Geography

It is widely agreed that international law has its origins in the writings of the Spanish theologians of the 16 century, especially the so-called «School of Salamanca», who were reacting to the news of Columbus having found not only a new continent but a new population, living in conditions unknown to Europeans and having never heard the gospel. The name of Francisco de Vitoria (c. 14921546) the Dominican scholar who taught as Prima Professor with the theology faculty at the University of Salamanca from 1526 to 1546, is well-known to international law historians. This was not always the case. For a long time, international lawyers used to draw their pedigree from the Dutch Protestant Hugo de Groot (or Grotius) (1583-1645) who wrote as advocate of the Dutch East-India company in favour of opening the seas to Dutch commerce against the Spanish-Portuguese monopoly. Still in the 18 and 19 centuries, the law of nations —ius gentium— was seen as a predominantly Protestant discipline that ...

The historic center of Salvador de Bahia, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985, has undergone a serious process of loss of centrality, ruin and impoverishment throughout the second half of the twentieth century, culminating in the controversial Historic Center of Salvador Revitalization Program instituted by the government of the State of Bahia in the 1990s, which resulted in the expulsion of hundreds of low-income families and the creation of a scenic space for cultural tourism, entirely financed by public funds. Since 2007, public policies for the historic center of Salvador seem to have taken a new direction. However, the “new” conservation and management policies implemented since then have not yet incorporated the concepts of sustainability and social participation, as they still focus on attracting touristic activities and on disregarding the remaining families in the area .

The external debt burden of many low-income developing countries has increased significantly since the 1970s. Developments in a sample of ten countries show that the main factors behind the buildup of debt were (1) exogenous (adverse terms of trade shocks or weather), (2) a lack of sustained macroeconomic adjustment and structural reforms, (3) nonconcessional lending and refinancing policies of creditors,

During the pandemic, global life has been adversely affected. These negativities have been observed in different dimensions, especially in health, economy, and education. The pandemic has also deeply affected many industries such as tourism. With the pandemic, damages have increased gradually in terms of both supply and demand. In this process, the view of the local people, one of the most important stakeholders of the tourism, towards tourism and tourists is very important. As a matter of fact, while there are health problems and social distance obligations that dominate the whole world on the one hand, economic concerns are dominant on the other hand. In this dilemma, the question that arises is whether COVID-`9 is a new barrier to local community interaction. In this study, based on this question, pandemic-induced social changes are evaluated in the context of local people tourism and tourist.

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) has, in recent decades, been isolated from an increasing number of free-living marine fish species. So far, it has been isolated from at least 48 fish species from the northern hemisphere, including North America, Asia and Europe, and fifteen different species including herring, sprat, cod, Norway pout and flatfish from northern European waters. The high number of VHSV isolations from the Baltic Sea, Kattegat, Skagerrak, the North Sea and waters around Scotland indicate that the virus is endemic in these waters. The VHSV isolates originating from wild marine fish show no to low pathogenicity to rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon, although several are pathogenic for turbot. Marine VHSV isolates are so far serologically indistinguishable from freshwater isolates. Genotyping based on VHSV G- and N-genes reveals four groups indicating the geographical origin of the isolates, with one group representing traditional European freshwater isolates and isolates of north European marine origin, a second group of marine isolates from the Baltic Sea, a third group of isolates from the North Sea, and a group representing North American isolates. Examples of possible transfer of virus from free-living marine fish to farmed fish are discussed, as are measures to prevent introduction of VHSV from the marine environment to aquaculture.

There are more types of borders today than ever before in history. Borders of all kinds define every aspect of social life in the twenty-first century. From the biometric data that divides the smallest aspects of our bodies to the aerial drones that patrol the immense expanse of our domestic and international airspace, we are defined by borders. They can no longer simply be understood as the geographical divisions between nation-states. Today, their form and function has become too complex, too hybrid. What we need now is a theory of the border that can make sense of this hybridity across multiple domains of social life.

