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The main determinants of tropical savannas are plant available moisture (PAM) and plant available nutrients (PAN). Fire (F) and herbivory (H) are secondary determinants in a hierarchy of factors which produce the characteristics of any... more
The main determinants of tropical savannas are plant available moisture (PAM) and plant available nutrients (PAN). Fire (F) and herbivory (H) are secondary determinants in a hierarchy of factors which produce the characteristics of any particular savanna (Solbrig 1991). While the biodiversity of a savanna area will be influenced by the biogeographic pool of species available to the region at any given time, the structure and productivity of the savanna are controlled by PAM and PAN, which in turn also influence biodiversity. Fire and herbivory then modify biodiversity directly through the mortality of individuals and indirectly through effects on the resources by individuals using different fuel types. Also biodiversity, through the range of food resource qualities and quantities, helps to determine the impact level of herbivory on the ecosystem.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT During the last decade, progress in the understanding of terrestrial nitrogen cycle stress the challenge of rethinking our conceptual model of global nitrogen cycle in a changing world. Our current N cycle paradigms postulate: 1)... more
ABSTRACT During the last decade, progress in the understanding of terrestrial nitrogen cycle stress the challenge of rethinking our conceptual model of global nitrogen cycle in a changing world. Our current N cycle paradigms postulate: 1) inorganic soil N as the main source of plant N, since the plant ability to take up organic N is uncommon in nature, 2) atmosphere as the solely source of new N, disregarding the possibility of bedrock N as an important nutritional source, and 3) symbiotic N fixing in plant as the key process introducing new N from the atmosphere, overlooking biological crusts and N fixing free living organisms as important players. Since recent evidence suggest an important role of bedrock N, biological crusts and N fixing free living organisms as well as a wider distribution of plants capable of taking up organic N, here we discuss the plausibility of a paradigm's change based on worldwide application of new ideas at ecosystem level. Applying these new paradigms at ecosystem level we found that plants uptake of organic N was not worldwide distributed but rather restricted to ecosystems with low temperature, precipitation, total annual radiation and soil carbon availability (low energy availability). Despite the importance of biological crusts had been confined to arid systems, their wide distribution conferred them with ~40% of our current global estimation of N fixing. Furthermore, N fixing by free living organisms was more important in agroecosystems and natural ecosystems where temperature range is closer to the optimum for nitrogenase activity and where plant community is limited by P. Since the importance of bedrock N to N ecosystem storage depends on the global distribution of N rich sedimentary rocks and because it has not a worldwide homogeneous distribution, the relevance of that N source was confined to ecosystems capable of biomass storage over long time periods and to ecosystems with low fire frequency. While evidences supporting the plausibility of incorporating new ideas to the terrestrial N cycle, a redraw of the global nitrogen cycle is conditioned to further investigation about the effects of contemporary climatic change over these novel N cycle players.
This chapter presents observed and predicted impacts of climate change on Amazonian ecosystems, focusing on biodiversity, ecosystem services, carbon cycling, fisheries, and emissions from biomass burning. It also considers climate and... more
This chapter presents observed and predicted impacts of climate change on Amazonian ecosystems, focusing on biodiversity, ecosystem services, carbon cycling, fisheries, and emissions from biomass burning. It also considers climate and land-use change feedbacks and highlights knowledge gaps to better understand these complex interactions.
In 2020, intense wildfires affected 487,000 ha in the Paraná Delta. The government responded by reinforcing fire suppression and control policies and tightening regulations that criminalized the use of fire. This negatively affected local... more
In 2020, intense wildfires affected 487,000 ha in the Paraná Delta. The government responded by reinforcing fire suppression and control policies and tightening regulations that criminalized the use of fire. This negatively affected local communities and small livestock producers, who depend on the use of fire for their subsistence activities. This article summarizes for the first time the traditional use of fire in the area, and describes efforts to stimulate dialogue between local communities, environmental organizations and government agencies to share perspectives and come to a common agreement as to ways forward. Results indicate the islanders’ complex knowledge of the role of fire in the maintenance of the various grassland ecosystems, and show that dialogue can lead to effective and workable solutions.
