Viktor Kanász

THE YOUNG KING AND THE RECKLESS GENERAL
New sources for the early modern interpretation of Louis II and the battle of Mohács

Many of the thinkers of the post-Mohács generations expressed their opinions about King Louis II, Pál Tomori, Archbishop of Kalocsa, and the campaign that brought the end of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. This shows that the battle, which had taken place a generation earlier, was a long-standing preoccupation of history-writers of Hungary. The further expansion of this growing corpus of archival and library sources is an important task for Hungarian historiography preparing for the 500th anniversary of Mohács. In this paper, I have presented the Mohács reflections found in the works of five early modern authors, Pietro Duodo of Venice, Laurentius Surius of Germany, René de Lucinge of Savoy, Levinus Hulsius of Flanders and John Dickenson of England. The interpretations are very varied: some focus on the facts, while others give a longer description, as well as the underlying motives and the international context. Their descriptions do not enrich our lexical knowledge of the battle and its aftermath, and in some cases they even contain incorrect information. Nevertheless, their importance should not be underestimated, as they shed new light on the reception of Mohács and show how humanists of different denominations, origins and educational backgrounds in the second half of the 16th and early 17th centuries viewed the events.

After having made peace with Emperor Charles V and King Ferdinand I, Prince Maurice of Saxony led a campaign of 11–15,000 soldiers against the Ottoman Empire in Hungary in the autumn of 1552, now as an ally of the Habsburgs. It happened just as the Ottoman armies were about to begin the siege of Eger after their major victories (e.g., the capture of Temesvár-Timisoara, Veszprém, Szolnok, Drégely, among others). Despite this, Maurice did not set out to liberate Eger but camped below Győr, began to fortify the city and led small and large diversionary attacks and raids in the Transdanubian region. For all these reasons, Maurice’s campaign was painted negatively by his contemporaries and the Hungarian historical consciousness. In addition, Ferdinand I was also blamed for not coming personally to the Hungarian theatre of war and for not leading the Christian troops. All this has been interpreted as a sign that the fate of his kingdom and the outcome of the war against the Ottomans in Hungary was irrelevant to the Hungarian king. Contemporary sources, on the other hand, paint a very different picture. Therefore, this study seeks to answer whether Maurice’s campaign in Hungary and his encampment in Győr – a little-known military event of 1552 – was, in fact, in vain. What was the prince, who had recently fought a bloody war with Emperor Charles V and King Ferdinand I of Hungary, doing in Győr? In what way did Ferdinand I try to persuade the prince to launch the campaign? What was this campaign’s political and diplomatic value, and what did the diplomats and decision-makers at the European courts know about it? What did the royal court and the prince think of the venture, and did the army have any contact with the Ottoman armies? Did the expedition play any short- or long-term role in the Ottoman wars? Last but not least, why did not King Ferdinand I or his son Archduke Maximilian lead the Christian troops? In addition to answering these questions, this study will also present the exact course of Maurice of Saxony’s campaign, the military events that could be outlined in its course, and the news of these events. In doing so, it is not forgotten that Hungary’s military, diplomatic and political developments in 1552 can only be understood in the broader pan-European context.

The Habsburg Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary from a Venetian Point of View: Pietro Duodo’s Final Report from the Court of Rudolf II

In the medieval and early modern ages, ambassadors of the Republic of Venice had to submit a so-called relazione, a detailed final report giving a precise description of the state where they represented the Signoria. In addition to fulfilling his duties, Pietro Duodo, one of the most successful diplomats of the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, offered more information about the Habsburg Empire than was necessary. In his final report, he presents not only its economic and military status, but also the characteristics of the different ethnicities, the history of Hungary, etc., and he often comments and reveals his opinion about the facts or the political processes of his age. Thanks to the variety of the covered topics, his relazione has huge value. The original document is conserved by the Torino State Archive, and in the late 19th century, Baron Albert Nyáry made a copy of it, which is in the Manuscript Collection of Library and Information Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Science. The report had been known in Hungary prior to the Second World War, but it had never been properly analyzed, and it had been completely forgotten in recent decades. This paper’s objective is to give a general overview of Duodo’s work, presenting plenty of possibilities to researchers.

One of the most famous periods of the anti-Ottoman wars was the year 1552. Tish was the time when the Ottoman armies captured among others the castles of Temesvár, Szolnok and Drégely which were originally in the hands of King Ferdinand I Habsburg of Hungary.  The famous siege of Eger and the battle of Palást also happened this year. We have a special opportunity for a fresh view of the turbulent events of the war, provided by the examination of the reports written by Girolamo Martinengo. He was the nuncio sent by Pope Julius III to the court of King Ferdinand I. In these reports, the nuncio told in detail about the events of the war in Hungary, not only reporting in a factual and informative manner but also interpreting and commenting. This is gives us a special opportunity to examine how the court of Ferdinand I saw the events, from whom did the nuncio obtain his information and what was the Holy See interested in the affairs and developments in Hungary? In addition, the reports shows us how the Hungarian theatre of war was integrated into the grand European politics of the time.
KEYWORDS: Diplomacy; Kingdom of Hungary; anti-Ottoman wars; papacy; nuncio

The study examines the testimony of János Szalánci in 1553, in which he testified to the nuncio’s commissioner that he was born on his father’s estate in Danóc, where King Louis II was killed. A review of the history and location of Danóc reveals that the settlement, which was destroyed in the 18th century, was situated on the right bank of the Danube, south of Mohács, on the border between present-day Izsép and Hercegmárok, and was a marshy area in the Middle Ages and early modern times, known as the Danóci marshes. The paper then explores the motives for Salanci’s communication, noting that he must have been aware of the geography of the region and that he swore an oath before the nuncio’s man without any hope of political or financial gain, and for his own motives. By the murder of the king, he probably meant that Louis II did not die a natural death, but may have been wounded in battle. It is a matter for future research to see how well Salanci’s information stands the test of credibility.

In: Nicolaus Olahus 450. Proceedings of the International Conference on the 450th Anniversary of Nicolaus Olahus’ Death. ed. Szilágyi, Emőke Rita, Institut für Ungarische Geschichtsforschung in Wien, Balassi Institut Collegium Hungaricum, Wien, Ungarische Archivdelegation beim Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Wien, 2019. (Publikationen der ungarischen Geschichtsforschung in Wien 17.) 51-63.

