LD

In the last two decades, networks had been changed according to the rapid changing in its requirements. The current Data Center Networks have large number of hosts (tens or thousands) with special needs of bandwidth as the cloud network and the multimedia content computing is increased. The conventional Data Center Networks (DCNs) are highlighted by the increased number of users and bandwidth requirements which in turn have many implementation limitations. The current networking devices with its control and forwarding planes coupling result in network architectures are not suitable for dynamic computing and storage needs. Software Defined networking (SDN) is introduced to change this notion of traditional networks by decoupling control and forwarding planes. So, due to the rapid increase in the number of applications, websites, storage space, and some of the network resources are being underutilized due to static routing mechanisms. To overcome these limitations, a Software Defined Network based Openflow Data Center network architecture is used to obtain better performance parameters and implementing traffic load balancing function. The load balancing distributes the traffic requests over the connected servers, to diminish network congestions, and reduce underutilization problem of servers. As a result, SDN is developed to afford more effective configuration, enhanced performance, and more flexibility to deal with huge network designs.

Mortality due to snake envenomation is not a major problem in the United States with approximately 8–12 deaths per year, but envenomation is a serious problem that can result in functional disability, loss of extremities, and a costly recovery. Physicians encounter different clinical situations with each new snakebite victim because of the geographical variations in snake venoms. The best and most acceptable form of treatment is the use of antivenom; however, it must be administered as soon as possible since it is not so effective at reducing local signs of envenomation such as necrosis. The antivenom in the United States is in short supply, expensive and may not even be the most effective for neutralizing all North American snake venoms. In this study, we tested two antivenoms. The first was a Crotalidae Polyvalent Fab fragment with Ovine origin (FabO) manufactured in London, and the second was Antivipmyn, a Mexican manufactured antivenom that is F(ab′)2 fragment produced in horse (Fab2H). The efficacy of the two antivenoms was tested with 15 different snake venoms found in North America. Three different assays were used to test the efficacy of the antivenoms, the in vivo serum protection test (ED50), antihemorrhagic and anticoagulant. The Fab2H antivenom was most effective in neutralizing the hemorrhagic activity of 78% of the hemorrhagic venoms used in this study. In the ED50 assay, the Fab2H antivenom was effective in neutralizing all venoms used in this study, while FabO neutralized all but C. m. molossus venom. However, in most cases, FabO required less antivenom than Fab2H antivenom to neutralize three LD50.

Nanotechnology, which deals with features as small as a 1 billionth of a meter, began to enter into mainstream physical sciences and engineering some 20 years ago. Recent applications of nanoscience include the use of nanoscale materials in electronics, catalysis, and biomedical research. Among these applications, strong interest has been shown to biological processes such as blood coagulation control and multimodal bioimaging, which has brought about a new and exciting research field called nanobiotechnology. Biotechnology, which itself also dates back ∼30 years, involves the manipulation of macroscopic biological systems such as cells and mice in order to understand why and how molecular level mechanisms affect specific biological functions, e.g., the role of APP (amyloid precursor protein) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This review aims (1) to introduce key concepts and materials from nanotechnology to a non-physical sciences community; (2) to introduce several state-of-the-art examples of current nanotechnology that were either constructed for use in biological systems or that can, in time, be utilized for biomedical research; (3) to provide recent excerpts in nanotoxicology and multifunctional nanoparticle systems (MFNPSs); and (4) to propose areas in neuroscience that may benefit from research at the interface of neurobiologically important systems and nanostructured materials.

