Total Institutions

This “layered account,” based on qualitative research gathered at a county jail and state women’s prison, illustrates the ways in which organizational discourses and micro- practices encourage emotional constructions such as withdrawal, paranoia, detachment, and an “us-them” mentality among correctional officers. Using philosophies from Michele Foucault, the analysis extends theoretical notions of emotion labor, illustrates the harnessed yet pervasive nature of sexuality in a total institution, and sheds light on the emotional challenges faced by a troubled, hidden, and stigmatized employee group. The text jumps among theoretical arguments, notes about methodology and writing, and creative nonfiction vignettes and in doing so, attempts to embody the emotional and jarring nature of the correctional environment.

A new inmate, or `rookie', who enters a total institution usually faces `tests' and `games' organized by the 'old crew'. I argue that such initiation rituals are often designed by inmates in order to uncover a rookie's personal characteristics, such as toughness and cleverness. While such rituals may seem violent, they usually involve more skillful deception and tricks than pain and suffering. The basic idea is to persuade the rookie that he or she faces some tough choices and watch his or her reaction to adverse or unusual circumstances. The mock character of a typical test creates a fundamental problem for its validity since an informed rookie can simulate both toughness and cleverness. Thus, an informed rookie cannot be distinguished from one with the desired characteristics. This problem is well recognized by most knowledgeable inmates and motivates them to search for new games and tests. The result is a wide variety of competing tests, frequent changes of argot and the secret code of behavior. The initiation rituals are modeled as simple games and decision problems. The ethnographic material was collected by the author as a political prisoner in Poland in 1985.

In recent years, there has been increased recognition of the significance and relevance of Holocaust studies to nurses. However, these studies are rarely integrated in the nursing curriculum, and even when they are, the focus is usually on healthcare personnel who collaborated with the Nazi regime. This article aims to bridge this gap by analyzing a comprehensive requisite curriculum on the Holocaust for graduate nursing students. We emphasize the work of Jewish healthcare professionals during the Holocaust and the dilemmas they faced, as well as the trauma and resilience of Holocaust survivors, their treatment today, and implications for treating other patients. This article examines how studying these issues affected the graduate students. It analyzes the reflective accounts written by the students, using qualitative content analysis and Grounded Theory. The findings suggest that students received tools to act professionally and empathetically while demonstrating greater sensitivity to the patients’ identity, past experiences, trauma, and how the hospital as a “total institution” affects them. Many of the students developed conscious leadership. The program used a personalized pedagogical approach that contributed to experiential learning but was also emotionally challenging for the participants. We recommend including Holocaust studies as a requisite component in nursing programs worldwide.

The present study draws on Scott’s (2011) notion of the Re-Inventive Institution and explores how gym members make sense and give meaning to their exercise regime. Overall, it is argued that for many participants gym exercise is more than physical training; it is also training for life. Based on a thematic analysis of 32 semi-structured interviews it is argued that gym workout is a means to create better versions of the self
on mainly three levels. First, gym participants perceive themselves to be efficient and productive in general. Second, gym training is believed to increase the control they have over their lives. Third, gym members associate their gym workout with amplified emotional resilience, believing
that fitness workout makes them not only fitter in a physical sense but also fitter and better equipped in a psychological sense. Surprisingly, a small group of regular gym users displayed more critical sentiments and distanced themselves from the images and values the gym stands for. The results of this study can be linked to broader political discourses on health and fitness that make use of corporate managerial
vocabularies and are based on ideals of rationalization and efficiency.

Tensions between different relationship forms exist in every organisational setting. Catholic monasteries-as archetypical examples of voluntary total and greedy institutions-provide strategic cases of inquiry for understanding relational conflicts owing to the significance they assign to exclusively fraternal relations, resulting in explicit tensions regarding personal forms of relationships, such as friendship. Based on a multi-sited, qualitative case study of Cistercian monasteries in France, the present article pushes theorising on fraternal relations forward. Fraternal relations as a social form is membership-based and characterised by collectivism, egalitarianism and an imposed level of intimacy. In the monastic setting, it takes the form of prescribed impersonal love. The ideals of fraternal relations pose normative constraints for establishing friendship, but the ambition to minimise verbal interaction, perceived differences between members and the severe limits on joint, extra-organisational activities constitute additional constraints for friendship to form in monasteries.

