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Josh Pasek
University of Michigan, Communication Studies, Faculty Member
- Stanford University, Communication, AlumnusUniversity of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Faculty Memberadd
- Political Science, Communication, New Media, Social Media, Political Sociology, Political communication, and 13 moreAmerican Politics, Political Behavior, Public Opinion, Political Participation, Survey Methodology, Political Campaigns, Public and Political Communication, Voting Behavior, Quantitative Methods (Political Science), Political Methodology, Civics (Political Science), Research Methodology, and Big Dataedit
- Josh Pasek is Assistant Professor of Communication Studies at the University of Michigan. His research explores how ... moreJosh Pasek is Assistant Professor of Communication Studies at the University of Michigan. His research explores how new media and psychological processes each shape political attitudes, public opinion, and political behaviors. Josh also examines issues in the measurement of public opinion including techniques for reducing measurement error and improving survey design. Current research explores how political information might influence public opinion and voter decision-making, evaluates whether the use of online social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter might be changing the political information environment, and assesses the differences between survey results obtained from Internet volunteers as opposed to traditional samples. His work has been published in Public Opinion Quarterly, Political Communication, Communication Research, and the Journal of Information Technology and Politics among other outlets. He also maintains two R packages for producing survey weights (anesrake) and analyzing weighted survey data (weights).
Political Communication, New and Emerging Technologies, Media Psychologyedit
Research Interests:
For much of Barack Obama’s presidential run and his subsequent two terms as president he has been dogged by accusations that he was not born in the US, and is therefore ineligible to be president. In order to explain the continuing... more
For much of Barack Obama’s presidential run and his subsequent two terms as president he has been dogged by accusations that he was not born in the US, and is therefore ineligible to be president. In order to explain the continuing prevalence of this view, despite the evidence to the contrary, Josh Pasek looks at whether or not such ‘birthers’ are motivated by partisanship of racial prejudice. They find that while on the surface the ‘birther’ view is motivated by party ideology and racism, such views actually lead people to dislike President Obama, and thus leaves them more open to accepting claims that he was not born in the US.
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Researchers hoping to make inferences about social phenomena using social media data need to answer two critical questions: What is it that a given social media metric tells us? And who does it tell us about? Drawing from prior work on... more
Researchers hoping to make inferences about social phenomena using social media data need to answer two critical questions: What is it that a given social media metric tells us? And who does it tell us about? Drawing from prior work on these questions, we examine whether Twitter sentiment about Barack Obama tells us about Americans’ attitudes toward the president, the attitudes of particular subsets of individuals, or something else entirely. Specifically, using large-scale survey data, this study assesses how patterns of approval among population subgroups compare to tweets about the president. The findings paint a complex picture of the utility of digital traces. Although attention to subgroups improves the extent to which survey and Twitter data can yield similar conclusions, the results also indicate that sentiment surrounding tweets about the president is no proxy for presidential approval. Instead, after adjusting for demographics, these two metrics tell similar macroscale, lo...
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Harnessing social media data for social science research entails creating measures out of the largely unstructured, noisy data that users generate on different platforms. This harnessing, particularly of data at scale, requires using... more
Harnessing social media data for social science research entails creating measures out of the largely unstructured, noisy data that users generate on different platforms. This harnessing, particularly of data at scale, requires using methods developed in computer science. But it also typically requires integrating these methods with assessments of measurement quality along social science criteria -- reliability, validity and unbiasedness. In this paper, we outline measurement issues that arise when using social media data. We show examples of how to construct measures and discuss different measurement considerations and best practices. We conclude with a discussion of ways to accelerate research in this space, highlighting contributions that can be made by both social scientists and computer scientists.
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How do people form their attitudes toward complex policy issues? Although there has long been an assumption that people consider the various components of those issues and come to an overall assessment, a growing body of recent work has... more
How do people form their attitudes toward complex policy issues? Although there has long been an assumption that people consider the various components of those issues and come to an overall assessment, a growing body of recent work has instead suggested that people may reach summary judgments as a function of heuristic cues and goal-oriented rationalizations. This study examines how well a component-based model fits Americans’ evaluations of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, an important and highly contentious piece of legislation that contained several constituent parts. Despite strong partisan disagreement about the law, we find that Democrats and Republicans both appear to evaluate the law as a function of their beliefs and what the law would do as well as their confidence in those beliefs. This finding implies that correcting misperceptions and increasing awareness of the components of legislation have the potential to change attitudes.
