyte, and pH levels in the blood. Urine production involves filtration, reabsorption, and secretion stages in the nephrons of the kidneys.

Urinary System, Kidney, Nephron, Function of Kidney, Urinary System Disease, Process of urine formation- Glomerular Filtration, Re absorption, Secretion

The document provides details on renal anatomy and histology. It describes the structure and function of the kidney, nephron, blood supply, and other components. Key points include: - The kidney contains nephrons that filter blood to form urine and regulate water/electrolyte balance. - Nephrons consist of a renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule and collecting duct. - Juxtamedullary nephrons help concentrate urine while cortical nephrons filter plasma and reabsorb molecules. - The macula densa and juxtaglomerular apparatus sense filtration rate and regulate blood pressure.

The urinary system develops from the intermediate mesoderm and includes three successive kidney structures - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros forms the permanent kidneys. It develops from the ureteric bud penetrating the metanephric mesoderm and inducing nephron formation. The kidneys ascend into the abdominal cavity during development and become fully functional by 12 weeks of gestation. The urinary bladder and urethra also develop from the intermediate mesoderm through partitioning of the cloaca.

A stimulus activates a sensory neuron which transmits an electrical impulse to the central nervous system. Within the CNS, the impulse passes through a relay neuron which then stimulates a motor neuron. This motor neuron sends the impulse to an effector like a muscle or gland, causing it to take action in response to the original stimulus.