Norma

cated to ‘Further Reading,’ readers are referred to Anderson’s Inclusive Masculinity: The Changing Nature of Masculinities, which is ‘noteworthy insofar as it offers a critique of Connell’s now almost hegemonic concept of hegemonic masculinity’ (50). This is the totality of treatment we see for Inclusive Masculinity Theory, save a very brief discussion in the chapter on sexuality. Whether one agrees or disagrees with IMT is not quite the point, rather, the point is that IMT has had a significant role in the critical study of men and masculinities – even if writing in opposition to it. This underdevelopment or absence becomes all the more obvious in the chapter on sexuality, where Edley draws on a ‘much cited paper’ by C. J. Pascoe, which shows the ‘dislocation of masculinity and sexuality, not least because it would appear to be a relatively new phenomenon’ (129), but Pascoe is not alone in exploring the phenomenon. Admittedly, there is a brief mention of Anderson’s work, but it feels unfinished, tentative, uncertain. Moreover, what can be said of the recent interest in queer theory and men’s studies on ‘sex on the down low,’ or straight men having sex with men? While the chapter on sexuality devotes a few pages to ‘gay masculinities,’ it overlooks other forms of sexuality or sexual practices. Another example of references or allusion might be taken from the chapter on the body. Towards the end of the chapter Edley writes,

Životopis Avrama Mrazovića, znamenitog srpskog prosvetitelja s kraja XVIII veka, utemeljitelja obrazovanja srpskih učitelja. Rad je objavljen u Zborniku sa međunarodnog naučno-stručnog skupa "Obrazovanje i uloga učitelja u srpskom društvu (XVIII-XX vek)", u izdanju Pedagoškog fakulteta u Somboru, Sombor, 2009, str. 267-297.

NORMA DAN KEADILAN pengertian norma adalah ketentuan yang mengatur tingkah laku manusia dalam masyarakat. Ketentuan tersebut mengikat bagi setiap manusia yang hidup dalam lingkungan berlakunya norma tersebut, dalam arti setiap orang yang hidup dalam lingkungan berlakunya norma tersebut harus menaatinya. Di balik ketentuan tersebut ada nilai yang menjadi landasan bertingkah laku bagi manusia. Oleh karena itu, norma merupakan unsur luar dari suatu ketentuan yang mengatur tingkah laku manusia dalam masyarakat, sedangkan nilai merupakan unsur dalamnya atau unsur kejiwaan di balik ketentuan yang mengatur tingkah laku tersebut. Pada umumnya norma hanya berlaku dalam suatu lingkungan masyarakat tertentu atau dalam suatu lingkungan etnis tertentu atau dalam suatu wilayah negara tertentu. Namun demikian ada pula norma yang bersifat universal, yang berlaku di semua wilayah dan semua umat manusia, seperti misalnya larangan mencuri, membunuh, menganiaya, memperkosa, dan lain-lain. Di dalam masyarakat terdapat bermacam-macam norma. Jenis-jenis norma antara lain: 1. Norma susila, yaitu peraturan hidup yang berasal dari hati nurani manusia. Norma susila menentukan mana yang baik dan mana yang buruk. Norma susila yang mendorong manusia untuk kebaikan akhlak pribadinya. Norma susila melarang manusia untuk berbuat tidak baik, karena bertentangan dengan hati nurani setiap manusia yang normal. Contoh-contoh norma susila antara lain: a. Jangan mencuri barang milik orang lain. b. Jangan membunuh sesama manusia. c. Hormatilah sesamamu. d. Bersikaplah jujur. Norma susila memiliki sanksi atau ancaman hukuman bagi yang melanggar norma tersebut dan sanksinya adalah perasaan manusia itu sendiri, yang akibatnya adalah penyesalan. 2. Norma kesopanan, yaitu ketentuan hidup yang berasal dari pergaulan dalam masyarakat. Dasar dari norma kesopanan adalah kepantasan, kebiasaan dan kepatutan yang berlaku dalam masyarakat. Norma kesopanan sering dinamakan norma sopan santun, tata krama atau adat istiadat. Norma sopan santun yang aktual dan khas berbeda antara masyarakat yang satu dengan masyarakat yang lain. Contoh-contoh norma kesopanan, antara lain: a. Yang muda harus menghormati yang lebih tua usianya.