This chapter explores institutional contributions to cultures of sexual violence with particular attention on the work of the Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, which ran from 2013-2017,  and specifically the two public hearings involving the Marist Brothers, a male teaching order of Catholic celibate men.

Full paper on: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1750698020959807

This article analyzes the processes of remembering and identity formation in a present-day mnemonic community consisting of former inmates of a total government institution for abandoned juveniles in Brazil’s countryside during the Dictatorship Regime. Through the sharing of their remembrances, they mutually shaped their life’s stories in narratives of triumph. For dealing with the empirical data, we acknowledged that memory is a complex phenomenon which must be approached in an interdisciplinary way, considering concepts draw from Cognitive Sciences to Sociology. First, we have collected their remembrances on Social Media, in-depth interviews, and fieldwork over 4years. Second, we analyzed the dynamics of validation; the network of authorities; and the emotional regimes among the former inmates that determined what is selected and interpreted as collective understandings of the past. We took a relational and processual sociological approach for analyzing how collaborative identity-mnemonic processes are also triggered, supported, and built by the material and cultural surrounding within mnemonic communities. For that, we assume a "distributed memory", and "distributed self" conceptions. Finally, we show how divergent understandings of their past are not validated within their community and consequently dismissed from their narratives of triumph.

Total institutions are by definition totalitarian, but not necessarily authoritarian. Voluntary total institutions consist of members who have chosen to enter, but what opportunities do they have to leave? This article addresses opportunities for exit and voice in Catholic monasteries within the Cistercian order of Strict Observance. Monasteries have institutionalized important democratic processes regarding membership and leadership. Members are involved in decision-making through community bodies and discussions, but in many practical concerns, superiors may wrest control by ensuring that final decisions rest in their hands. The superior’s decision-making style is therefore crucially affecting the range of democratic decision-making in individual monastic communities. Complete exits are common during the initial entry process. The cost of leaving is higher for full members and the internal exit option to other monastic communities in the order is therefore of great importance, and means that monastic communities cease to operate as monopolies.

How do monks and nuns manage expectations regarding how to 'open their hearts'? What alternatives do they have and what are the consequences? Based on a multi-sited case study of Cistercian monasteries in France, this article compares the different situation of nuns and monks. The analysis shows how monks are free to choose who they will 'open their heart' to, whereas nuns are expected to rely on the abbess. While certain ways that nuns circumvent these expectations are illegitimate, some ways of distancing from the abbess align with, rather than diverge from, other central tenets of monastic life. Compared to monks, nuns face a double-penalty, being less free and facing more ambivalent expectations within this restricted space.

The practical and symbolic social effects of work on how imprisoned persons experience time are studied here from a sociology of work perspective. In the thinking of Donald Clemmer and Erving Goffman, two classic sociologists of the prison, the unity of the self-contained prison space goes together with a unity of time. In direct opposition to these approaches, the findings of a field study conducted in five French prisons suggest that the private life/work life split characteristic of paid labor is also relevant to the lives of incarcerated workers. Having inmates work improves prison security. For working inmates, meanwhile, work is a major means of re-appropriating space and time in a context of freedom deprivation. Prison labor is analyzed as an agency of socialization that connects inmates’ present lives with their past work lives.

This article presents the results of an empirical research carried out within Italian reception centres for asylum seekers. The article shows how reception centres can become a trap from which asylum seekers are no longer able to escape as they become victims of a process of social disempowerment making them dependent on the “humanitarian government.” This reproduction of dependence enables the reception system to carry out a subtle social control function, achieving the effect of confining asylum seekers within a concentrated place that can easily be controlled by the police. But this form of control is exercised even though the law does not provide any explicitly repressive means for keeping them under surveillance. So-called reception centres exert a centripetal force which is hard to resist, and which in a sense has an ability to trap asylum seekers more than any wall. The Italian reception system amounts to a form of “humanitarian confinement,” in that provides hospitality for asylum seekers, while subjecting them to a form of control enacted through humanitarian agents.