La deforestación y la degradación forestal son el resultado de la interacción entre varios impulsores directos que a menudo operan en tándem. El bioma amazónico había perdido aproximadamente 870.000 km2 de su cobertura forestal original,... more
La deforestación y la degradación forestal son el resultado de la interacción entre varios impulsores directos que a menudo operan en tándem. El bioma amazónico había perdido aproximadamente 870.000 km2 de su cobertura forestal original, principalmente debido a la expansión agrícola (pastizales y tierras de cultivo). Otros impulsores directos incluyen la apertura de nuevas carreteras, la construcción de represas hidroeléctricas, la explotación de minerales y petróleo y la urbanización.
This chapter discusses the main drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in the Amazon, particularly agricultural expansion, road construction, mining, oil and gas development, forest fires, edge effects, logging, and hunting. It... more
This chapter discusses the main drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in the Amazon, particularly agricultural expansion, road construction, mining, oil and gas development, forest fires, edge effects, logging, and hunting. It also examines these activities’ impacts and synergies between them.
Communities in Chiapas are pioneers in fire management; for example, land users have to request burning permits from village organizations, following customary environmental management practices. This article reports on the cultural... more
Communities in Chiapas are pioneers in fire management; for example, land users have to request burning permits from village organizations, following customary environmental management practices. This article reports on the cultural management of fire by indigenous Antelá and Tziscao communities in and around Lagunas de Montebello National Park, Chiapas, Mexico. It addresses territoriality, memory, regimes and management, and the integration of cultural knowledge and perspectives, with global relevance for all Indigenous peoples. This is the first published reference to the term “Pyrobiocultural” that the authors of this article (among others) have been developing over recent years.
Canaima National Park (CNP, Venezuela), located in the core of Guiana Shield and inhabited by the Pemón indigenous people, is an area of great value due to its biological and cultural singularity. High incidence of fires, together with... more
Canaima National Park (CNP, Venezuela), located in the core of Guiana Shield and inhabited by the Pemón indigenous people, is an area of great value due to its biological and cultural singularity. High incidence of fires, together with increased forest vulnerability to fire as a result of global climate and socio-environmental changes, have been considered threats, since they could put at risk, both ecosystems and human well-being. The conflict over fire use is exacerbated by the fact that whereas the Pemón depend for their livelihood on the use of fire, the policy of CNP government agencies has been fire exclusion (although this is not effectively enforced). The aim of this work is to present the experience gained during the development, for almost 20 years, of three participative and trans-disciplinary research-action areas: 1) long-term indigenous, fire-fighters and scientists collaborative fire experiments to study fire behavior and effects on bio-geo-chemical cycles and biodive...
This paper examines the main role of cultural revitalization by establishing the base for a symmetric dialogue regarding environmental litigious issues. This examination discusses several experiences of participatory investigation carried... more
This paper examines the main role of cultural revitalization by establishing the base for a symmetric dialogue regarding environmental litigious issues. This examination discusses several experiences of participatory investigation carried out in Parque Nacional Canaima, Venezuela, from 1999 till present. These experiences sought to promote discussions about the use of fire in the indigenous village of Pemón, in order to strengthen the capacity for dialogue and negotiation with other stakeholders about the sustainable management of their territories. The promotion of dialogue included discussions about processes of cultura change and the transformation of identity. These experiences have shown that once traditionally neglected environmental knowledge is accepted –as part of their cultural and political strengthening agenda-, indigenous peoples can feel more confident to participate in dialogues with other stakeholders about complex and multifactor topics, e.g., the use of fire. These processes of group reflection pioneer towards a larger cognitive justice within environment and territory management which, in turn, is part of a greater process of intercultural construction. The right of the indigenous peoples to self-reflection, to think differently, and to have freedom of speech regarding their knowledge is central for the dialogue and equitable intercultural exchange.
There is growing scientific evidence that fire management, as well as other sustainable Indigenous practices, help mitigate climate change, protect the biological and cultural diversity of ecosystems, and promote resilience. However,... more
There is growing scientific evidence that fire management, as well as other sustainable Indigenous practices, help mitigate climate change, protect the biological and cultural diversity of ecosystems, and promote resilience. However, Indigenous peoples’ participation in policy making and management of their own territories is very limited. This paper presents findings from a fire management workshop where experiences and perspectives were shared among 60 academic, government and Indigenous representatives from 25 organisations from Venezuela, Brazil and Guyana. The workshop was divided into different group working sessions that used the soft systems methodology of analysing the current situation with regards to the importance of fire in everyday life and Indigenous culture, b) institutional, scientists and Indigenous perspectives, approaches and concerns about fire management in Indigenous territories, c) new approaches to an intercultural and participative fire governance. In spite...
