Territory and Territoriality Studies

El acervo y transmisión de la memoria, no es algo nuevo para los pueblos sometidos a estatus de indígenas. La memoria ha sido una clave identitaria, de resistencia y diferencia, de resguardo de derechos, y de producción de sentido de la presencia en el mundo, durante siglos.
Para los pueblos indígenas la pérdida de la memoria colectiva es la pérdida de su identidad, y al mismo tiempo dejar de existir en tanto pueblos diferentes. Por otro lado, la pérdida de la memoria puede implicar la pérdida de sus derechos sobre sus territorios ancestrales, o, por la inversa, sus derechos encuentran sus antecedentes y su continuidad, sus “títulos”, en la memoria colectiva.

RESUMO: O principal objetivo deste trabalho é oferecer uma possível resposta para a pergunta “o que podem os filósofos e filósofas diante das mudanças climáticas?”. Inspirado na geofilosofia de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, este trabalho busca entrever as linhas gerais de uma gaiafilosofia. Para isso, primeiramente, retoma-se dois elementos importantes da geofilosofia, a saber, (1) o papel central do conceito no pensamento filosófico e (2) a relação do pensamento com o território e a terra. Em seguida, destaco duas práticas importantes para a constituição de uma gaiafilosofia: (1) o trabalho do conceito, termo inspirado em Deleuze e Guattari e também em Isabelle Stengers, e (2) as artes da atenção, ideia stengersiana e também relacionada à pesquisa da antropóloga Anna Tsing. De modo a esclarecer e desenvolver essas duas práticas, coloco na forma de quatro perguntas problemas teóricos contemporâneos que necessitam de novas formas de atenção e de cuidadoso trabalho conceitual. As perguntas são: (1) “como redescobrir Gaia?”; (2) “em que tempo vivemos?”; (3) “quem são os habitantes da Terra?”; e (4) “Como viver juntos?”.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Geofilosofia. Gaiafilosofia. Cosmopolítica.

ABSTRACT: This paper’s main aim is to offer a possible answer to the question “what can philosophers do in the face of climate change?”. Inspired by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s geophilosophy, this work seeks to glimpse the outline of a gaiaphilosophy. In order to achieve it, firstly, I go over two important elements of geophilosophy, namely (1) the central role of concepts in philosophical thought and (2) the relation of thought to the territory and the earth. After that, I highlight two important practices for the constitution of a gaiaphilosophy?: (1) the labor of the concept, a term inspired by Deleuze and Guattari and also Isabelle Stengers, and (2) the arts of attention, a stengersian idea also related to Anna Tsing’s anthropological research. In order to clarify and develop these two practices, I present, in the form of questions, four contemporary theoretical problems that need new forms of attention and careful conceptual labor. The questions are: (1) “how to rediscover Gaia?”; (2) “in what time do we live?”; (3) “who are the inhabitants of Earth?”; and (4) “how to live together?”.
KEYWORDS: Geophilosophy. Gaiaphilosophy. Cosmopolitics.

This paper presents a review of some aspects of the archaeological survey in which the impact of GIS has been most relevant. Those aspects include survey design and planning, geo-referencing of archaeological entities (error correction, increase of precision and homogenisation of projections), cartographic representation (with especial emphasis in map intelligibility and micro-topography of individual sites), as well as the integration of survey data with information collated from other sources (geophysical prospection, air photography, etc.).

Etymologically related, the concepts of terroir and territoriality display divergent cultural histories. While one designates the palatable characteristics of place as a branded story of geographic distinction, the other imbues the soil with political meaning. This paper traces the production of eno-locality in a contested space on both sides of the Green Line in Israel/Palestine. The case of the Yatir award-winning winery shows how terroir and territory are blended in the political economy and cultural politics of colonial place-making. Located on a multiscalar frontier—climatic, geopolitical, and viticultural—Yatir Winery positions itself simultaneously within the Mediterranean transnational landscape and in a biblical site of historical authenticity. Enacting strategic regimes of signification to target the increasing demand for high-end wines on both the global and local markets, it makes a claim for place, while appropriating Palestinian land and redefining ancient Jewish herit...

Nella valle del Sacco le testimonianze archeologiche attribuibili all’età del Bronzo ed alla I età del Ferro sono scarse e spesso non riferibili a ricerche sistematiche. Vi è, tuttavia, una serie d’informazioni sull’organizzazione territoriale che possono essere ricavate dalle indagini topografiche, offrendo dati sull’estensione e la distribuzione degli insediamenti, sui loro rapporti reciproci, sulle scelte ubicative e sul rapporto delle comunità con il territorio, le sue risorse e la sua conformazione.

In the Sacco valley, the Bronze Age and I Iron Age archaeological remains are insufficient, and sometimes, without systematic searches. Anyway, we have some information about territorial organization obtained by topographic studies offering data about settlement extension and distribution, about their relationships, the settlement choices, and about the relationships between communities and the territory they live in, its sources and conformation.

Autor: Duarte Fonseca Tiago. Dissertação de Mestrado - Empreendedorismo e Estudos da Cultura, Gestão Cultural.  ISCTE - IUL. Lisboa, 2019

Resumo (PT):

Esta investigação enuncia um olhar sobre três estâncias temporais (passado, presente e futuro) de constantes transformações e processo de patrimonialização industrial da antiga fábrica da Mundet. Visa compreender as funções museológicas e políticas culturais enunciadas pelo Ecomuseu Municipal do Seixal, com a finalidade de salvaguardar e revalorizar o património cultural e natural do concelho do Seixal. Assume uma filosofia de Ecomuseu que, por definição conceptual e programática de instituição cultural polinucleada, assegura de forma permanente, as funções de investigação, conservação e valorização dum conjunto de bens naturais e culturais num dado território (EMS:1996). Do balanço e análise das metodologias de intervenção no núcleo museológico da Mundet, adequa-se um levantamento sistemático do projeto de reestruturação do complexo industrial, que se encontra vigente atualmente, admitindo uma sustentabilidade da estrutura museológica com a qualificação de espaços polivalentes, promovendo o desenvolvimento local.