Rather than viewing borders as the result or outcome of pre-established social entities like states, Thomas Nail reinterprets social history from the perspective of the continual and constitutive movement of the borders that organize and divide society in the first place. Societies and states are the products of bordering, Nail argues, not the other way around. Applying his original movement-oriented theoretical framework "kinopolitics" to several major historical border regimes (fences, walls, cells, and checkpoints), Theory of the Border pioneers a new methodology of "critical limology," that provides fresh tools for the analysis of contemporary border politics.

A general model is proposed for language and dialect spreads and population movement in mountain societies. Languages (and societies) are ver- tically distributed and often discontinuous. Isoglosses and language spreads move downhill during warm periods and uphill during cold periods. Population movements go in the opposite direction. The ethnic scope and degree of mytho- logization of origin legends correlate well with chronology and vertical direc- tionality of movements, so that even highly mythologized legends are reliable evidence of movements. This model is demonstrated on the ethnolinguistic history of the Chechen and Ingush peoples of the central Caucasus. 1. Introduction. Mountains are as distinctive linguistically as they are geographically and biologically. When inhabited by settled farming and herding people, they harbor unusual diversity of language families and grammatical structures relative to nearby lowlands. The considerable ecological diversity of mountain landsca...

Megaprojects are large, they are constantly growing ever larger, and more and more are being built in what has been called the biggest investment boom in history. This chapter serves as an introduction to megaprojects, and to The Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management. First, megaprojects are defined and the size of the global megaprojects business is estimated. Second, drivers of the megaproject boom are identified, including monumentalism and the technological sublime. Third, ten things you must know about megaprojects are detailed, from their tendency to suffer from uniqueness bias to their overexposure to black-swan events. Fourth, the "iron law of megaprojects" is identified as a main challenge to megaproject management: "Over budget, over time, under benefits, over and over again." Finally, the main structure of the Handbook is set out as covering the what, the why, and the how of megaproject management, in terms of the challenges, causes, and cures that students of megaprojects must decipher to better understand and better manage megaprojects.

L’intento di questo lavoro è presentare un quadro che sia il più completo possibile nell’analizzare il percorso dell’Unione delle Repubbliche Socialiste Sovietiche dalla sua nascita, nel 1922, fino al suo crollo, nel 1991 e, successivamente, la delicata fase di transizione russa dal comunismo all’economia di mercato, cercando di mettere in luce i problemi incontrati dal Paese nell’instaurare la democrazia. L'ultima parte analizza la figura della Banca Europea per la Ricostruzione e lo Sviluppo ed il suo ruolo specifico nella delicata fase di transizione economica della Russia.

We live in an age of movement. More than at any other time in history , people and things move longer distances, more frequently, and faster than ever before. All that was solid melted into air long ago and is now in full circulation around the world like dandelion seeds adrift on turbulent winds. We find ourselves, in the early twenty-first century, in a world where every major domain of human activity has become increasingly defined by motion. 1 We have entered a new historical era defined in large part by movement and mobility and are now in need of a new historical on-tology appropriate to our time. The observation that the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first was marked by an increasingly " liquid " and " mobile modernity " is now something widely recognized in the scholarly literature at the turn of the century. 2 Today, however, our orientation to this event is quite different. Almost twenty years into the twenty-first century we now find ourselves situated on the other side of this heralded transition. The question that confronts us today is thus a new one: how to fold all that has melted back up into new solids. 3

● NZ HERITAGE BOOK AWARD 2019
● Two KA PALAPALA PO'OKELA AWARDS 2019
● STORYLINES NOTABLE BOOK AWARD 2019
● Best of 2019 - Radio New Zealand National: 'absolutely one of the best books I have ever read'
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AUTHOR WEBSITE: https://authors.org.nz/author/andrewcrowe/
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Urban housing markets have been described as ‘increasingly significant’ in shaping a nation’s economic and social wellbeing (Straszheim, 1975) with econometric studies showing ties to both a wealth and income effect (Case & Quigley, 2008). ibbons and Machin (2008) explain that London exhibits highly localised variation that goes beyond the models and to understand this an analysis of structural and spatial determinants is required. In this paper, we conduct a regression analysis of four structural variables and three spatial variables.