Called a flirt, rascal, buffoon, and disgrace, Uncle Sen created considerable confusion among staff and patients at Chiangmai city's only home for the elderly. Whether to label him insane or not loomed as an issue that divided his aged peers into two cliques. Behind these reactions are isolated two adaptive styles of the Northern Thai elderly to a rapidly changing traditional social system. This article was based on firsthand fieldwork done in 1973 under a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health.

Hendrik Trescher geht der Frage nach, ob und inwiefern Teilhabe für Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung an alltäglichen Freizeitaktivitäten auch jenseits eines pädagogischen Protektorats praktiziert wird bzw. möglich ist. Der Autor kommt letztlich unter anderem zu dem Schluss, dass viele Inklusionspotenziale ungenutzt bleiben. Eine zentrale Rolle spielen dabei Versorgungsinstitutionen, sie wirken dabei oft als Inklusionsschranken. Schlussendlich entwickelt er ein theoretisches Inklusionsverständnis, welches auf Diskursteilhabe beruht: Inklusion ist als Prozess der Dekonstruktion von Diskursteilhabebarrieren zu verstehen. Dieser Prozess muss sich in der Lebenspraxis vollziehen – in diesem Sinne werden auch praktische Vorschläge zur Verbesserung der Lebenssituation von Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung entwickelt.

Der Inhalt
•Teilhabe-Barrieren und Perspektiven für Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung
•Subjektivierungspraxen in der Totalen Institution
•Diskurs und geistige Behinderung
•Entwicklungsperspektiven inklusiver Freizeitgestaltung
•Inklusion verstanden als Dekonstruktion von Diskursteilhabebarrieren

This article reflects on the " emotion work " undertaken by youth in correctional facilities and the impact of such work on the resocialization process, which occurs in conditions of partial isolation. The author attempts to adapt the psychological concept to the educational activities offered in youth correctional facilities. He defends the idea that an inmate's emotion work, which occurs through the inmate's relations with the personnel, provides the basis for effective resocialization activities. He discusses activities to help boys and girls in correctional facilities develop accepted social mechanisms for managing their negative emotions. The findings presented in the article rest on seven years of qualitative research in resocialization centers of all types throughout Poland. The principle of triangulation in regard to method, researcher, and data was used for the research. For analysis of the empirical material, an interpretative paradigm was used to grasp the interactive nature of emotion work and the emergence of negative emotions.

A Masters dissertation from the University of Haifa, submitted in 2012. Written in Hebrew but there is an abstract in English at the end of the document.
This study examines seafarers’ experiences on board merchandise ships. The purpose of this study is to describe seamen’s life aboard merchandise ships, to understand the seafarers’ experience on board the ship and the way they experience transitions from the ship ashore and vice versa. Another purpose is to examine the ship as a “Total institution” (Goffman 2006), and to expand on Goffman’s concept by using sociological and anthropological comprehensions of space, alternative family configurations, experience of time on the ship and symbolic interaction among seafarers.

El artículo refiere el problema de la fijación de la mano de obra extranjera en España. Rastreamos diferentes estrategias dirigidas al propósito de la fijación de los trabajadores en diversos momentos históricos, por lo que la metodología es comparativa entre textos legales del pasado (siglo XIV en adelante) y aquellos que en el presente cumplen con la misma función: implementar políticas encargadas de adscribir a los trabajadores en la agricultura. Asimismo, tratamos las similitudes observadas entre el sistema prusiano de establecimiento del flujo de jornaleros polacos (siglo XIX) y el sistema de reclutamiento y suministro de trabajadores extranjeros establecido por el sindicato agrícola Unió de Pagesos, en Cataluña.

