Causes

“Migration is the barometer of changing socio-economic and political conditions at the national and international levels” (Razi, S., p. 3, 2014). There are various factors which has compelled people to migrate from one place to another. However, these factors may vary from country to country and from place to place. It may also vary from state to state within a country. In a developing country like India, migration mostly take place due to some factors like poverty, unemployment, natural calamities and underdevelopment at the place from where people migrate to some other places. In India internal mobility is still seem to be very critical to the livelihoods of many people, especially those living in rural parts of the country. People from rural areas migrate to nearby urban centres or cities mostly in search of better earning opportunities. It is expected that the percentage of urban population in India which was only 17 per cent of the total population in 1951 would jump to around 42.5 per cent of the total population by 2025 (Razi, S., 2014). The present paper, therefore, is an attempt to study the various causes and trends of migration with a special focus on rural-urban migration in India

Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with ectopic pregnancy (EP). Methods: A descriptive study was carried out in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH) and Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital (PMWH) from May to November 2013. Women diagnosed and operated for EP were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaire after second post-operative day. Results: Among 77 cases (44 from PMWH and 33 from TUTH) of EP out of 13,424 total deliveries during the study period (0.5%), the frequency of EP was 1 in 79 deliveries in TUTH and 1 in 245 deliveries in PMWH. The most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain. The peak age group was 30-34 years (n=21). Most of them were multipara 30 (39%) and 61% had first pregnancy between age group of 19 and 24 years and 33.8% of women had home delivery. 33% of the women gave history of abortion and among them almost equal number of women had spontaneous abortion (n=17) or induced abortion (n=16). History suggestive of PID was found in 14 women. History of emergency contraceptive taken within 45 days of presentation was present in 18 women. Majority of patients had taken emergency contraceptive before 29-30 days. History of current use of oral contraceptive was present in 4, depo-provera in 7 and cupper-T in 6 patients. Conclusion: Abdominal pain was the single most common clinical presentation of EP. The most identified risk factors were abortions and emergency contraceptive, followed by PID, infertility, depo-provera, intra uterine contraceptive device, and previous EP.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common and distressing side effects following surgery and anesthesia. Despite modern antiemetic agents, short-acting anesthetics and minimally invasive surgery, PONV still affects around 30% of surgical patients, with certain high-risk patients experiencing PONV up to 80%. The etiology of PONV comprises independent risk factors such as female sex, history of PONV and motion sickness, non-smoking status, younger age, general vs regional anesthesia, use of volatile anesthetics and nitrous oxide, postoperative opioids, duration of anesthesia and the type of surgery (cholecystectomy, laparoscopic, gynecological). According to these risk factors, scoring systems have been developed to identify patients at risk. Given the multifactorial origin of PONV, a multimodal approach (pharmacological and non-pharmacological) has been developed as well.

Cracks in building are a common occurrence. It affects the stability and appearance of buildings. So, it is important to understand the cause of cracks and the effective measures should be taken for prevention. Though cracks in concrete cannot be prevented entirely but they can be prevented by using proper material and technique of construction and considering criteria. Sometimes water penetrates through cracks in building and cause severe damage to building. There are many reason of occurrence of cracks like moisture, thermal movement, elastic deformation, chemical reaction, foundation movement, vegetation and earthquake. We all dream of a house structurally safe and aesthetically beautiful but it is not so easy. So, timely identification of such cracks and adopting preventive measures is essential. In this paper, we will discuss about the methodology for prevention and repair of cracks in building. This research paper also gives information about result of Rebound Hammer Test and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test for determining strength of concrete. Because strength of concrete is also an influencing factor for repairing cracks in building. So, we can say if crack repair is assumed to be building of structure then this paper can be assumed as foundation of it.

The purpose of this study was to explore the immediate causes of Fire Disasters (FDs) in Boarding Secondary Schools (BSSs) in Tanzania. The study adopted a qualitative approach so as to allow the researcher to interact socially with respondents in the construction of meanings related to the immediate causes of FDs in BSSs. The study employed a descriptive case study design so as to enable the researcher collect in-depth information for detailed description of the immediate causes of FDs in BSSs in their natural settings. Purposively sampling was used to select 4 heads of schools, 8 teachers, 3 dormitory patrons, 2 dormitory matrons and 20 students, while convenience sampling was used to select 4 easily accessible BSSs from three easily reachable regions namely; Iringa, Njombe and Mbeya. Data was collected through documentary review and face to face interviews. Results indicated that the immediate causes of FDs in BSSs were: indiscipline and riots among students, the use of kerosene lamps and candles for studying during night and electric faults. The researcher recommends to the government that it should ensure BSSs have reliable electric supply systems so as to eliminate the use candles and kerosene lamps among students.

