Total Institutions

Una versión mejorada de esta ponencia fue publicada como un artículo de acceso abierto en la Revista Latinoamericana de Metodología de las Ciencias Sociales con el título: "La recuperación es para obedientes". Algunas articulaciones y ajustes metodológicos para el análisis de un tratamiento de adicción a las drogas". También está disponible en este perfil.
Esta ponencia reflexiona sobre la categoría institución total, y su pertinencia teórico-metodológica para investigar problemáticas recientes en el campo de la salud-enfermedad-atención.
Se consideran Internados, y trabajos de matriz foucaultiana, sosteniendo que la categoría institución total mantiene su vigencia analítica, junto con las nociones de disciplina, normalización, dispositivo y secuestro institucional.
En el escrito se propone un doble desacople: de la asociación disciplina-encierro, y de la asociación institución total-espacio cerrado, que suelen pensarse unidos.
Se aborda esta problemática desde una perspectiva etnográfica, con análisis documental, observación participante y entrevistas realizadas al interior de uno de los dispositivos terapéuticos ambulatorios -hospital de día- para la adicción de drogas que se incluyen en el amplio abanico de instituciones ubicadas en la Región Metropolitana de Buenos Aires

This article presents the results of an empirical research carried out within Italian reception centres for asylum seekers. The article shows how reception centres can become a trap from which asylum seekers are no longer able to escape as they become victims of a process of social disempowerment making them dependent on the “humanitarian government.” This reproduction of dependence enables the reception system to carry out a subtle social control function, achieving the effect of confining asylum seekers within a concentrated place that can easily be controlled by the police. But this form of control is exercised even though the law does not provide any explicitly repressive means for keeping them under surveillance. So-called reception centres exert a centripetal force which is hard to resist, and which in a sense has an ability to trap asylum seekers more than any wall. The Italian reception system amounts to a form of “humanitarian confinement,” in that provides hospitality for asylum seekers, while subjecting them to a form of control enacted through humanitarian agents.

The Indian Residential School (IRS) system in Canada directly affected 150,000 Indigenous children who were taken to state-sponsored and church-run institutions to separate them from their families and cultures. During the century and a half leading up to around 1970, over 130 IRS were scattered throughout the country. The role of architecture in this genocidal system is a crucial, but overlooked aspect of its realization. In the first decades of the twentieth century, the Canadian government became increasingly involved in building and rebuilding the IRS, as a dedicated arm of the Department of Indian Affairs in Ottawa became a centrally controlled apparatus of architectural production. Passing from utopian space to evolving memory, the architectural remnants of the IRS system tell many stories, which are among those that need to be heard and acknowledged by contemporary Canadian society as part of its troubled relationship with Indigenous peoples. Through archival research, documentation, narrative, and critical analysis, explorations of four former IRS sites configure this thesis, each providing a lens on the space and memory of this difficult and often traumatic past. Located in Ontario and Manitoba, they were designed, fully or in part, by the little-known R.G. (Roland Guerney) Orr, Chief Architect of Indian Affairs from 1921 to 1935. Mapping architecture to ideology, I examine the development of the Mohawk Institute in Brantford, Ontario in the legal and political contexts of Indigenous-Canadian relations. At the abandoned Birtle IRS in southwestern Manitoba, the institutional intricacies of this broad view come into focus through a critique of the architectural program and its intentions. Nearby, at the site of the demolished Brandon IRS, the heap of leftover debris calls forth questions of collective memory, explored through conventional representations and their transformations in the art of survivors and post-residential school Indigenous artists. I consider the archive and its role in bringing forth the future at the former Shingwauk Hall in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, now the site of Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig, an Anishinaabe post-secondary institution, and Algoma University. Finally, I return to the Woodland Cultural Centre, located next to the Mohawk Institute building and whose staff are currently reimagining the former IRS based on feedback from the community. Rather than resting on conclusions, this thesis probes these difficult histories as an opening up towards the future, propelled by the past but open to spaces of divergence.

Ethnic minorities have conspicuously been absent in public debates and scientific research on rising inequalities and Japan as “gap society” (kakusa shakai). Still, despite economic stagnation and lost decade(s), Japan has a significant and continuous inflow of new immigrants since the late 1980s. Today, Japan is an immigration country and in view of its demographic projection, the introduction of an active immigration policy is a recurrent topic in policy circles and public discussions since the late 1990s. This paper addresses the question if increasing ethnic diversity has led to new social inequalities? It focuses on the socio-economic integration of new Chinese immigrants and nikkeijin (returning Japanese emigrants and their descendants) in Japan. The comparative analysis shows great differences between these two new ethnic minorities. The Chinese minority is marked by an internal diversity between successful ethnic entrepreneurs and marginalized trainees. Successful Chinese entrepreneurs follow a transnational path of socio-economic integration, but Chinese trainees are completely excluded from Japan’s mainstream society. The nikkeijin are segregated into indirect short-term employment and not fully integrated into social security systems. In view of the low educational attainments of their children, they are on the path to become an ethnic underclass.