A tanulmány Girolamo Martinengo bécsi, valamint Ludovico Beccadelli velencei nuncius Rómába küldött jelentéseinek magyar vonatkozásait vizsgálja az 1550 és 1554 évek között.
Ennek során megállapítható, hogy a többi korabeli európai nunciatúrához – például a franciához – képest a velencei és a bécsi nuncius jelentései tartalmaznak Magyarországgal kapcsolatos érdemleges híreket. Mindkét nuncius nagy figyelemmel kísérte a Kárpát-medencében zajló fejleményeket, ezeket pedig nem önmagukban, hanem a korabeli fő bb törésvonalak mentén, az oszmán–Habsburg, valamint a Valois–Habsburg ellentéten keresztül, elsősorban a római Szentszék érdekeit figyelembe véve értelmezték, mely során különleges figyelmet kapott az Itália sorsát meghatározó pármai háború (1551–1552), a Birodalom belháborúja – azon belül is elsősorban Szász Móric hadjárata –, valamint az oszmánokkal vívott harcok.
Értelemszerűen a bécsi pápai követ jóval részletesebben és gyakrabban jelentett a magyar ügyek alakulásáról, ugyanakkor a velencei nunciusnál is megtalálhatóak a fontos – és néhol a kevésbé jelentős – események híre. Beccadelli bár többször közölt álhíreket is, összességében jól tájékozott volt, s átlátta a Magyar Királyság politikai és hadászati körülményeit. Ugyanakkor sem ő, sem pedig Martinengo nem foglalkozott mélységében a magyar klérus állapotával és a protestáns reformáció térnyerésével, figyelmüket elsősorban a hadügyi fejlemények – például az 1552-es oszmán hadjárat, Temesvár, Szolnok és Eger ostroma – és kisebb részben a politika – pl. az országgyűlések –, valamint az uralkodói udvar eseményei kötik le. Habár Beccadelli Martinengóval összeköttetésben állt, hírei nem Martinengo jelentésein alapultak, tőle független hírcsatornákon keresztül szerezte az információit.
Így tehát a 16. század közepén Róma többszólamú hírforrással rendelkezett a Magyar Királysággal kapcsolatban: Bécs és Velence eltérő szólamai ugyanakkor összességében egymást erősítve közös hangzattá váltak. A feltártak alapján azt is sikerül jobban megérteni, hogy a pápai nunciusok a kora újkorban (sőt mindmáig) miért vannak mindig az adott állam fejéhez akkreditálva, noha küldetésükben a 17. századi pápai hatalomvesztéssel párhuzamosan mind erőteljesebbé vált a lokális egyházszervezett feletti ellenőrzés és irányítás.

On the 17th December 1551 the mercenaries of Ferdinand I murdered one of the most influential politicians of the Kingdom of Hungary, Cardinal George Martinuzzi, the Archbishop of Esztergom and the Voivode of Transylvania in the castle of Alvinc.
This action created a huge scandal not only in Hungary but throughout the whole Christendom, leading to one of the most acute crises in the Habsburg-papal relations. According to canon law, those who were responsible for the crime became automatically excommunicated (only King Ferdinand I was dispensed temporarily by Julius III), and a long investigation began. The inquiry was led by Count Abbot Girolamo Martinengo, the nuncio to Ferdinand.
In this paper, I aim to discuss the significance and importance of Martinuzzi’s figure in contemporary papal diplomacy. Among other elements, the followings will be elucidated: his origins and youth, his work as a nuncio in Poland, England and to Ferdinand I, and his activity in the Papal Curia.
Keywords: diplomacy, the papacy, Apostolic Nunciature, Habsburgs, Kingdom of Hungary, Transylvania, Brescia

In the morning of 17 December, 1551, one of the most influential politicians of the Hungarian Kingdom, György Fráter (Martinuzzi), the primate of Hungary and the archbishop Esztergom, the voivode of Transylvania was found dead on the stone floor of the castle of Alvinc. The identity of his murderers was known: with the direction of Giovanni Battista Castaldo, marquis and Sforza Pallavicini, chief-sergeant, the mercenaries of Ferdinand I killed him.
This action created a huge stir not only in the kingdom, but throughout the whole Christian Europe, and led to one of the most acute crisis of the Habsburg-papal relations. According to canon law, those who were responsible became automatically excommunicated, and though, Julius III temporarily dispensed the monarch, a long investigation started, of which purpose was to find György Fráter guilty, by this means to prove the murder rightful.
The examination, lasting for years, was led by Count Abbot Girolamo Martinengo, the nuncio to the court of Ferdinand, and then it was concluded by his successor, Zaccaria Delfino in 1554. By the help of a “questionnaire” of 87 points, 139 evidences were given as well as numerous letters and extracts of letters related to the case were collected. A significant part of these sources can be found in the Vatican Secret Archives. Certain documents already became public by the researches of Gyula Szekfű and Gábor Barta in the last century; however, numerous ones did not or only partially, so their utilization can enrich the already existing picture. The paper presents these documents and those sources that serve information on the examination by touching upon the fact that the accurate exploration of this source-basis and its critical edition could significantly help the understanding of the so troubled decade between 1541 and 1551, moreover, it would present an opportunity to explore a historic phase of the Habsburg-papal diplomatic relations with micropolitical profoundness.

http://institutumfraknoi.hu/magyarorszag_es_romai_szentszek_ii_vatikani_magyar_kutatasok_21_szazadban

The author introduces the history and topography of the late medieval and early modern-era ecclesiastical institutes in Nagykanizsa, Zala county. This is a difficult work, due to the small number of resources. Another problem is that because of the Ottoman conquest there is no continuity between the medieval and the 18th century population and ecclesiastical institutions, furthermore the site of the medieval settlement is built up. Despite this, one can draft the history of the institutions (primarily the parish church, the Franciscan convent, the fort chapel and the St. Nicholas chapel) by reviewing the medieval resources, including the early modern period, primarily the 16th century written and visual resources, as well as employing the archaeological findings of the past decades. One can also examine the history of the xenodochium, the so-called Hungarian church, the chapel of Től, the statue next to the cloister and many other questionable ecclesiastical places. Though many unknown medieval and early modern-era resources have been discovered – just think of the two sealed charters of the Nagykanizsa Franciscans – there are still a lot of question marks and undiscovered areas in the history of certain institutions and their localization. A good example for this is the fact that the location of only the fort chapel and the Franciscan cloister are known currently. Hopefully, the current researches in Vatican, the systematic processing of the 16th century documents, as well as further archaeological exploration will clarify the existing questions in the future.