Abstract (EN):

This investigation enunciate a look at three temporal periods (past, present and future) of constant transformations and the turning process of heritagization on the former Mundet’s factory into industrial heritage. This work aims to understand the cultural and museological functions set forth by Municipal Ecomuseum of Seixal, with the purpose of safeguarding and revaluing the cultural and natural heritage of the Seixal’s territory. It assumes an Ecomuseum philosophy, which by conceptual and programmatic definition is a polynuclear cultural institution, permanently assuring the functions of research, conservation and valorization of natural and cultural structures in a given territory (EMS: 1996). From the balance sheet and analysis of the intervention methodologies at the Mundet's museological unit, briefly presents a systematic look at the restructuring project of the industrial complex that is currently standing, admitting a sustainability of the museological structure with the qualification of multifunctional spaces promoting territorial development.

Historiography During the Soviet Nation and State Building Process
The concepts of nation and state embody in themselves both normality and artificiality. It is firmly established by historical experience that the human, as the subject of the former as well as the object of the latter, frequently interferes with the content of these concepts. If this intervention stems from ideological reasons, the implication is that the mechanism for providing legitimacy is involved with its focus on historiography. At this stage, the engine of historiography becomes an office for the approval of political power.
Within that context, the fictionalization of history transforms the knowledge of the past to a reproducible product. This understanding means a neglect of the motive to attain the reality of the past; instead, the aim is to become the social engineering required for the continuity of the ideology. In this concise text, alongside the ongoing philosophical debates as to what history is and how it should be laid out, the instrumentality of history in practical terms will be examined with a special focus on the Soviet Union paradigm.
Keywords: Soviet historiography, Soviet nation-state, Territorial historiography, Soviet nationalism.

THE KONAVLE REBELLION AND CONCOMITANT LARCENY IN THE SHADE OF NEGOTIATIONS OVER REPUBLIC OF RAGUSA OBTAINING THE PAVLOVIĆ PART OF THE COUNTY

Abstract: This paper follows the course and suppression of rebellion in the Dubrovnik part of Konavle after authorities had decided to perform land division on already acquired land. The paper also discusses the arrest of several suspects and their interrogation as well as the escape of rebels onto the Bosnian territory under the aristocrat Pavlović family. The rebels who escaped continuously caused trouble and participated in numerous robberies along with other vassals of Bosnian aristocrat families Pavlović and Kosača. In the period of June to November of 1423, the Dubrovnik government intensified its interventions regarding this issue with frequent robbery charges following in Konavle and its hinterland, in the Trebinje region. Negotiations with Radosav Pavlović over purchase of the remaining part of Konavle were running simultaneously. The negative outcome of a series of negotiations in 1423 negatively affected the security of the wider territory.

Keywords: rebellion, petty nobility, council, army, robberies, violence, envoys, diplomacy.

Sažetak: Prilog prati tok i gušenje pobune u dubrovačkom dijelu Konavala, nakon što su vlasti namjeravale izvršiti diobu zemljišta na već stečenom posjedu, zatim hapšenje nekolicine osumnjičenih i njihovo ispitivanje, te bijeg pobunjenika na bosanski teritorij pod kontrolom velikaške porodice Pavlović. Izbjegli pobunjenici kontinuirano su pravili probleme i učestvovali u brojnim pljačkama, zajedno sa drugim podanicima bosanske vlastele Pavlovića i Kosača. U periodu od juna do novembra 1423. godine intenzivne su intervencije dubrovačke vlade po ovom pitanju, kao što su učestale tužbe zbog brojnih razbojništava u Konavlima i u neposrednom zaleđu, na području Trebinja. Paralelno su trajali pregovori sa Radosavom Pavlovićem o kupovini drugog dijela Konavala. Nepovoljan ishod kruga pregovora iz 1423. godine negativno se odrazio na sigurnosnu situaciju šireg teritorijalnog područja.

Ključne riječi: pobuna, vlasteličići, zbor, vojska, pljačke, nasilje, poklisari, diplomacija.

Sommario: 1. Prologo. Il territorio come nozione culturale e giuridica. 2. Il territorio nella Costituzione repubblicana. 3. I fattori di crisi della territorialità statuale: 3.1. la dissociazione fra luoghi della politica e luoghi di formazione del diritto; 3.2. la tensione fra principio di mondialità, costitutivo della forma-mercato e principio di territorialità, costitutivo della forma Stato; 3.3. la rivoluzione spaziale globale del Web. 4. " Miniaturizzazione " del territorio nazionale, disaggregazione dello Stato e riallocazione di poteri fra scale diverse di azione politica. 5. Le conseguenze della perdita di rilievo della territorialità politica statale: 5.1. Costituirsi dello spazio globale come " non luogo " omogeneo e isomorfo e sostituzione al civis di un cosmopolita del consumo. 5.2. Oscuramento dei criteri di legittimazione giuridica connessi al principio di territorialità. 5.3. Mutamento dei tradizionali criteri di legittimazione della normatività nel diritto globale a-territoriale. 6. Territorio e confine. 6.1. Confine territoriale come fattore identificativo del rapporto amico-nemico e despazializzazione dei teatri di guerra. 6.2. Crisi del confine territoriale, migrazioni di massa e ripensamento del limes nella prospettiva dell'universalismo dei diritti. 7. La prassi della teoria: il " territorio europeo " come problema. Lo spazio europeo fra interno ed esterno e il paradosso della " politicizzazione " delle Corti costituzionali. 8. La crisi della spazialità europea e la rivincita dei territori. 9. Sradicamento del diritto dallo spazio e riterritorializzazione del νόµος: fra nichilismo e giusnaturalismo storicista.

