zeynep gül ünal

The war between Russia and Ukraine, which started on February 24, 2022, was the last point of crisis between the two countries, and war re-emerged in Europe after a long time. The war has resulted in discussions on intergovernmental organizations’ duties, powers, and responsibilities from the United Nations (UN) to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and international treaties. While discussing the role of the current international order in maintaining peace and security, it also created a space for organizations working on the protection of cultural heritage to review the effectiveness of their legal instruments and organizational reflexes in such situations. This article aims to review the position of the existing international instruments in the new generation wars, which can enable the protection of or damage mitigation for cultural heritage and their users at this stage where the uncertainties regarding time, space, and the situation in the war between Ukraine and Russia continue.

PurposeThe preventive health institutions were founded in Istanbul as a result of the Ottoman Empire's policy to fight epidemic diseases that affected all parts of the world in the nineteenth century. The purpose of this paper is to examine the historical and current state of these heritage buildings.Design/methodology/approachThrough the original documents, photographs and floor plans dating nineteenth and early twentieth century obtained from the Ottoman State Archives, historical development and architectural features of the buildings have been identified. And the original geographical locations of the buildings, especially the destroyed ones, are investigated by the historic maps. Plan and façade features, construction techniques are examined according to the information gained from the newspapers, journals and health annuals of the period.FindingsThis paper presents the findings of an MSc thesis conducted on the historical approach of preventive health institutions and pres...

According to the climate change projections, there will be an increase in torrential rains and related floods. In parallel with this, the risk of flood damage to the architectural heritage will increase in the future. Floods cause serious damage to the architectural heritage. Since flood risk analyses are generally made basin-based, studies on flood risks of cities are still inadequate. Therefore, flood risks arising from the architectural heritage's own characteristics and its current situations are not known. Not knowing which architectural heritage poses the flood risk and its potential losses increase the damage. In preventive preservation, the measures taken before the risks occur are effective in reducing the damage, even if they do not eliminate the risks completely. It is necessary to know the flood risk in order to make the architectural heritage be prepared against floods that are predicted to increase with the effect of climate change. This study is aimed to develop a model for analysing the flood risk of architectural heritage. With the Architectural Heritage Flood Risk Analysis Model (MİSRAM) developed in line with this purpose, the vulnerability of any architectural heritage can be calculated with the parameter scores developed over the building's own characteristics and current state. The development and implementation of the model were carried out in 4 stages. In the first stage: flood damage in the architectural heritage has been investigated. On-site detection, observation, and investigations were made to determine the factors that increase the damage. Flood-induced forces and effects from the data obtained. The types of damage caused by these forces and effects in the architectural heritage, the areas where the damage occurred in the building and the possible damage risks were determined. In the second stage: the factors affecting the damage level were defined and transformed into flood risk parameters. In the third stage: the flood risk parameters and the coefficient of flood risk area were made into a calculation table in an Excel program. The analyse form was created by adding the building identification section to the created calculation sheet. In the fourth stage: the risk analysis forms were filled in on-site. As a result of the researches made in the scope of the study's problem, the findings below have been reached: • Climate change causes an increase in sudden and heavy rains and accordingly flash floods, and these effects will continue to increase in the future. • Architectural heritage located in the region with the same flood risk coefficient may have different flood risk levels depending on different parameters. Therefore, the flood risk of the architectural heritage cannot be calculated only through the flood risk of the region where it is located, a heritage-specific risk analysis model should be developed and in this model, the heritage's own characteristics and current situation should be taken into account. • Factors that increase flood damage in architectural heritage should be identified and included in the calculation in risk analysis. • There has been an increase in the number of floods in the province of Edirne after the 2000s. The developed model proposal MISRAM was applied to the buildings of Bayezid II Complex, and the flood risk levels of the buildings were determined. Determining the flood risk level in the flood management planning of the architectural heritage is the first step and constitutes important data for decision-makers. In further studies, it is recommended to develop protection measures and interventions that will not adversely affect the heritage values for the architectural heritage whose flood risk level is determined, and to analyse the flood risk of the cultural heritage other than the architectural heritage. The flood risk of the architectural heritage can be analysed and appropriate flood prevention and response decisions can be made via applying MISRAM. It can be integrated into disaster management plans of local governments, and it may constitute the first step in reducing architectural heritage damages and preventing losses in flood disasters. MISRAM is a method that can be used both as a resource for creating architectural heritage flood risk maps and for decision-makers to take appropriate measures and intervention decisions.