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Scholars assessing the public understanding of science have long regarded informing Americans about scientific facts as key to raising Americans’ scientific literacy. But many Americans appear to be aware of the scientific consensus and... more
Scholars assessing the public understanding of science have long regarded informing Americans about scientific facts as key to raising Americans’ scientific literacy. But many Americans appear to be aware of the scientific consensus and nonetheless reject it. The individuals who are aware of the scientific consensus and reject its tenets tend to distrust scientists. They also focus their rejection on particular issues for which they may be otherwise motivated. This rejection may be driven by elites, who argue against the scientific consensus on issues like climate change by asserting either that the science is unsettled or by contending that the scientific consensus is itself a conspiratorial ploy. Individuals’ patterns of beliefs seem to imply that they view scientific evidence they dislike as the result of a conspiracy.
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While the ability to link survey data to government records can be extremely valuable to researchers, there are limits on the applicability of the government records to some types of research. However, there are additional sources of... more
While the ability to link survey data to government records can be extremely valuable to researchers, there are limits on the applicability of the government records to some types of research. However, there are additional sources of external records about survey respondents that may have some value if they were to be linked to the survey data and some of the largest databases of such records are kept as consumer file data by market research companies. In many cases, these are very detailed individual-level records that might have great value for survey researchers. This chapter discusses these databases and some of the potential benefits and drawbacks of using them to augment survey data collection.
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The convergence of methods and relevant theories between computer scientists and social scientists is a necessary condition for leveraging social media data to understand this increasingly important window into human societies. This paper... more
The convergence of methods and relevant theories between computer scientists and social scientists is a necessary condition for leveraging social media data to understand this increasingly important window into human societies. This paper focuses on issues of data acquisition, sampling, and data preparation. These topics incorporate data collection methods, sampling strategies, population mismatch adjustments, and other data acquisition and data preparation decisions.
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Following racially charged events, individuals often diverge in perceptions of what happened and how justice should be served. Examining data gathered shortly after the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri alongside... more
Following racially charged events, individuals often diverge in perceptions of what happened and how justice should be served. Examining data gathered shortly after the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri alongside reactions to a novel officer-involved shooting, we unpack the processes by which racial divisions emerge. Even in a controlled information environment, white Americans preferred information that supported claims of a justified shooting. Conversely, Black Americans preferred information that implied that the officer behaved inappropriately. These differences stemmed from two distinct processes: we find some evidence for a form of race-based motivated reasoning and strong evidence for belief updating based on racially distinct priors. Differences in summary judgments were larger when individuals identified strongly with their racial group or when expectations about the typical behaviors of Black Americans and police diverged. The findings elucidate processe...
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Intersectionality theory allows us to examine how systems of power and oppression (e.g., racism, sexism) co-construct each other to create complex and unique forms of systemic harm and injustice. More particularly, intersectional... more
Intersectionality theory allows us to examine how systems of power and oppression (e.g., racism, sexism) co-construct each other to create complex and unique forms of systemic harm and injustice. More particularly, intersectional invisibility provides a framework to understanding how Black women, who live at the intersection of racism and sexism, may be harmed when their unique experiences as Black women are not recognized. This study takes a stereotype content approach to explore how group prototypes result in Black women’s intersectional invisibility. Employing a novel stereotypical attribute awareness task (SAAT) administered to more than 1,000 U.S. adults, we build on previous work regarding prototypes and intersectional invisibility. We also advance a differentiation hypothesis positing that the prototypical Black woman and Black man will be less distinct from each other than the prototypical White woman and White man. Respondents differentiated between White men and White women to a greater extent than they differentiated between Black men and Black women. Black women were also rated as being less similar to women in general than were White women. Using nonmetric multidimensional scaling techniques to visualize prototype similarity, we identify racial and gender dimensions in prototype similarity and depict how various group prototypes cluster along these dimensions. We conclude that demographic group prototypes lead to Black women being erased through masculinization and under-distinction from Black men and excluded through over-distinction from women in general. These findings help to explain Black women’s simultaneous victimization by the criminal legal system and neglect from “single-axis” social justice movements.