Historical information on wildfires and dendrochronological studies offer meaningful clues about fire and climate regimes, factors that affect forest structure and dynamics. This study aimed to determine the effect of fire history on... more
Historical information on wildfires and dendrochronological studies offer meaningful clues about fire and climate regimes, factors that affect forest structure and dynamics. This study aimed to determine the effect of fire history on vegetation dynamics and successional pathways of areas under different fire management policies in the Lagunas de Montebello National Park (LMNP), Chiapas, México. The selected study sites were El Parque area under fire exclusion policies since 1961; Tziscao-inhabited area under fire prohibition since 1984; and Antelá area with a traditional agricultural fire management history. A Pinus oocarpa ring-width chronology was used as a proxy for climate variability to which wildfire occurrence was mapped and to determine the establishment patterns of this dominant species. Current vegetation composition and structure and fuel loads were determined to characterise the study sites. Large wildfires, like those occurring in 1984 and 1998, were associated with periods of high humidity followed by intense droughts; they were linked to strong El Niño events and severely impacted the LMNP. Vegetation dynamics indicated simplification of mesophyll forest (climax) to pine-oaksweetgum forests, with Pinus dominating the overstorey in all sampling sites. Pine, oak and sweetgum species were the dominant juvenile trees in Antelá, El Parque and Tziscao, respectively. Late-successional seedlings (i.e., Prunus) were present in Antelá and El Parque, while were absent from Tziscao where several wildfires had occurred. Fuel accumulation in sites within protected areas subject to fire exclusion policies was very high (40-68 t ha-1); in contrast, it was the lowest in rural Antelá (24 t ha-1). Considering vegetation vulnerability to wildfires associated with extreme humid-dry climate events, increased fire hazard due to fuel accumulation, and the socio-ecological impacts of these events, we recommend revising the fire exclusion policies currently implemented in the LMNP and applying an integrated fire management approach that incorporates local socio-ecological conditions.
Although there is convincing scientific research for the role of Indigenous fire practices in sustainable land management, Indigenous peoples’ involvement in policy-making is limited. This paper presents findings from a fire management... more
Although there is convincing scientific research for the role of Indigenous fire practices in sustainable land management, Indigenous peoples’ involvement in policy-making is limited. This paper presents findings from a fire management workshop where experiences and perspectives were shared among 60 academic, government, and Indigenous representatives from 27 organizations from Venezuela, Brazil, and Guyana. The data, in the form of small group discussions, participatory drawings, whole group reflections, and videos, showed that although there was general acceptance about the central role of fire in traditional Indigenous livelihoods and its importance for protecting the biological and cultural diversity of ecosystems, there were also tensions around the past imposition of a dominant fire exclusion discourse of governmental institutions in Indigenous territories. Overcoming the gaps derived from different experiences and historical worldviews, and building mutual trust and respect w...
Wildfires continue to cause damage to property, livelihoods and environments around the world. Acknowledging that dealing with wildfires has to go beyond fire-fighting, governments in countries with fire-prone ecosystems have begun to... more
Wildfires continue to cause damage to property, livelihoods and environments around the world. Acknowledging that dealing with wildfires has to go beyond fire-fighting, governments in countries with fire-prone ecosystems have begun to recognize the multiple perspectives of landscape burning and the need to engage with local communities and their practices. In this perspective, we outline the experiences of Brazil and Venezuela, two countries where fire management has been highly contested, but where there have been recent advances in fire management approaches. Success of these new initiatives have been measured by the reduction in wildfire extent through prescribed burning, and the opening of a dialogue on fire management between government agencies and local communities. Yet, it is clear that further developments in community participation need to take place in order to avoid the appropriation of local knowledge systems by institutions, and to better reflect more equitable fire go...