During the Late Middle Ages, many Hungarian pilgrims visited Rome but the details of their journeys remain quite often unknown. The case of László Kanizsai is a fortunate exception, since both his Italian peregrination and the preceding preparations are well documented.
László Kanizsai, – following a family tradition and in order to fulfil the vow he made to his familiars – started his voyage to Rome and Loreto in January 1525 in order to complete his pilgrimage in the Holy Year that had been announced by Pope Clement VII. The baron was prepared for the journey: he obtained from the king a charter of continuance for himself and for the members of his entourage, and for the protection of his family and wealth he also made his last will and testament. In this, he entrusted King Louis II, Archbishop Ladislaus Szalkai of Esztergom, Palatine Stephen VII Báthory, Count George Zápolya of Szepes, and John Drágfi of Beltek, Ispán of Temes to take care of his wife and children. On his arrival to the Eternal City, Pope Clement VII received Kanizsai for a papal audience and knighted him. By April 1525, the pilgrim was already back in Hungary.
Following his return, he took part in the diet of Hatvan, and got his daughter, Magdalene, engaged to Kristóf Batthyány. He did these things in the last weeks of his life, since he passed away sometime between 1 and 9 September 1525. Although the male line of the family died out in 1532, John Drágfi had already tried to gain control over the Kanizsai family estate. His attempt was in vain since died on the battlefield of Mohács in 1526. In his last will, which was written before the battle, John Drágfi named the heir of László Kanizsai’s fortune as Caspar Drágfi. Despite all the efforts of the Drágfis to acquire the holdings of the extinct family, Orsolya Kanizsai, who had been prefectioned (promoted from a daughter to a son), gave her hand in marriage to Baron Tamás Nádasdy. Therefore, in the end, it was the Nádasdy family who came into possession of the Kanizsai estate.

Referring to the battle of Mohács and the city of Nagykanizsa (Kanizsa, Canissa) there are three questions which are worth to study. First of all, what is the reason that the family Kanizsai did not participate of the battle of Mohács in 1526. Secondly, what was the role of Dorottya Kanizsai in the inhumation of the fallen soldiers. Finally how the battle of Mohács appears in the local historical memory of Nagykanizsa. Analysing these three linking points, we can conclude, that the popular military-historical book of János Balogh can be considered only as a matter of historiographical curiosity. It is also important to clarify that László Kanizsai, the head of the family couldn’t attend the battle, because he died in 1525. His son, Ferenc Kanizsai – with whom the male-line of the family died out – was too young to the warfare. Although the family was not fighting at the time, through the memory of Dorottya Kanizsai who buried many soldiers after the battle this family became a part of the Hungarian historical and literary discourse about Mohács after all. The posterity interlocked Dorottya’s figure with the defeat on the battlefield of Mohács. Although the family and the battle of Mohács still do not appear directly in the local historical memory of Nagykanizsa, the character of Dorottya Kanizsai does; for example the city hospital is named after her. It is an interesting fact how underrepresented the Kanizsai family in Nagykanizsa is, compared to György Thury and Miklós Zrínyi (Nikola Zrinski), who also fought against the Ottomans.

The 16th century brought significant changes is Kanizsa. The thriving country town at the beginning of the century became a fortress on the borderland by the late 1500s, where the acute crisis of the episcopacy, the disappearance of the Franciscans and the general weak position and termination of the parish and the chapels provided ample background for the spread of the new dogmas. The occurrence of Protestantism was not in connection with the cessation of the Franciscan friary. It was the sympathetic attitude of Tamás Nádasdy, his wife, Orsolya Kanizsai and their chief officers, that facilitated the presence of the reformation. The first written source of a Protestant preacher dates back to 1544. Their activities are traceable until 1599, yet only few are known by name. Since only a handful of civilians remained in the town, German and Hungarian soldiers together with their families became the trustees of the Protestant confessionalisation. They followed Lutheran dogmas and organised themselves separately.
Even though Franciscans left the city in the 1530s, the parish functioned as long as the 1560–1570s. Its cessation was due to the attrition of the original Hungarian inhabitants. Catholics, however, without public practice of religion remained in the settlement in a rather limited number. A Catholic captain of the castle, Kristóf Haym, born in Lower-Austria, made an unsuccessful attempt to reverse this tendency.
When the Ottomans captured Kanizsa in 1600, they face the above confessional situation. The surviving citizens after the Turkish conquest and the Christian siege of the castle in 1601 fled or disappeared from the settlement. Their place was taken by South Slavic and Turkish population streaming in from the Balkans, who were either Catholic or Muslim. The recapture of the castle by Christian forces in 1690 resulted in the reorganisation of only the Catholic institutions via the settlement of the Franciscans and the Jesuits.
It is important to emphasise that there is no single date for the occurrence of the Reformed Church in the city; a coexistence of Catholicism and Protestantism can be observed instead. It is also to be noted that the disappearance of the Lutherans was not the result of the ’Habsburg counter-reformation.’ Moreover, the Habsburg military administration intended to appoint Protestant officers for the castle, made space for the preachers’ work, and, though supported peaceful recatholicism, disapproved Haym’s aggressive measures. This strategy of the central administration was supported by real-political considerations.

Huszthy Bálint–Kanász Viktor–Szovák Márton: A hadi kudarc állatorvosi lova. Ercole Torbidi jelentései Kanizsa 1601. évi ostromáról. In: Vestigia II. Magyar források Itáliából (szerk. Domokos György–Kuffart Hajnalka–Szovák Márton), Piliscsaba, 2018. 143-172.