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Political interest is a key predictor of likelihood to vote. We argue that the political interest–vote intention relationship can be explained by well-established theories that predict behavior across domains (e.g., theory of reasoned... more
Political interest is a key predictor of likelihood to vote. We argue that the political interest–vote intention relationship can be explained by well-established theories that predict behavior across domains (e.g., theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior). Relying on the integrated behavioral model, we propose a core mediation model with vote likelihood (i.e., behavioral intention) as the dependent variable. Two types of media use (conservative and liberal–moderate) are then assessed in relation to the core model. We explore the ways in which our results contribute to theory and outline a research agenda.
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Social media provides a rich amount of data on the everyday lives, opinions, thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors of individuals and organizations in near real-time. Leveraging these data effectively and responsibly should therefore improve... more
Social media provides a rich amount of data on the everyday lives, opinions, thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors of individuals and organizations in near real-time. Leveraging these data effectively and responsibly should therefore improve our ability to understand political, psychological, economic, and sociological behaviors and opinions across time. This article is the first in a series of white papers that will provide a summary of the discussions derived from meetings of social scientists and computer scientists with the goal of creating consensus for how social and computer science could converge to answer important questions about complex human behaviors and dynamics using social media data. We present three basic research designs that are commonly used in social science and are applicable to research using social media data: qualitative observation, experiments, and surveys. We also discuss a fourth design that is primarily informed by computer science, non-designed data, but t...
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Partisans appear to hold very different information about climate change, with Republicans more likely to respond to knowledge questions incorrectly than Democrats or Independents. As polarization undermines the ability of science to... more
Partisans appear to hold very different information about climate change, with Republicans more likely to respond to knowledge questions incorrectly than Democrats or Independents. As polarization undermines the ability of science to inform policy, clarifying why partisans report different science knowledge is vital. This study uses novel measurement to differentiate among knowledge, misinformation, guessing, and rejection while identifying covariates of these cognitions. First, we find that Republicans’ incorrect beliefs about climate change stem from a mix of guessing, misperceptions, and rejection. Second, multiple cognitions appear closely linked to partisanship, suggesting politically motivated reasoning as likely driving knowledge differences. Finally, partisan knowledge differences about climate change do not reflect broader polarization of science knowledge but are limited to select issues.
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Research Interests: Sociology, Psychology, Anthropology, Social Sciences, Narrative, and 15 moreSuicide, Media, Suicide prevention, Young People, Medicine, Prosocial Behavior, Empathy, Social Science & Medicine, Adolescents, Contagion, Harm, Public health systems and services research, Science Technology, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, and Biomedical Social Sciences
Past work suggests that the priorities for information propagation in social media may be markedly different from the priorities for news selection in traditional media outlets. We explore this possibility here, focusing on the tone of... more
Past work suggests that the priorities for information propagation in social media may be markedly different from the priorities for news selection in traditional media outlets. We explore this possibility here, focusing on the tone of both newspaper and Twitter content following changes in the U.S. unemployment rate, from 2008 to 2014. Results strongly support the expectation that while the tone of newspaper content exhibits stronger reactions to negative information, the tone of Twitter content reacts more strongly to positive economic shifts.
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An academic directory and search engine.
An academic directory and search engine.
Description This package provides a comprehensive system for selecting variables and weighting data to match the specifications of the American National Election Studies. The package includes methods for identifying discrepant variables,... more
Description This package provides a comprehensive system for selecting variables and weighting data to match the specifications of the American National Election Studies. The package includes methods for identifying discrepant variables, raking data, and assessing the effects of the raking algorithm. It also allows automated re-raking if target variables fall outside identified bounds and allows greater user specification than other available raking algorithms. A variety of functions for producing simple weighted statistics are also included ...