This study aims to define mass forced migration resulting from human induced disasters such as war and armed conflict in the past 25 years of the turn of the 21st century; along with the arising problems pertaining to the conservation of tangible and intangible cultural heritage that is associated with its users. Furthermore, the study aims to propose solutions via an established methodology.
The working bodies of the United Nations demonstrate that the number of people who have had to migrate due to human-induced or natural disasters in recent times is constantly fluctuating, and every 20 minutes 1 person is displaced according to the data from 2017.
According to the 2016 Global Trend Study of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the number of people who migrated across the world due to security concerns reached 65.5 million by the end of 2016. According to the Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR-Global Assessment Report) prepared by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), between 2008 and 2012: 120 million people were displaced due to disasters related to the weather (climate related, hydrological, meteorological) and 24 million people were displaced due to geophysical happenings (earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanos).
International organizations working on the elimination of the effects of war and armed-conflict, assess the intensity of the conflict based on its physical and human impact. While the physical effects of war or conflict are defined in terms of human resources, infrastructure, housing, the economy and cultural values; the human impact is defined in terms of the number of affected, injured, lost, harmed and displaced people along with refugees . The forced mass migration that these disasters indirectly lead to, accelerates the loss of both tangible and intangible cultural heritage.
The significant increases in the frequency and magnitude of disasters occurring at the turn of the 21st century, are severely damaging cultural heritage. The significance of protecting the heritage sites physically along with their users, comes to the forefront once again with the migrations resulting from disasters.
Research indicates that migration is as old as human history and it progressed in proportion to technological developments and escalated with the industrial revolution. Especially in the 1990s, the globalization movement rapidly increased the speed and capacities of information and communication technologies and thus impacted events all over the world. Moreover, this situation changed the way disaster management was perceived and approached.
The process evaluated within the scope of this study encompasses the national and international forced mass migrations resulting from human induced disasters in the 21st century, within the context of current protection issues.
The mitigation of all negative situations caused by human induced disasters can only be possible with the protection of cultural heritage, disaster risk mitigation studies with a holistic approach, and proper risk management. In situations of war and armed-conflict, cultural heritage is damaged both by selective / targeted destruction and by general destruction (historical environment). Thirdly, the fact that legal procedures do not function due to the conflict, leads to the escalation of illegal excavations and the smuggling of antiquities. Moreover, it is one of the most salient risks that damages tangible and intangible cultural heritage in the event of forced mass migration due to major disasters such as war, armed-conflict and internal turmoil. In the case of forced mass migration due to disasters in historical settlements, it is not merely a case of people migrating but due to this migration the rites, rituals, traditional productions associated with the space and the cultural values related to the space are also abandoned. Some of the losses in disasters occur immediately and some occur after a certain amount of time. When the physical spaces that constitute the tangible cultural heritage are protected together with the original user, then the intangible cultural heritage is also indirectly preserved.
The proper management of the crisis situation that emerged with disasters, the planning of return, the trainings to be provided to migrants and other implementations are discussed in the thesis in line with the protection of tangible and intangible cultural heritage in its place of origin and flourishing.
Intangible cultural heritage has a cultural and social value for society. Trying to protect these values in the aftermath of the disaster will make it easier for the disaster victims to overcome the trauma they have experienced. The protection of monumental structures of the area, elements of civil architecture, and local productions in the workshops during and after the disaster, facilitate the return process of societies to daily life after the disaster and also help restore social ties. Therefore, the continuity of culture can be sustained through the coexistence of the space and its users.
The aid funds to be used for the protection of cultural heritage in the historical regions that have been damaged due to disasters, have the potential to constitute an indirect driving force for displaced people to return. Thus, the revival of the region, the continuity of culture, keeping the space together with the original user, will ensure “cultural continuity”.
The examining of the cases related to human induced disasters, especially ones that occurred in historical regions, and the ensuing forced mass migrations, provides salient data that constitutes examples for further practices. In the study, three of the four regions selected as case studies are places where peace has been attained and the other place is an area where war is continuing. Cases from important conflict areas with which we share common values and where there is an Ottoman legacy were selected. Cases pertaining to war and migration from the selected areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Lebanon-Beirut and Syria were examined. The war, immigration, return, cultural heritage relations, displacement and the severance of cultural continuity were examined for the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina between the years of 1992 and 1995, of Lebanon between the years of 1975-1990 and of Kosovo between the years of 1998 and 1999. Then the continuing civil war and migration in Syria since 2011 was examined in terms of where it began and what the situation is now. The scrutiny of all four cases and the obtained results shall ensure the completion of the suggestions on how to protect cultural heritage in instances of migration.
The survey studies being conducted with people who have emigrated to Turkey; have been categorised under the following themes: the historical / social texture before the war, the relationship between architectural design and the environment, the relationship between space and function/action, the state of conservation before the war, the changes in the physical space, the post-war homeland. With the help of the questions that have been asked under these themes, the survey study aims to define the state of the preservation of cultural heritage affected by migration, by considering the effects of migration on the protection of historical sites, the perception of cultural heritage and the relationship between the sense of belonging and the homeland.
At the end of this dissertation "the planning of disaster risk management for cultural heritage in cases of forced migration due to human-induced disasters" constitutes a systematic model that responds to the risks / problems identified during the thesis study, with the help of the data obtained from the case studies, surveys and research conducted for this thesis. The model is comprised of 3 phases: "risk reduction and preparation phase" before the war/armed conflict; "monitoring and capacity conservation phase" when the war/armed conflict begins, spreads and during the armed conflict / war; "the planning of the return process and the rehabilitation of historical areas" in the rehabilitation phase after the war/ armed conflict. Through the case studies a solution proposal that focuses on the post-disaster phase of disaster management while including all the pre-disaster, disaster and post disaster implementations, has been developed. This proposal also encompasses the topics of “community participation, capacity building, sustainable development, vision, security, equality, restructuring and reconciliation”. The study has shown that, in light of the changing parameters of war and armed conflicts after 1990, there needs to be changes and additions made to the solution path of the subject that was researched. The fact that the user constitutes the key actor in this issue, relocation within mass migration, the importance of return, the role of cultural heritage as a driving force in the process of reconstruction should all be considered as part of the management system. The fact that long-term sustainable development can only be attained through the disaster-stricken country's own resources, local building production knowledge and original user participation, is proof that the country needs to be prepared for sustainable return to ensure the return of the original users and to obtain successful sustainability. Turning the existing risk situation into an opportunity and using the protection of cultural heritage as a driving force constitutes the basis of a sustainable study. In the protection of cultural heritage, the model of “planning the return / return home and the planning of the rehabilitation of the historical environment in cases of forced mass migration due to human induced disasters” defines the theoretical and practical necessity of reconstruction.