Iremos limitar nossa exposição a dois problemas concernentes à conceituação da norma no que se refere aos organismos vivos, os quais acreditamos serem os que mais propiciam uma articulação entre as obras O normal e o patológico, de Georges Canguilhem, e O nascimento da clínica, de Michel Foucault: o primeiro deles reporta à natureza da diferença entre os estados normal (ou fisiológico) e anormal (ou patológico); o segundo se refere ao papel exercido pela clínica nessa diferenciação. Pretendemos abordar, com a primeira dessas questões, a crítica que a epistemologia histórica proposta por Canguilhem dirige ao positivismo científico, bem como a qualquer forma idealista de compreensão da ciência, a partir da consideração sobre a impossibilidade de determinação científica da norma; com a segunda, trataremos o papel que o campo das práticas externas ao conteúdo intrínseco de uma ciência exerce na elaboração dos conceitos mesmos dessa ciência. Ao final, mencionaremos algumas das principais relações entre esse pensamento e a arqueologia do saber praticada por Foucault em sua inflexão sobre o domínio médico, apenas apontando para a abertura que o autor iria dar à questão nos seus livros posteriores, notadamente em As palavras e as coisas, quando estenderia sua análise a todas as chamadas ciências do homem. *** Canguilhem dividiu a redação do ensaio original de O normal e o patológico, apresentado como tese de doutorado em medicina no ano de 1943, em duas partes. Na primeira delas, encarregou-se de refutar o argumento positivista, atribuído a Augusto Comte e, parcialmente, a Claude Bernard 2 , segundo o qual haveria uma identidade entre os estados fisiológico e patológico de um organismo vivo. Ampliando a concepção nosológica estabelecida por Broussais, Comte teria postulado que qualquer modificação na ordem própria a um organismo seria devida a uma variação de intensidade de um ou de alguns dos seus fatores constitutivos. Nesse sentido, uma disfunção do organismo não alteraria a natureza de nenhum componente existente em seu funcionamento.

Due in part to the psychiatric model of homosexuality, American postwar films often depict butch masculinity through the trope of mental illness. Films utilize what disability theorist Elizabeth Donaldson calls the ‘psychiatric gaze,’ a technique in which the camera diagnoses a butch character as ‘sick’ or ‘crazy’ and invites the viewer to participate vicariously in this diagnosis. I establish in this article a historical context for a postwar psychiatric gaze, and analyze two examples of films that pathologize butch characters through this gaze: Young Man with a Horn (1949), and The Member of the Wedding (1952). Both films were released in close proximity to the publication of the original 1953 American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) which included homosexuality as a ‘sociopathic personality disturbance.’ Butch subjects were targets in the postwar era because of the ways they expressed ‘deviant’ gender and sexuality, and thus undermined both heteronormativity and cisnormativity. Butch therefore posed a unique threat to homophobic, ableist, and transphobic discourses. This analysis therefore engages an intersectional approach and utilizes feminist film theory, and recent work in disability and transgender studies in order to gain a precise understanding of the operation of this psychiatric gaze against butch subjectivity.

First performed in 1831, Norma, ou L’infanticide, literary source of Felice Romani’s libretto for Bellini, is the sixth play – and feminine portrait – by Alexandre Soumet, considered by his contemporaries at fist as a romantic playwright, then as a classical author. A member of the Académie française since 1824, Soumet adopted a Gallic subject, before Norma, in Pharamond (1825). Condemned during the Enlightenment as a period of barbarity and superstition, ancient Gaul recovers a preeminent place in French theatre and literature, at the beginning of the new century. Pharamond, as well as Le siège de Corinthe (1826), presents a number of topics recalled in Norma: in particular, the main character’s visions, in which recent or past accidents prepare the brilliant future of the nation, are a preliminary signal of her strangeness before the fial mad scene. The establishment of the Académie celtique, in 1804, and the publication of La Gaule poétique by Louis Antoine
de Marchangy, in 1813, promote a new perception of Gallic imagination, founded on a poetic contemplation and astonishment. In such a way, the paper underlines the complex pattern of historical, literary and theatrical references that converge in Soumet’s play and are mirrored in Norma’s libretto.