In recent years, proponents of non-probability sample surveys and alternative data collection techniques have questioned the foundations of traditional survey research. Although evidence of large biases using traditional methods has not... more
In recent years, proponents of non-probability sample surveys and alternative data collection techniques have questioned the foundations of traditional survey research. Although evidence of large biases using traditional methods has not yet emerged, declining response rates and rising costs may soon usher in a new paradigm in the survey world. This paper proposes a conceptual foundation for considering the reliability and likely accuracy of estimates as we shift from a reliance on traditional survey design to a set of conclusions that depend inherently on statistical models and the assumptions they engender. Specifically, it argues that research results can be trusted when reliable results emerge across data sources affected by very different types of survey errors. Conditions necessary for reliable conclusions are proposed.
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Supplemental Material, Conrad_Online_Supplement_A for Social Media as an Alternative to Surveys of Opinions About the Economy by Frederick G. Conrad, Johann A. Gagnon-Bartsch, Robyn A. Ferg, Michael F. Schober, Josh Pasek and Elizabeth... more
Supplemental Material, Conrad_Online_Supplement_A for Social Media as an Alternative to Surveys of Opinions About the Economy by Frederick G. Conrad, Johann A. Gagnon-Bartsch, Robyn A. Ferg, Michael F. Schober, Josh Pasek and Elizabeth Hou in Social Science Computer Review
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Data for projects linking social media and survey data
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Students sometimes find the general process of writing an empirical research paper to be daunting. Yet, when the process is approached in a systematic way, students can become more comfortable with the writing and standard formatting used... more
Students sometimes find the general process of writing an empirical research paper to be daunting. Yet, when the process is approached in a systematic way, students can become more comfortable with the writing and standard formatting used in an empirical article. Accordingly, the current paper serves as a template for the budding social scientist. In it, I describe the various sections of a research paper in order to illustrate the structure of an introduction, methods section, results section, and discussion section in a format fitting for the 6th edition of the American Psychological Association. As in most empirical research papers, the first section is an abstract, a short outline of the paper that clarifies both what the paper will be examining, what is found, and in most cases a one line explanation of why the findings are important to the field. Accordingly, this paper should help to clarify the process of producing an empirical article.
Description This package provides a comprehensive system for selecting variables and weighting data to match the specifications of the American National Election Studies. The package includes methods for identifying discrepant variables,... more
Description This package provides a comprehensive system for selecting variables and weighting data to match the specifications of the American National Election Studies. The package includes methods for identifying discrepant variables, raking data, and assessing the effects of the raking algorithm. It also allows automated re-raking if target variables fall outside identified bounds and allows greater user specification than other available raking algorithms.
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When U.S. presidential candidates misrepresent the facts, their claims get discussed across media streams, creating a lasting public impression. We show this through a public performance: the 2020 presidential debates. For every five... more
When U.S. presidential candidates misrepresent the facts, their claims get discussed across media streams, creating a lasting public impression. We show this through a public performance: the 2020 presidential debates. For every five newspaper articles related to the presidential candidates, President Donald J. Trump and Joseph R. Biden Jr., there was one mention of a misinformation-related topic advanced during the debates. Personal attacks on Biden and election integrity were the most prevalent topics across social media, newspapers, and TV. These two topics also surfaced regularly in voters’ recollections of the candidates, suggesting their impression lasted through the presidential election.
Intersectionality theory allows us to examine how systems of power and oppression (e.g., racism, sexism) co-construct each other to create complex and unique forms of systemic harm and injustice. More particularly, intersectional... more
Intersectionality theory allows us to examine how systems of power and oppression (e.g., racism, sexism) co-construct each other to create complex and unique forms of systemic harm and injustice. More particularly, intersectional invisibility provides a framework to understanding how Black women, who live at the intersection of racism and sexism, may be harmed when their unique experiences as Black women are not recognized. This study takes a stereotype content approach to explore how group prototypes result in Black women’s intersectional invisibility. Employing a novel stereotypical attribute awareness task administered to more than 1,000 U.S. adults, we build on previous work regarding prototypes and intersectional invisibility. We also advance a differentiation hypothesis positing that the prototypical Black woman and Black man will be less distinct from each other than the prototypical White woman and White man. Respondents differentiated between White men and White women to a ...