The main objective of this paper is to show the consequences that the system established by the agricultural union “Unió de Pagesos” to recruit, import and distribute foreign labor produces, that is a worker whose legal rights and liberties are embarrassed. Once the traditional family productive system of Catalonian agriculture is substituted by an industrial one, designed for exportation and which requires hired labor, the Union, aided by the State reconverts itself into an entity that provides different services, especially those related with the supply of labor force through their system –as we characterize the set of practices that make possible the recruitment of foreign workers, and their concentration in the lodgings managed by it. The migratory policy is responsible of the emergence of this system whose origin is in the symbiotic relation between the State and the Agricultural Union. Their interests –the “just in time” provision of labor and the social control of the migratory flow are harmonized by it. In the lodgings –infrastructure of the system- a transformation is operated through different devices –lodging regulation, presence of personnel in charge of the facilities, a visit regime, exit permissions, among others –close to other institutions as labor camps, where the tame of the individuality is aimed through the subordination to a dominating power in order to create a new subject, whose value is exteriorized in its obedience to the will of those who administrate the institutions. Finally, this system belongs to a tradition of devices designed with the purpose to fixation of manpower, whose most relevant precedents are to be found in social institutions as Roman slavery rental (II-I B.C.), English vagrancy and poor laws (XIV century) and specifically Prussian System of labor import applied by the Preuische Feldarbeiter Zentrale studied by Max Weber.

The following text presents my personal experience of psychological trauma as part of regular and ongoing processes of institutional (re)socialization into academe as a pre-tenure faculty member of color. In giving voice to this experience of trauma, the paper adopts a testimonio narrative function to highlight the shared nature of this experience even while foregrounding the uniqueness of my situation as a member of a marginalized and gendered body living in a specific geographical context and socio-political time. Though testimonio provides structure to my narrative, J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter novels—a series about individual and collective trauma at the mortifying hands of resocializing institutions—provide an incidental, but integral, narrative lens through which I make meaning and offer advice on surviving traumatic experiences in institutional spaces. RESUMÉ: En cours de titularisation professorale de la faculté et en tant que personne de couleur, c'est de mon expérience personnelle dont je parle et du choc émotionnel qui fait partie du processus normal et permanent des relations sociales dans les établissements du milieu universitaire. A travers cette expérience traumatique, le testimonio se présente sous forme de narration afin de mettre en lumière le vécu courant de cette situation même si mon cas spécial, puisque je fais partie d'un groupe marginalisé qui tient compte du sexe vivant dans un contexte géographique et une période sociopolitique particuliers, est mis en premier plan. Bien que le testimonio charpente mon récit, Harry Potter de J. K. Rowling, série sur le traumatisme personnel et de groupe causé par l'humiliation des relations sociales dans les institutions, apporte une perspective secondaire mais complète, à laquelle je donne un sens et offre des

Ethnic minorities have conspicuously been absent in public debates and scientific research on rising inequalities and Japan as “gap society” (kakusa shakai). Still, despite economic stagnation and lost decade(s), Japan has a significant and continuous inflow of new immigrants since the late 1980s. Today, Japan is an immigration country and in view of its demographic projection, the introduction of an active immigration policy is a recurrent topic in policy circles and public discussions since the late 1990s. This paper addresses the question if increasing ethnic diversity has led to new social inequalities? It focuses on the socio-economic integration of new Chinese immigrants and nikkeijin (returning Japanese emigrants and their descendants) in Japan. The comparative analysis shows great differences between these two new ethnic minorities. The Chinese minority is marked by an internal diversity between successful ethnic entrepreneurs and marginalized trainees. Successful Chinese entrepreneurs follow a transnational path of socio-economic integration, but Chinese trainees are completely excluded from Japan’s mainstream society. The nikkeijin are segregated into indirect short-term employment and not fully integrated into social security systems. In view of the low educational attainments of their children, they are on the path to become an ethnic underclass.

El sindicato agrícola Unió de Pagesos ha instaurado en el agro catalán un sistema diseñado para el control social del extranjero y la disposición permanente de trabajadores. La política migratoria española ha sido responsable de la emergencia de un sistema tal del que es posible trazar su origen a través del estudio de los intereses que convergen en su instauración, esto es el control social de los extranjeros y el suministro just in time de temporeros. En el alojamiento se pretende la docilización de los hombres a través de diversos dispositivos –normativa, presencia de personal encargado, regímenes de visita y permisos de salida-. Su carácter penitenciario y su tendencia totalizadora, nos lleva a la comparación de estos establecimientos con lo que Erving Goffman denominó Institución Total. La marca de esta nueva institución es su liminalidad característica de un espacio dedicado a la concentración de los hombres y a su transformación.