It might be surprising to discover that among the 196 States officially recognized by the United Nations there is already one without territory. It is the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and of Rhodes, known with the acronym of SMOM. At the time of crusades, the order of the Hospitaller Knights conquered some Mediterranean islands where they established a new State. After many defeats, they lost all their territory, nevertheless they continued to be a State, taking part in the international diplomacy and delivering passport. While we cannot consider the SMOM a model, it is surely a precedent that demonstrates how a State with a people, but without a strip of land on which to exercise dominion and jurisdiction is possible.
The nation-state closed into defined borders, as any human institution, has a history: a genesis, an evolution and will probably have an end. At the present, this political creation is in a deep crisis despite its supporters, the “sovranists”, are growing. The territory, intended as a barred and excluding space, represents itself the "limit" of the State because it is not only a powerful detonator for conflicts and discriminations, but also a claustrophobic dimension to solve the main global challenges. It will be never possible to face climate change, human mobility, governance of the digital revolution, etc. via a territorial and national approach.
But the effort to develop a new geopolitical paradigm encounters a serious obstacle. Thought and language are shaped by the material and immaterial environment in which we live. So we need a methodology.
To shape both a creative and rigorous heresy of the State I propose “The Otherwise Method”: a workshop of political and legal imagination. This practice aspires to enlarge the sphere of possibilities by imagining how reality could be otherwise.

In the last thirty years we have seen several theories about the function of megalithic monuments and their relationship with landscape elements such as roads and droveways. Although the transhumant tradition its droveways have been recorded first in the Middle ages, field observations have remarked the coincidence between the layout of these path and megalithic monuments. Several authors have suggested that the droveways were traced taking into account several natural variables and optimizing the relationship between terrain and time crossing, energy consumption, resources disponibility (like water) and other social factors. This paper investigates the possible relationship between megalithic monuments and droveways in the municipality of Almadén de la Plata (Sevilla, Spain). By using Geographic Information System and statistical methods we have studied the correlation between these archaeological elements and we have carried out two mobility experiments comparing droveways and optimal routes.

RESUMO

Faz parte da estratégia dos movimentos sociais fazer uma manifestação na área central do município, devido ao seu destaque e significado simbólico, o que aumenta o poder de impacto da manifestação, contudo este não é o método percebido pelo movimento LGBT, que é considerado como parte dos Novos Movimentos Sociais, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, pois este não se limita ao local central, realizando também Paradas do Orgulho LGBT em áreas periféricas. Este singular cenário político justificou a pesquisa pela temática, que em seguida gerou alguns questionamentos: Por quê a diferença? Destrinchando esta questão com um olhar geográfico, percebe-se que no transcorrer das Paradas LGBT constitui-se territorialidades e estas as diferenciam ou as assemelham de outras Paradas LGBT. Sendo assim, para compreender o que difere as que ocorrem na cidade do Rio de Janeiro de outros locais deve-se responder a seguinte indagação: Quais são as territorialidades das Paradas LGBT da cidade do Rio de Janeiro? Este é o objetivo geral desta pesquisa monográfica, que visa identificar as territorialidades das Paradas LGBT cariocas e, por conseguinte, do movimento LGBT. Para tal, se sente a necessidade de se compreender a distribuição espacial das Paradas LGBT no município do Rio de Janeiro. Para realização de tal investigação, houve a revisão conceitual de “território” e “territorialidade”, revisão histórica do movimento LGBT mundial e nacional até o uso das Paradas LGBT como estratégia política, coleta de dados do fenômeno das Paradas LGBT na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e o mapeamento das Paradas confirmadas para 2017 de duas formas: pelos organizadores e pelos bairros de ocorrência. A análise ocorreu por área de planejamento, observando-se principalmente o quão próximo os sujeitos LGBT estava, ou o contrário. Para balizar esta análise os conceitos de Arena e Campo foram utilizados, mostrando assim o quanto o movimento estava acessível e para quem ela se direcionava. A hipótese inicial era de que as territorialidades da Parada LGBT fossem em rede como uma estratégia pensada de forma centralizada e adaptada aos novos tempos mais fluídos, conseguindo assim maior força e visibilidade. No decorrer da pesquisa, no entanto, a hipótese se provou falsa, pois para que assim o movimento é descentralizado e plural, caracterizado pelo grupo ou pessoa que organiza cada Parada, gerando uma multiplicidade fluída que apenas se interliga pelos contatos entre Paradas LGBT e pela forma de divulgação. As Paradas LGBT cariocas mostraram-se adaptadas ao local, tão fragmentadas e múltiplas quanto a cidade.

Palavras-chave: Rio de Janeiro. LGBT. Territorialidades. Movimento Social.