Survey weighting is methodological a black box. While survey research firms are often acutely aware of the large number of arbitrary decisions that go into the production of survey weights, they often provide researchers with a single... more
Survey weighting is methodological a black box. While survey research firms are often acutely aware of the large number of arbitrary decisions that go into the production of survey weights, they often provide researchers with a single vector of weights that represent only one such set of decisions. Researchers have typically been removed from the process. While most practitioners have been taught to include weighted data in their analyses, few know where those weights come from or what kinds of decisions are involved. This means that the weights constructed are rarely well attuned to the researchers’ particular questions of interest. The challenge posed by survey weighting has recently been examined by a panel of experts convened by the American National Election Study. In a report based on the conclusions of that panel, DeBell and Krosnick (2009) propose a means of standardizing the survey weighting procedure so as to avoid potential methodological pitfalls. In this regard, they id...
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There is interest in using social media content to supplement or even substitute for survey data. In one of the first studies to test the feasibility of this idea, O’Connor, Balasubramanyan, Routledge, and Smith report reasonably high... more
There is interest in using social media content to supplement or even substitute for survey data. In one of the first studies to test the feasibility of this idea, O’Connor, Balasubramanyan, Routledge, and Smith report reasonably high correlations between the sentiment of tweets containing the word “jobs” and survey-based measures of consumer confidence in 2008–2009. Other researchers report a similar relationship through 2011, but after that time it is no longer observed, suggesting such tweets may not be as promising an alternative to survey responses as originally hoped. But, it’s possible that with the right analytic techniques, the sentiment of “jobs” tweets might still be an acceptable alternative. To explore this, we first classify “jobs” tweets into categories whose content is either related to employment or not, to see whether sentiment of the former correlates more highly with a survey-based measure of consumer sentiment. We then compare the relationship when sentiment is ...
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Our objectives were to describe individuals' motivations for participation in an online social media community and to assess their level of trust in medical information provided by medical professionals and community members. A... more
Our objectives were to describe individuals' motivations for participation in an online social media community and to assess their level of trust in medical information provided by medical professionals and community members. A purposive survey was delivered to participants recruited through posts on the CGM in the Cloud group, Twitter, and blogs. Individuals were asked a series of demographic and social media use questions. A total of 1268 members of the CGM in the Cloud community responded to the survey. The majority were non-Hispanic White (92.1%) and caregivers of an individual with diabetes (80.9%). Mean age was 41 years old, and 74.8% were female. Primary goals of the Facebook group were to learn more about Nightscout technology and to receive technological assistance. Individuals provided assistance to the community through spreading awareness, technical assistance, support, and donation. Respondents put a high level of trust in their peers versus health professionals in ...
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Although scholars consider it important for citizens to seek diverse information to optimize citizenship, a growing body of research suggests that many people predominantly expose themselves to information that confirms their previous... more
Although scholars consider it important for citizens to seek diverse information to optimize citizenship, a growing body of research suggests that many people predominantly expose themselves to information that confirms their previous beliefs. Using four waves of survey data from an online panel of 2,450 Americans, this study explores a disconnect between information values and practices to identify (1) whether citizens exemplify the diversity-seeking values endorsed in communication scholarship, (2) whether individuals who hold diversity-seeking values enact these values, and (3) whether diversity-seeking values and traits are emblematic of good democratic citizenship. Results suggest that nearly half of respondents either did not hold diversity-seeking values or failed to actualize the values they expressed. Individuals who held diversity-seeking values were more politically knowledgeable and more likely to have voted in 2014, regardless of their diversity-seeking traits.
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Although social media are increasingly used through mobile devices, the differences between mobile and computer-based practices remain unclear. This study attempts to tease out some of these differences through multiple analytical... more
Although social media are increasingly used through mobile devices, the differences between mobile and computer-based practices remain unclear. This study attempts to tease out some of these differences through multiple analytical strategies and samples. Drawing on theoretical expectations about the affordances, motivations, and cognition of mobile use, we investigate who uses mobile Facebook, why they use it, and how they use it. To do this, we first compare those who use Facebook only on a PC with those who also use the service on mobile devices. Then, in order to quantify mobile Facebook use, we propose a new set of survey measures to tap into more and less mobile users among the sample of people who access Facebook through multiple modes. These questions serve to validate measures of mobile Facebook use, and allow us to examine how patterns of use relate to user motivations and experiences. Findings revealed important differences between PC-only and mobile users as well as a dis...