The Indian Residential School (IRS) system in Canada directly affected 150,000 Indigenous children who were taken to state-sponsored and church-run institutions to separate them from their families and cultures. During the century and a half leading up to around 1970, over 130 IRS were scattered throughout the country. The role of architecture in this genocidal system is a crucial, but overlooked aspect of its realization. In the first decades of the twentieth century, the Canadian government became increasingly involved in building and rebuilding the IRS, as a dedicated arm of the Department of Indian Affairs in Ottawa became a centrally controlled apparatus of architectural production. Passing from utopian space to evolving memory, the architectural remnants of the IRS system tell many stories, which are among those that need to be heard and acknowledged by contemporary Canadian society as part of its troubled relationship with Indigenous peoples. Through archival research, documentation, narrative, and critical analysis, explorations of four former IRS sites configure this thesis, each providing a lens on the space and memory of this difficult and often traumatic past. Located in Ontario and Manitoba, they were designed, fully or in part, by the little-known R.G. (Roland Guerney) Orr, Chief Architect of Indian Affairs from 1921 to 1935. Mapping architecture to ideology, I examine the development of the Mohawk Institute in Brantford, Ontario in the legal and political contexts of Indigenous-Canadian relations. At the abandoned Birtle IRS in southwestern Manitoba, the institutional intricacies of this broad view come into focus through a critique of the architectural program and its intentions. Nearby, at the site of the demolished Brandon IRS, the heap of leftover debris calls forth questions of collective memory, explored through conventional representations and their transformations in the art of survivors and post-residential school Indigenous artists. I consider the archive and its role in bringing forth the future at the former Shingwauk Hall in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, now the site of Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig, an Anishinaabe post-secondary institution, and Algoma University. Finally, I return to the Woodland Cultural Centre, located next to the Mohawk Institute building and whose staff are currently reimagining the former IRS based on feedback from the community. Rather than resting on conclusions, this thesis probes these difficult histories as an opening up towards the future, propelled by the past but open to spaces of divergence.

El escrito reflexiona sobre la adecuación teórica y metodológica del recurso a las categorías institución total, dispositivo y disciplina, para investigar problemáticas recientes en el campo de la salud-enfermedad-atención, particularmente las denominadas adicciones a las drogas.
De la mano de numerosas investigaciones empíricas, ciertos conceptos se anudan en los análisis, asociándose disciplina-encierro, e institución total-espacio cerrado.
El escrito propone el desacople de estas nociones y la recuperación de su productividad analítica, desde la investigación en un dispositivo terapéutico ambulatorio para la adicción a drogas del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires.
Se aborda esta problemática desde una perspectiva etnográfica, con análisis documental, observación participante y entrevistas realizadas a profesionales de la salud de la institución, personal de apoyo y usuarios.
Se concluye que las formulaciones de Goffman y Foucault ayudan a comprender la existencia de modalidades de tratamiento para las adicciones a las drogas que, sin fundarse en el encierro como técnica primordial de control de los cuerpos, sostienen un proceso de clausura y despojo significativos; y que la renuncia a homologar la clausura, y el espacio cerrado a una materialidad, permitió dar realce a una vivencia de despojo subjetivo de parte de quienes se encuentran en tratamiento en la institución.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, discussion re-emerged in many places, among them Poland, about how institutions that provide nursing home care (NHC) contribute to the social isolation of their residents; deinstitutionalisation (DI) as an alternative to collective forms of housing, in the form of sheltered housing and assisted housing, was brought to the fore. The aim of the research was to analyse these forms of housing in terms of the way deinstitutionalisation is perceived and understood by the creators of protected and assisted housing for people with disabilities. The applied perspective is the concept of the permeability of an institution, placed on a continuum between "permeable" and "total". The research also employed a critical discourse analysis, which included 20 statutes concerning protected and assisted housing. The results of the analysis indicate that there is a practice of transferring elements of institutional thinking and limiting human rights to those forms of housing that are intended to be an introduction to (or an implementation of) the idea of DI. The concepts of sheltered and assisted housing still include many features that may be identified with "total" institutions on the permeability continuum.