In short:

New concepts and terminology were introduced in the paper: ecological tax; ecological repair of water quality. Opinion paper. Also, a review paper.
              Title: Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders.
Author(s): Ostroumov S.A.
Source: HYDROBIOLOGIA,  2005, Volume: 542,  Pages: 275-286,  DOI: 10.1007/s10750-004-1875-1;  Published: JUL 1 2005,
Text online free, in English: www.scribd.com/doc/44105992/
http://www.econf.rae.ru/article/6964
**
Key words: filter-feeders, water purification, bivalves, pollution, filtering activity,
filter-feeders, filtration, suspension feeders, benthos, ecology, aquatic, marine, water purification, bivalves, pollution, filtering activity, AFDW, ash-free dry weight, LD, liquid detergent, SD, synthetic detergent, laundry detergent, SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate, TDTMA, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, ecological tax; ecological repair, water quality, reliability, stability, functioning, ecosystem, role, habitat heterogeneity, migration of chemical elements,

**

Abbreviations: AFDW - ash-free dry weight; LD - liquid detergent; SD - synthetic detergent (laundry
detergent in the form of powder); SDS - sodium dodecyl sulphate; TDTMA
-tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide
**
in more detail:
Abstract
On the basis of the previous publications, our new data and the existing scientific literature, we have
formulated some fundamental principles that characterize the pivotal roles of the biodiversity of filterfeeders
in ecosystems. Among those roles are: (1) the role of ecological repair of water quality, (2) the
role of contributing to reliability and stability of the functioning of the ecosystem, (3) the role of
contributing to creation of habitat heterogeneity, (4) the role of contributing to acceleration of migration
of chemical elements. It is an important feature of the biomachinery of filter-feeders that it removes from
water various particles of a very broad range of sizes. Another important principle is that the amount of
the organic matter filtered out of water is larger than the amount assimilated so that a significant part of
the removed material serves no useful function to the organism of the filter-feeder, but serves a beneficial
function to some other species and to the ecosystem as a whole. The new experiments by the author
additionally demonstrated a vulnerability of the filtration activity of filter feeders (e.g. bivalves and
rotifers) to some xenobiotics (tetradecyltrymethylammonium bromide, heavy metals and some others).
Some of new blogs with additional relevant publications:
publications authored and coathored by S.A.Ostroumov are available online free:
http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/5152_TextsOnlineFree;
Examples of some citations of S.A.Ostroumov's papers:
http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/3380_Ecology_biology_life_sciences_Bibliography ;
Book: http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergei_Ostroumov/blog/4528_EcotoxicologyDetergents;
FAQ (Frequently asked questions) : how to use the book and relevant papers;

https://www.academia.edu/1893508/;

Title: Dosis Letal Media (DL50) de algunos aceites esenciales y biocidas efectivos para el control de Ascosphaera apis en Apis mellifera L.-Median Lethal Dose (LD50) of some essential oils and biocides effective for the control of Ascosphaera apis on Apis ...

We investigate the procedure of checking for overlap between confidence intervals or standard error intervals to draw conclusions regarding hypotheses about differences between population parameters. Mathematical expressions and algebraic manipulations are given, and ...

Even in cases where there is no obvious family history of disease, genome sequencing may contribute to clinical diagnosis and management. Clinical application of the genome has not yet become routine, however, in part because physicians are still learning how best to utilize such information. As an educational research exercise performed in conjunction with our medical school human anatomy course, we explored the potential utility of determining the whole genome sequence of a patient who had died following a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Medical students performed dissection and whole genome sequencing of the cadaver. Gross and microscopic findings were more consistent with the fibrosing variant of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), as opposed to IPF per se. Variants in genes causing Mendelian disorders predisposing to IPF were not detected. However, whole genome sequencing identified several common variants associated with IPF, including a singl...

As part of a program to assess the adverse biological effects expected from astronaut exposure to space radiation, numerous different biological effects relating to astronaut health have been evaluated. There has been major focus recently on the assessment of risks related to exposure to solar particle event (SPE) radiation. The effects related to various types of space radiation exposure that have been evaluated are: gene expression changes (primarily associated with programmed cell death and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling), oxidative stress, gastrointestinal tract bacterial translocation and immune system activation, peripheral hematopoietic cell counts, emesis, blood coagulation, skin, behavior/fatigue (including social exploration, submaximal exercise treadmill and spontaneous locomotor activity), heart functions, alterations in biological endpoints related to astronaut vision problems (lumbar puncture/intracranial pressure, ocular ultrasound and histopathology studies), ...