In our age, the figures of Captain George Thury and General Miklós Zrínyi (Nikola Zrinski) dominate the historical memory of Nagykanizsa (Kanizsa, Canissa). On the other hand, the former lords of the town, the Kanizsai family and Palatine Tamás Nádasdy have minor historical reputation nowadays. Interestingly, there is no monument to commemorate Gianfrancesco Aldobrandini, the nephew of pope Clement VIII (Ippolito Aldobrandini) and famous commander in the fights against the Ottomans, or his Christian soldiers who fought valiantly to free the castle, but their endeavour faded away.
However, this could turn out in a different way, since Mayor Stephen Krátky wished to found the so called Park of Heros and as a symbolic gesture, rebuild the Salm bastion. According to the first draft, he planned to erect a memorial in Marc Kilit Gasparich’s and Miklós Zrínyi’s honor. Nevertheless, after Florio Banfi’s suggestion, he decided to dedicate a statue of Gianfrancesco Aldobrandini, a replica of the one in the Capitoline Museums of Rome.
In spite of the enthusiasm and interest, which surrounded the beginings of the construction works, the ceremony had to be postponed from 1937 to 1940 due to the shortness of time and financial problems. At that time, the World War II swept the initiation away, and instead of a national celebration and unveiling ceremony, they barely even paid tribute to the 250th jubilee of the event locally.
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Korunkban Thury György kapitány és Zrínyi Miklós költő hadvezér alakja versenytárs nélkül uralja Nagykanizsa történelmi emlékezetét, s a várost évszázadokig birtokló Kanizsai család és Nádasdy Tamás nádor csak igen szűk (el)ismertségnek örvendhet. VIII. Kelemen pápa unokaöccsét, az oszmán-ellenes harcok híres hadvezérét, a kanizsai ostrom során 1601-ben elhunyt Gianfrancesco Aldobrandinit és a vár felszabadításáért küzdő keresztény katonákat viszont méltatlanul elfeledte Kanizsa, az ostrom emlékét nem őrzi egyetlen művészeti alkotás sem.
Mindez viszont alakulhatott volna máshogyan is. Ugyanis Krátky István polgármester az 1930-as évek második felében a vár helyén létre szerette volna hozni a Hősök ligetét és benne jelképesen újjáépíteni a Salm bástyát. A ligetbe először Gasparich Márk Kilit és Zrínyi Miklós szobrát szerették volna felállítani, ám a híres történész, Banfi Florio javaslatára végül Aldobrandininek a római Capitóliumi Múzeumokban lévő szobrának másolatát kívánták felavatni.
A munkálatok megindultak, és országos figyelem övezte a készülődést. Aldobrandini szobrát először 1937-ben tervezték leleplezni, azonban az idő rövidsége és az anyagi problémák miatt a felavatást 1940-re, a vár visszafoglalásának 250. évfordulójára halasztották. Ekkora azonban a világháború elsodorta e kezdeményezést is, s végül az országos ünnepség és szoboravatás helyett helyi szinten is alig emlékeztek meg e történelmi esemény évfordulójáról.
Jelen cikk e szoborállítási kísérlet történetét mutatja be.

It is a well known fact that canonica visitatios preserved in archives are valuable historical sources for researchers. An excellent example for this is a canonica visitatio written in Latin in 1777-79, estimating the conditions of the diocese of Veszprém.
The source deals in detail with the towns of the region, among others with Kanizsa (Nagykanizsa) as well. The document analyses the population and the ecclesiastical relationships of the well developing town: the parish, the chapels and the facilities of all of these. It discusses the everyday procuration and operation of filias of the parishes, such as Szentmiklós (Miklósfa) and Bagola, as well as the operation of the
local Franciscans, Piarists and of secular religious companies and schools. The substantial foundations of all of them (like salaries, estates, stole fees, etc.) are also incorporated. This paper aims, with the aid of these rich and until now unpublished sources, to delineate the spiritual, cultural and financial conditions of the parish of this town, in order to increase our knowledge regarding the religious life of Kanizsa in the baroque epoch.

In the course of their research into the life and activities of Péter Pázmány, Emil Hargittay and Péter Tusor have already drawn attention to the fact that the collection of the letters of the cardinal-archbishop cannot be regarded as complete despite the extention of the work undertaken by Ferenc Hanuy in the early 20th century. Since the publication of the Hanuy edition, many unknown letters have been identified, and several among these have already appeared in print. In recent
years, the centre of the Pázmány research has become the University which bears his name, where the letters discovered since the Hanuy collection are prepared for publication under the direction of Péter Tusor. One of the hitherto unpublished letters is the document which is presented in this
paper. The letter in question was addressed by Péter Pázmány to bishop Miklós Dallos of Győr at Nagyszombat on 14 January 1628. This is an important supplement to the correspondence between the cardinal and the bishop, providing important insight into the life of the chapter and Jesuit College at Győr, as well as into the relationship of Pázmány with both the palatine and Melchior Klesl, bishop of Vienna.

Az ELTE BTK Történelemtudományi Doktori Iskolán belül a Középkori és Kora Újkori Egyetemes Történeti, a Középkori Magyar Történeti és a Történelem Segédtudományai Doktori Program elsőként 2010-ben fogott össze, hogy egy közös konferenciát szervezzen a PhD-hallgatók számára. A mára már hagyománynak tekinthető esemény kapcsán szokássá vált, hogy a konferenciákon elhangzott előadások tanulmánnyá formált szövegét minden évben közreadjuk. Az idei kötetben tizenkét tanulmányt talál az olvasó. Egyetemes és magyar történelmi témájú dolgozatok követik egymást, amelyek betekintést engednek a középkori egyházi és világi intézmények működésébe, a nemesek és a városlakók életébe, a háborúk, a diplomácia és a mindennapok részleteibe.