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ABSTRACT Communication theorists have long presumed that the capacity of mass media was essentially fixed. This study investigates the relevance of this assumption in the digital environment, where production and broadcasting capacities... more
ABSTRACT Communication theorists have long presumed that the capacity of mass media was essentially fixed. This study investigates the relevance of this assumption in the digital environment, where production and broadcasting capacities have become nearly infinite. Examining 2-years of data from Twitter and electronic databases of news articles revealed some differences in the nature of constraint in the two environments. The daily volume of Twitter was more variable than online news coverage once cyclical factors were controlled. However, interestingly, the volume of Twitter did not always increase in response to key events.
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In this study we evaluate different models of media use to determine whether television and other popular media facilitate or hinder the development of social capital in young people. We surveyed a nationally representative sample of... more
In this study we evaluate different models of media use to determine whether television and other popular media facilitate or hinder the development of social capital in young people. We surveyed a nationally representative sample of 14-to 22-year olds (N= 1,800) to assess the media–social capital relationship controlling for pessimistic life outlook. Consistent with Beck's (1967) theory of depression, we hypothesized that young people with a pessimistic life outlook will be less trusting of others, will withdraw from civic activity, and will turn to ...
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A recent draft manuscript suggested that Facebook use might be related to lower academic achievement in college and graduate school (Karpinski, 2009). The report quickly became a media sensation and was picked up by hundreds of news... more
A recent draft manuscript suggested that Facebook use might be related to lower academic achievement in college and graduate school (Karpinski, 2009). The report quickly became a media sensation and was picked up by hundreds of news outlets in a matter of days. However, the results were based on correlational data in a draft manuscript that had not been published, or even considered for publication. This paper attempts to replicate the results reported in the press release using three data sets: one with a large sample of undergraduate students from the University of Illinois at Chicago, another with a nationally representative cross sectional sample of American 14- to 22-year-olds, as well as a longitudinal panel of American youth aged 14-23. In none of the samples do we find a robust negative relationship between Facebook use and grades. Indeed, if anything, Facebook use is more common among individuals with higher grades. We also examined how changes in academic performance in th...
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This research examines the role of the mass media in young people's disengagement from politics. In a nationally representative telephone survey ( N = 1,501), young people (ages 14 to 22) reported their habits for 12 different uses of... more
This research examines the role of the mass media in young people's disengagement from politics. In a nationally representative telephone survey ( N = 1,501), young people (ages 14 to 22) reported their habits for 12 different uses of mass media as well as awareness of current national politics and time spent in civic activities. Following Putnam's hypothesis about the beneficial effects of civic ties on political involvement, the authors predict and find that civic activity is positively associated with political awareness. Contrary to Putnam, they find that media use, whether information or entertainment oriented, facilitates civic engagement, whereas news media are especially effective in promoting political awareness. Although heavy use of media interferes with both political and civic engagement, the overall effect of media use is favorable for each outcome. The results are discussed in regard to the potentially greater use of the media to build community engagement in ...
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Although social media are increasingly used through mobile devices, the differences between mobile and computer-based practices remain unclear. This study attempts to tease out some of these differences through multiple analytical... more
Although social media are increasingly used through mobile devices, the differences between mobile and computer-based practices remain unclear. This study attempts to tease out some of these differences through multiple analytical strategies and samples. Drawing on theoretical expectations about the affordances, motivations, and cognition of mobile use, we investigate who uses mobile Facebook, why they use it, and how they use it. To do this, we first compare those who use Facebook only on a PC with those who also use the service on mobile devices. Then, in order to quantify mobile Facebook use, we propose a new set of survey measures to tap into more and less mobile users among the sample of people who access Facebook through multiple modes. These questions serve to validate measures of mobile Facebook use, and allow us to examine how patterns of use relate to user motivations and experiences. Findings revealed important differences between PC-only and mobile users as well as a distinct and reliable measure of mobileness. Whereas motivations for Facebook use did not differ across users, more habitual and absorbing use of Facebook was strongly, positively associated with mobile