ABSTRACT

It is part of the strategy of social movements to make a manifestation in the central area of ​​the city, due to its prominence and symbolic meaning, which increases the impact power of the manifestation, yet this is not the method perceived by the LGBT movement, which is considered as part of New Social Movements, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, because this is not limited to the central location, also performing LGBT Pride Parades in outlying areas. This unique political scenario justified the research by the theme, which then generated some questions: Why the difference? By unraveling this question with a geographical view, one can see that in the course of LGBT Parades territorialities are formed and these differentiate them or resemble them from other LGBT Parades. Therefore, in order to understand what differs from the ones that occur in the city of Rio de Janeiro from other places, the following question should be answered: What are the territorialities of the LGBT Parades in the city of Rio de Janeiro? This is the general objective of this monographic research, which aims to identify the territorialities of the LGBT Carioca Parades and, consequently, the LGBT movement. To do so, one feels the need to understand the spatial distribution of LGBT Parades in the city of Rio de Janeiro. In order to carry out such research, there was a conceptual revision of "territory" and "territoriality", a historical review of the world and national LGBT movements, to the use of LGBT Parades as a political strategy, data collection of the LGBT Parades phenomenon in the city of Rio de January and the mapping of the Confirmed Parades to 2017 in two ways: by organizers and neighborhoods of occurrence. The analysis occurred by planning area, noting mainly how close the LGBT subjects were, or the other way around. To mark this analysis the concepts of Arena and Field were used, thus showing how much the movement was accessible and to whom it was directed. The initial hypothesis was that the territorialities of the LGBT Parade were networked as a centrally planned strategy adapted to the new, more fluid times, thus achieving greater strength and visibility. In the course of the research, however, the hypothesis has proved to be false, because in order to do so the movement is decentralized and plural, characterized by the group or person who organizes each Parade, generating a fluid multiplicity that is only interconnected by the contacts between LGBT Parades and form of disclosure. The Rio LGBT Parades were adapted to the place, as fragmented and multiple as the city.

Keywords: Rio de Janeiro. LGBT. Territorialities. Social Movements.

Territory as a physical and gepgraphic entity is a product of time, conflicts, social, economic and political Dynamics that gave it its dimenstion and configuration. Power relationships express ways of territory use and management and the way people dahped its culture in soil use, urban development and landscape construction.

"Although the megalithic phenomenon in southern Iberia has been studied since the mid-nineteenth century, little attention has been paid to the role that megalithic structures played in the organization of prehistoric landscapes. Just as in other areas of Europe, however, southern Iberian megalithic structures must have played complex roles in the social organization of landscapes that go far beyond their use as funerary containers. Using examples from our work in southern Iberia, we employ GIS-based spatial analysis to explore for the first time various aspects of the landscape dimension of these monuments. We discuss three case-studies for which fresh field data have been recently made available. In the first (Almadén de la Plata) we find patterns of association between medieval transhumance routes and megaliths, and we use cost-surface modelling to suggest that medieval routes may reflect earlier, prehistoric patterns of movement which in turn suggest that megalithic structures functioned in this area as waypoints within an emerging mobility system for people and livestock. In the second case (Aroche) we show correlations between the locations of megaliths and theoretical territories defined by isochrones and contrast this pattern with the distribution of nonmegalithic funerary sites of the Early Bronze Age, concluding that the spatial distribution of megaliths in this region may relate to their role as landmarks. Lastly we describe a far more specific relationship which we have encountered in the Antequera region, where we believe we have identified a relationship between the orientation of the megalithic structure of Menga, a prominent natural feature and several newly discovered prehistoric sites. Together, these three examples suggest that the current focus on typology, chronology and contents in the study of Iberian megaliths needs to be matched with efforts to identify and interpret the often highly complex structure of the prehistoric landscapes of which they form an integral part."

La parte più settentrionale dell'Epiro antico coincide con l'odierna Albania meridionale, l'area dei distretti di Saranda, Gjirokastra e in parte quello di Vlora, ed era nell'antichità abitata da una delle tre grandi tribù epirote, quella dei Caoni.
Oggi l'area è caratterizzata dalla presenza fisica di un confine nazionale, ma il suo carattere di zona di frontiera è un elemento ricorrente di tutta la sua storia. Una frontiera in senso nord-sud, tra la Grecia centrale e il mondo barbaro delle tribù illiriche; una frontiera in senso est-ovest, tra l'interno e il mare, tra le regioni della Molossia e della Macedonia e il mondo che si affaccia sullo Ionio e l'Adriatico, primo fra tutti quello italico. Non a caso l'Epiro, e la Caonia in particolare, costituirà già da un’età molto antica, il III secolo a.C., un luogo di incontro, di contatto e di scambio privilegiato con il mondo italico Sarà la presa e il saccheggio del suo capoluogo Phoinike da parte degli Illiri della regina Teuta che costituirà, infine, il casus belli, il pretesto, per l'intervento militare romano nei Balcani e in Grecia.
Le attività della Missione Archeologica dell’Università di Bologna a Phoinike, e dal 2015, anche a Butrinto hanno riguardato in modo sistematico tutte le aree occupate nei vari periodi di tempo dalla città antica, nel tentativo di ottenere una documentazione archeologica il più possibile completa, finalizzata alla ricostruzione della parabola storica della città e del suo territorio. Molti sono i punti tuttora oscuri, ma il paziente lavoro di archeologi e studiosi italiani e albanesi permette oggi di tracciare un dettagliato quadro di quella che doveva essere la città tardo-classica, ellenistica e poi romana, fino ad arrivare ai momenti di maggiore spopolamento e declino a iniziare dal V-VI secolo d.C.
Questa ricerca è stata poi allargata su scala peri-urbana e quindi regionale, con la raccolta di dati bibliografici, ricognizioni, e anche interventi mirati di scavo, in modo da dare un contesto e un significato più ampio ai dati raccolti dentro le mura e nelle necropoli della città. È infatti necessario premettere che la realtà urbana, seppure più facilmente documentabile archeologicamente, rappresenta solo uno dei aspetti del popolamento e del paesaggio antico, un aspetto alquanto circoscritto nel tempo e nello spazio.
Per potere meglio comprendere fenomeni complessi come la nascita e lo sviluppo della realtà urbana, i multiformi rapporti con il modo greco e i precoci rapporti e reciproche influenze con il mondo italico prima e quello romano poi, una scala di indagine a livello regionale è, più che necessaria, diremmo fondamentale.
Questo intervento cercherà dunque di riassumere le ricerche di 15 anni nella città di Phoinike e nel suo territorio e le più recenti ricerche nel centro di Butrinto, per offrire un quadro, si spera coerente e completo, della storia di questa regione, comprendendovi anche le esperienze di tutela dei paesaggi storici che sempre hanno accompagnato le attività della Missione.