In this article, following the steps of biography of things, attention will be paid to picture few different biographies of bread, which as an object of great importance appears constantly in Nazi concentration camp prisoners’ testimonies. It raises the question why certain objects are so strongly present in memory, while others remain in the dark. By tracing bread usages and trajectories in which metamorphoses occur, I try to better understand why memory of the camp manifests itself in relation to bread and what kind of forms it takes. Topics of memory as embodied rituals and habits present in everyday life, as well as, place of bread in the narratives will be also discussed in this paper. This study is based on biographical materials

This thesis argues that the presentation of the Roman military in Luke’s Gospel is highly surprising and hugely significant. In contrast to Matthew, Mark and John, Luke’s soldiers and centurions are presented in a positive light, which subverted the ancient audience’s expectations and demonstrated Missio Dei for those regarded as the most marginal – the Roman military. The dissertation demonstrates that while Cornelius the centurion was the first Gentile to be baptised, men of the Roman military were already among those converted and their reaction to Jesus, was the correct response of a disciple. Their example was, therefore, to be imitated by the early Christian community and, in fact, the Roman military were instrumental in the expansion of the church. In summary, the analysis reveals John the Baptist had an appreciation for the institution of the military and the courage to speak truth to power, while the centurion who had heard of Jesus had a faith that amazed the Son of God. 

Consequently, the Royal Army Chaplains’ Department (RAChD) could be provoked to replicate Luke’s mission to those largely forgotten by the civilian church and recognise the privilege and peculiarities of serving the institution of the Army. Centurions in Luke’s Gospel both received clear teaching about Jesus and separately, proclaimed Christ boldly. The RAChD should be confident, therefore, to speak of Jesus and his exclusive salvation. Thirdly, as the Early Church and Roman Empire expanded symbiotically, the RAChD should refine their cross-cultural evangelism to reach today’s mostly male, ‘millennial’ military and so ensure no man is left behind. Finally, the thesis concludes that by converting soldiers and officers in their networked locations around the United Kingdom, the ‘missing generation’ could return to the Church, meaning, once again, the military could be instrumental in the evangelisation of the nation.

El escrito reflexiona sobre la adecuación teórica y metodológica del recurso a las categorías institución total, dispositivo y disciplina, para investigar problemáticas recientes en el campo de la salud-enfermedad-atención, particularmente las denominadas adicciones a las drogas.
De la mano de numerosas investigaciones empíricas, ciertos conceptos se anudan en los análisis, asociándose disciplina-encierro, e institución total-espacio cerrado.
El escrito propone el desacople de estas nociones y la recuperación de su productividad analítica, desde la investigación en un dispositivo terapéutico ambulatorio para la adicción a drogas del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires.
Se aborda esta problemática desde una perspectiva etnográfica, con análisis documental, observación participante y entrevistas realizadas a profesionales de la salud de la institución, personal de apoyo y usuarios.
Se concluye que las formulaciones de Goffman y Foucault ayudan a comprender la existencia de modalidades de tratamiento para las adicciones a las drogas que, sin fundarse en el encierro como técnica primordial de control de los cuerpos, sostienen un proceso de clausura y despojo significativos; y que la renuncia a homologar la clausura, y el espacio cerrado a una materialidad, permitió dar realce a una vivencia de despojo subjetivo de parte de quienes se encuentran en tratamiento en la institución.

The following text presents my personal experience of psychological trauma as part of regular and ongoing processes of institutional (re)socialization into academe as a pre-tenure faculty member of color. In giving voice to this experience of trauma, the paper adopts a testimonio narrative function to highlight the shared nature of this experience even while foregrounding the uniqueness of my situation as a member of a marginalized and gendered body living in a specific geographical context and socio-political time. Though testimonio provides structure to my narrative, J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter novels—a series about individual and collective trauma at the mortifying hands of resocializing institutions—provide an incidental, but integral, narrative lens through which I make meaning and offer advice on surviving traumatic experiences in institutional spaces. RESUMÉ: En cours de titularisation professorale de la faculté et en tant que personne de couleur, c'est de mon expérience personnelle dont je parle et du choc émotionnel qui fait partie du processus normal et permanent des relations sociales dans les établissements du milieu universitaire. A travers cette expérience traumatique, le testimonio se présente sous forme de narration afin de mettre en lumière le vécu courant de cette situation même si mon cas spécial, puisque je fais partie d'un groupe marginalisé qui tient compte du sexe vivant dans un contexte géographique et une période sociopolitique particuliers, est mis en premier plan. Bien que le testimonio charpente mon récit, Harry Potter de J. K. Rowling, série sur le traumatisme personnel et de groupe causé par l'humiliation des relations sociales dans les institutions, apporte une perspective secondaire mais complète, à laquelle je donne un sens et offre des

