Total Institutions

The criminal asylums as a symbolic form

The Government of madness is always a matter primarily
of spaces. The most extreme of these places – the one that
was born in Italy in the last quarter of the Nineteenth century
as “criminal asylums” – is hit by an ambiguous deposition
process. However, any changes interest these symbolic forms,
these places of confinement of non-we, cannot assume than
a margins redefinition of social sense and no-sense, another
segmentation of human thresholds and a remodulation of
the orders of the hierarchy. The fate of these marginal spaces
maintains, then, the codes of the next experience of social order
and its control to come.

Posłuszny, Ł. (2014). Bread and its Social Bonding Functions in a concentration camp, in: M. Błaszkowska, K. Kleczkowska, A. Kuchta et al. (eds.)Eating Culture, Culture of Food, Kraków

The article follows the multiple functions bread had in life of concentration camp
prisoners. At first a short history of bread in European culture is drawn to visualize
the immense panorama of places bread appears, but at the same time a key
part it plays in cultural and social processes until now. In the second part focus
of interest moves to hunger context of concentration camp bread appears in. Its
function as a tool of social control and objectification within the framework of
Erving Goffman Total institution theory is juxtaposed with various subjectivizing
forms bread morphs into when manipulated by prisoners. It provokes creation of
material and non-material culture on the one hand, and specific social bonds on
the other hand, which try to be partially explained by mechanisms named in Peter
Blau’s exchange theory.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird sich mit verschiedenen Konstruktionen von geistiger Behinderung auseinandergesetzt. Im Vordergrund sollen dabei weniger sonderpädagogisch-paradigmatische, sondern vielmehr in der Lebenspraxis diskursiv hervorgebrachte Konstruktionen stehen.
Ausgehend von einer kulturwissenschaftlichen bzw. diskurstheoretischen Perspektive, die geistige Behinderung nicht als naturgegebenes Faktum und individuelle Pathologie, sondern als sozio-kulturell gewachsene Differenzkategorie und Produkt machtvoller Diskurse versteht, wird in einem ersten Schritt exemplarisch die Frage aufgeworfen, welche Konstruktionen von geistiger Behinderung über den medial-öffentlichen Diskurs transportiert und damit zugleich auch innerhalb gesamtgesellschaftlicher Diskurse reproduziert werden. Bezug wird dabei auf die Ergebnisse einer Einzelfallanalyse genommen, die die exemplarische Analyse einer Ausgabe der TV-Talkshow Günther Jauch zum Gegenstand hatte. Hierauf aufbauend wird in einem zweiten Schritt der Frage nachgegangen, wo bzw. inwiefern sich diese medial vermittelten Konstruktionen ggf. in der Lebenspraxis von Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung widerspiegeln. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auf die Ergebnisse eines Forschungsprojekts rekurriert, das (unter anderem) die Subjektkonstruktionen von Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung im Rahmen institutionalisierter Betreuungsverhältnisse untersuchte. Im Zuge der Auseinandersetzung wird anhand von Auszügen aus den genannten Forschungsarbeiten aufgezeigt, dass geistige Behinderung sowohl in der medialen Öffentlichkeit als auch in der institutionalisierten Betreuungspraxis mitunter als naturgegebenes Wesensmerkmal definiert wird, welches von Passivität, Hilfsbedürftigkeit und scheinbar kindlicher Unmündigkeit geprägt ist. Der Beitrag verfolgt vor diesem Hintergrund das Ziel, sich mit der aus diesen diskursiven Praktiken hervorgehenden Subjektivität von Menschen mit geistiger Behinderung auseinanderzusetzen. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die theoretische wie praktische Erörterung dessen, was dies in Bezug auf den Vollzug von Inklusionsprozessen bedeutet bzw. wie Diskurse verändert werden könnten, um Inklusion, verstanden als krisenhafter Prozess der „Dekonstruktion von Diskursteilhabebarrieren“ (Trescher 2015, 333), voranzutreiben.