Fire is considered a major threat to forest conservation in the Neotropics. Palaeoecological studies are critical for understanding the long-term interactions of climate, fire, and human activities in the savanna–forest dynamic. Here, new... more
Fire is considered a major threat to forest conservation in the Neotropics. Palaeoecological studies are critical for understanding the long-term interactions of climate, fire, and human activities in the savanna–forest dynamic. Here, new data from palynological analyses conducted in sedimentary records from the northern edge of the Amazon Basin, the Gran Sabana, southeast of Canaima National Park (CNP) are presented. Four radiocarbon ages from Quebrada Kowana (QK) and two for Ariwe Fernland (AF) records showed that both are late-Holocene age (with extrapolated basal ages of 3100 and 3400 cal. yr BP, respectively). Both showed the occurrence of gallery forest until 1800 (QK) and 1600 (AF) cal. yr BP, with forest taxa reaching 60% and 40% of the terrestrial pollen sum, respectively. The main forest taxa were Celastraceae, Moraceae/Urticaceae, Schefflera, Protium, and Mahurea (QK) and Dimorphandra, Protium, Schefflera, Tachigali, and Blepharandra (AF). Savanna herbs (mainly Poaceae) r...
Este artículo examina el papel central que juega la revitalización cultural, sentando las bases para un diálogo de saberes simétrico respecto a temas ambientales contenciosos. Para ello, se discuten varias experiencias de investigación... more
Este artículo examina el papel central que juega la revitalización cultural, sentando las bases para un diálogo de saberes simétrico respecto a temas ambientales contenciosos. Para ello, se discuten varias experiencias de investigación participativa llevadas a cabo en el Parque Nacional Canaima, Venezuela, entre 1999 y el presente, para facilitar el diálogo sobre el uso fuego al interior del pueblo indígena Pemón, con miras a fortalecer su capacidad de diálogo y negociación con otros actores sobre el manejo sustentable de sus territorios; esto incluyó discusiones sobre procesos de cambio cultural y de formación de identidad. Estas experiencias han demostrado que una vez que se da reconocimiento público a saberes ambientales que han estado históricamente excluidos, como parte de sus propias agendas de reafirmación política y cultural, los pueblos indígenas se pueden sentir más seguros para entablar diálogos con otros actores sobre temas complejos y multifactoriales, como el uso del f...
Despite the fact that there is much more acceptance today to the use of fire by indigenous people in forests and savannas ecosystems than there was two decades ago, it still remains a highly controversial and questioned local practice, to... more
Despite the fact that there is much more acceptance today to the use of fire by indigenous people in forests and savannas ecosystems than there was two decades ago, it still remains a highly controversial and questioned local practice, to the point that reducing green house emissions from tropical forest and savanna fires is top in the Global Change agenda. The fire issue is dominated by conflicting values, interests and world views that make reaching agreements for its sustainable use no easy task. According to the reflexive governance theory, advancing in this direction would entail developing a more plural approach to fire management, by creating opportunities for context specific public deliberations about different views of fire and its impacts, along with changing deeply entrenched institutional practices that exclude local knowledge systems. But, are we clear about the challenges that this posses in practice, particularly in the context of strong cultural change at the commun...
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Re-significando el fuego: gobernabilidad reflexiva y transformación de conflictos en territorios indígenas culturalmente frágiles A pesar de que hoy día existe una mayor aceptación del uso del fuego en ecosistemas de bosques y sabanas por... more
Re-significando el fuego: gobernabilidad reflexiva y transformación de conflictos en territorios indígenas culturalmente frágiles A pesar de que hoy día existe una mayor aceptación del uso del fuego en ecosistemas de bosques y sabanas por parte de pueblos indígena que la que había hace dos décadas, esta sigue siendo una práctica local altamente controversial y cuestionada, al punto de que la reducción de las emisiones del efecto invernadero proveniente de las quemas en bosques y sabanas es un tema central de la agenda del Cambio Global. El tema del uso del fuego está dominado por valores, intereses y puntos de vista conflictivos que no facilitan para nada la tarea de lograr acuerdos sobre su uso sustentable. De acuerdo con la teoría de la gobernabilidad reflexiva, para avanzar en esta dirección se hace necesario desarrollar enfoques más plurales respecto al manejo del fuego mediante la creación de oportunidades de deliberaciones públicas sobre el fuego y su impacto, conjuntamente co...