Abstract: Fifty two Wistar albino rats of both sexes were used for determination of the LD50 and some toxicological studies of the active principles of Euphorbia heliscopia (sun spourge). The oral LD50 was 1211.7 mg/kg. b.wt. of crude ethyl alcohol extracts under our environmental conditions. The symptoms appear on the intoxicated animals were included increase activity and irritability, salivation, itching the nose and mouth on the cage floor, and diarrhea. The animals were tried to make tunnels under the bed and they were reluctant to stand at the cage corners. Finally the animals closed its eyes and become calm. The animals administered high dose were died after a latent period (3 hours) and some of the animals in other groups were died within 24 hours. Concerning the haematological changes, there were no significant changes of PCV, Hb concentration, RBCs count, while there were significant increase of WBCs, and monocytes. Also there were highly significant increase and decrease ...

Seventeen children with Mathematical Disability (MD), who were undergoing a remedial teaching programme in a special school were compared with an age-matched control group of seventeen children, also with MD, but studying in regular schools, on mathematical achievement over a period of one academic year. Both the groups were tested on mathematical skills once in the beginning and again at the end of one academic year. The ANCOVA results showed that the children who underwent remedial teaching showed significant improvement in pre-operational and operational domains of mathematical skills. This paper presents details of the remedial teaching method. (Samveda Remedial Teaching - Math; SRT-M) employed in the study.

Aedes aegypti adalah vektor dari penyakit demam berdarah. Menurut Depkes RI (2009), Indonesia adalah negara tertinggi yang memiliki kasus DBD di Asia Tenggara. Dalam penelitian Nugraha (2011) menyebutkan bahwa ekstrak kayu jati efektif sebagai larvasida nyamuk A. aegypti, akan tetapi belum ada studi lanjutan untuk menilai keamanannya sebagai bio-larvasida terhadap hewan coba. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek toksisitas akut ekstrak kayu jati (Tectona grandis L.f) pada mencit yang diukur secara kuantitatif dengan LD50. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimen murni dengan desain post test only control group design. Sampel 30 ekor mencit Balb/c jantan yang dibagi menjadi 1 kelompok kontrol dan 4 kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok kontrol hanya mendapatkan aquades ditambahkan dengan CMC sebanyak 1ml, kelompok perlakuan I (P1) diberi sediaan uji ekstrak kayu jati dengan dosis 0,125 mg/25gBB/ml, kelompok perlakuan II (P2) dosis 1,25 mg/25gBB/ml, kelompok perlakuan III (P3)...

The horse antibodies to Naja haje (Nh) elicited in a low dose multi-site immunization protocol were investigated from binding perspective in the context of antivenom maturation. We found that, this protocol evoked the production of lethality neutralizing avid antibodies in the first round of immunization which increases over the successive immunization rounds. The changes and the relative changes in the

The inhibitor cystine-knot motif identified in the structure of CSTX-1 from Cupiennius salei venom suggests that this toxin may act as a blocker of ion channels. Whole-cell patch-clamp experiments performed on cockroach neurons revealed that CSTX-1 produced a slow voltage-independent block of both mid/low- (M-LVA) and high-voltage-activated (HVA) insect Ca(v) channels. Since C. salei venom affects both insect as well as rodent species, we investigated whether Ca(v) channel currents of rat neurons are also inhibited by CSTX-1. CSTX-1 blocked rat neuronal L-type, but no other types of HVA Ca(v) channels, and failed to modulate LVA Ca(v) channel currents. Using neuroendocrine GH3 and GH4 cells, CSTX-1 produced a rapid voltage-independent block of L-type Ca(v) channel currents. The concentration-response curve was biphasic in GH4 neurons and the subnanomolar IC(50) values were at least 1000-fold lower than in GH3 cells. L-type Ca(v) channel currents of skeletal muscle myoballs and other...