The conflicts that have been happening around the world since the turn of the 21st century, which are also known as modern warfare, threaten cultural properties and their users, and lead to irreversible damage. The forced displacement of communities, who have shaped and preserved their cultures for centuries, and who are the owners and users of the cultural properties which have become part of their lives, causes the original users of these properties to change, and leads to the migration of collective memory, which develops via the relationships between places and activities.
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction-UNISDR) states that the disasters’ negative impact on vulnerability will continue to increase (UNISDR, 2015, p. 108). When the risks that cultural properties are exposed to are reviewed, it is understood that expediting the post-war/post-conflict return process of displaced communities is not only important in terms of the healthy rehabilitation process of societies and the environment; it is also the main requirement for protecting cultural properties in a sustainable manner.
The countries that border conflicts zones and host refugees in particular, have certain duties and responsibilities with regards to the return process of refugees after a safe and stable environment is established in their home countries.
Completed in 2019, this doctoral study examines the relationship between “war-displacement-preservation of cultural heritage” through the Syria example. The research conducted as part of this dissertation consisted of international treaties, case studies, and an impact assessment carried out through interviews held with Syrian university students living in Turkey, most of whom are studying architecture or engineering. The obtained data was evaluated in terms of determining cultural heritage’s role in planning the return processes after forced mass displacements.