The objective of the paper is to explain a case of social innovation in mental health services, moving from a psychiatric hospital, classically a total institution, to a healthier, diversified, and personalized care service. The research was conducted by a participant observation method, on the long run, from 1996 to 2006 in Milan (Italy): more than 25 meeting and 40 semi structured interviews were conducted. It looks at a case of 'social entrepreneurship' in Milan which contributes to the transformation of a large, closed psychiatric hospital into a more open and therapeutic environment for mental health services users, as well as for ordinary citizens of the whole metropolitan area. Most of the literature correctly emphasize governance and administrative capability as crucial variable for satisfaction of needs, recognition of capability and sustainability of projects. The paper shows the relevance of exogenous resources, nonlocal mobilisations, and loosely connected social movement networks to enact communicative spaces and challenge closed and inertial policy communities.

C’est seulement durant les derniers siècles que l’institution pénitentiaire est devenue le moyen principal de contrôle, de management et de réintégration de la déviance sociale. Un point central du pouvoir de l’institution totale réside dans la division du sujet et sa réduction à sa dimension biologique. La psychanalyse montre que la subjectivité est irréductible à une dimension neurobiologique ; au contraire, le sujet est le produit d’une dimension symbolique et sociale. Le sujet de la Mafia est caractérisé par une Loi absolue ; un pouvoir totalitaire similaire à celui de l’institution totale. Cela éclaire le fait que les prisons présentent souvent de sérieux problèmes quant au processus de réhabilitation des délinquants. La psychanalyse, en tant qu’approche non réductionniste, peut offrir au sujet emprisonné une nouvelle opportunité de changer sa vie.

The aim of this article is to outline the issues related to the specificity of the image of the writer and his role in society created in Tadeusz Konwicki’s early works. This stage in the writer’s life opens with the first short story that Konwicki published, namely “Kapral Koziołek i ja” from 1947, after which the initial model of his writing is subject to gradual erosion and ends between 1954 and 1955 with the novel titled Z oblężonego miasta. Investigating the motif of the creative work house on the basis of Z oblężonego miasta is a pretext for reflection on the category of the writer’s work. The article traces the motifs of the professional category of the writer, through analysing the constructions on which Konwicki’s narratives are based. At the same time, due to the analysis of social discourse in which the author participated, the article outlines the social functions he performed at a given time.

Streszczenie Artykuł przybliża problem występowania zarówno emocji, jak i szeroko po-jętej pracy emocjonalnej wśród personelu zakładów poprawczych (zP) oraz schronisk dla nieletnich (sdN) w odniesieniu do skuteczności resocjalizacji w warunkach częściowej izolacji. Autor podjął próbę zastosowania konceptu pracy emocjonalnej do opisu i wyjaśnienia oddziaływań wychowawczych obecnych w instytucjach korekcyjnych dla młodzieży. Broniona jest teza, że u podstaw efektywnych działań resocjalizacyjnych leżą emocje oraz praca emocjonalna, której dokonuje personel w relacjach z podopiecznymi. Dyskusji poddane są działania pracowników placówek ukierunkowane na wypracowanie własnych sposobów radzenia sobie z emocjami negatywnymi. W artykule poruszony jest zarówno problem pracy płytkiej, jak i głębokiej oraz ich wpływu na interakcje z wychowankami. zaprezentowane w artykule wnioski opierają się na ośmioletnich bada-niach jakościowych prowadzonych w ośrodkach resocjalizacyjnych wszyst-kich typów w całej Polsce. Do analizy zebranych materiałów empirycznych wykorzystany został paradygmat interpretatywny, który daje możliwość uchwycenia interakcyjnego charakteru powstawania emocji negatywnych i pracy emocjonalnej. Pragnę wyrazić wdzięczność anonimowym recenzentom oraz członkom redakcji " Prze-glądu socjologicznego " za wartościowe uwagi i konstruktywną krytykę, choć oczywiście osoby te nie ponoszą odpowiedzialności za wszelkie niedoskonałości tekstu.