Once the model of family farming was substituted by an industrial agricultural system of production based on hired labor, the agricultural catalonian (Spain) union Unió de Pagesos, with the consent of the State, reinvented itself as a provider of services related with the acquisition of manpower through a recruitment and supply system -as we designate the set of practices that materialize the recruitment of foreign workers abroad and their concentration is lodgments controlled by the Union. The State's migration polity is responsible of the emergence of such a system, and we can trace its origin in the symbiotic relation between the State and the Union, whose interests- the social control of the foreign worker and the just in time delivery of labor- are harmonized in it. In the lodgment a transformation is intended through different devices -lodgment regulations, the presence of personnel in charge of the facilities, a visit regime and exit permissions, among others- close to other institutions, as labor camps, where the tame of the individuality is aimed through its subordination to a dominating power in order to create a new subject, whose value is exteriorized in its obedience to the will of those who administrate the institutions.

Crimes are usually defined by legislature specific acts performed with certain states of mind, usually termed as “mens rea” that must account for a punishment under law. But the question is about the psychology and sociolgy behind crimes and appropriate punishments. Measures to check crimes and human behaviour by way of punishments is the subject matter of this paper.

Initial training at military academies and officer training schools is an intensive period of socialisation; the transformation of new recruits into functioning military officer is expected to occur within a relatively short timeframe. Often this training is conducted in a socially detached environment that closely resembles Erving Goffman’s “total institution”. By design, this social isolation seeks to focus the development of a unique military identity congruent with the values of the broader organization. Yet such social isolation can also breed norms and behaviours that contradict values espoused by the government a military is bound to serve.
This chapter will mobilise Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of social practice in an effort to understand the construction of military identity in air force officer basic training. Drawing on focus group data from air force training schools in the UK, US and Australia, I will explore the unique environment of the officer training institution, presenting Royal Air Force College Cranwell, The United States Air Force Academy and The Australian Defence Force Academy as social fields serving to coordinate a coherent and uniform air force habitus. The chapter will argue that a Bourdieusian analysis of training institutions offers a way to understand how divergence can occur between the values and norms of Government and those of the military in a liberal democracy. Moreover, this chapter will demonstrate the utility of Bourdieu’s theory to contemporary efforts to create representative and inclusive military forces.

A new inmate, or `rookie', who enters a total institution usually faces `tests' and `games' organized by the 'old crew'. I argue that such initiation rituals are often designed by inmates in order to uncover a rookie's personal characteristics, such as toughness and cleverness. While such rituals may seem violent, they usually involve more skillful deception and tricks than pain and suffering. The basic idea is to persuade the rookie that he or she faces some tough choices and watch his or her reaction to adverse or unusual circumstances. The mock character of a typical test creates a fundamental problem for its validity since an informed rookie can simulate both toughness and cleverness. Thus, an informed rookie cannot be distinguished from one with the desired characteristics. This problem is well recognized by most knowledgeable inmates and motivates them to search for new games and tests. The result is a wide variety of competing tests, frequent changes of argot and the secret code of behavior. The initiation rituals are modeled as simple games and decision problems. The ethnographic material was collected by the author as a political prisoner in Poland in 1985.

The present study draws on Scott’s (2011) notion of the Re-Inventive Institution and explores how gym members make sense and give meaning to their exercise regime. Overall, it is argued that for many participants gym exercise is more than physical training; it is also training for life. Based on a thematic analysis of 32 semi-structured interviews it is argued that gym workout is a means to create better versions of the self
on mainly three levels. First, gym participants perceive themselves to be efficient and productive in general. Second, gym training is believed to increase the control they have over their lives. Third, gym members associate their gym workout with amplified emotional resilience, believing
that fitness workout makes them not only fitter in a physical sense but also fitter and better equipped in a psychological sense. Surprisingly, a small group of regular gym users displayed more critical sentiments and distanced themselves from the images and values the gym stands for. The results of this study can be linked to broader political discourses on health and fitness that make use of corporate managerial
vocabularies and are based on ideals of rationalization and efficiency.

The practical and symbolic social effects of work on how imprisoned persons experience time are studied here from a sociology of work perspective. In the thinking of Donald Clemmer and Erving Goffman, two classic sociologists of the prison, the unity of the self-contained prison space goes together with a unity of time. In direct opposition to these approaches, the findings of a field study conducted in five French prisons suggest that the private life/work life split characteristic of paid labor is also relevant to the lives of incarcerated workers. Having inmates work improves prison security. For working inmates, meanwhile, work is a major means of re-appropriating space and time in a context of freedom deprivation. Prison labor is analyzed as an agency of socialization that connects inmates’ present lives with their past work lives.