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ABSTRACT The concept of reflexive governance has to a large extent emerged from an increasing recognition of the need to consider different meanings of nature in the environmental policy-making process. Yet, so far, little attention has... more
ABSTRACT The concept of reflexive governance has to a large extent emerged from an increasing recognition of the need to consider different meanings of nature in the environmental policy-making process. Yet, so far, little attention has been paid to creating conditions for reflexive governance among different actors in intercultural settings, particularly in the context of environmental conflict and strong cultural change among indigenous peoples. This paper reviews three participatory research projects carried out in the Gran Sabana in Canaima National Park, Venezuela, which facilitated dialogue among indigenous people regarding their conflicting views of fire, in part by developing community-wide critical reflections on processes of cultural change and identity formations. These experiences suggest that once marginalized environmental knowledge is publicly acknowledged within the context of endogenous cultural processes, indigenous people feel more confident to engage in dialogue with other actors, thus allowing the emergence of reflexive environmental governance.

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Español/ Português El Informe RIOCCADAPT, Adaptación frente a los riegos del cambio climático en los países de la Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (RIOCC), conformada por los países de lengua española y portuguesa de... more
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El Informe RIOCCADAPT, Adaptación frente a los riegos del cambio climático en los países de la Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (RIOCC), conformada por los países de lengua española y portuguesa de América, islas del Caribe y la Península Ibérica, es una iniciativa pionera financiada por el Programa ARAUCLIMA de la Cooperación Española y llevada a cabo por científicos de alto nivel, gestores y otros expertos. El objetivo de este informe ha sido brindar información exhaustiva desde todas las áreas del conocimiento, así como herramientas e indicadores que faciliten la toma efectiva de acciones para la adaptación al cambio climático de todos los países de la región.
En el presente Resumen para Responsables de Políticas se reporta en forma sucinta y asequible los alcances, conclusiones y recomendaciones recopiladas a lo largo de los 16 capítulos referente a las actuaciones sobre adaptación al cambio climático, de acuerdo a los principales sectores y sistemas de los países RIOCC. Se incluye además un análisis de las vulnerabilidades, así como de los riesgos e impactos más importantes del cambio climático y los casos de estudio que hemos considerado más ilustrativos y relevantes. Esperamos que este material sea de utilidad para la toma de decisiones y diseño de políticas que respondan a la prioridad y urgente necesidad de iniciar acciones que nuestros países requieren para una adaptación efectiva al cambio climático.

O Relatório RIOCCADAPT, Adaptação aos riscos das alterações climáticas nos países da Rede Ibero-Americana de Escritórios para as Alterações Climáticas (RIOCC), constituída pelos países de língua espanhola e portuguesa da América, ilhas das Caraíbas e Península Ibérica, é uma iniciativa pioneira financiada pelo Programa ARAUCLIMA de Cooperação Espanhola e levada a cabo por cientistas, gestores e outros peritos de alto nível. O objetivo deste relatório tem sido fornecer informações exaustivas de todas as áreas do conhecimento, bem como ferramentas e indicadores que facilitem uma ação eficaz de adaptação às mudanças climáticas em todos os países da região.
Este Resumo para Decisores Políticos relata de forma sucinta e acessível os âmbitos, conclusões e recomendações compiladas ao longo dos 16 capítulos relativos a ações de adaptação às alterações climáticas, de acordo com os principais sectores e sistemas dos países do RIOCC. Inclui também uma análise das vulnerabilidades, bem como os riscos e impactos mais importantes das alterações climáticas e os estudos de caso que consideramos mais ilustrativos e relevantes. Esperamos que este material seja útil para a tomada de decisões e conceção de políticas que respondam à necessidade prioritária e urgente de iniciar ações que os nossos países necessitam para uma adaptação eficaz às mudanças climáticas.