Over the past two decades capitalism and globalization have gradually changed skin. Both have undergone an acceleration that has radically changed their nature and their rules, resulting in a new scenario of the economic geography at the global and the local scale. The crisis started in 2007, first financial and then economic, has inserted in the context of these changes, even producing the emergence of new actors on the international scene and the relative decline of the traditional areas of development. This scenario is the product of a complex web of ideas, actors, networks, technologies and agreements that the volume attempts to analyze in the most significant components.

O presente livro apresenta uma rica abordagem sobre os
estudos relacionados ao tema do Tecnógeno e Antropoceno,
vinculado a uma perspectiva eminentemente geográfica. Neste
sentido, a Geografia como a ciência que estuda o espaço
geográfico, sendo este materializado a partir das relações que a
sociedade exerce sobre a natureza, não poderia deixar de se furtar
a respeito do tema das transformações que a sociedade tem
acarretado ao ambiente, gerando modificações nas formas de
relevo em áreas urbanas.
https://asebabaolorigbin.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/geomorfologia-tecno-antropo.pdf

The greatest threats to biodiversity are the loss of habitat and forest fragmentation. Both of these factors are also the major threats to the survival of Asian elephants throughout Asia including within the Peninsular Malaysia. In addition, forest fragmentation creates a situation where the protected areas (PAs) are isolated from one another. As a result, the biodiversity resources may be reduced, resulting in the difficulty for some of the species such as the Asian elephant to breed and to look for sources of food and ultimately to move out of the areas. Hence, this study aims to develop an Asian elephant habitat suitability model using geoinformation tools with multi criteria evaluation (MCE) techniques. The satellite imageries and topographical maps were used to generate the environmental and topographical habitat parameters encompassing land cover, forest type, water resources, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), slope and salt-lick respectively. The elephants’ home range was determ...

Until the late nineteenth century, the Chinese-Korean Tumen River border was one of the oldest, and perhaps most stable, state boundaries in the world. Spurred by severe food scarcity following a succession of natural disasters, from the 1860s, countless Korean refugees crossed the Tumen River border into Qing-China's Manchuria, triggering a decades-long territorial dispute between China, Korea, and Japan. This major new study of a multilateral and multiethnic frontier highlights the competing state- and nation-building projects in the fraught period that witnessed the Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War, and the First World War. The power-plays over land and people simultaneously promoted China's frontier-building endeavours, motivated Korea's nationalist imagination, and stimulated Japan's colonialist enterprise, setting East Asia on an intricate trajectory from the late-imperial to a situation that, Song argues, we call modern.

In summer 1993 we measured the transfer of (239/240)Pu to milk from herbage from a pasture located 5 km from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. In one treatment cows were allowed to graze freely on the pasture. In a second treatment, cows were fed herbage collected from the pasture in stalls. The milk transfer coefficient; F(m) did not vary significantly between treatments and the mean value of 7.5x10(-6)d l(-1) was higher than previously reported values. Despite many values of F(m) for Pu in the literature we identified few relevant original data sets. Transfer coefficient values for Pu are only appropriate when used in conjunction with a specified time period or an appropriate model which allows for the biological half-life. We recommend for screening purposes an F(m) value of 1x10(-5)d l(-1) for Pu, with an order of magnitude lower value being appropriate for cows which are only exposed for one grazing season.

This chapter is an attempt to identify the individual homelands of the five families making up the Transeurasian grouping, i.e. the Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Koreanic, and Japonic families. Combining various linguistic methods and principles such as the diversity hotspot principle, Bayesian phylolinguistics, cultural reconstruction (“linguistic paleontology”), and prehistoric contact linguistics, the chapter aims to determine the original locations and time depths of the families under discussion. Integrating an archeological perspective, we further propose that the individual speech communities were originally familiar with millet agriculture, while terms for pastoralism or wet-rice agriculture entered their vocabularies only at a later stage in history.