El uso de modelos de probabilidad y métodos estadísticos para analizar datos se ha convertido en una práctica común en virtualmente todas las disciplinas científicas. Este libro pretende introducir con amplitud aquellos modelos y métodos que con mayor probabilidad se encuentran y utilizan los estudiantes en sus carreras de ingeniería y las ciencias naturales. Aun cuando los ejemplos y ejercicios se diseñaron pensando en los científicos e ingenieros, la mayoría de los métodos tratados son básicos en los análisis estadísticos en muchas otras disciplinas.

Resumen. El problema de la norma y la forma en la que ésta opera en el contexto de la sociedad disciplinaria y la regulación poblacional actual, es objeto de interés en la obra de Michel Foucault durante la década de los setentas. Sin embargo, resulta necesario llevar a cabo un análisis detenido sobre la modalidad operativa que convierte a la norma en un principio de producción y de control político en extremo eficaz en la sociedad moderna. Esta modalidad puede denominarse "normalización" y es en sí misma la que instituye la norma. Para clarificar la relación entre normalización y norma nos remitiremos a la obra de George Canguilhem, cuyo pensamiento se ha enfocado de manera directa en este problema.

Palabras clave: disciplina, ley, norma, normalización, poder.

Abstract. The problem of the norm and how it operates in the context of disciplinary society and the current population regulation is object of interest in the work of Michel Foucault in the early seventies. However, it is necessary to conduct a thorough analysis on the operating mode that turns to the norm in an extremely effective principle of production and political control in modern society. That mode can be called "normalization" and is itself what establishing the norm. To clarify the relationship between normalization and norm we´ll refer to the work of George Canguilhem, whose thinking has focused directly on this issue.

El trabajo reflexiona en torno de la ética, el lenguaje jurídico y lo común en contextos educativos, a partir de un análisis acerca de los usos que se hace del concepto diversidad en el marco legal vigente en las últimas décadas en la República Argentina. Las inquietudes pretenden problematizar la supremacía que, en muchas ocasiones, asume la lógica técnico-normativa por sobre la dimensión ética, contingente y singular de la experiencia humana, contribuyendo a una profundización del debate acerca de la alteridad, de lo propio y de «lo otro» en contextos educativos.This work reflects around ethics, juridical language and common in educational contexts, starting from an analysis about the different usages of the concept: diversity in the legal framework in force in the last decades in Argentina. The disquiets pretend to question the supremacy that, many times, is assumed by the technical-normative logics over the ethical contingent and singular dimension of the human experience, contr...

Il tentativo di fare ordine relativamente ad una serie di concetti spesso abusati in architettura, ancor più spesso senza cognizione di causa. Per farlo adopererò l'idea di "Grande anello", secondo ne parla Hofstadter, vale a dire un meccanismo mediante il quale una serie di elementi si tengono su l'un l'altro come l'universo nella teoria delle "superstringhe".

El uso de modelos de probabilidad y métodos estadísticos para analizar datos se ha convertido en una práctica común en virtualmente todas las disciplinas científicas. Este libro pretende introducir con amplitud aquellos modelos y métodos que con mayor probabilidad se encuentran y utilizan los estudiantes en sus carreras de ingeniería y las ciencias naturales. Aun cuando los ejemplos y ejercicios se diseñaron pensando en los científicos e ingenieros, la mayoría de los métodos tratados son básicos en los análisis estadísticos en muchas otras disciplinas.