"This article analyzes the processes of dehumanization that occurred in the
Michener Center, a total institution for the purported care and training of people deemed to be mental defectives1 that operated in Alberta, Canada. I report on qualitative interviews with 22 survivors, three ex-workers, and the institutional archival record, drawing out the ways that dehumanization was accomplished through bodily means and the construction of
embodied otherness along several axes. First, inmates’ bodies were erased or debased as unruly matter out of place that disturbed the order of rational modernity, a move that meant inmates were not seen as deserving or even requiring of normal human consideration. Spatial practices within the institution included panopticism and isolation, constructing inmates as not only docile but as unworthy of contact and interaction. Dehumanization was also seen as necessary to and facilitative of patient care; to produce inmates as subhuman permitted efficiency, but also neglect and abuse. Finally, practices of hygiene and sequestering the polluting bodies of those deemed mentally defective sustained and justified dehumanization. These practiceshad profound effects for inmates and also for those charged with caring for them.

Please note, this article is available to download from the mdpi links below."

Goffmanowska koncepcja instytucji totalnych stępiła się i rodzi dziś więcej py-tań, niż udziela odpowiedzi. Z perspektywy ponad pięćdziesięciu lat od wydania Asylums, narosło wokół pracy wiele nieporozumień, a defi nicja stała się rozmyta i niejasna, umożliwiając używanie jej do opisu nieomal każdej instytucji społecznej. Artykuł ma na celu zmianę tej sytuacji i zaproponowanie skorygowanej, wyostrzo-nej i dostosowanej do zmieniającej się rzeczywistości społecznej defi nicji koncepcji instytucji totalnych. Tok argumentacji rozpoczyna ulokowanie koncepcji w historii badań społecznych oraz w kontekstach jej aplikowalności. Kolejny krok stanowi rekonstrukcja krytycznych stanowisk na przestrzeni lat, pozwalająca zidentyfi kować słabe i mocne punkty Goffmanowskiej propozycji. Następnie artykuł podąża za in-telektualnymi dłużnikami Goffmana, którzy udoskonalają lub budują konkurencyjne propozycje teoretyczne na bazie przemyśleń dotyczących instytucji totalnych. Na końcu, korzystając z prezentowanych wcześniej w artykule uwag oraz pomysłów innych badaczy, zostaje przedstawiona autorska rekonfi guracja koncepcji instytucji totalnych. Główne pojęcia: Goffman; instytucja totalna; organizacja totalna; instytucja za-chłanna; instytucja przenikalna; instytucja reformująca.

Based on fieldwork conducted in seven French prisons, this paper examines the social criticism expressed by inmates (both male and female) about their employment conditions and wages. The gaps among their conditions and the common law (including absence of employment contracts and social protection and piecework wages), the inmates’ experience of work (in prison as well as before incarceration), and their knowledge of social issues give rise to repertoires of contention focused on low wages and production rates. Despite the prohibition of the right to strike, social criticism can turn into collective action. Inmates are aware that they suffer the denial of rights. Their speech and practices show that they consider themselves as employees and act as such.

Tensions between different relationship forms exist in every organisational setting. Catholic monasteries-as archetypical examples of voluntary total and greedy institutions-provide strategic cases of inquiry for understanding relational conflicts owing to the significance they assign to exclusively fraternal relations, resulting in explicit tensions regarding personal forms of relationships, such as friendship. Based on a multi-sited, qualitative case study of Cistercian monasteries in France, the present article pushes theorising on fraternal relations forward. Fraternal relations as a social form is membership-based and characterised by collectivism, egalitarianism and an imposed level of intimacy. In the monastic setting, it takes the form of prescribed impersonal love. The ideals of fraternal relations pose normative constraints for establishing friendship, but the ambition to minimise verbal interaction, perceived differences between members and the severe limits on joint, extra-organisational activities constitute additional constraints for friendship to form in monasteries.

This article discusses the issue of labour discipline in a Christian Orthodox organisation in Russia. The sisterhood which I analyse is the meeting point of two types of ‘work’: the ‘secular work’ of employed workers is embedded into the ‘religious work’ of the sisters who live a monastic life. I argue that the religious–economic mix of the sisterhood suggests that three employment models are evident: ‘work more, get less’, ‘work less, get more’ and ‘work for free’. Religious and economic spheres are mediated by labour which takes different forms, creating distinct, but related disciplinary labour spaces. I thread the concept of discipline through religious and economic discourses in the monastic workplace, the conflicts between the religious and economic motivations to work and the role of ‘emotional work’. The analysis is based on the participant observation, conducted over a period of four months while I was a staff member of the sisterhood.