This study examined the effects of examination anxiety on university students’ academic performance in Northwest University, Kano State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey design was employed. Purposive sampling techniques were used to select 350 respondents comprising of 203 male and 147 female students in the study area respectively. Data collection was carried out using Effects of Examination Anxiety Questionnaire (EEAQ) for students. The instrument was subjected to face and content validity by experts. Cronbach Alpha reliability was used to obtain 0.83 reliability index. To achieve the purpose of the study, two null hypotheses were formulated and tested. Data collected was analyzed using Mean Score, Standard Deviation and t-test Statistics at 0.05 level of significance using SPSS v16. Results obtained revealed that there is no significant difference between male and female students on causes as well as effects of examination anxiety regarding their academic performance. Based on the fi...

The theme of the inevitability of a war between Athens and Sparta runs through Thucydides book I, which makes the reader focus not on 'responsibility' but on 'nature' and its irreversible dynamic. It not only shows that war between the Athenians and the Spartans was unavoidable and that no poleis or individuals should be held responsible for it, but also describes the steps by which the two sides became gradually aware that war was unavoidable. Thucydides discloses the processes that made the imminence of war a certainty in the mind of both the Athenians and the Spartans in 433-432 BC; such awareness worked on a psychological level, predetermining war before it broke out.

The teacher is the most important element in any educational program and the teacher is responsible for implementation of the educational process at any stage. The amount of investment in improving the physical and educational facilities can improve education unless there are adequate number of well qualified teachers who can willingly implement the educational process in such a way that it brings about the desired educational development of the students. Hence, it is important that the teacher is well prepared to do his/her work efficiently and effectively. Stress is a feeling of tension, which is both physical and emotional and is caused by physiological, psychological and environmental demands. Teachers are perennially exposed to high level of stress, cutting across all cultures. The combination of long working hours, role ambiguity, poor teaching facilities, lack of social recognition, poor organizational climate, strained relationship with colleagues make up a stressful recipe. The main objective of this paper is to know about the stressors of job stress among college teachers and to know the personal factors and level of stress in the teachers and to give valuable suggestions to overcome job stress

Resumen: En este trabajo se presenta la concepción aristotélica de la filosofía primera
como ciencia de los principios y de las causas primeras según el libro primero de la
Metafísica. Para ello, se distinguen tres momentos sucesivos que constituyen el análisis
de la naturaleza y la meta que debe alcanzar esta ciencia: 1) la concepción de la sabiduría como ciencia que se ocupa de ciertos principios y causas; 2) la sabiduría
como ciencia de los primeros principios y de las causas; 3) la determinación de las cuatro causas primeras como tarea de la filosofía primera. De este modo, se pretende mostrar que la Metafísica de Aristóteles es un intento para explicar las últimas cuestiones, el último porqué, indicando cuatro géneros diferentes de respuesta.

Abstract: This paper pretends to show the aristotelian conception of the first philosophy as the science of the principles and the first causes according to the first book of the Metaphysics. In order to do this, three successive moments are distinguished which constitute the analysis of the nature and the goal that this science must attained: 1) the conception of wisdom as a science that deals with certain principles and causes; 2) wisdom as a science of first principles and causes; 3) the determination of the four first causes as a task of the first philosophy. In this way, the aim of this work is to show that the Metaphysics of Aristotle is an attempt to explain the ultimate questions, the ultimate why, indicating four different genera of answer.

A survey was conducted to estimate the postharvest loss of banana and identify the causes at the major banana producing and marketing areas of Ethiopia. The total postharvest loss of banana was estimated to be 26.5% where 56 % of the loss occurred at the retail level, while 27 % and 17 % of the losses occurred at wholesale and farm levels, respectively. Mechanical damage was identified as the main cause for postharvest banana loss at farm and wholesale levels while rotting was the main cause at retail level. Poor postharvest handling practices from farm to the retail were the major factors influencing banana loss in the supply chain. Regression analysis shows that sex, farming experience, decision to harvest and cooperative membership were found to significantly influence banana loss at farm level while education level, marketing experience, fruit quantity handled and destocking date were significantly influencing the loss at wholesale level. Sex, education, fruit quantity handled a...

In metaphysics, the adjective ‘Humean’ is standardly used to describe positions that deny the existence of any necessary connection or causal influence in concrete reality. This usage has been significantly reinforced by David Lewis’s employment of ‘Humean’ in the phrase ‘Humean supervenience’. It is, however, most unclear that this usage is appropriate, and Lewis himself raised a doubt about it.

— Road projects contribute immensely to the development of an economy, yet they do not come without their own share of challenges; among which are cost overruns. Various scholars have carried out studies on cost overruns, including a few on road projects but the peculiarities of road projects cost overruns are yet to be identified. Do these road projects cost overruns have any similarity across the studies? The identification of the peculiarities could aid in developing specific cost management methods by taking into consideration the nature of road constructions. This study therefore aims at finding the peculiarities of road projects cost overruns from the review of literature. The findings reveal that road projects are prone to cost overruns, they have very large magnitude of cost overruns and the causes of cost overruns vary for all road projects.