This article introduces the historical development of the territorial dispute in the Spratly Islands area and discusses claimants’ arguments from the law of territorial acquisition perspective. It also analyses the legal implications of the South China Sea Arbitration case for the territorial dispute and discusses the prospects for dispute settlement.

Natural protected areas, promoted by different stakeholders in the Amazon, represent the attempt to defend the last forests against the predatory effects of extractive activities and the demographic pressure. Its establishment in such an intensely contested space is overwhelmed by conflicts and originates tense negotiations that end up transforming the original proposals. Indigenous territoriality, conservation and development are notions that reflect visions and practices that are not always convergent for future of biodiversity. This text collects the ideas of four groups of actors relevant to existence protected areas in two different scenarios in the Peruvian Amazon: Sierra del Divisor Reserved Zone and the Amarakaeri Communal Reserve. The analysis of about one hundred interviews with leaders of indigenous organisations, residents of the areas in question, members of biodiversity conservation organisations and state representatives reveal their ideas, aspirations and concerns about the future of the last free spaces and thebiodiversity in the Peruvian Amazon.

El artículo ofrece una propuesta analítica que considera el espacio urbano, con sus formas y estructuras, no como una simple plataforma de importancia secundaria sino como un hecho social total. Desde la perspectiva de observación socioespacial que constituye la ciudad, se busca comprender las intensidades y los sentidos de dos fuerzas mayores que intervienen simultáneamente en el sistema educativo. La primera tiene que ver con las dinámicas sociales en curso y con la consiguiente configuración espacial que adquiere la ciudad (aumento de la clase media, trayectorias residenciales, valores asignados a las diferentes zonas y barrios de la ciudad, modificación de los modos de desplazamiento, entre otros), mientras que la segunda tiene que ver con las características y tendencias que discurren en el dispositivo educativo. Las evoluciones del conjunto dinámico que constituye el dispositivo educativo, obedecen necesariamente a mecanismos colectivos e institucionales. El análisis apunta a dar cuenta de las relaciones entre los grupos sociales del territorio para moldear el sistema educativo en función de sus intereses diferentes y divergentes.

Zaman içerisinde semantik değişimlere uğramakla birlikte en basit anlatımla
belirli kriterlere göre insan topluluklarını tasnif ve tahdit suretiyle müşterek bir ad
altında tanımlayıp kolektif hareket etme zemini sunan ulus fenomeni bu işlevinin doğal
bir sonucu olarak dünyayı da egemenlik alanlarına ayrıştırır. Pekâlâ, tersinden
okuma ile bu alanların ulusları yaratabileceği de ileri sürülebilir. O halde bir biçimde
üzerinde var olunmuş bulunulan bu egemenlik alanları mıdır kolektif hareket etmeyi
sağlayan, yoksa daha kolay bir akıl yürütmeyle bu alanlar için mi kolektif hareket
edilir. Dahası insan mı toprağı işler toprak mı insanı sorunsalına felsefi bir yanıt
gerekir.
Modern dönemin etnisite bazlı anlayışına indirgenmediğinde ulus, zengin
bileşenleriyle birbirinden farklı toplumsal yapılar inşa etme potansiyeline sahiptir.
Toplum, bu bileşenlerden örtük olan doğum yeri ve buna bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan
yerlilik mefhumu temelinde siyasallaştırıldığında alternatif bir ulus modeline
evirilebilir. Sınırları belirli, iyi tanımlanmış bir coğrafyada çok toplumluluk üzerinden
kader birliği yapmış kolektif topluluğa dönüşümde yerlilik üzerinden meşruiyet
kazanan bir paradigmanın üretimi özgül kolektif tarihsel deneyimleri meydana
çıkaracak bir anlatıya ihtiyaç duyar. Bilinmeyen bir metot ya da anlayış inşa/icat etme
kaygı ve iddiası taşımayan bu çalışma, tarih yazıcılığında var olan fakat tam ifadesini
bulup kavram(sal)laştırılmamış bir yaklaşımı kuramsal temelde irdeleyip
belirginleştirerek görünür kılmayı hedeflemektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Teritoryalite, teritorya, tarihyazımı, tarih kuramı

In the course of time semantically changing, the phenomenon of nation is
basically a way to describe human communities under a common name by
classification according to some criteria and is a ground for colletive action. Nations, as a result, divide the world into sovereign areas. It is also possible to argue that these
areas constitute nations. So, do the soverign areas on which one is somehow existing
provide a collective action, or, more simply, is the collective action taken for these
areas? Moreover, the question of that which it is human being to cultivate land or the
land does so requires a philosophical answer.
Unless it is oversimplified in a modern ethnical understanding way, nation with
its affluent components has potential to construct different social structures. If
politiced on the basis of birth place and nativity, society can evolve into an alternative
nation model. In a well-defined land such a paradigm gains legitimacy over nativity
in the process of transformation from multiple-community to collective community
sharing a common fate. And this paradigm needs a narrative which reveals specific
and collective historical experiences. Intended not to construct or invent a previously
unknown method, the text's aim is to examine theoretically and make more visible an
already existing but not conceptualized approach in historiography.
Keywords: Territoriality, territory, historiography, theory of history