Spanish/ English El Informe RIOCCADAPT, Adaptación frente a los riegos del cambio climático en los países iberoamericanos, financiado por el Programa ARAUCLIMA de la Cooperación Española, es una iniciativa pionera conformada por... more
Spanish/ English

El Informe RIOCCADAPT, Adaptación frente a los riegos del cambio climático en los países iberoamericanos, financiado por el Programa ARAUCLIMA de la Cooperación Española, es una iniciativa pionera conformada por científicos de alto nivel, gestores y otros expertos para brindar información exhaustiva desde todas las áreas del conocimiento, así como herramientas e indicadores que faciliten la toma efectiva de acciones para la adaptación al cambio climático de todos los países de la región. En el presente capítulo 12, Incendios Forestales, se reúnen y analizan comparativamente por primera vez datos sobre el número, extensión, severidad y causa de los incendios que afectan a todos los países de la región RIOCC, la exposición y vulnerabilidad de las sociedades y ecosistemas ante estos eventos y las dimensiones ambientales y humanas del riesgo de incendios como consecuencia del cambio climático. Asimismo, se evalúan y se recogen experiencias sobre actuaciones en la gestión del riesgo de incendios y de adaptación al cambio climático. Se plantean, adicionalmente, una serie de medidas y programas de adaptación que consideramos indispensables para tratar de maximizar la resiliencia socio-ambiental en relación con los incendios forestales.

The RIOCCADAPT Report, Adaptation to the Risks of Climate Change in Ibero-American Countries, is a pioneer initiative funded by the ARAUCLIMA Programme of Spanish Cooperation. Many high-level scientists, managers and experts from a wide array of fields involved in the preparation of this Report that provides exhaustive information, as well as tools and indicators that facilitate effective action to adapt to climate change in all countries of the region.
Chapter 12, Forest Wildfires, collects and compares for the first-time data on the number, extent, severity and causes of fires that affect all countries in the RIOCC region. It also addresses the exposure and vulnerability of societies and ecosystems to these events, as well as the environmental and human dimensions of fire risk derived from climate change.  This Chapter collects and discusses actual experiences on fire risk management and adaptation to climate change actions in Ibero-American countries. This Chapter includes a series of essential adaptation measures and programs, in order to maximize socio-environmental resilience concerning forest fires.
Los ecosistemas terrestres (ET) poseen una gran importancia en términos del ciclo global del carbono, acumulando a nivel global 385-650 Pg C en la biósfera terrestre (1 Pg equivale a 1015 g) y contribuyendo con algunos de los flujos más... more
Los ecosistemas terrestres (ET) poseen una gran importancia en términos del ciclo global del carbono, acumulando a nivel global 385-650 Pg C en la biósfera terrestre (1 Pg equivale a 1015 g) y contribuyendo con algunos de los flujos más dinámicos de intercambio de CO 2 con la atmósfera (Houghton et al., 2009). Esto a través de los procesos de productividad primaria y respiración. Así mismo son importantes las emisiones de compuestos orgánicos volátiles y metano, y aquellas emisiones de carbón negro, monóxido y dióxido de carbono, y compuestos de nitrógeno y azufre, producto de la actividad del fuego (IPCC, 2012). Las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) por causa antrópica directa o indirecta, que provienen de los procesos de deforestación y cambio de uso de la tierra, representan hoy en día un cuarto de las emisiones globales (Baccini et al., 2012), y se estima que en términos históricos estas han representado la mitad de los GEI que se han emitido a la atmósfera por causas antrópicas (IPCC, 200, 2007). Esto le confiere a los ET un papel protagónico en términos del cambio climático.

En los países desarrollados las políticas de mitigación de las emisiones continentales de GEI han incluido planes de reforestación y aforestación y nuevas tecnologías de manejo del suelo para reducir las emisiones desde los ET. Sin embargo, en los trópicos se mantienen altas tasas de deforestación y transformación de la vegetación y de los suelos, que conllevan a una emisión neta a nivel global entre 1
y 2 Pg C año-1 (Houghton et al., 2012; Baccini et al., 2012). El Neotrópico posee la tasa de deforestación más alta del globo (Pan et al., 2011; Baccini et al., 2012; De Sy et al., 2015; Román-Cuesta et al., 2016). Si bien los procesos de cambio del paisaje en América Tropical están ocurriendo a gran escala principalmente en la Cuenca Amazónica sensu stricto (específicamente en la región central de Brasil), Venezuela es un país de vital importancia, por ser uno de los países neotropicales con mayor proporción de bosques en relación a su territorio. Actualmente los estimados indican que entre el 50% y el 55% del territorio venezolano está ocupado por bosques (Bevilacqua et al., 2002; FRA, 2010; Pacheco et al., 2011a; FRA, 2015), el 90% de ellos aún con grados de intervención humana medios a bajos (Oliveira-Miranda et al., 2010; Pacheco et al., 2014).