Immense change took place in 1777 in the life of the Veszprém diocese (dioecesis Wesprimiensis; covering a significant territory of Transdanubia). It was in this year when the episcopacies of the region were reorganised: the dioceses of Székesfehérvár and Szombathely were erected, whereby the territory of the Veszprém diocese was remarkably reduced. All this necessitated on the one hand the general state of the episcopacy to be reassessed and, on the other hand, a certain degree of internal restructuring. This made bishop József Bajzáth personally lead an ecclesiastical visit to the whole Veszprém diocese in 1778–1779.
This richness of data in the source provides exceptional opportunities for investigating different historical issues, such as ecclesiastical, cultural, art, educational, demesne and local historical ones. By doing so, the text of the visit provides a thorough overview of conditions, facilities and demesnes of temples, chapels, parishes and school houses, pious societies as well as describes the persons of patrons, school masters, priests, bell ringers and midwives, the number of the local population and the distribution of denomination within the settlements. Thus, the canonical visit provides a comprehensive survey of the life of the Veszprém diocese in the period of the flourishing baroque reorganisation and development after the Ottoman conquest.
The authentic Latin text of the visit is preserved in three leather-bound folios in the Veszprém Archdiocesan Archive. These volumes respectively contain the surveys of the three counties of the epsicopacy: Somogy, Veszprém and Zala fill one book each. Our main purpose is to publish the whole source county by county. In 2020 the text of Zala county was published together with a detailed preface introducing the institution and history of the canonical visits. The present edition is the second one in the row, providing the text of the visit in the archdeaconry of Veszprém, ie. Veszprém county during the spring of 1779, including the decanal districts of Csesznek, Palota, Pápa and Veszprém. These consist of altogether 46 parishes and their filiales.
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1777-ben komoly változások történtek a dunántúli katolikus egyházszervezetben, ugyanis a székesfehérvári és a szombathelyi püspökség megalapítása jelentős mértékben lecsökkentette a veszprémi egyházmegye területét. Mindez szükségessé tette az egyházmegye állapotának felmérését és bizonyos fokú belső átszervezését is. Így 1778–1779-ben Bajzáth József megyéspüspök canonica visitatiót, azaz egyházlátogatást tartott, melynek során a teljes egyházmegye felmérésre került.
A főpásztori egyházlátogatás különösen adatgazdagnak tekinthető, s e forrás nem csak egyháztörténeti, hanem többek között művelődés-, művészet-, oktatás-, birtok- és helytörténeti kutatásokhoz is értékes adatokat biztosít, hiszen részletesen vall a templomok, kápolnák, parókiák és iskolák állapotáról, felszereltségéről, birtokairól, a patrónusokról, a vallásos társulatokról, a tanító, a plébános, a harangozó és a bábák személyéről, jövedelméről, képzettségéről, a plébániák és a plébánosok könyvtáráról, valamint az adott település lakosságának számáról, felekezeti megoszlásáról, vallásosságáról is. Így az egyházlátogatás segítségével az oszmán hódítást követően a reorganizáció korszakát élő püspökség virágzó barokk időszakának utolsó éveire nyerhetünk átfogó rálátást.
A latin nyelvű vizitáció a Veszprémi Főegyházmegyei Levéltárban három kötetbe rendezve található meg, külön kötetben mutatva meg a Zala, Veszprém, illetve Somogy vármegyék területén végzett egyházlátogatásokat. A Veszprémi Főegyházmegyei Levéltár célul tűzte ki, hogy vármegyénként haladva kiadja e forráskorpuszt. 2020-ban a vizitációk történetét és fejlődését ismertető, részletesebb előszóval látott napvilágot a Zala megyei vizitációkat tartalmazó kötet. Jelen munkában pedig a veszprémi főesperesség, azaz Veszprém vármegye területén 1779 tavaszán végzett vizitációk kerültek kiadásra, bennük a püspök által megvizsgált palotai, cseszneki, pápai és veszprémi esperességek 46 plébániájának, valamint a hozzájuk tartozó filiáknak a felmérésével.

1777-ben az új egyházmegyék alapítása nyomán jelentősen lecsökkent a veszprémi római katolikus püspökség területe, így szükségessé vált az egyházmegye állapotának felmérése. Ennek érdekében 1778–1779-ben Bajzáth József megyéspüspök kánoni látogatást végzett püspöki tartományában, amelynek során felmérte többek között az egyes települések lélekszámát, felekezeti megoszlását, a templomok, kápolnák, iskolai helyiségek állapotát, a plébánosok és tanítók magaviseletét, tanultságát, a hívek vallásosságát, valamint a plébánia és a plébános könyvtárát, továbbá a javadalmi földeket. Jelen kötetben az oszmán háborúkat követő reorganizáció korszakát élő püspökség Zala vármegyei területeinek virágzó barokk korszakába, a 18. század utolsó éveibe nyerhetünk átfogó bepillantást a közreadott forrás segítségével.
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The history of the institution of ecclesiastical visits (canonica visitatio) stems from the preliminary period of the Church, the first sources date back to the 5th century. Visits in bigger number and similar principle are at scholars’ disposal since the 16–17th centuries, in consequence of the decisions made at the council of Trent. These surveys successfully carried out their purpose in their times by providing exact snapshots of the population of the diocesan territory, the moral and financial means of local parishes, the conditions of temples, parish and school houses as well as of the moral, mental readiness and educational backgrounds of local priests.
Immense change took place in 1777 concerning the life of the Veszprém diocese (dioecesis Wesprimiensis), covering the significant territory of Transdanubia. It was in this year when the episcopacies of the region were reorganised, the dioceses of Székesfehérvár and Szombathely were erected, whereby the territory of the Veszprém diocese was significantly diminished. This fact necessitated both the general conditions of the episcopacy to be revaluated and an internal restructuring to a certain extent. This made bishop József Bajzáth to personally lead an ecclesiastical visit of the whole Veszprém diocese in 1778–1779.
The authentic Latin text of the visit is preserved in three leather-bound folios in the Veszprém Archdiocesan Archive. These volumes respectively contain the surveys of the three counties of the epsicopacy: Somogy, Veszprém and Zala fill one book each. Our main purpose is to publish the whole source – the present edition is the first one in the row, providing the text of the Zala archdeaconry, more or less equivalent to Zala county. However, we may note that bishop Bajzáth visited only those parts of the county that remained within the Veszprém diocese: the decanal districts of Füred, Kanizsa, Keszthely, Kiskomárom, Sümeg and Tapolca. These consist of altogether 57 parishes.
The text of each parish provides a thorough overview of the condition of the temple, the income of the priests and the temple, the very person of the patron, the school master, the priest, the bell ringer and the midwide, and also the people of the village. This richness of data provides exceptional opportunities for different historical investigations. As the source describes the priests’ age, education, knowledge of languages and behaviour in details, it is useful for assembling and revising archontological and prosopographical databases.
The number of the population, the distribution of denomination of the settlements may carry information for demographical research. The description of temples, chapels, school houses are relevant for art- and architecture historical assessment, whereas the enrollment of the parishes’ and priests’ library have intense book- and culture-historical references. The enumeration of parish-demesnes makes it possible to reconstruct contemporary geographical and property affairs by enlisting their every neighbour, and, finally, the significant number of local population alleviate genealogical research. All in all, this source-publication might be useful for church and local historical researchers as well as for a wider range of academics.
The canonical visit provides a comprehensive survey of the life of the diocese in the period of the flourishing baroque reorganisation and development after the Ottoman conquest. This picture is almost the last of its kind on its peak-point: the post-Josefinistic church policy resulted in radically new denominational and church affairs within the Veszprém diocese as well – a period which is to be described by the canonical visits of the early 19th century.