This thesis argues that the presentation of the Roman military in Luke’s Gospel is highly surprising and hugely significant. In contrast to Matthew, Mark and John, Luke’s soldiers and centurions are presented in a positive light, which subverted the ancient audience’s expectations and demonstrated Missio Dei for those regarded as the most marginal – the Roman military. The dissertation demonstrates that while Cornelius the centurion was the first Gentile to be baptised, men of the Roman military were already among those converted and their reaction to Jesus, was the correct response of a disciple. Their example was, therefore, to be imitated by the early Christian community and, in fact, the Roman military were instrumental in the expansion of the church. In summary, the analysis reveals John the Baptist had an appreciation for the institution of the military and the courage to speak truth to power, while the centurion who had heard of Jesus had a faith that amazed the Son of God. 

Consequently, the Royal Army Chaplains’ Department (RAChD) could be provoked to replicate Luke’s mission to those largely forgotten by the civilian church and recognise the privilege and peculiarities of serving the institution of the Army. Centurions in Luke’s Gospel both received clear teaching about Jesus and separately, proclaimed Christ boldly. The RAChD should be confident, therefore, to speak of Jesus and his exclusive salvation. Thirdly, as the Early Church and Roman Empire expanded symbiotically, the RAChD should refine their cross-cultural evangelism to reach today’s mostly male, ‘millennial’ military and so ensure no man is left behind. Finally, the thesis concludes that by converting soldiers and officers in their networked locations around the United Kingdom, the ‘missing generation’ could return to the Church, meaning, once again, the military could be instrumental in the evangelisation of the nation.

The criminal asylums as a symbolic form

The Government of madness is always a matter primarily
of spaces. The most extreme of these places – the one that
was born in Italy in the last quarter of the Nineteenth century
as “criminal asylums” – is hit by an ambiguous deposition
process. However, any changes interest these symbolic forms,
these places of confinement of non-we, cannot assume than
a margins redefinition of social sense and no-sense, another
segmentation of human thresholds and a remodulation of
the orders of the hierarchy. The fate of these marginal spaces
maintains, then, the codes of the next experience of social order
and its control to come.

W niniejszym tekście zaakcentowany jest głównie wątek przestrzeni fizycznej, w jakiej odbywana jest kara. Oznacza to, że analizie nie jest poddany system więziennictwa jako taki, a jedynie wizualny wymiar z nim związany. Architektura jest tutaj traktowana jako konsekwencja koncepcji odosobnienia i celów, jakim służy. Prezentowane rozważania osadzone są w wymiarze kulturowych założeń charak- terystycznych dla określonego regionu geograficznego (Europy, Ameryki Południowej i Północnej). Po- sługując się modelem Edgara Scheina (1990: 112), przydatnym do opisu kultury organizacyjnej, można odwołać się do pewnych założeń podstawowych leżących u fundamentów prawa karnego, realizowanych poprzez organizację instytucji totalnych funkcjonującą w danym kraju. Jest to zatem dobrze opisany w li- teraturze przedmiotu wpływ kultury narodowej na kulturę organizacji (Hofstede 2000; Hampden-Turner, Trompenaars 2000; Konecki, Chomczyński 2007). Warto jednak nadmienić, że przestrzeń więzienna nie jest jedynie wypadkową kręgu kulturowego, w który jest ona wpisana, lecz zależy od przeznaczenia i w związku z tym charakteru placówki penitencjarnej (stopień otwarcia/zamknięcia instytucji). Oznacza to, że w ramach tego samego państwa napotkać można odmienne sposoby zarządzania przestrzenią więźniów podporządkowane naczelnej funkcji jednostki. Ponadto, w jednym kraju mogą przecież istnieć zdecydowanie różne wobec siebie architektonicznie nowe i stare zakłady karne. Mimo tych zastrzeżeń, uczynienie z architektury głównego tematu rozważań ma sens, gdyż pozwala spojrzeć na standardy na- tury prawnej, etycznej czy filozoficznej, związane z karą odosobnienia, a realizowane poprzez fizyczne warunki izolacji skazanych.
Powracając do bazowego pytania, czemu służy kara, uważam, że warto poszukać na nie odpowiedzi w zabudowie więzień. Architektura obiektu i jego wnętrza więcej niekiedy mówi niż deklaracje polityczne odnoszące się do stosowania kary i celu pozbawienia wolności, a także godności osoby ludzkiej.