Political geography traditionally focused on state, but there has been a broadening of what counts as ‘doing politics’ that includes the work of social movements. Much of this work though uses analytical categories other than social movement, and these are reviewed and included here. Geographers have brought space into thinking about social movements, analyzing how various spatialities shape and are shaped by movements, the spatialities of solidarity, and the geographies of emotion used and generated by movements. Many do this work as academic-activists and collaborate with movements. Across different methods, approaches, and languages, geographers have contributed to building the power of movements to make a better world.

Since prehistoric times, people have used some kind of watercraft to cross rivers, seas and oceans, reaching far-off places - and they most likely used stones as anchors. After several centuries, watercrafts changed dramatically, i.e., construction changed from log to plank, plank to hull and from wood to steel; rowing and sailing were replaced by mechanical power; and carrying capacity increased. Similarly, anchors changed from stone to wood, from lead to iron and iron to steel. These aspects have been confirmed by evidence from various maritime archaeological investigations and shipwreck findings throughout the globe (Pulak 2005: 43; Tripati et al. 2014: 115-143; Curry 1999: 17-23; Wachsmann 1998: 255-293; Upham 1983: 3-25).

The book points out that rural regions need proper attention at the global level concerning solid waste management sector where bad practices and public health threats could be avoided through traditional and integrated waste management
routes. Solid waste management in rural areas is a key issue in developing and transitioning countries due to the lack of proper waste management facilities and services. The book further examines, on the one hand, the main challenges in the development of reliable waste management practices across rural regions and, on the other hand, the concrete solutions and the new opportunities across the world in dealing with municipal and agricultural wastes. The book provides useful information for academics, various professionals, the members of civil society, and national and local authorities.

Anthropocene or Capitalocene? offers answers to these questions from a dynamic group of leading critical scholars. They challenge the theory and history offered by the most significant environmental concept of our times: the Anthropocene. But are we living in the Anthropocene, literally the “Age of Man”? Is a different response more compelling, and better suited to the strange—and often terrifying—times in which we live? The contributors to this book diagnose the problems of Anthropocene thinking and propose an alternative: the global crises of the twenty-first century are rooted in the Capitalocene; not the Age of Man but the Age of Capital.

From northern China, millet agriculture spread to Korea and the Maritime Russian Far East by 3500–2700 BC. While the expansion of agricultural societies across the Sea of Japan did not occur until around 900 BC, the intervening period saw major transformations in the Japanese archipelago. The cultural florescence of Middle Jōmon central Honshu underwent a collapse and reorganisation into more decentralised settlements. Mobility increased as Late Jōmon influences spread from eastern into western Japan, and populations expanded to offshore islands such as Okinawa and the Kurils. In Kyushu and other parts of western Japan, the eastern Jōmon expansion was associated with the cultivation of adzuki and soybeans but, contrary to earlier assessments, there is no evidence for the introduction of cereal crops at this time. Here, we analyse archaeological and historical linguistic evidence of connections between the Eurasian mainland and the Japanese Islands c. 3500 to 900 BC. A re-evaluation ...