This article reflects on the " emotion work " undertaken by youth in correctional facilities and the impact of such work on the resocialization process, which occurs in conditions of partial isolation. The author attempts to adapt the psychological concept to the educational activities offered in youth correctional facilities. He defends the idea that an inmate's emotion work, which occurs through the inmate's relations with the personnel, provides the basis for effective resocialization activities. He discusses activities to help boys and girls in correctional facilities develop accepted social mechanisms for managing their negative emotions. The findings presented in the article rest on seven years of qualitative research in resocialization centers of all types throughout Poland. The principle of triangulation in regard to method, researcher, and data was used for the research. For analysis of the empirical material, an interpretative paradigm was used to grasp the interactive nature of emotion work and the emergence of negative emotions.

El monstruo y el potro: el Homo sacer totalizado. Construcción del sujeto dominado a través del lenguaje cotidiano en dos instituciones totales, la cárcel y el ejército.

El sujeto dominado –Homo sacer– en las instituciones totales, cárcel y ejército, se construye en relación con un sujeto dominante –soberano–, que a través del lenguaje ejerce una desarticulación entre violencia y dependencia, los cuales se cristalizan en palabras que los nombran dentro de ambas instituciones, monstruo en la cárcel y potro en el ejército.

The subject dominated –Homo sacer– in total institutions, prison and army, constructed in connection with a dominant subject –soberano–, through language exercises a lack of coordination between violence and dependence, which crystallize in words that named within both institutions monstruo in jail and potro in the army.

This “layered account,” based on qualitative research gathered at a county jail and state women’s prison, illustrates the ways in which organizational discourses and micro- practices encourage emotional constructions such as withdrawal, paranoia, detachment, and an “us-them” mentality among correctional officers. Using philosophies from Michele Foucault, the analysis extends theoretical notions of emotion labor, illustrates the harnessed yet pervasive nature of sexuality in a total institution, and sheds light on the emotional challenges faced by a troubled, hidden, and stigmatized employee group. The text jumps among theoretical arguments, notes about methodology and writing, and creative nonfiction vignettes and in doing so, attempts to embody the emotional and jarring nature of the correctional environment.

A Masters dissertation from the University of Haifa, submitted in 2012. Written in Hebrew but there is an abstract in English at the end of the document.
This study examines seafarers’ experiences on board merchandise ships. The purpose of this study is to describe seamen’s life aboard merchandise ships, to understand the seafarers’ experience on board the ship and the way they experience transitions from the ship ashore and vice versa. Another purpose is to examine the ship as a “Total institution” (Goffman 2006), and to expand on Goffman’s concept by using sociological and anthropological comprehensions of space, alternative family configurations, experience of time on the ship and symbolic interaction among seafarers.

La comunicación que presentamos pretende mostrar las consecuencias que el sistema implementado por el sindicato agrícola Unió de Pagesos en Cataluña -por el que se realiza el reclutamiento, importación y suministro de mano de obra extranjera para el campo catalán- produce: un sujeto limitado en el justo goce de sus libertades y el legítimo ejercicio de sus derechos. La política migratoria la responsable del surgimiento de un sistema tal, cuyo germen está en la relación simbiótica Estado/Sindicato, cuyos intereses -la entrega just in time de la mano de obra y el control social del extranjero- se armonizan en su puesta en práctica. En los alojamientos, infraestructura del sistema, se procura la docilización de los individuos necesaria a su continuo suministro a través de variados dispositivos, entre ellos, normativas de alojamiento, supervisión constante y regímenes de visita.

In the United States, thousands of young people reside in private schools aimed at reforming 'troubled teens'. These 'troubled teens' are young people who are considered to have emotional, behavioural and/or substance misuse problems. Therapeutic boarding schools are programmes that combine educational classes and group therapy in a self-contained residential facility that runs year-round. Case study interviews with former US-based therapeutic boarding school students demonstrate the role of sanism, adultism and epistemic injustice in constructing and regulating the 'troubled teen'. The schools' strict structure and surveillance culture could not override students will and their ability to find means to resist. The article's central aim is to centre the perspectives of former students and critique social control of young people in therapeutic boarding schools.

How do monks and nuns manage expectations regarding how to 'open their hearts'? What alternatives do they have and what are the consequences? Based on a multi-sited case study of Cistercian monasteries in France, this article compares the different situation of nuns and monks. The analysis shows how monks are free to choose who they will 'open their heart' to, whereas nuns are expected to rely on the abbess. While certain ways that nuns circumvent these expectations are illegitimate, some ways of distancing from the abbess align with, rather than diverge from, other central tenets of monastic life. Compared to monks, nuns face a double-penalty, being less free and facing more ambivalent expectations within this restricted space.

