COMPARISON OF SEISMIC CODES OF CHINA, INDIA, UK AND USA (STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES)

This document discusses various earthquake design considerations for buildings. It notes that buildings with unequal mass distribution, soft ground floors, or uneven structural elements can twist during shaking. Different buildings respond differently to ground vibrations depending on the period of earthquake waves. Indian design codes like IS 13920 and IS 1893 provide guidelines for ductile reinforcement details. Proper detailing of beams, columns, joints, walls and foundations is necessary to resist seismic forces. Base isolation and damping devices can also help reduce earthquake shaking and damage.

This document provides an overview of earthquake resistant design of structures. It discusses key topics like seismology, seismic zonation maps, and various methods of earthquake analysis for structural design purposes. These include equivalent static analysis, nonlinear static (pushover) analysis, response spectrum dynamic analysis, and time history dynamic analysis. Load combinations for accounting for multi-directional ground shaking are also addressed. The document serves as a reference for understanding earthquake effects on structures and performing appropriate seismic analyses.

This document provides an overview of different seismic analysis methods for reinforced concrete buildings according to Indian code IS 1893-2002, including linear static, nonlinear static, linear dynamic, and nonlinear dynamic analysis. It describes the basic procedures for each analysis type and provides examples of how to calculate design seismic base shear, distribute seismic forces vertically and horizontally, and determine drift and overturning effects. Case studies are presented comparing the results of static and dynamic analysis for regular and irregular multi-storey buildings modeled in SAP2000.

This slide includes analysis and design of G+3 symmetric building using equivalent static force method for analysis part

SOFTWRAE TRAINING PRESENTATION ON STRUCTURAL ANAYSIS AND DESIGN OF G + 5 STOREY BUILDING USING BENTLEY STADD PRO SOFTWARE

Base shear is the maximum expected lateral force at the base of a structure due to seismic activity. It depends on soil conditions, proximity to faults, structure properties, and total weight. ETABS compares the dynamic base shear from response spectrum analysis to 85% of the static base shear. If dynamic is less than 85% of static, the scale factor is adjusted so that dynamic equals 85% of static and analysis is rerun. The document provides steps to match base shear in ETABS by modifying the scale factor if needed.

This document provides the code of practice for general construction in steel in India. It outlines materials used in steel construction like structural steel, rivets, welding consumables, bolts etc. It describes general design requirements for steel structures including types of loads, temperature effects, geometrical properties, holes, corrosion protection, increase of stresses etc. It provides guidelines for design of various steel structural elements like tension members, compression members, members subjected to bending, beams, plate girders, box girders, purlins and sheeting rails. The document is intended to ensure the safe and economic design, fabrication and erection of steel structures in India.

Shear walls are vertical reinforced concrete walls that resist lateral forces like wind and earthquakes. They provide strength and stiffness to control lateral building movement. Shear walls are classified into different types including simple rectangular, coupled, rigid frame, framed with infill, column supported, and core type walls. Design of shear walls involves reviewing the building layout, determining loads, estimating earthquake forces, analyzing the structural system, and designing for flexural and shear strengths with proper reinforcement detailing. The behavior of shear walls under seismic loading depends on their height to width ratio, with squat walls experiencing more shear deformation and slender walls undergoing primarily bending deformation.

The document describes the seismic analysis and design of a multistoried reinforced concrete building. It discusses the objectives, background, literature review, methodology, and concepts for reducing earthquake effects. The methodology section explains the functional and structural planning, load assessment including gravity and lateral loads, preliminary design of structural elements like slabs, beams and columns. It also discusses drift calculation and load path. The design and detailing section provides details on the design of structural components like slab, beam, column, staircase, footing and basement wall based on Indian codes.

This document discusses the equivalent frame method for analyzing two-way slabs. It introduces the equivalent frame method, which transforms a 3D structural system into a 2D system by representing the stiffness of slab and beam members as Ksb, and the modified stiffness of columns as Kec. This allows the 3D behavior to be analyzed using conventional 2D frame analysis methods. The document then covers determining the values of Ksb and Kec to represent the slab and column stiffness in the equivalent frame.

The document discusses different types of concrete slabs used in construction. It describes 16 types of slabs including flat slabs, conventional slabs, hollow core slabs, hardy slabs, waffle slabs, dome slabs, pitch roof slabs, slabs with arches, and post-tensioned slabs. For each type, it provides details on how they are constructed and where each type is best applied. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of some of the slab types.

This document provides information about retaining walls for a civil engineering student's class on reinforced concrete structures. It defines different types of retaining walls including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, and buttress walls. It discusses factors that affect earth pressure on retaining walls like soil type, height of wall, and slope of backfill. Methods for analyzing stability, overturning, sliding, and pressure distribution are presented. Design considerations like proportions, depth of foundation, and structural behavior are also covered.

This document discusses various earthquake-resistant features used in building design including: 1) Using beams as ductile weak links rather than columns through strong-column weak-beam design. 2) Improving masonry wall behavior by controlling wall dimensions and heights, ensuring proper construction and bonding, and adding horizontal reinforcement. 3) Using shear walls in reinforced concrete buildings to provide strength and stiffness throughout the building height.

The document outlines a presentation on retrofitting concrete structures. It discusses two approaches to retrofitting: global (system) strengthening which adds new elements to enhance stiffness, and local (element) strengthening which targets insufficient member capacities. Examples of global retrofitting mentioned include adding reinforced concrete shear walls and buckling restrained braces. Local retrofitting examples discussed are reinforcement concrete jacketing of columns and beams.

This document discusses response spectra and design spectra. It begins by explaining how response spectra are developed by analyzing the response of single-degree-of-freedom systems to ground motion records and plotting the maximum response versus natural period. Design spectra are then developed as smooth versions of response spectra to account for uncertainties in natural period. The key differences between response and design spectra are also summarized.

This document discusses the P-delta effect on tall reinforced concrete buildings with and without shear walls. P-delta is a second-order geometric nonlinearity effect that occurs when axial loads cause additional deflection in structures. The study analyzes a 20-story RC building model in ETABS to compare displacements, bending moments, and other parameters with and without considering P-delta effects under seismic and wind loads. Results show that P-delta effects decrease story displacements when shear walls are used and bending moments increase slightly in columns and shear walls after accounting for P-delta.

Retrofitting: Upgrading of certain building systems (existing structures) to make them more resistant to seismic activity.

This document summarizes a research study on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without masonry infill walls. The study used finite element software to model and analyze a 9-story RC building in a high seismic zone considering different structural configurations. Results from equivalent static, response spectrum, and pushover analyses were compared in terms of base shear, lateral displacement, story drift, and performance point. It was found that lateral displacement and story drift were higher for bare frames compared to infilled frames, while base shear was lower for bare frames. Irregular buildings also experienced higher displacement and drift than regular buildings. The goal of the study was to better understand how different structural