Venezuela posee una gran diversidad de ecosistemas que son importantes en términos del ciclo regional y global del carbono, como la gran proporción de sabanas en la región de los Llanos del Orinoco que ocupan aproximadamente un cuarto de la superficie del país (Duno et al., 2006). Allí también se concentra una buena parte de las actividades agropecuarias. Estas sabanas contienen una diversidad de comunidades, que van desde los bosques deciduos y semideciduos del norte de la región llanera y el piedemonte andino, hasta las sabanas inundables de los llanos bajos del estado Apure, pasando por las sabanas bien drenadas arboladas presentes principalmente en los estados Cojedes, Guárico, Anzoátegui y Monagas. Los Llanos del Orinoco contienen también una extensa red de bosques de galería, de sistemas de bosquetes o matas, y de humedales con y sin palmas, que le otorgan una gran complejidad al paisaje. En este complejo de ecosistemas, el fuego se presenta con frecuencia contribuyendo con las emisiones regionales de GEI. Adicionalmente, la frontera agrícola y pecuaria se expande sostenidamente.

Venezuela también posee una orografía accidentada, sobre todo en la región costera y occidente del país, y en la Guayana venezolanaI.4.1. Existen por lo tanto importantes gradientes ambientales relacionados con los accidentes orográficos que le otorgan variabilidad a los patrones espaciales de la precipitación y las temperaturas. Así, Venezuela posee zonas semiáridas en la región costera, en algunos casos como efecto de la sombra de lluvia de las cordilleras, bosques montanos en los piédemontes y laderas de las montañas, selvas nubladas, y subpáramos y páramos donde la altura los favorece. Es importante conocer el papel que cumple esta diversidad de ecosistemas en el ciclo del carbono a nivel nacional, regional y global. Para ello se requiere en primer lugar conocer la extensión de cada sistema con la mayor exactitud posible y conocer los inventarios de carbono asociados con estos sistemas. Los inventarios incluyen: la biomasa viva y muerta, aérea y subterránea, especialmente de la vegetación que es el compartimiento más dinámico dentro de los sistemas continentales; las formas y cantidades de compuestos de carbono en el suelo, siendo el carbono orgánico del suelo (COS) el más importante. En segundo lugar, se deben conocer los flujos de intercambio con la atmósfera, considerando que los más cuantiosos son la productividad primaria y la respiración (incluyendo las pérdidas por descomposición de la biomasa y la descomposición del COS). Otros flujos importantes provienen de la actividad del fuego, de la transformación de un tipo de vegetación en otro, o de la expansión de las fronteras agropecuaria y/o urbana.

Por otro lado, también interesa conocer los impactos del cambio climático sobre la dinámica de los ET y su biodiversidad. Para ello se requiere en primer término conocer los patrones de diversidad que existen en un momento dado, la presencia y extensión de especies invasoras, y realizar un seguimiento que permita identificar posibles cambios. Identificar aspectos de la vulnerabilidad de los ET permite a su vez modelar cambios potenciales ante los escenarios futuros del cambio climático.
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Biomass burning in the tropics has resulted in a dramatic perturbation of the chemical and physical characteristics of the atmosphere in this part of the world. Due to the intertropical convergence in the equatorial region, the large... more
Biomass burning in the tropics has resulted in a dramatic perturbation of the chemical and physical characteristics of the atmosphere in this part of the world. Due to the intertropical convergence in the equatorial region, the large emission of gases and particles derived from biomass burnings can be rapidly transported to the free troposphere. Within the tropics, savanna fires are more important than firewood combustion and forest fires with respect to the mean biomass burned annually – a fact that merits further evaluation. The  amount  of reactive  and greenhouse gases emitted by biomass burning is directly proportional ­after accounting for individual emission factors - to the amount of biomass burned. The estimation of the amount of biomass burned per year considers the burned area, the aboveground biomass quality and density, and burning efficiency. All of these parameters are measured at regional scales (satellite images, aerial photographs. etc.). Because of its strong relationship to fire behavior, the estimation  of burning efficiency and aboveground biomass quality requires field studies validation.  Fire behavior determines both the fraction of total biomass that is actually burned, and the combustion processes that control the gaseous emissions. Experimental burning conducted in the tropical savannas of Calabozo, Venezuela, showed three different tire patterns defined by vertical temperature profiles, maximum temperatures, fire spread rate, flame length, burning efficiency, and % N losses by combustion. In this study, we correlate these fire characteristics with the fuel material properties, previous tire regimes, and climate. The impact of fire on soil nitrogen was also evaluated.