Resumen: este ensayo visual presenta la colección de fotografías Matrioshkas (I): corrosión y cicatrices, tomadas por la autora en diferentes establecimientos colombianos que alguna vez fungieron como instituciones totales, en particular, de reclusión forzosa. El propósito del texto que acompaña la colección es registrar algunas facetas de la experiencia de la reclusión y sus repercusiones en los cuerpos y en su entorno, como insumo para el análisis antropológico de lo que el encierro hace en la gente y los lugares. Abandonados los espacios para el internamiento, quedan en ellos las huellas corrosivas y la materia cicatricial de esa experiencia, pocas veces aprovechadas por el etnógrafo-arqueólogo para deducir significados y formas de habitar. Al contrario, en cuanto evidencias de la densa presencia humana y no humana, la autora las postula como materiales que atestiguan la suspensión del tiempo, la resignificación de los límites y las diversas estrategias de sobrevivencia a una situación limítrofe en sí misma: el encierro forzoso.

Palabras claves: antropología del espacio, encierro, etnografía, experiencia, instituciones totales

Matrioshkas, or one Confinement within another

Abstract: This visual essay presents the photographic collection Matrioshkas (I): Corrosion and Scars, taken by the author in different Colombian establishments that once served as total institutions, in particular, of forced reclusion. The purpose of the text that accompanies the collection is to record some facets of the experience of confinement and its repercussions on bodies and their environment, as an input for the anthropological analysis of what confinement does to people and places. The spaces of confinement may be abandoned, but the corrosive traces and the scarred matter of the experience remain, and these are seldom used by the ethnographer-archaeologist to deduce meanings and forms of habitation. On the contrary, as evidence of the dense human and non-human presence, the author postulates them as materials that attest to the suspension of time, the resignification of limits and the diverse strategies of survival in a situation that is borderline in itself: forced confinement.

Keywords: Anthropology of space, confinement, ethnography, experience, total institutions

Matrioshkas, ou um encerro dentro de outro

Resumo: este ensaio visual apresenta a coleção de fotografias Matrioshkas (I): corrosão e cicatrizes, tomadas pela autora em diferentes estabelecimentos colombianos que alguma vez funcionaram como instituições totais, em particular, de reclusão forçada. O propósito do texto que acompanha a coleção é registrar algumas facetas da experiência de reclusão e suas repercussões nos corpos e em seu contexto, como insumo para a análise antropológica do que o encerro faz na pessoa e nos lugares. Abandonados os espaços para a internação, ficam nele as impressões corrosivas e a matéria cicatricial dessa experiência, poucas vezes aproveitadas pelo etnógrafo-arqueólogo para deduzir significados e formas de habitar. Ao contrário, como evidências da densa presença humana e não humana, a autora as propõe como materiais que testemunham a suspensão do tempo, a ressignificação dos limites e as diversas estratégias de sobrevivência numa situação limítrofe em si mesma: o encerro forçado.

Palavras-chave: antropologia do espaço, encerro, etnografia, experiência, instituições totais

El artículo refiere el problema de la fijación de la mano de obra extranjera en España. Rastreamos diferentes estrategias dirigidas al propósito de la fijación de los trabajadores en diversos momentos históricos, por lo que la metodología es comparativa entre textos legales del pasado (siglo XIV en adelante) y aquellos que en el presente cumplen con la misma función: implementar políticas encargadas de adscribir a los trabajadores en la agricultura. Asimismo, tratamos las similitudes observadas entre el sistema prusiano de establecimiento del flujo de jornaleros polacos (siglo XIX) y el sistema de reclutamiento y suministro de trabajadores extranjeros establecido por el sindicato agrícola Unió de Pagesos, en Cataluña.

The treatment of psychological disorders of all kinds and, more largely, of the deterioration of the mind, gradually made its mark in Australian novels in the early 1970s and gave rise to a series of books concerned with mental health issues. The six narratives I have selected for this study, namely David Ireland’s The Flesheaters (1972), Walter Adamson’s The Institution (1976), Peter Kocan’s two you-narration novellas The Treatment (1980) and The Cure (1983), Carmel Bird’s The White Garden (1995), as well as Amy Witting’s Isobel on the Way to the Corner Shop (1999), all partake of this new trend. This belated literary awakening to insanity is all the stranger seeing that creativity and madness have often been paired,11 both being particularly apt at articulating the relationship between freedom and constraints, mental representations and reality, the individual and society.
All novels under consideration12 fall neatly into what I would define as total institution fiction, namely literature concerned with characters confined to reclusion in total institutions and living in very close quarters with other inmates, all of whom are placed under one supervising and all-powerful authority that is the keystone to an administratively structured organization. No matter how useful a purpose these institutions serve, most characters would feel to act under constraint. A round-off study of insanity in contemporary total institution fiction would de facto imply a threefold approach that would examine in turn the 3 Ps: the penning institution, the patients and their pathology – a pattern that I shall follow in the structure of this article.