Afinal, do que é feito um corpo? Explorando uma crítica ao agronegócio a partir do trato antropológico da territorialidade kaiowá e guarani, e do conceito de tekoha, este artigo se estrutura em dois movimentos: primeiro traça as (im)possibilidades de uma genealogia do corpo a partir das narrativas de um rezador sobre o surgimento do homem e da mulher, e do branco; para, então, delinear uma escatologia na afinidade entre corpo e terra, fundada no sangue como substância. Originário de uma relação, o fim de um corpo é espalhar-se sobre, e compor a própria terra. Se a teoria antropológica chegou a uma aporia em torno do tekoha como expressão da territorialidade guarani, a crítica indígena ao projeto colonial do agronegócio sugere uma solução: o espaço e o corpo dos que o habitam parecem se conjugar como elementos tangíveis e intangíveis de uma mesma composição, sugerindo um modelo criativo e não produtivo das relações entre seres humanos e terra.

In a functional sense, the centre of the living space is a gathering area for its users and for visitors. In most cases, the living area has at least one space towards which its users gravitate daily or occasionally. In situations where there are two or more centres in the living area, their position, size and connection determine the character of the functional organization, and they result from the social needs of the users. This paper analyzes characteristic examples of how dwellings are organized with several gathering centres, drawing out three basic concepts: a) living space with centres grouped in a social zone, b) living space with a flexible centre on the boundary between zones and c) living space with a secondary centre in a private area. On the other hand, attention is drawn to the existence of different boundaries of territoriality (boundaries of ownership, hospitality and intimacy), which determine the domains of social, private and intimate zones in housing. Depending on whether the gathering centres are located on one side, on the other, or along the border of territoriality, the degree of intimacy of the living space also changes.

Centar stambenog prostora u funkcionalnom smislu cini prostor za okupljanje posetioca i njegovih korisnika. U vecini slucajeva postoji bar jedan prostor prema kome oni svakodnevno ili povremno gravitiraju i lociran je u dnevnoj zoni. U situacijama kada je u strukturi stambenog prostora prisutno dva ili više centara, njihova pozicija, velicina i povezanost odreuju karakter funkcionalne organizacije i proisticu iz socijalnih potreba korisnika. U radu su analizirani karakteristicni primeri organizacije stambenih prostora, kod kojih se javlja više centara okupljanja, pri cemu su istaknute tri osnovne koncepcije: a) stambeni prostor sa centrima grupisanim u socijalnoj zoni, b) stambeni prostor sa fleksibilnim centrom na granici izmeu zona i v) stambeni prostor sa sekundarnim centrom u privatnoj zoni. Sa druge strane, skrenuta je pažnja na postojanje razlicitih granica teritorijalnosti (granice vlasništva, gostoprimstva i privatnosti), koje odreuju domene socijalne, privatne i intimne zone u stambenom prostoru. U zavisnosti od toga da li se centri okupljanja javljaju sa jedne, sa druge strane ili uz granicu teritorijalnosti, menja se i stepen intimnosti stambenog prostora.

Studies on territory in Latin America have noted that the trend of state recognition and devolution of Indigenous territorial rights, known as the territorial turn, has created new spatial configurations that are compatible within neoliberal governance, rather than promoting compensatory justice and decolonization. Using a case study of the Awajún of Peru, we argue that Latin American Indigenous movements do not simply respond to or align with neoliberalism. Rather, territorial autonomy is forged through negotiations with the state and other parties at different scales, beyond recognized territorial rights. This study suggests that to assess the effects of territorial turn on Indigenous struggles, we need to elucidate the significance and role of territory in the construction of autonomy as a negotiated strategy within the context of the state and beyond. Based on ethnographic methods and critical literature on territory with a decolonial lens, we examine Awajún territorial practices and territorio as a lived and a conceived space. In a context of limited recognition, material disparity, and external threats, territorial autonomy is historically constructed through territorial practices and embodied and daily experiences. Awajún territoriality thus resonates with a broad impetus in Latin American Indigenous movements, which challenges and complicates official territorial organization under singular nation-states.

Resenha do Livro "Amazônia: encruzilhada civilizatória, tensões territoriais em curso", de Carlos Walter Porto-Gonçalves, ensaio desenvolvido como parte dos seus estudos durante o estágio pós-doutoral desenvolvido, entre 2016 a 2017, no Programa Interdisciplinar em Ciências Humanas, Sociedade e Meio Ambiente da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC). Publicado em 2017 pela Editora Consequência, no Rio de Janeiro.

This paper proposes to introduce some elements of a social and historic reading of Sustainable Development Program for Rural Areas-PRONAT, implemented by the Ministry of Agrarian Development- MDA, born from the municipal infrastructure segment of the National Support Program for Family Agriculture -PRONAF. It takes part of an analysis of the institutionalization of family farming policies in Brazil. The first part
of the paper presentes the theoretical framework of policy analysis particularly in terms of socio-historic approach of public action. The second part applies this framework to the case of PRONAT and
deals with the origins and the latest trend of rural territorial development policy of the MDA. The third part is devoted to discussing and teaching. The conclusion presents some perspectives and work proposals for research.