Esistono certamente diversi modi di studiare il rapporto tra geografia e fiction; questo libro lo fa da un punto di vista del tutto particolare che mette in primo piano la territorializzazione configurativa in quanto ambito della rappresentazione artistica ed emozionale. L’idea di base che lega i saggi qui raccolti è che la fiction rappresenti una simulazione di territorialità in cui non si tratta tanto di imitare l’esistente quanto di formulare ipotesi sui possibili, ossia su ciò che non è ma che potrebbe essere. In quanto experimentum mundi, la fiction può dunque essere letta attraverso l’apparato metodologico di quella teoria geografica della complessità che ha nei concetti di territorio, territorialità e territorializzazione i suoi elementi fondanti e in autori come Claude Raffestin, Angelo Turco, Giuseppe Dematteis e Alberto Magnaghi i suoi principali interpreti.
Il ricorso alla “cassetta degli attrezzi” che soccorre il geografo nel suo la-voro di decifrazione degli assetti territoriali attuali si giustifica qui con l’esigenza di soddisfare i criteri basilari che una “teoria geografica della fiction” deve rispettare: 1) essere inequivocabilmente geografica, vale a dire riconoscibile come tale; 2) proporre un metodo, cioè basarsi su una teoria e su regole precise e dichiarate; 3) rappresentare un valore aggiunto, ossia metterci nella condizione di vedere qualcosa che altrimenti non vedremmo. Ci sarebbe in realtà un quarto criterio di cui dobbiamo costantemente tenere conto nella nostra disamina della simbolica del territorio e delle sue molteplici configurazioni topiche, paesaggistiche ed ambientali: la necessità di rispettare sempre la specificità del medium affrontato, qualunque esso sia, scansando la tentazione di ricondurlo ad un “testo”.
Dopo i primi due capitoli, nei quali si definisce l’impianto teorico-metodologico del lavoro, i successivi sono dedicati di volta in volta ad un particolare caso di studio: l’opera con Die Zauberflöte di Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, il cinema di Wes Anderson, le canzoni di Paolo Conte e i graphic novel di Gipi – tutte simulazioni di territorialità in cui le qualità geografiche gioca-no un ruolo di primo piano, fissando le condizioni di possibilità della narrazione.
Prefazione di Angelo Turco

As physical geography students learn, since the glacial retreat 11,650 years ago, people have been living in the Holocene. However, in their new book, The Human Planet, Simon Lewis and Mark Maslin charge that we should instead speak of our epoch as the Anthropocene—the age in which humans have become the dominant biogeophysical force shaping the world. Hoping that recognising the impact of our species on the planet may enable us to chart a more responsible path into the future, Lewis and Maslin survey the relationship between the planetary and human history.

The book begins with a review of how geologists divide geologic periods. The first chapter provides a fascinating discussion of the history of how geologists have defined the present. As Lewis and Maslin emphasise, the idea that humans have reshaped the planet has a long lineage, stretching beyond Paul Crutzen's popularisation of the concept of the Anthropocene in 2000 to the very beginnings of geologic science. The second chapter turns to contemporary criteria used to delineate geologic eras. Here, Lewis and Maslin flag the irregularity of defining the Holocene by the end of the last glacial period, as epochs contain multiple glacial–interglacial cycles. Instead they suggest the contemporary period could be better understood by interpolating earth and human history.

The next five chapters chart how the emergence of different human modes of life reshaped the environment. First, the diffusion of hunter-gather societies contributed to megafauna extinctions, although these societies were ecologically sustainable once established. The development of agriculture more radically transformed the landscape, replacing forests with crops. This change interrupted the cyclic warming and cooling of the planet, as humans inhibited the growth of trees and uptake of carbon that would induce a new period of cooling.

However, Lewis and Maslin particularly flag the emergence of colonialism and capitalism as radically changing the world. Colonialism reordered life on the planet, changing global distributions of people, plants and diseases. This introduced invasive species, led to new waves of extinctions and killed the majority of the Indigenous population of the
Americas. Moreover, the profits accumulated through slavery and genocide facilitated the Industrial Revolution. The development of fossil fuels warmed the planet beyond interglacial norms to a new planetary state. Finally, the establishment of new global financial and trade institutions after WWII further integrated the globe, creating the foundations of consumer society.

Lewis and Maslin argue the Anthropocene began with colonialism, selecting the 1,610 Orbis Spike as marker of its beginning. The Orbis Spike marked a nadir in global carbon dioxide levels that occurred as forests in the Americas took over fields abandoned by Indigenous communities devastated by new diseases. In subsequent years, the expansion of a plantation slavery and integration of the world into capitalist markets steadily accelerated the impacts of people on the
planet. Lewis and Maslin justify their choice of the Orbis Spike based on its clarity as a marker. They note that while the development of agriculture also had significant climatic impacts, it happened at different times in different parts of the world and unfolded slowly. The global change initiated by colonialism marked the beginning of a new world system, a new global state.