In this essay I will attempt to describe an explanation of climate change that may likely pertain to many (most all) timescales. But before I do, I would like to make some comments about icecore analysissalient and significant observations that nonetheless get little to no attention for some very strange reason.

A 12-year old boy presented with a 2 months history of an itchy eruption over the extremities. The patient complained of a cyclic course with exacerbation in winter. There was no history of asthma, rhinitis or atopic dermatitis. Examination revealed grouped follicular papules forming discoid patches (Fig 1) predominantly over the extensor aspect of forearms and legs. The papules were skin colored, dome shaped and topped with pityriasiform scale. There was associated generalized xerosis. Skin biopsy showed spongiotic dermatitis localised to the upper portion of hair follicle. The patient was given a midpotent steroid with emollient with complete resolution of the lesion in three weeks. This condition is appropriately called follicular eczema as the biopsy shows spongiosis while the morphology shows follicular lesions.

Related Guidelines -
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230656566_Follicular_Eczema_A_Commonly_Misdiagnosed_Dermatosis
http://eknygos.lsmuni.lt/springer/182/74-83.pdf

Further Reading :- https://eczemaliving.com/follicular-eczema/

This study examined the effects of examination anxiety on university students’ academic performance in Northwest University, Kano State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey design was employed. Purposive sampling techniques were used to select 350 respondents comprising of 203 male and 147 female students in the study area respectively. Data collection was carried out using Effects of Examination Anxiety Questionnaire (EEAQ) for students. The instrument was subjected to face and content validity by experts. Cronbach Alpha reliability was used to obtain 0.83 reliability index. To achieve the purpose of the study, two null hypotheses were formulated and tested. Data collected was analyzed using Mean Score, Standard Deviation and t-test Statistics at 0.05 level of significance using SPSS v16. Results obtained revealed that there is no significant difference between male and female students on causes as well as effects of examination anxiety regarding their academic performance. Based on the findings, the study recommended that counsellors as well as other educators should create enabling learning environment for students free of tension and unnecessary stress so as to minimize anxiety and amongst others.

Since the publication of Davidson’s “Actions, Reasons and Causes” the philosophy of action has been dominated by the view that rational explanations are a species of causal explanations. Although there are dissenting voices, anti-causalism is for the most part associated with a position that tended to be defended in the 1960s and that was successfully buried by Davidson’s criticism of the logical connection argument. In the following I argue that the success of causalism cannot be fully accounted for by considering the outcome of first-order debates in the philosophy of action and that it is to be explained instead by a shift in meta-philosophical assumptions. It is the commitment to a certain second-order view of the role and character of philosophical analysis, rather than the conclusive nature of the arguments for causalism, that is largely responsible for the rise of the recent causalist consensus. I characterise the change in meta-philosophical assumptions in Strawsonian terms as a change from a descriptive to a revisionary conception of metaphysics and argue that since the disagreement between causalists and non-causalists cannot be settled at the level of first-order debates, causalists cannot win the philosophical battle against anti-causalists without fighting the meta-philosophical war.

In recent years, international research on history education has shifted its focus from generic thinking to specific thinking and ideas linked to history as a discipline. At the same time, we have seen a shift from a focus on particular second-order concepts, to usable frameworks of the past that connect both dimensions of historical learning. This chapter will report the findings of an exploratory small-scale study of a sample of Spanish secondary school teachers who focused first on their perceptions of the aims of school history, and second on some of their teaching approaches to second-order concepts, particularly to multicausality. The findings will show that, despite a lack of theoretical or conceptual development in Spanish curricula, expert and novice teachers were well able to think in terms of second-order concepts when dealing with their students' learning. Teaching practices, therefore, might ameliorate the rigid factual constraints underlying the

There is abundant literature on the distance between the training of LatinAmerican communication and journalism graduates and the labor market demands.However, few studies are concerned with a historiographic analysis of the reasons for such distance. In order to understand these causes, we carried out a systematic historiographic documentary research. We worked with digital repositories and incorporated articles published in indexed journals, books and chapters from books by some of the region’s most renowned communication professionals. The results show that to prevent graduates from being marginalized by the market, it would be necessary for communication faculties to comprehensibly study the characteristics and evolution of the socio-productive system and the market, as well as the characteristics and evolution of curricula. Apart from this aspect, which we consider crucial, it would be relevant to analyze the educational and professional trajectories of these professionals longitudinally, and to conduct interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research on the problems of present-day society in order to draw heuristic maps and develop flexible and updated study programs