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This report (available in English, Spanish and Portuguese) provides information of the activities that have been carried out during the first meeting of the “Participatory and Intercultural Fire Management Network” with regards to... more
This report (available in English, Spanish and Portuguese) provides information of the activities that have been carried out during the first meeting of the “Participatory and Intercultural Fire Management Network” with regards to Indigenous fire management with researchers, government authorities and Indigenous representatives (60 participants in total) currently working on Indigenous fire management in Venezuela, Brazil, Guyana and the UK – this workshop took place over four days in July 2015 at the Parupa Scientific Station, Canaima National Park, Venezuela.
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"La reunión de la Red Intercultural y Participativa del Manejo del Fuego celebrada en la Estación" "Científica Parupa, CVG (Corporación Venezolana de Guayana), Gran Sabana, Parque Nacional Canaima, Venezuela, es la primera reunión del... more
"La reunión de la Red Intercultural y Participativa del Manejo del Fuego celebrada en la Estación"
"Científica Parupa, CVG (Corporación Venezolana de Guayana), Gran Sabana, Parque Nacional Canaima, Venezuela, es la primera reunión del proyecto financiado por la Academia Británica (British Academy), organización de Investigación del Reino Unido, con el objetivo de:"
"“desarrollar un ‘caso’ para integrar las prácticas indígenas del fuego dentro de las políticas gubernamentales sobre el manejo del fuego”"
"El proyecto surge a partir de la colaboración entre la Dra. Jay Mistry de la Universidad Royal Holloway de Londres, Reino Unido y de la Dra. Bibiana Bilbao de la Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela, quienes tienen una gran experiencia al trabajar con comunidades indígenas en Brasil, Región Esequiba y Venezuela, particularmente en el tema sobre el manejo del fuego."
"Con el fin de lograr los objetivos del proyecto, desde enero de 2015 hasta diciembre de 2017, y enfocándose en Venezuela, Brasil y Región Esequiba, el proyecto tiene planteadas las siguientes actividades:"
" Organizar talleres para compartir lecciones y perspectivas;"
" Recopilar información y revisión de literatura;"
" Facilitar la realización de pequeños videos participativos indígenas sobre el manejo del fuego;"
" Utilización de técnicas de teledetección con  sensores remotos para evaluar el grado e impacto del fuego, y;"
" Emprender una serie de talleres y entrevistas con los tomadores de decisiones."
"Los objetivos de la primera reunión fueron:"
" Compartir las experiencias y lecciones aprendidas sobre las necesidades y restricciones que existen en el manejo del fuego por las comunidades indígenas."
" Desarrollar un discurso compartido sobre como el manejo del fuego de las comunidades indígenas puede ser apoyado y fortalecido."
" Desarrollar un plan de acción para llevar a cabo."
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Esta oficina buscou propiciar a troca de conhecimentos e experiências entre representantes de povos indígenas, quilombolas, e comunidades tradicionais do Brasil, da Venezuela e da Guyana, pesquisadores e gestores de políticas públicas,... more
Esta oficina buscou propiciar a troca de conhecimentos e experiências entre representantes de povos indígenas, quilombolas, e comunidades tradicionais do Brasil, da Venezuela e da Guyana, pesquisadores e gestores de políticas públicas, acerca do manejo do fogo nos seus territórios. Procurou-se, assim, debater com eles os anseios e expectativas das populações indígenas e comunidades tradicionais sobre como conduzir as ações referentes ao tema fogo dentro dos seus territórios.
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Se evaluaròn las caracteristicas edáficas en barbechos de diferentes edades en Kamarata.
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