The preventive health institutions were founded in Istanbul as a result of the Ottoman Empire's policy to fight epidemic diseases that affected all parts of the world in the nineteenth century. The purpose of this paper is to examine the historical and current state of these heritage buildings.
Through the original documents, photographs and floor plans dating nineteenth and early twentieth century obtained from the Ottoman State Archives, historical development and architectural features of the buildings have been identified. And the original geographical locations of the buildings, especially the destroyed ones, are investigated by the historic maps. Plan and façade features, construction techniques are examined according to the information gained from the newspapers, journals and health annuals of the period.
This paper presents the findings of an MSc thesis conducted on the historical approach of preventive health institutions and preservation problems of the Pendik Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology. In the study, it has been examined that institutes in five different functions which were established after the foundation of the Quarantine Council in 1838 with parallel to the course of epidemics and scientific development in the West. In Istanbul, eight quarantine stations, three disinfection stations, one rabies laboratory, one vaccination institute and five bacteriology institutes have been documented. Some of these institutions fell out of use due to the loss of their original function and have been abandoned and demolished, some of them have survived with functional changes. The extant samples of these preventive health institutions are studied on the purpose of investigating their conditions of preservation.
Late Ottoman period preventive health institutions in Istanbul have been the subject of the researches within the field of medicine and science history to date. There is no study in Turkish and International literature discussing these institutions in terms of architecture. In the study these buildings have been thoroughly examined based on their architectural features and heritage values. The glass plate photographs of the Pendik Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, floor plans and some photographs of the other institutions which are obtained from Ottoman State Archives and newspapers of the period have been published for the first time in this paper.

Management of Risk for the Historic Environment From Mass Migration and Return Processes due to War/armed Conflict
ABSTRACT
A result of the significant increase in the frequency and magnitude of disasters occurring at the turn of the 21st century is severe damage to the cultural heritage. Particularly in the 1990s, the globalization movement rapidly increased the speed and capacity of information and communication technologies and thus impacted events all over the world.
This study examined the effect, since the last quarter of the 20th century, of wars and armed conflicts on historical settlements, many of which that have been damaged or destroyed. and the effect of the mass migration by those affected by such conflict on the preservation of tangible and intangible cultural heritage. In addition, this study emphasized the importance of space-user association and discussed the effect of the loss of traditional knowledge, materials, practices, resources, and storytellers, and other similar losses, in the post-disaster recovery process in the context of migration-return, with the aim of identifying the protection problems that occur and developing suggestions for solutions through a methodology.
When the information obtained in the research process is evaluated and converted into data, in the handling / examination of the subject; It has been observed that the impact of human-induced disasters on natural heritage on the cultural heritage in comparison with the normal immigration movements in the context of the size of the mass / mass migration. Along with this, the fact that the effects of economic, technological and other changes experienced in the last quarter of the 1900s on the processes and results of the researched subjects made this study work according to the time criteria.
The mitigation of all negative situations caused by human-created disasters can only be possible if it includes the protection of cultural heritage; thus, disaster risk mitigation studies with a holistic approach, and proper risk management are necessary. Thus, the revival of the region and the continuity of culture by keeping the space by the original users will ensure cultural continuity.
In order to create a solution model, areas / preliminary samples with and without temporal / periodic and effective similarities were researched primarily. The data obtained from the analyzed case studies provided the basis for the model proposal to be evaluated in order to reduce the risks in places that may or may experience similar risks that may arise during conflict / war processes.
Keywords: cultural heritage, sustainable return, user participation, cultural sustainability, war/ armed conflict, disaster risk management.
ÖZET
21. yüzyıl dönümünde meydana gelen afetlerin sıklığındaki ve büyüklüğündeki önemli artışlar kültür mirasına da büyük oranda zarar vermektedir. Özelikle 1990'lı yıllarla birlikte küreselleşme hareketi bilgi-iletişim teknolojilerindeki hız ve kapasiteleri artırmış, tüm dünya üzerinde yaşanan olayları etkilemiştir. Bu çalışma, 20. yüzyılın son çeyreğinden itibaren yaşanan savaş ve çatışmalarda ağır hasar gören/ yok olan tarihi yerleşimler ve kullanıcılarının toplu olarak göç etmesinin somut ve somut olmayan kültür mirasının korunması üzerinde oluşturacağı etkileri incelemekte, mekân-kullanıcı birlikteliğinin önemini vurgulamakta, geleneksel bilgi, geleneksel malzeme/ uygulamalar/ kaynaklar-hikâye anlatıcılar ve benzeri diğer kayıpların afet sonrası iyileşme sürecindeki etkisini göç-geri dönüş bağlamında ele almakta, oluşan koruma problemlerini tanımlamayı ve çözüm önerilerini bir metodoloji üzerinden geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma sürecinde elde edilen bilgiler değerlendirilip verilere dönüştürüldüğünde, konunun ele alınışında/ irdelenişinde; insan kaynaklı afetlerin doğal kaynaklı afetlere, toplu/ kitle halinde yapılan göçlerin büyüklüğü bağlamında normal göçme hareketlerine göre kültür mirası üzerindeki etkisinin farklı veriler sunduğu görülmüştür. Bunun yanında, 1900'lerin son çeyreğinde Dünya'da yaşanılan ekonomik, teknolojik ve diğer değişikliklerin araştırılan konuların süreçleri ve sonuçlarına etkisinin farklı olması bu çalışmasının zaman kriterine bağlı çalışılmasını sağlamıştır. Savaş ve çatışmaların sebep olduğu tüm olumsuz durumların en aza indirilebilmesi kültür mirasının korunması süreci, afet riskinin azaltımı çalışmaları, geri dönüş süreçlerinin planlanmasının bir arada bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ve oluşacak risklerin doğru yönetilmesi ile mümkün olabilir. Bunun sonucunda bölgenin yeniden canlanması, kültürün devamlılığı, mekânın asıl kullanıcısıyla bir arada tutulmasını "kültürel sürekliliği" sağlayacaktır. Bir çözüm modeli oluşturabilmek için zamansal/ dönemsel ve etkisel benzerlikleri olan ve olmayan alanlar/ ön örnekler öncelikli olarak araştırılmıştır. İncelenen örnek olay araştırmalarından elde edilen veriler, çatışma/ savaş süreçlerinde oluşabilecek benzer riskleri yaşayabilecek olan veya yaşayan yerlerde riskleri azaltabilmek için değerlendirilip model önerisine temel hazırlamayı sağlamıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: kültür mirası, sürdürülebilir geri dönüş, kullanıcı katılımı, kültürel süreklilik, savaş/ çatışma, afet risk yönetimi.