Keywords :Public Policy. Socio-history. Territorial  development. Brazil

У період з 2014 по 2016 рік керівництво Дунайського біосферного заповідника (ДБЗ) приділяло багато часу судовим процесам, в яких захищало законність промислового рибальства на території заповідника. У статті розглядаються дві справи для того, щоб вивчити, який вплив мали судові суперечки та чому керівництво продовжувало судові тяжби в той час, як дослідники припускають, що уникнення судів в Україні зазвичай вважається більш легким рішенням. Аналізуються судові документи та інтерв’ю, зібрані під час антропологічних досліджень зі збереження природи в дельті Дунаю, шляхом поєднання ідей політичної екології та аграрних студій з питань територіальності, доступу та витіснення, а також соціально-правовоїнауки про Україну. Незважаючи на те, що адміністрація програла справи і їй довелося перезонувати територію заповідника, участь у судових процесах допомогла зберегти доступ Вилковських рибалок до рибних ресурсів,  захистити традиційне рибальство від подальшої заборони активістами, державними чиновниками та бізнесменами та мінімізувати хижацьку поведінку, яка могла б вигнати залишити жителів дельти осторонь. Це демонструє важливу, але часто ігноровану роль судових процесів у оскарженні результатів внутрішньої державної територіалізації, пов’язаної з природними ресурсами.

Resumen: en este artículo se analizan las estrategias territoriales de los campesinos indígenas que participan en la Federación Nacional Campesina (FNC) de la provincia del Chaco (Argentina), vinculadas a la ocupación y recuperación de la tierra, y a la resistencia colectiva a los operativos de desalojo judicial. Estas se entienden como una respuesta a la crisis social y económica generada por la desarticulación de la economía regional y el avance de un nuevo ciclo de acumulación que habilita la privatización y concentración de la tierra, destruye el monte nativo y genera nuevas condiciones de desposesión en las comunidades locales. El enfoque metodológico fue la etnografía: se trabajó con entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a hombres y mujeres —en su mayoría jóvenes—, quienes habitan actualmente en ocupaciones de tierra o participaron en ellas y protagonizaron situaciones de desalojo judicial. La observación participante se llevó a cabo en instancias políticas de la FNC durante las visitas a los predios ocupados. El artículo describe el fenómeno social de ocupación de tierras y sus características generales e identifica diferentes instancias en la acción colectiva. Asimismo, plantea que estos acontecimientos no son espontáneos, sino prácticas estructuradas y ancladas en procesos de resistencia y lucha etnopolítica de larga duración. Las mismas actualizan el histórico conflicto por la tierra e incorporan a la tensión, sobre el acceso a la propiedad, otros elementos que son relativamente nuevos en el abanico de la protesta social. El artículo concluye que estas problemáticas trascienden la órbita de lo legal y se posicionan como un dilema social y político sobre el potencial uso económico y extractivo que se pretende hacer del territorio. La originalidad del artículo radica en que, a partir de la diferenciación de instancias, es posible identificar los elementos clave que intervienen en la permanencia de los campesinos en el ámbito rural y exceden la legalidad (o no) de los actos.

Palabras clave: Argentina, campesinos, desalojos, población indígena, tomas de tierra.

Occupy, Recover, Resist: The Struggle for Territory in Argentina’s Chaco Province

Abstract: This article analyzes the territorial strategies of indigenous peasants participating in the National Peasant Federation (FNC) of Argentina’s Chaco province, associated with the occupation and recovery of land, and collective resistance to judicial eviction operations. These are understood as a response to the social and economic crisis resulting from the disarticulation of the regional economy and the advance of a new cycle of accumulation that promotes land privatization and concentration, destroys native forests, and creates new conditions of dispossession in local communities. The methodological approach consisted in ethnography: we worked with in-depth interviews with men and women —mostly young— who are currently living in land occupations or who participated in them and were involved in situations of judicial eviction. Participant observation was carried out in political instances of the FNC during visits to the occupied properties. The article describes the social phenomenon of land occupation and its general characteristics and identifies different instances of collective action. It also argues that these events are not spontaneous, but structured practices anchored in long-standing processes of resistance and ethnopolitical struggle, which update the historical conflict over land and incorporate other elements into the tension over access to property that are relatively new in the spectrum of social protest. The article concludes that these problems transcend the legal sphere and are positioned as a social and political dilemma concerning the potential economic and extractive use of the territory. The originality of the article lies in the fact that, by differentiating instances, it is possible to identify the key elements that intervene in peasants’ permanence in rural areas and go beyond the legality (or not) of the acts.

Keywords: Argentina, evictions, indigenous population, land takeovers, peasants.

Ocupar, recuperar, resistir: a luta pelo território no Chaco argentino

Resumo: neste artigo, são analisadas as estratégias territoriais dos camponeses indígenas que participam da Federação Nacional Camponesa (FNC) da província do Chaco (Argentina), vinculadas à ocupação e à recuperação da terra, e à resistência coletiva às operações de despejo judicial. Essas estratégias são entendidas como uma resposta à crise social e econômica gerada pela desarticulação da economia regional e pelo avanço de um novo ciclo de acumulação que permite a privatização e a concentração da terra, destrói a floresta nativa e gera condições de desapropriação nas comunidades locais. A abordagem metodológica foi a etnografia. Nesse sentido, trabalhou-se com entrevistas a profundidade realizadas a homens e mulheres — em sua maioria jovens —, os quais habitam atualmente em ocupações de terra ou participaram delas e protagonizaram situações de despejo judicial. A observação participante foi realizada em instâncias políticas da FNC durante as visitas aos terrenos ocupados. Neste artigo, é descrito o fenômeno social de ocupação de terras e suas características gerais e identificadas diferentes instâncias na ação coletiva. Além disso, propõe que esses acontecimentos não sejam espontâneos, mas sim práticas estruturadas e ancoradas em processos de resistência e luta etnopolítica de longa duração, que atualizam o histórico conflito pela terra e incorporam a tensão sobre o acesso à propriedade, outros elementos que são relativamente novos no espectro do protesto social. O artigo conclui que essas problemáticas transcendem a órbita do legal e estão posicionadas como dilema social e político sobre o potencial uso econômico e extrativo que se pretende fazer do território. A originalidade do artigo está em que, a partir da diferenciação de instâncias, é possível identificar os elementos-chave que intervêm na permanência dos camponeses no espaço rural e excedem a legalidade (ou não) dos atos.