Closing the book, Lewis and Maslin argue that we now face a choice between catastrophic collapse or transition towards postcapitalism. They argue we need a new mode of living. To achieve this, they champion, first, the introduction of Universal Basic Income. Arguing sustainability is impossible without addressing inequality, they suggest
standardised economic supplements would support people through a just transition. Secondly, they advocate a massive program of rewilding to create expansive natural corridors for nonhuman life to adapt to climate change and continue to evolve.

At points Lewis and Maslin's survey of world history seems to understate the importance of the political and cultural contingencies that have shaped development. For instance, while they chose the development of colonialism and slavery as the point where the Anthropocene begins,
their analysis pays no regard to the role of racism in that process. This gap is significant because the endurance of racism continues to be one of the major barriers to addressing inequality today. However, for those who want to understand the debate around defining the Anthropocene, The Human Planet provides a great place to start.

Stella Ghervas (2018). "The Black Sea", in Oceanic Histories, ed. David Armitage, Alison Bashford and Sujit Sivasundaram (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018), pp. 234-266.

Abstract of the volume:
"Oceanic Histories is the first comprehensive account of world history focused not on the land but viewed through the 70% of the Earth's surface covered by water. Leading historians trace the history of the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and the world's seas from the Arctic and the Baltic to the South China Sea and the Sea of Japan/Korea's East Sea, over the longue durée. Individual chapters trace the histories and the historiographies of the various oceanic regions with special attention to the histories of circulation and particularity, the links between human and non-human history and the connections and comparisons between parts of the World Ocean. Showcasing oceanic history as a field with a long past and a vibrant future, these authoritative surveys, original arguments and guides to research make this volume an indispensable resource for students and scholars alike."

Protected denomination of origin (PDO) cheeses have distinctive sensorial characteristics. They can be made only from raw milk possessing specific features, which is processed through the 'art' of the cheesemaker. In general, the distinctive sensorial traits of PDO cheese cannot be achieved under different environmental-production conditions for two main reasons: (1) some milk features are linked to specific animal production systems; (2) cheese ripening is affected by the interaction between milk (specific) and the traditional technology applied to the transformation process (non-specific). Also, the environment for a good ripening stage can be quite specific and not reproducible. With reference to milk, factors of typicality are species and/or breed, pedoclimatic conditions, animal management system and feeding. Other factors that influence cheese quality are milk treatments, milk processing and the ripening procedures. The technology applied to most cheeses currently know...

Background: This study examined the use of wild plants in the food, medicinal and veterinary areas within a small territory limited to one village council in the Liubań district of Belarus. The objectives of the research were to document the current and past uses of wild plants in this region for food and human/animal medication; to analyse the food, medicinal and veterinary areas in the context of wild plants; and to qualitatively compare the results with relevant publications concerning the wild food plants of Belarus. Methods: Fieldwork was carried out as a practical part of a development cooperation project in May 2016 in 11 villages of the Liubań district. One hundred thirty-four respondents were selected randomly. Information about local uses of wild plants was obtained via semi-structured interviews and the folk-history method. Interview records were digitalized and the data structured in Detailed Use Records (DUR), which were divided into food, medicinal and veterinary areas...

The ambition for this inaugural edition of The Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management is to become the ultimate source for state-of-the-art scholarship in the emerging field of megaproject management. The book offers a rigorous, research-oriented, up-to-date academic view of the discipline based on high-quality data and strong theory. Until lately, the literature in this new field was scattered over a large number of publications and disciplines making it difficult to obtain an overview of the history, key issues, and core readings. Megaproject Planning and Management: Essential Readings, Vols. I-II (2014) assembled the key historical texts in the field. Now the Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management has been designed to provide the most important contemporary readings. Taken together, the two books are intended to map out the best of what is worth reading in the megaproject management literature, past and present.