Hungary and the Holy See of Rome III. Exquisitae lucubrationes Cornelio Szovák amicabiliter dicatae (CVH I/21), ed. Péter Tusor–Viktor Kanász, Budapest-Rome 2022.

As in its predecessors (CVH I/8 and CVH I/15), this volume of studies presents the current trends in Vatican Hungarian historical research in the form of sample publications and preliminary studies. All this done, as before, not only by members of the Vilmos Fraknói Vatican Historical Research Group, but also with the involvement of wider professional circle, mainly with the participation of other members of the Hungarian research community and partly of research institutes. The conference will be preceded by the VIII Fraknói Summer Academy.
The opening essay, written by Dániel Bácsatyai on the 800th anniversary of the publication of the Golden Bull (Aranybulla), finally outlines the real historical context of the document’s creation in the force field of the Vatican research. The original of the bull of Pope Honorius III, dated 9 December 1222, preserved in Barcelona, has so far completely escaped the attention of the relevant research, and its careful analysis reveals completely new data, aspects and contexts. Tamás Fedeles publishes and processes the Hungarian entries of hitherto neglected Camera Apostolica volume from the late 14th century. Gábor Nemes publishes and places in historical context newly discovered papal breves from 1476 from Sixtus IV. The Vestigia Research Group, personally Hajnalka Kuffart, has the merit of unearthing the earliest Hungarian canonical investigation record to date, dating from 1503. This is followed by two impressive contributions by the Hungarian Mediavistical Research Group. Norbert C. Tóth presents and publishes his rotula of the litigation on the Sacra Romana Rota in 1514–1515 concerning the canonry of the St. Peter’s altar in Esztergom. Bálint Lakatos has compiled the documents of the appointment of the renowned humanist Girolamo Balbi, provost of Pozsony (Bratislava), as bishop of Gurk (1522–1523), thanks to his collection of sources from the Vatican and Austria. Lakatos’ study clarifies and supplements Balbi’s biography in several aspects.
In the study introducing the early modern period, Viktor Kanász examines the Hungarian aspects of the reports sent to Rome by Girolamo Martinengo of Vienna and Ludovico Beccadelli, the Venetian Apostolic Nuncio, between 1550 and 1554. It demonstrates that the papacy had complex and reliable information on the Kingdom of Hungary in the mid-16th century. Tamás Kruppa traces the diplomatic efforts of Filippo Spinelli, the new papal nuncio to the imperial court in Prague in 1598, in relation to the Principality of Transylvania until 1600. He reveals that the idea of a possible principality of the ruling papal dynasty, the House of Aldobrandini, was also raised in the Roman planning. Péter Tusor examines the denunciation of Péter Pázmány, Archbishop of Esztergom, against Gáspár Verbanovich, canon of Zagreb, sent to Rome in the autumn of 1625, and places it in the coordinates of the Catholic confessionalization in Hungary, the history of the diocese of Eger and Croatian-Hungarian relations in the 17th century. Béla Mihalik takes a closer look at the appointment of Mihály Telekessy, canon of Győr, bishop of Csanád, famous for his archpastorship of Eger, using the letters of Abbot Fabrizio Agostini, cardinal protectorate agent, active in the Roman proceedings, preserved in Florence. Also an illustrative example of the special value of the Roman agent reports is the article by Róbert Oláh P., who describes the papal conclave of 1769 on the basis of Bartolomeo Pinto Poloni’s reports preserved in Győr, using sources of control from Vienna. The statement of Mons. Tamás Tóth describes the first canonical investigation protocol of the diocese of Székesfehérvár in 1777, due to the location of the conference history in Piliscsaba. Katalin Nagy, a colleague of the Moravcsik Institute, and a research resident of the same institute and of the Vilmos Fraknói Research Group in the Vatican archives, publishes the first research request of Vilmos Fraknói from the prefectural archives of the Archivio Apostolico Vaticano in 1881. Their particular informative value is that they irrefutably prove that the aim of Fraknói and his associates was from the very beginning to explore and publish Vatican sources of Hungarian relevance, and not a (even) larger-scale project.
The 20th century is represented by three papers. Tamás Véghseő from Nyíregyháza, with the help of some documents from the Historical Archives of the Papal State Secretariat, shows the early memories of the foundation of the diocese of Hajdúdorog in 1912 in Romanian aspect, and the fears of the restoration of the original borders of the Hungarian Greek Catholic diocese in the context of the Second Vienna decision of 1940. From the same repository come two reports by Alvary Gascoigne, the British Ambassador Extraordinary in Budapest, on his negotiations with Archbishop József Grősz of Kalocsa in 1945. The documents, processed by György Sági, reached the Papal Secretariat of the State through the British Ambassador Extraordinary to the Vatican. Finally, Balázs Rétfalvi analyses the interesting and instructive account of the visit of Piarist General Vince Tomek to Hungary after the nationalisation of church schools in June 1948. The document is housed in the central archives of the Piarist Order in Rome (Archivio Generale delle Scuole Pie).

Hungary and the Holy See of Rome II. Hungarian Historical Researches of the 21th Century in the Vatican (CVH I/15), ed. by Péter Tusor–Kornél Szovák–Tamás Fedeles, Budapest–Rome 2017. pp. 436 + 11 suppl. (7 pictures printed on coated paper, 4 maps)

The volume gives a scientific plan to the forthcoming five years of the HAS-PPCU Vilmos Fraknói Vatican Historical Research Group that focuses on the Hungarian historical research in the Vatican and was established in 2017 as an organic continuation of the Impetus research group. It contains the lectures-turned-studies of the “Hungarian Historical Researches of the 21th Century in the Vatican” symposium of the VIIIth International Hungarology Congress organised by the Impetus research group on the 23rd August 2016.