Palavras-chave: apropriação de terras, Argentina, camponeses, despejo, população indígena.

Fruto de um movimento demográfico em direção às cidades do litoral e ao estrangeiro iniciado com maior intensidade nos anos sessenta do século XX, o despovoamento rural tomou conta da paisagem do interior de Portugal, dando origem a fenómenos com consequências gravíssimas para a população que ainda resiste a viver longe dos grandes centros. O contexto da globalização e da Revolução Verde introduziu um novo tipo de agricultura em Portugal baseada na concentração fundiária em muito maior escala que o tradicional latifúndio, onde se aplica a monocultura intensiva ou superintensiva, especialmente de olival e frutos vermelhos, com utilização excessiva de mecanização e químicos, baseada em mão de obra precária, sazonal e, na maior parte dos casos, estrangeira com situação irregular no país, e que esgota a água de barragens que durante décadas alimentaram regadios perfeitamente sustentáveis. Atualmente, com anos de seca repetidos, a gestão da água tornou-se um dos principais problemas do planeta, e as questões ambientais e da qualidade de vida das populações deveriam estar na linha da frente das preocupações políticas. Temos assim um dilema de sustentabilidade social e ambiental que urge debater e trazer à atenção do público até agora pouco interessado nestas questões.

When local territorial identity is understood as closely linked to sustainable, participatory and place-based development issues, it can become a dynamic, open, and plural social construction process, through which collectivities/groups choose the distinctive characteristics of the territory they inhabit, in order to develop shared views and common targets for policy implementation. In this sense, territorial identity is not to be 'unveiled' or 'discovered', but 'built' through a research-action focused on the opinions, attitudes, and expectations of local collectivities towards the territory they live or act in. As a research topic, local territorial identity is far from easy to deal with. Based on the key issues raised during the works of the national research group " Territorial Identities " of A.Ge.I. (Association of Italian Geographers), founded in 2008, the contribution aims at presenting some theoretical and methodological questions and pitfalls in studying territorial identities, proposing some possible answers.

The article treats the typology of the early state (“inchoate” – “typical” – “transitional”) from the viewpoint of the state beginnings. The author argues that in general typologies the state should be approached as a form of society, not as a kind of political system only. From this perspective he emphasizes the complex dynamics of the interrelations between the key principles of socio-political organization – the kin and territorial ties, in the process of cultural (socio-political) evolution. The conclusion is that the “full”, or “completed”, state should be characterized by the combination of primarily territorial (suprakin) social organization and specialized, professionalized and bureaucratized administration. This combination is observable only in “transitional early states”. As transformation processes usually develop in the administrative sphere faster than in the sphere of social organization, the “typical early state” can be called “incomplete”, or “limited”, state in which the political institutions are already approaching the level sufficient for state society but the territorial ties still do not outstrip kin ties, however counterbalancing them effectively. The “inchoate early state” cannot be designated as state in any sense, in its basic features (including the overall kinship nature) overlapping with those commonly attributed to the (complex) chiefdom. Finally, the ideology of kinship as a cloak for non-kin relations in states and as a reflection of socio-political reality in some supercomplex non-state societies (“alternatives to the state”) is discussed.

This paper presents a description of hunting and an analysis of its technical relations among the Panará, an indigenous group which inhabits southern Amazonia. The paper is focused around two genetic processes of hunting: the individuation of the hunter and the constitution of a hunting territory. In this sense, it approaches the constitution of the hunter as person in relation with his weaponry, a technical object that is the mediator between the hunter’s action and the prey; afterwards, it approaches the forms of environment that emerges from the movement across the forest and through the production of hunting paths where the prey is encountered. The analysis of these aspects allows us to get insight of the hunting activity from the point of view of its actions, materials and interactions with the environment, from the analysis of technical elements which are socially relevant and construct important modes of relation between Panará and their territory.

In the Far East of Russia, economic development has dramatically slowed down for the past 30 years. The federal government seeks new methods to attract investments into the regions, stimulate entrepreneurial activity, and boost economic growth. This paper critically evaluates state policies that involve the active implementation of Special Economic Zones, Territorial Development Zones, Vladivostok Free Port, and the Territories of Advanced Social and Economic Development. Research is based on the interviews with the state authorities from the regions of Russia and thorough investigation of the state policies, legislation, and government reports. This study suggests three conclusions. First, there is an excessive amount of state development policies, which is the result of competition among different federal ministries. Second, there is no evidence of innovative activity or productivity growth within those economic zones. Finally, methods to assess the effectiveness of the regional policies are undeveloped and lack clarity. Recommendations for further research are given at the end of the paper.

The archaeological research at Leopoli-Cencelle (Tarquinia, VT) has enabled the definition of the urban structure and the network of infrastructures. In particular, water infrastructures were investigated by recording their physical remains, their position in the urban topography,
manner of construction and technical solutions pursued. A GIS dataset was then set up incorporating the GPS tracks obtained from field surveys, integrated by their geo-referenced points.