Afyonkarahisar'ın Dinar ilçesi, Bademli Köyü'ndeki Bademli Cami Geç Osmanlı dönemine tarihlenmektedir. Anadolu'da birçok şehirde olduğu gibi Afyonkarahisar'da da bu dönem etkileriyle bezenmiş camiler vardır. Bademli Cami yoğun bir bezeme programına sahip olması ve bezemelerinin özgün niteliklerini koruması açısından önemli bir örnek teşkil etmektedir. Ahşap direkli, düz ahşap tavanlı bu caminin kârgir duvarları sıva üzerine renkli kalem işleriyle bezenmiştir. Bunlar arasında en dikkat çeken kalem işi son cemaat yerindeki Sultan II. Abdülhamid'in tuğrasıdır. Bunun yanı sıra caminin giriş kapısından içeriye doğru devam eden yazı programı, 20. yüzyıl başında mekândaki ibadetin sembolik yansımasının nasıl algılandığını göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Caminin mimari özellikleri ile beraber çeşitli süslemelerden oluşan kalem işleri bu çalışmanın konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada; hem bakım ve onarım eksikliğine hem de kullanıma bağlı koruma sorunları yaşayan Bademli Cami'nin sahip olduğu özgün niteliklerin korunması için koruma önerileri de verilmektedir. Bu konuda makale yazarları tarafından 2018 yılında hazırlanan koruma projesinden yararlanılmıştır.