The chronological and thematic order of the volume’s writings clearly outlines the planned focus and directions of the research group’s researches. The first five studies examine late medieval subject. Ágnes Maléth analyses the diplomatic relations between Charles I and the papal court in the light of sources from the Vatican Archives. Tamás Fedeles provides input to the work of the papal tax collectors by the presentation of the operation of one of them: Péter, son of István, whose person is well-known both for the Hungarian and the Polish research. Kornél Szovák examines how the Turkish question appeared in the supplications handed in the Roman Curia in the fifteenth century. Gábor Nemes processed the late medieval presence of laics and priests from the diocese of Győr in Rome leaning on various curial types of sources. Finally, the study of Bálint Lakatos provides insight into the ceremonial hierarchy of the papal court, in which he examines the place of Hungary.

The focus of the next six studies is the Early Modern Age. Viktor Kanász outlines his plan to reveal the Vatican sources concerning the curial process of György Fráter’s murder, with which he desires to settle the long-standing debt of the Hungarian historiography. Similarly, Péter Tusor drafts the details of his project about the methodical exploitation of the verbals of the seventeenth century canonical examinations. Tamás Tóth deals with this subject for the eighteenth century. Tamás Kruppa analyses the relations of politics and religion in the early seventeenth century on the basis of the works and correspondence of the Jesuit Giovanni Argenti. Béla Vilmos Mihalik also presents a diplomatic subject: the connections of the Holy See and the Court of Vienna at the end of the 17th century, at the time of the Roman legation of Count Georg Adam von Martinitz. Gábor Kisvarga outlines the plan to publish the monograph of Ferenc Galla, which survived in a manuscript, on the missions in the territory under Turkish rule.

The last four studies delineate the third main direction of the investigations of the research group; the Hungarian historical researches in the Vatican about the twentieth century. Krisztina Tóth presents the point of view of the Holy See about the Hungarian royal right of patronage at the turn of the 1920s through the protocols of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. Máté Gárdonyi reveals the documentary value of the renewed ad limina reports submitted already not to the Congregation of Council, but to the Consistorial Congregation. Tamás Véghseő provides interesting additions to the problems of the consolidation of the Hungarian Greek Catholics after the Treaty of Trianon in his source publication. Ultimately, Lilla Fehér unfolds a chapter of the history of the emigration in Rome after 1945: the attempt to establish the Saint Stephen Academy.

The volume is supplemented by rich source material, charts and maps published at the singular studies, pictures, summaries in English and an index.

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Magyarország és a római Szentszék II. Vatikáni magyar kutatások a 21. században (CVH I/15), szerk. Tusor Péter–Szovák Kornél–Fedeles Tamás, Budapest–Róma 2017. 436 p. + (11 melléklet (7 p. műnyomó képmell., 4 térkép)

A kötet a Lendület-kutatócsoport szerves folytatásaként 2017-ben megalakult, a vatikáni magyar történeti kutatásokat működése középpontjába állító MTA-PPKE Fraknói Vilmos Római Történeti Kutatócsoport számára ad szakmai prognózist az elkövetkezendő öt évre. Alapjául a 2016. augusztus 23-án a pécsi VIII. Nemzetközi Hungarológiai Kongresszus Lendület-kutatócsoport által szervezett Vatikáni magyar történeti kutatások a 21. században szimpóziumán elhangzott előadások szolgálnak.

A tanulmányok kronológiai, tematikai rendje körvonalazza a kutatócsoport tervezett kutatásainak súlypontját, irányait. Az első öt tanulmány késő középkori témát vizsgál. Maléth Ágnes I. Károly és a pápai udvar közötti diplomáciai kapcsolatokat elemezi vatikáni levéltári források fényében. Fedeles Tamás a pápai tizedszedők munkájához szolgál adalékkal, a magyar és a lengyel kutatás számára egyaránt ismert pápai adószedő, István fia Péter kollektori működésének bemutatásával. Szovák Kornél azt vizsgálja, hogyan jelent meg a török kérdés a 15. században a pápához benyújtott folyamodványokban, az ún. szupplikációkban. Nemes Gábor a győri egyházmegyés hívek és papság késő középkori római jelenlétét dolgozza fel különféle kuriális forrástípusokra támaszkodva. Végül Lakatos Bálint tanulmánya a pápai udvar ceremoniális rangsorába enged betekintést, melyben Magyarország helyét vizsgálja.

A következő hat tanulmány súlypontját a kora újkor adja. Kanász Viktor Fráter György kuriális perére vonatkozó szentszéki források feltárásának tervét vázolja, mellyel a historiográfia régi adósságát igyekszik törleszteni. Hasonlóképpen Tusor Péter, aki a 17. századi kánoni kivizsgálási jegyzőkönyvek módszeres kiaknázásának tervét vázolja fel. Ehhez kapcsolódik Tóth Tamás írása, aki ugyanezt a témát a 18. század vonatkozásában körvonalazza. Kruppa Tamás Giovanni Argenti jezsuita művei és levelezése alapján vizsgálja politika és vallás kapcsolatát a 17. század elején Erdélyben. Szintén diplomáciai témát mutat be Mihalik Béla Vilmos: a Szentszék és a bécsi udvar kapcsolatát a 17. század végén, Georg Adam von Martinitz gróf római követsége idején. Kisvarga Gábor Galla Ferencnek a hódoltsági missziókról írt kéziratban maradt munkája kiadásának tervét vázolja.

Az utolsó négy tanulmány a kutatócsoport harmadik fő kutatási irányát a 20. századra vonatkozó szentszéki magyar kutatásokat körvonalazza. Tóth Krisztina a Szentszéknek az 1920-as évek fordulóján magyar királyi főkegyúri joggal kapcsolatban elfoglalt álláspontját ismerteti a Rendkívüli Egyházi Ügyek Kongregációja jegyzőkönyvein keresztül. Gárdonyi Máté a megújított, és már nem a Zsinati, hanem a Konzisztoriális Kongregációhoz benyújtott ad limina jelentések forrásértékét mutatja be. Véghseő Tamás forrásközlésében a görögkatolikusság Trianon utáni konszolidációjához ad érdekes adalékokat. Végül Fehér Lilla az 1945 utáni római emigráció történetének egy fejezetét, a Szent István Akadémia létrehozására tett kísérletet tárja fel.

A kötetet az egyes tanulmányoknál közölt gazdag forrásanyag, táblázatok, térképek, képanyag, illetve angol nyelvű összefoglalók és mutató egészíti ki.