Hendrik Trescher geht der Frage nach, ob und inwiefern Teilhabe für Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung an alltäglichen Freizeitaktivitäten auch jenseits eines pädagogischen Protektorats praktiziert wird bzw. möglich ist. Der Autor kommt letztlich unter anderem zu dem Schluss, dass viele Inklusionspotenziale ungenutzt bleiben. Eine zentrale Rolle spielen dabei Versorgungsinstitutionen, sie wirken dabei oft als Inklusionsschranken. Schlussendlich entwickelt er ein theoretisches Inklusionsverständnis, welches auf Diskursteilhabe beruht: Inklusion ist als Prozess der Dekonstruktion von Diskursteilhabebarrieren zu verstehen. Dieser Prozess muss sich in der Lebenspraxis vollziehen – in diesem Sinne werden auch praktische Vorschläge zur Verbesserung der Lebenssituation von Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung entwickelt.

Der Inhalt
•Teilhabe-Barrieren und Perspektiven für Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung
•Subjektivierungspraxen in der Totalen Institution
•Diskurs und geistige Behinderung
•Entwicklungsperspektiven inklusiver Freizeitgestaltung
•Inklusion verstanden als Dekonstruktion von Diskursteilhabebarrieren

Total institutions are by definition totalitarian, but not necessarily authoritarian. Voluntary total institutions consist of members who have chosen to enter, but what opportunities do they have to leave? This article addresses opportunities for exit and voice in Catholic monasteries within the Cistercian order of Strict Observance. Monasteries have institutionalized important democratic processes regarding membership and leadership. Members are involved in decision-making through community bodies and discussions, but in many practical concerns, superiors may wrest control by ensuring that final decisions rest in their hands. The superior’s decision-making style is therefore crucially affecting the range of democratic decision-making in individual monastic communities. Complete exits are common during the initial entry process. The cost of leaving is higher for full members and the internal exit option to other monastic communities in the order is therefore of great importance, and means that monastic communities cease to operate as monopolies.

W niniejszym tekście zaakcentowany jest głównie wątek przestrzeni fizycznej, w jakiej odbywana jest kara. Oznacza to, że analizie nie jest poddany system więziennictwa jako taki, a jedynie wizualny wymiar z nim związany. Architektura jest tutaj traktowana jako konsekwencja koncepcji odosobnienia i celów, jakim służy. Prezentowane rozważania osadzone są w wymiarze kulturowych założeń charak- terystycznych dla określonego regionu geograficznego (Europy, Ameryki Południowej i Północnej). Po- sługując się modelem Edgara Scheina (1990: 112), przydatnym do opisu kultury organizacyjnej, można odwołać się do pewnych założeń podstawowych leżących u fundamentów prawa karnego, realizowanych poprzez organizację instytucji totalnych funkcjonującą w danym kraju. Jest to zatem dobrze opisany w li- teraturze przedmiotu wpływ kultury narodowej na kulturę organizacji (Hofstede 2000; Hampden-Turner, Trompenaars 2000; Konecki, Chomczyński 2007). Warto jednak nadmienić, że przestrzeń więzienna nie jest jedynie wypadkową kręgu kulturowego, w który jest ona wpisana, lecz zależy od przeznaczenia i w związku z tym charakteru placówki penitencjarnej (stopień otwarcia/zamknięcia instytucji). Oznacza to, że w ramach tego samego państwa napotkać można odmienne sposoby zarządzania przestrzenią więźniów podporządkowane naczelnej funkcji jednostki. Ponadto, w jednym kraju mogą przecież istnieć zdecydowanie różne wobec siebie architektonicznie nowe i stare zakłady karne. Mimo tych zastrzeżeń, uczynienie z architektury głównego tematu rozważań ma sens, gdyż pozwala spojrzeć na standardy na- tury prawnej, etycznej czy filozoficznej, związane z karą odosobnienia, a realizowane poprzez fizyczne warunki izolacji skazanych.
Powracając do bazowego pytania, czemu służy kara, uważam, że warto poszukać na nie odpowiedzi w zabudowie więzień. Architektura obiektu i jego wnętrza więcej niekiedy mówi niż deklaracje polityczne odnoszące się do stosowania kary i celu pozbawienia wolności, a także godności osoby ludzkiej.