Dinar-Bademli Mosque: Architectural Characteristics and Hand-Made Decorations on Plaster

Bademli Mosque, in Bademli village of Afyonkarahisar, dates back to the late Ottoman period. In Afyonkarahisar, as in many other Anatolian cities, the influence of this period is visible in the adorning of mosques. Bademli Mosque is an important example as it has an extensive decoration program and preserves its original features. The mosque has timber posts and a flat roof, clad with timber. Its walls are adorned with colorful handmade decorations on plaster, the most noticeable one being Sultan Abdülhamid II's tughra in the last prayer hall. In addition, the calligra-phy program that extends inward from the entrance of the mosque is remarkable in that it shows how the symbolic reflection of worship in the place was perceived at the beginning of the 20th century. The present study focuses on the mosque's rich handmade decorations, as well as its architectural characteristic. The study also provides suggestions for the preservation of the unique features of the Bademli Mosque, which have been poorly protected due to user-related problems and a lack of maintenance and repair. In this context, preservation project proposed by the authors in 2018 was used as a reference.

Although it is estimated that the frequency of disasters is increasing and the area being affected is getting larger in recent years, the main cause of this fact might be explained as the enlargement of the settlements towards the disaster prone areas, rather than the increased impact. As a result of rapid increase of world's population new settlements are spreading towards to the high risk areas. Additionally, natural hazards such shattering of the forests as a result of unplanned urbanization, covering up of the rivers; constructing building close to the faults lead to the natural disasters. Exploring disasters in a way of collecting detailed data of measurements, records, frequency of occurrence etc. and investigating relation between impact-response and cause-result parameters could minimize effect of the disasters. In order to serve as a model it is vital to investigate the current situation and monitor the short and the long term effects of disasters on heritage areas that have been hit by these impacts during the history. This paper aims to discuss the major disasters such earthquakes happened in the last century within the heritage areas in traditional patterns of Turkey. The causes of damages due to the earthquake in heritage areas, the administrative and governmental decisions taken upon to earthquakes and their affects, and short and long term effects on habitants and on the settlements will be discussed.

This research aims to analyze the sequence of disasters, and to form a structure, which can be used during determination of mitigation strategies; by using data collected on disasters that İstanbul had faced during its history; their types, causes, sequence, intensity and propagation zones, and precautions taken through time, and the evaluation of the change of the administrative system and of the city texture .

In this study, earthquake and fires have been derived from various sources and brought together chronologically. These data have been combined and compared, trying to determine the propagation area within the city, and thus defining the size of the destruction. Although destruction caused by big waves from the sea are mentioned, these have not been evaluated within the scope of this study, as there is no data for the amount of this destruction.

Disaster Preparedness is a concept, importance of which has been realized in Turkey only after extensive disasters of the past ten years. Especially after the August 17, 1999 Marmara Earthquake, it appeared that we have no working disaster management plan, and that our institutions are not prepared for major disasters. The situation is much worse for our Cultural Heritage. There are no institutions or mechanisms designated for a systematical rapid evaluation of our cultural heritage after disasters, nor there is a pre designed evaluation form which has been officially agreed upon. A national database where technical properties of the cultural Heritage have been designated have not been formed yet.

When various disaster responses for different situations are analysed, it can be seen that damage assessment systems and involving organizations differ, and that there is a lack of coordination during different events. As a result, there have been problems in using the resulting data for decision support systems, and in determination of priorities, type and depth of protection.

In this study, mechanisms that stepped in after 1999 Marmara Earthquake and 2003 İstanbul terror attacks for damage assessment will be analysed on given examples. Defects and flaws of the systems will be analysed. A local and national mechanism which can be integrated with the international system will be suggested.

Fire of Haydarpaşa Train Station has showed us once more that we have a long way to go in the process of preparing our cultural heritage against disaster risks. Turning this unfortunate event into an opportunity for our heritage, actions to be taken before, during and after a disaster in order to reduce the vulnerability of historic buildings by means of analysing similar events that have occured in the World will be explained. Furthermore, some information will be given on the Guide for the Protection of Cultural Heritage during Rehabilitations, which is being prepared by a team of international experts. This initiation has been started straight after the Haydarpaşa Fire, by ICOMOS/ICORP- International Council of Monuments and Sites/ International Council of Risk Preparedness, Turkish Committee. Data on the situation of Haydarpaşa Train Station after the fire have been studied and used by the permission of the Directorate of İstanbul Vth Regional Council for Preservation of Cultural and Natural Heritage

Bu çalışma, İstanbul’u tarihsel süreç içinde etkileyen afetlerin türleri, oluşum nedenleri, tekrarlanma sıklığı, şiddet ve yayılım alanları ile buna karşı zaman içerisinde alınan tedbirler, idari sistemin ve kentsel dokunun değişimi arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyerek söz konusu veriler ışığında İstanbul’da meydana gelen afetlerin sekanslarının, afet etkilerini azaltma stratejielinin belirlenmesi çalışmalarında kullanılacak bir yapıya getirmeyi hedeflemektedir.