El uso de modelos de probabilidad y métodos estadísticos para analizar datos se ha convertido en una práctica común en virtualmente todas las disciplinas científicas. Este libro pretende introducir con amplitud aquellos modelos y métodos que con mayor probabilidad se encuentran y utilizan los estudiantes en sus carreras de ingeniería y las ciencias naturales. Aun cuando los ejemplos y ejercicios se diseñaron pensando en los científicos e ingenieros, la mayoría de los métodos tratados son básicos en los análisis estadísticos en muchas otras disciplinas.

Svetlana Velmar-Janković wrote about Miloš Crnjanski's work in her essays on several occasions. In her essays we can notice her inconsistency, even contradictory, regarding her analysis and evaluation of Crnjanski's texts. The aim of this study is to point at this changeableness as well as at the reasons why she alerted, during the time, her approach to one of the most well-known and at the same time disputed 20. century Serbian writer.

Gramáticas, tratados e diálogos da língua anteriores a Port-Royale revelam a consolidação, nas obras que não são lexicográficas, de muitas ideias da lexicologia actual: 1. entendimento da palavra como unidade da língua; 2. concepção da formação de palavras e a tendência de destacar esta problemática como uma área específica da descrição linguística; 3. novas atitudes à classificação do léxico e princípios de fixar a norma lexical; 4. eclosão das ideias da lexicologia histórica e da etimologia no significado moderno deste termo. A dedicação à problemática da palavra contribui à formação da lexicologia como disciplina linguística e ao aparecimento de vários tipos de dicionários.

El uso de modelos de probabilidad y métodos estadísticos para analizar datos se ha convertido en una práctica común en virtualmente todas las disciplinas científicas. Este libro pretende introducir con amplitud aquellos modelos y métodos que con mayor probabilidad se encuentran y utilizan los estudiantes en sus carreras de ingeniería y las ciencias naturales. Aun cuando los ejemplos y ejercicios se diseñaron pensando en los científicos e ingenieros, la mayoría de los métodos tratados son básicos en los análisis estadísticos en muchas otras disciplinas.

El presente artículo discute las transformaciones espaciales que emergieron con la globalización y las nuevas formas regulatorias asociadas. El Estado soberano se ha mostrado cada vez menos operativo a la hora de solucionar conflictos empre- sariales de gran magnitud que involucran corporaciones transnacionales, debido a su movilidad espacial y capacidad de ejercicio de la ubicuidad. Estos agentes desarrollaron formas regulatorias corporativas a los fines de solucionar con más agilidad y precisión los litigios. De esta manera, las empresas han buscado reforzar la cooperación capitalista.

Distinzione e analisi di tre principali contesti d'uso di 'norma' e 'regola': (i) quello delle forme dell'organizzazione dell'agire sociale; (ii) quello delle forme del conoscere, della sua fondazione e giustificazione, della sua espressione e comunicazione; e (iii) quello relativo alle forme di elaborazione e/o sistematizzazione dei dati empirici o fenomenici di aspetti diversi della realtà naturale

Durante el periodo contemporáneo la infancia se reformuló como una etapa clave de la vida, destinada a configurar el sujeto adulto y sujeta a numerosos peligros en el ámbito físico y moral. Esta nueva manera de entender el periodo infantil obligó a asignar a los niños un nuevo espacio dentro de la familia y dentro de la sociedad. En estos nuevos ámbitos de socialización intervinieron distintos saberes y actores (higienistas, pedagogos, psiquiatras, juristas) con el propósito de proteger a los niños y, sobre todo, de prepararlos para ser futuros ciudadanos. A través de sus discursos y prácticas estos actores no solo intentaron que los niños hicieran suyas las normas que se les imponían, sino que también les obligaron a asumir una determinada identidad personal y social. El objetivo de este trabajo es valorar el peso que tuvo la psiquiatría española del primer tercio del siglo XX en espacios normativos diversos (la escuela o el tribunal de menores, entre otros) a la hora de definir va...