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В статье рассматривается специфика устройства современных православных монастырей в России. В частности, анализируются дихотомия «мир – монастырь» и разделение внешнего и внутреннего порядка. Для анализа использованы материалы, находящиеся в открытом доступе (вебсайты церковных организаций), а также полевые материалы, собранные автором в ходе включенного наблюдения и неструктурированных интервью с 2012 по 2016 гг. в женских православных монастырях. Автор делает вывод о том, что несмотря на дихотомию «мир – монастырь», которая проходит как в реальном, так и в виртуальном пространстве, современные российские монастыри скорее не «убежища от мира», как полагал Эрвин Гоффман, а прибежища для него. Дихотомия «мир – монастырь» поддерживается пространственной организацией монастыря, его писаными и негласными правилами, которые, впрочем, могут нарушаться с обеих сторон. Монастырский порядок регулируется внешними и внутренними механизмами. К внешним инструментам можно отнести церковные документы, с которыми насельники обычно знакомы плохо, правила и нормы поведения, усваиваемые в процессе социализации в монастыре. Знание устава предполагает не знакомство с конкретным текстом, а скорее успешную социализацию, усвоение принятых в данном сообществе норм и правил поведения, которые могут быть не зафиксированы в письменных документах. Кроме этого, внешне монастырская жизнь регулируется особым распорядком, который может различаться в разных обителях, но служит одной цели – при внешнем однообразии создать условия для внутренней жизни. Внешние механизмы поддержания порядка необходимы, но недостаточны: порядок в том числе зависит от главного в монастыре – «внутренней жизни», самодисциплины самих насельников и реализации ими своей свободы. Кажущаяся несвобода в виде внешней регуляции, которую обеспечивает монастырь, парадоксальным образом конституирует свободу внутренней жизни его насельников. Особые условия и акцент на внутренней жизни являются парадоксом монастырской тотальности и отличают монастырь от других тотальных институтов.

The article discusses contemporary Orthodox monasteries in Russia, with a  particular focus on the opposition of 'world' and 'monastery', and the dichotomy between external and internal order. The paper is based on open ­access data, as well as field materials of participant observation and interviews taken in monasteries from 2012 to 2016. It can be concluded that, despite the 'world­-monastery' dichotomy, contemporary Russian monasteries are not examples of 'retreating from the world', as Erving Goffman argued, but rather retreats for the world. The dichotomy between 'world' and 'monastery' is supported by the spatial structure of monasteries and their rules. The order of monastic life is regulated by external and internal mechanisms. External instruments include church documents, which the nuns are usually not familiar with; and rules of behavior, which are generally internalized during the process of monastery socialization. For nuns, knowing the rules does not necessarily mean being familiar with the text, but rather it implies successful internalization of community rules. Moreover, externally, monastic life is regulated by a special regime which may differ in different monasteries but serves the same purpose: to create conditions for an inner life irrespective of external monotony. External mechanisms for maintaining order are necessary, but not sufficient: order depends on the 'inner work' of people themselves, their self­discipline and realization of their freedom. Aside from the division between 'world' and 'monastery', the article reveals one more important dichotomy of monastic life which is 'external' and 'internal', where external is understood as constraints, specific conditions, and rules which are employed as a resource for inner freedom.

El sindicato agrícola Unió de Pagesos ha instaurado en el agro catalán un sistema diseñado para el control social del extranjero y la disposición permanente de trabajadores. La política migratoria española ha sido responsable de la emergencia de un sistema tal del que es posible trazar su origen a través del estudio de los intereses que convergen en su instauración, esto es el control social de los extranjeros y el suministro just in time de temporeros. En el alojamiento se pretende la docilización de los hombres a través de diversos dispositivos –normativa, presencia de personal encargado, regímenes de visita y permisos de salida-. Su carácter penitenciario y su tendencia totalizadora, nos lleva a la comparación de estos establecimientos con lo que Erving Goffman denominó Institución Total. La marca de esta nueva institución es su liminalidad característica de un espacio dedicado a la concentración de los hombres y a su transformación.

Streszczenie Artykuł przybliża problem występowania zarówno emocji, jak i szeroko po-jętej pracy emocjonalnej wśród personelu zakładów poprawczych (zP) oraz schronisk dla nieletnich (sdN) w odniesieniu do skuteczności resocjalizacji w warunkach częściowej izolacji. Autor podjął próbę zastosowania konceptu pracy emocjonalnej do opisu i wyjaśnienia oddziaływań wychowawczych obecnych w instytucjach korekcyjnych dla młodzieży. Broniona jest teza, że u podstaw efektywnych działań resocjalizacyjnych leżą emocje oraz praca emocjonalna, której dokonuje personel w relacjach z podopiecznymi. Dyskusji poddane są działania pracowników placówek ukierunkowane na wypracowanie własnych sposobów radzenia sobie z emocjami negatywnymi. W artykule poruszony jest zarówno problem pracy płytkiej, jak i głębokiej oraz ich wpływu na interakcje z wychowankami. zaprezentowane w artykule wnioski opierają się na ośmioletnich bada-niach jakościowych prowadzonych w ośrodkach resocjalizacyjnych wszyst-kich typów w całej Polsce. Do analizy zebranych materiałów empirycznych wykorzystany został paradygmat interpretatywny, który daje możliwość uchwycenia interakcyjnego charakteru powstawania emocji negatywnych i pracy emocjonalnej. Pragnę wyrazić wdzięczność anonimowym recenzentom oraz członkom redakcji " Prze-glądu socjologicznego " za wartościowe uwagi i konstruktywną krytykę, choć oczywiście osoby te nie ponoszą odpowiedzialności za wszelkie niedoskonałości tekstu.