This analysis is a philosophical exploration of Marilyn Frye's metaphor of the cage and Patricia Hill Collins' theory of intersecting oppressions. It argues that social structures and forms of oppressive knowledge make up the individual wires on each person's cage and that these work to confine individuals, particularly those in the schooling institution. The cage, however, remains in a state of flux as individuals transition into voluntary social groups (like the teaching profession). Thus, voluntary transitions into the profession can create scenarios where people experience either the intensification of existing barriers or the collateral acquisition of new oppressive wires.

Once the model of family farming was substituted by an industrial agricultural system of production based on hired labor, the agricultural catalonian (Spain) union Unió de Pagesos, with the consent of the State, reinvented itself as a provider of services related with the acquisition of manpower through a recruitment and supply system -as we designate the set of practices that materialize the recruitment of foreign workers abroad and their concentration is lodgments controlled by the Union. The State's migration polity is responsible of the emergence of such a system, and we can trace its origin in the symbiotic relation between the State and the Union, whose interests- the social control of the foreign worker and the just in time delivery of labor- are harmonized in it. In the lodgment a transformation is intended through different devices -lodgment regulations, the presence of personnel in charge of the facilities, a visit regime and exit permissions, among others- close to other institutions, as labor camps, where the tame of the individuality is aimed through its subordination to a dominating power in order to create a new subject, whose value is exteriorized in its obedience to the will of those who administrate the institutions.

La comunicación que presentamos pretende mostrar las consecuencias que el sistema implementado por el sindicato agrícola Unió de Pagesos en Cataluña -por el que se realiza el reclutamiento, importación y suministro de mano de obra extranjera para el campo catalán- produce: un sujeto limitado en el justo goce de sus libertades y el legítimo ejercicio de sus derechos. La política migratoria la responsable del surgimiento de un sistema tal, cuyo germen está en la relación simbiótica Estado/Sindicato, cuyos intereses -la entrega just in time de la mano de obra y el control social del extranjero- se armonizan en su puesta en práctica. En los alojamientos, infraestructura del sistema, se procura la docilización de los individuos necesaria a su continuo suministro a través de variados dispositivos, entre ellos, normativas de alojamiento, supervisión constante y regímenes de visita.

The treatment of psychological disorders of all kinds and, more largely, of the deterioration of the mind, gradually made its mark in Australian novels in the early 1970s and gave rise to a series of books concerned with mental health issues. The six narratives I have selected for this study, namely David Ireland’s The Flesheaters (1972), Walter Adamson’s The Institution (1976), Peter Kocan’s two you-narration novellas The Treatment (1980) and The Cure (1983), Carmel Bird’s The White Garden (1995), as well as Amy Witting’s Isobel on the Way to the Corner Shop (1999), all partake of this new trend. This belated literary awakening to insanity is all the stranger seeing that creativity and madness have often been paired,11 both being particularly apt at articulating the relationship between freedom and constraints, mental representations and reality, the individual and society.
All novels under consideration12 fall neatly into what I would define as total institution fiction, namely literature concerned with characters confined to reclusion in total institutions and living in very close quarters with other inmates, all of whom are placed under one supervising and all-powerful authority that is the keystone to an administratively structured organization. No matter how useful a purpose these institutions serve, most characters would feel to act under constraint. A round-off study of insanity in contemporary total institution fiction would de facto imply a threefold approach that would examine in turn the 3 Ps: the penning institution, the patients and their pathology – a pattern that I shall follow in the structure of this article.

Peter Kocan went down in the history of Australian literature for having written a pair of companion semi-fictions largely inspired from his experience as an inmate when his life imprisonment sentence was commuted to a ten-year confinement in a psychiatric institution. The Treatment (1980) and its sequel The Cure (1983) are classic asylum narratives chronicling Len Tarbutt’s institutionalization – a nineteen-year-old youngster confined in the maximum-security cell of a mental hospital to serve a life sentence. On another level, these two second person narrations can be construed as a national allegory of Australian historic convictism explicating the ruler-ruled relationship through the establishment of a panoptic repressive system.