Az első 300 év Magyarországon és Európában [The First 300 Years in Hungary and Europe. The Dominican Order in the Middle Ages], József Csurgai Horváth (ed.), Székesfehérvár, Alba Civitas Történeti Alapítvány, 2017, pp. 335-ill.; Lajos Implom, Adatok a Szent Domonkos-rend magyarországi rendtartományának történetéhez. A rendtartomány alapításától 1526-ig [Dates of the History of the Hungarian Province of the Dominican Order. From the Foundation until 1526] (Magyar Domonkos Rendtörténet, 1), Vasvár, Domonkos Rendtörténeti Gyűjtemény, 2017, pp. 711-ill.

9. FRAKNÓI MŰHELYELŐADÁS

KANÁSZ VIKTOR (Fraknói Vilmos Római Történeti Kutatócsoport)
Szász Móric 1552. évi magyarországi hadjárata

2024. március 13. (szerda), 17.00–18.00 óra
Az esemény online követhető: https://meet.google.com/nua-yyqh-aqr
Minden érdeklődőt hívunk és várunk!

Könyvbemutató
Veszprémi egyházmegye múltjából 35, 36

A veszprémi egyházmegye egyházlátogatási jegyzőkönyvei 1778–1779. I. Zala megye. Kiad. KANÁSZ VIKTOR, Veszprém 2020
Ismerteti: Hermann István

Rott Nándor és kora. A katolikus egyház 1918–1919-ben és a veszprémi püspökség a két világháború között. Szerk. KARLINSZKY BALÁZS–VARGA TIBOR LÁSZLÓ, Veszprém 2020
Ismerteti: Rev. Gárdonyi Máté

2020. október 21., szerda, 16.00
Központi Papnevelő Intézet, Díszterem, 1053 BUDAPEST, Papnövelde u. 7.

Az esemény nyilvános, minden érdeklődőt hívunk és várunk! Egyúttal kérjük a járványügyi előírások betartását és ezek miatt előzetes regisztrációt a következő e-mail címen: leveltar@veszpremiersekseg.hu.

Szervezők: MTA-PPKE Fraknói Vilmos Római Történeti Kutatócsoport, Veszprémi Főegyházmegyei Levéltár, Központi Szeminárium

Thúry György Múzeum, a Veszprémi Főegyházmegyei Levéltár és az MTA-PPKE Fraknói Vilmos Római Történeti Kutatócsoport tisztelettel meghívja Önt és kedves családját, barátait 2020. szeptember 2-án szerdán 16.30 órára, a

Pápai csapatok Magyarországon (1595–1597, 1601). Gianfrancesco Aldobrandini levelezését feltárta, közreadja és a kísérőtanulmányt írta KRUPPA TAMÁS és
A veszprémi egyházmegye egyházlátogatási jegyzőkönyvei 1778-1779. I. Zala megye. Közreadja és a bevezető tanulmányt írta KANÁSZ VIKTOR
című kötetek bemutatójára.

A VENDÉGEKET KÖSZÖNTI:
Száraz Csilla, a Thúry György Múzeum igazgatója

A KÖTETEKET MÉLTATJA ÉS AZ ÉRDEKLŐDŐK FIGYELMÉBE AJÁNLJA:
Dr. habil. Tusor Péter egyetemi docens, az MTA-PPKE Fraknói Kcs. vezetője
Dr. Karlinszky Balázs, a Veszprémi Főegyházmegyei Levéltár igazgatója

A SZERZŐK:
Dr. Kruppa Tamás tudományos főmunkatárs,
Kanász Viktor tudományos segédmunkatárs,
az MTA-PPKE Fraknói Vilmos Római Történeti Kutatócsoport tagjai

HELYSZÍN:
Thúry György Múzeum – Magyar Plakát Ház (Nagykanizsa, Erzsébet tér 14-15.)

VI. Fraknói Nyári Akadémia
Budaörs, 2020. aug. 7-8.

Program
2020. augusztus 7. (péntek)
09:45–10:00: Köszöntők (Tusor Péter, Gárdonyi Máté)
10:00–10:30: Fazekas István: A Habsburg Monarchia levéltári örökségének a sorsa. A badeni egyezmény létrejötte (1926)
10:30–11.00 Tóth Krisztina: Trianon egyházkormányzati következményei és a szerzetesrendek. A bencések, ferencesek és premontreiek példáján keresztül
11:00–11:15: kávészünet
11:15–11:45: Balogh Margit: „Szent István földjének egyetlen porszeméről le nem mondhatunk” Pehm (Mindszenty) József zalaegerszegi plébános az ezeréves határokért
11:45–12:15: Mózessy Gergely: Prohászka-kutatás a székesfehérvári egyházmegyében
12:15–14:00: ebédszünet
14:00–14:30: C. Tóth Norbert: Miller János gömöri főesperes vizitációjának emléke: az oda-vissza út
14:30–15:00: Kanász Viktor: Nunciusok I. Ferdinánd mellett
15:00–15:15: kávészünet
15:15–15:45: Dóbék Ágnes: Barkóczy Ferenc reprezentációja
15:55–16:15: Jávor Miklós: Az ellentmondásosság és az önellentmondások kérdésköre a Kádár-rendszer egyházpolitikájában
16:15–16:30: kávészünet
16:30–17:30: Ahol még mindig hangos a csatazaj. Kerekasztal-beszélgetés a mohácsi csatáról C. Tóth Norberttel és Varga Szabolccsal
18:00-tól: vacsora


2020. augusztus 8. (szombat)

Túra
Időpont: 13:30–18:00
Útvonal: Heimatmuseum, Nepomuki Szent János templom,
Ótemető, Kálvária, Odvas-hegy, Kőhegy, Zárómise a Szeplőtelen Fogantatás Kápolnában
Szakmai idegenvezető: Grósz András

A kirándulást követően vacsora zárja a nyári akadémiát

A nyári akadémián való részvétel ingyenes, de regisztrációhoz kötött.

TOVÁBBI ADATOK
Helyszín: Frank-hegyi Turistaház és Fogadó (2040, Budaörs, Ezüstfenyő u.)

Kurátorok: Rev. Gárdonyi Máté, Tusor Péter
Hallgatói igazgató: Kanász Viktor

A szervezésben közreműködik: Kubinyi András Történész Műhely
További információ: www.institutumfraknoi.hu, kanaszviktor@gmail.com