This article contributes to discussions on social capital in relation to masculinities, as it explores how talking about relying on social capital legitimates and normalises the hegemonic status of intersectionally privileged unmarked groups. This is examined through narratives of ethnic Estonian male managers. The narratives suggest that while these managers make use of social capital as a resource available to them in securing work-related success, they underestimate, take for granted and do not challenge the prominent role of social ties in this process, discursively obscuring ways how social capital works in hiring and promotion. These discursive practices enable intersectionally privileged men not only to maintain successful careers, but also to reproduce their hegemonic status in the society more generally, as well as help to display complicity with hegemonic masculinity and participate in the construction of this ideal in the context of managerial work. Privileged groups who ...

In summer 2015, the Austrian migration regime was temporarily disrupted when refugees for a brief moment managed to assert freedom of movement across the country’s border. This article discusses how negative images of foreign masculinity allowed Austrian politicians to regain control and legitimise new restrictive asylum laws. The analysis shows that politicians took up and reframed existing notions about foreign masculinity to create gendered, racialised and classed images of racial difference. They established a securitising perspective in debates on refugees which allowed them to gain support for restrictive measures against a highly vulnerable group.

El uso de modelos de probabilidad y métodos estadísticos para analizar datos se ha convertido en una práctica común en virtualmente todas las disciplinas científicas. Este libro pretende introducir con amplitud aquellos modelos y métodos que con mayor probabilidad se encuentran y utilizan los estudiantes en sus carreras de ingeniería y las ciencias naturales. Aun cuando los ejemplos y ejercicios se diseñaron pensando en los científicos e ingenieros, la mayoría de los métodos tratados son básicos en los análisis estadísticos en muchas otras disciplinas.

El uso de modelos de probabilidad y métodos estadísticos para analizar datos se ha convertido en una práctica común en virtualmente todas las disciplinas científicas. Este libro pretende introducir con amplitud aquellos modelos y métodos que con mayor probabilidad se encuentran y utilizan los estudiantes en sus carreras de ingeniería y las ciencias naturales. Aun cuando los ejemplos y ejercicios se diseñaron pensando en los científicos e ingenieros, la mayoría de los métodos tratados son básicos en los análisis estadísticos en muchas otras disciplinas.

In this special issue of NORMA 9(3) we have chosen to problematise masculinity and risk, or as we initially phrased it: Masculinity at risk. It is no doubt a broad theme that implies different theoretical and empirical turns within masculinity studies. In our initial call we asked for theoretical as well as empirical input concerning the co-constitution of masculinity at risk. As we also stated risk connotes a longstanding gendered ‘leitmotif’ in most, if not all societies, where risk taking and mastering fear are closely connected to masculine subjectivities and accompanying cultural imaginaries such as heroism and risktaking. In many ways, masculinity as a gendered configuration has traditionally been conflated with acts of courage, mastering fear, and risk ‘management’. As such, the connection between masculinity and risk is multilayered, ranging from the becoming subject to structural organisation and global risk-taking. Masculinity at risk is intentionally an ambiguous construction that points in various directions and raises many questions. We believe it is of particular interest for masculinity studies to investigate in what ways risk and masculinity and masculinity at risk can be thought of as co-constitutive for masculine subjectivities and collectives in different forms of social, cultural and occupational practices. Following from our own work on emergency management, rescue services, risk and masculinity we suggest that the reactive societal chain of threatrisk-crisis-crisis management-care-rehabilitation and the institutionalised gendered division of labour following from here, can work as a metaphor in understanding how masculine subjectivities are formed and configured with regard to a wider cultural imaginary (Ericson, 2011; Ericson & Mellström, 2014; Mellström, 2010). The reactive crisis management chain from threat and risk to rehabilitation concerns the fundamental organisation of our societies, as many ethical, practical, and intellectual issues are at stake in connection to who is at risk and who the risk-taking parties are. This also illustrates how gender is stratified in complex and entangled ways in history as well as within contemporary societies in relation to social and cultural core values. In this special issue, containing four articles, questions and tentative conclusions are addressing masculinity and risk and masculinity at risk in parallel. The four contributions extend the analyses of how risk and risk taking practices are constitutive for masculine identity processes. They point out new and invigorate earlier perspectives in studies of masculinity as/at risk such as queer analytic openings, social risks, vulnerability and risktaking as a kind of violation. A common point of departure for the four articles is the strong emphasis on how risk-taking practices are highly context-dependent and situational. Following from this is also a joint call for well-grounded detailed empirical NORMA: International Journal for Masculinity Studies, 2014 Vol. 9, No. 3, 147–150, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18902138.2014.951181