Çalışmada, İstanbul’un tarih boyunca maruz kaldığı deprem ve yangınlar, değişik kaynaklardan derlenenerek kronolojik olarak biraraya getirilmiştir. Kaynaklar arasındaki veriler karşılaştırılarak ve birleştirilerek, afetlerin kentteki yayılım alanları saptanmaya ve böylece kenti etkileyen yıkımın boyutu tanımlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Büyük depremler sırasında denizden gelen dalgaların yarattığı hasarlardan da bahsedilmekle beraber bunlara ilişkin yazılı kaynaklarda hasar verisi bulunmadığı için bu çalışma kapsamında değerlendirilmemişlerdir.

Bu çalışmada, İstanbul Tarihi Yarımada’da, Zeyrek Dünya Mirası Alanı’nı etkileyebilecek risklerin ve bunların meydana gelme olasılıklarının saptanabilmesi amacıyla İstanbul’u tarihsel süreç içinde etkileyen doğal ve insan kaynaklı afetlerin türleri, oluşum nedenleri, tekrarlanma sıklıkları, şiddet ve yayılım alanları ile buna karşı zaman içerisinde alınan önlemler, idari sistemin ve kentsel dokunun değişimi arasındaki ilişki ile bu bağlantının afet risk yönetimi üzerindeki etkisi incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda toplanan veriler ışığında, İstanbul’da meydana gelen afetlerin yapıları, afetlere bağlı gelişen riskleri azaltma stratejilerinin belirlenmesine temel teşkil etmesi açısından incelenmiştir

Çalışmada, İstanbul’un tarih boyunca maruz kaldığı afetlerden kentin fiziki yapısı üzerinde en fazla etkide bulunan ve aynı zamandan bölgede sosyal değişimlere de neden olan deprem ve yangınlar, kaynaklardan derlenenerek kronolojik olarak biraraya getirilmiştir. Kaynaklar arasındaki veriler karşılaştırılarak ve birleştirilerek, afetlerin yerleşim içindeki yayılım alanları, etkilenen alanların incinebilirliğini arttıran etmenler saptanmaya ve böylece kenti etkileyen yıkımın boyutu ve nedenleri tanımlanmaya çalışılmıştır.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISASTER RISKS AND MANAGEMENT PLAN IN CULTURAL HERITAGE AREAS: HISTORIC AREAS OF ISTANBUL AS AN EXAMPLE
From past ages to present, the Earth accumulates elements of heritage that constitute the collective memory of humanity, while at the same time it is the scene of different types of disasters with different severities and frequencies. Since the formation of the Earth, disasters are one of the most influential factors in the continuity of cultural properties as an important element of cultural heritage. The cumulative effects of the experiences gained in such disasters are reflected in the works planned for pre-disaster, during and post-disaster events. Models concentrate on risk-based projections and research, risk plans associated with disasters are prepared, and these plans are evaluated holistically as part of large-scale strategic plans.
This article aims to provide a general background on disaster risk management for cultural properties and to analyze risk management studies and outputs based on the Historic Areas of Istanbul Management Plan. For this purpose, the article consists of three separate sections. The first section includes the relationship of the cultural properties' value with disaster risks, identification of disaster risks for cultural properties, risk preparedness, and risk management examination. The second section is on associating risk management with site management in the Historic Areas of Istanbul Management Plan as an example at a national scale, training and awareness raising studies on the risks imposed on cultural properties, and a Summary of ‘Training and Drill on Disaster Risk Management for Cultural Properties’ (2017). The third section examines identification, planning, documentation, project design, and implementation processes of immovable cultural properties and historic surroundings areas in terms of disaster management within the framework of conservation legislation. The last section focuses on recommendations on interagency cooperation and legislative arrangements.