In this special issue of NORMA 9(3) we have chosen to problematise masculinity and risk, or as we initially phrased it: Masculinity at risk. It is no doubt a broad theme that implies different theoretical and empirical turns within masculinity studies. In our initial call we asked for theoretical as well as empirical input concerning the co-constitution of masculinity at risk. As we also stated risk connotes a longstanding gendered ‘leitmotif’ in most, if not all societies, where risk taking and mastering fear are closely connected to masculine subjectivities and accompanying cultural imaginaries such as heroism and risktaking. In many ways, masculinity as a gendered configuration has traditionally been conflated with acts of courage, mastering fear, and risk ‘management’. As such, the connection between masculinity and risk is multilayered, ranging from the becoming subject to structural organisation and global risk-taking. Masculinity at risk is intentionally an ambiguous construction that points in various directions and raises many questions. We believe it is of particular interest for masculinity studies to investigate in what ways risk and masculinity and masculinity at risk can be thought of as co-constitutive for masculine subjectivities and collectives in different forms of social, cultural and occupational practices. Following from our own work on emergency management, rescue services, risk and masculinity we suggest that the reactive societal chain of threatrisk-crisis-crisis management-care-rehabilitation and the institutionalised gendered division of labour following from here, can work as a metaphor in understanding how masculine subjectivities are formed and configured with regard to a wider cultural imaginary (Ericson, 2011; Ericson & Mellström, 2014; Mellström, 2010). The reactive crisis management chain from threat and risk to rehabilitation concerns the fundamental organisation of our societies, as many ethical, practical, and intellectual issues are at stake in connection to who is at risk and who the risk-taking parties are. This also illustrates how gender is stratified in complex and entangled ways in history as well as within contemporary societies in relation to social and cultural core values. In this special issue, containing four articles, questions and tentative conclusions are addressing masculinity and risk and masculinity at risk in parallel. The four contributions extend the analyses of how risk and risk taking practices are constitutive for masculine identity processes. They point out new and invigorate earlier perspectives in studies of masculinity as/at risk such as queer analytic openings, social risks, vulnerability and risktaking as a kind of violation. A common point of departure for the four articles is the strong emphasis on how risk-taking practices are highly context-dependent and situational. Following from this is also a joint call for well-grounded detailed empirical NORMA: International Journal for Masculinity Studies, 2014 Vol. 9, No. 3, 147–150, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18902138.2014.951181

This essay sets out to outline different and frequent types of violation of the traditional and scholastic norm of the Italian language, and to examine doubts and oscillations in its control, in order to explain the origins and reasons – either internal or external to the system – of these “errors” and to highlight the extent of their acceptability in the general use. Obviously, the differences between language modes and levels will be taken into account, especially that between the oral and the written mode. As a result, the distinction between the actual linguistic “error” and its social perception – which has always been crucial in the evolution of languages – will also be restated.

This ‘state of the field’ article on Chinese masculinity frames the English-language research on Chinese masculinity in the twenty-first century in the context of the rise of China and her use of ‘soft power’ in this millennium. The use of this soft power coincides with the increasing wealth and mobility of educated Chinese who are traveling to the Chinese cities, and also to various parts of the world. The article shows that as a consequence of these factors, the traditional Chinese masculine ideals of wen (cultural attainment) and wu (physical prowess) have had a discernable impact on perceptions of masculinity ideals internationally. More importantly, the article traces the way that wen and wu have themselves evolved due to influences from the West and the East (Japan and Korea). These influences come mainly from popular culture, with initiatives from the traditionally less powerful people like women and the young.