The main objective of this paper is to show the consequences that the system established by the agricultural union “Unió de Pagesos” to recruit, import and distribute foreign labor produces, that is a worker whose legal rights and liberties are embarrassed. Once the traditional family productive system of Catalonian agriculture is substituted by an industrial one, designed for exportation and which requires hired labor, the Union, aided by the State reconverts itself into an entity that provides different services, especially those related with the supply of labor force through their system –as we characterize the set of practices that make possible the recruitment of foreign workers, and their concentration in the lodgings managed by it. The migratory policy is responsible of the emergence of this system whose origin is in the symbiotic relation between the State and the Agricultural Union. Their interests –the “just in time” provision of labor and the social control of the migratory flow are harmonized by it. In the lodgings –infrastructure of the system- a transformation is operated through different devices –lodging regulation, presence of personnel in charge of the facilities, a visit regime, exit permissions, among others –close to other institutions as labor camps, where the tame of the individuality is aimed through the subordination to a dominating power in order to create a new subject, whose value is exteriorized in its obedience to the will of those who administrate the institutions. Finally, this system belongs to a tradition of devices designed with the purpose to fixation of manpower, whose most relevant precedents are to be found in social institutions as Roman slavery rental (II-I B.C.), English vagrancy and poor laws (XIV century) and specifically Prussian System of labor import applied by the Preuische Feldarbeiter Zentrale studied by Max Weber.

In recent years, there has been increased recognition of the significance and relevance of Holocaust studies to nurses. However, these studies are rarely integrated in the nursing curriculum, and even when they are, the focus is usually on healthcare personnel who collaborated with the Nazi regime. This article aims to bridge this gap by analyzing a comprehensive requisite curriculum on the Holocaust for graduate nursing students. We emphasize the work of Jewish healthcare professionals during the Holocaust and the dilemmas they faced, as well as the trauma and resilience of Holocaust survivors, their treatment today, and implications for treating other patients. This article examines how studying these issues affected the graduate students. It analyzes the reflective accounts written by the students, using qualitative content analysis and Grounded Theory. The findings suggest that students received tools to act professionally and empathetically while demonstrating greater sensitivity to the patients’ identity, past experiences, trauma, and how the hospital as a “total institution” affects them. Many of the students developed conscious leadership. The program used a personalized pedagogical approach that contributed to experiential learning but was also emotionally challenging for the participants. We recommend including Holocaust studies as a requisite component in nursing programs worldwide.

Erving Goffman's, examining institutions regarding individual-society relationship where individual is controlled, audited and his/her individualism is restricted thrpugh his Total Institutions analysis, provide many imferences, regarding many historical and modern institutions. Kibbutz, established at 1910s and still continue to exist, and analysis of the collective work and the collective life at Kibbutz, through these institutions with instrumental ends designed to achieve some work-like purpose army barracks, ships, boarding schools, concentration camps as total institutions, constitute main focus of this study. Analysis of the control and regulation mechanism dominant at Kibbutz, that is relevant with Goffman's total institutions' characteristics also contitute other intention of the study. Therefore, although Kibbutz have faced significant structural transformations, commitments of the Kibbutzniks reproduced by educational process and the fact that they are audited, regulated and controlled, although hundred years have passed, still overlap with main features of total institutions. Öz Birey-toplum ilişkisi içerisinde, bireyin toplum tarafından kontrol altına alındığı, denetlendiği ve bireyselliğinin kısıtlandığı kurumları inceleyen Erving Goffman'ın total kurumlar analizi, tarihsel ve modern bir çok kuruma dair çıkarımlar sunmaktadır. Bu kurumlar içerisinde özellikle işe benzer görevlerin daha iyi yerine getirilmesi için kurulduğu söylenen ve kendilerini yalnızca bu araçsal dayanaklar üzerinde meşrulaştıran kurumlar olarak tanımlanan: askeri kışlalar, gemiler, yatılı okullar, çalışma kampları, benzeri bir örgütlenme biçimi olarak İsrail'de 1910 yılında kurulan ve hala varlığını devam ettiren Kibbutzlar ve bir total kurum olarak Kibbutz ortak çalışma ve ortak yaşamının incelenmesi bu çalışmanın odak noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Kibbuztlarda egemen olan kontrol ve düzenleme mekanizmasının Goffman'ın tanımladığı total kurum özellikleriyle ilişkili olarak incelenmesi çalışmanın bir diğer amacını oluşturmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, 1980'lerden itibaren Kibbutzların geçirdiği önemli yapısal değişime rağmen Kibbutzlar, üyeleri bir otorite tarafından denetlenen, düzenlenen ve eğitim süreçleriyle yeniden üretilmeye çalışılan aidiyetleri ve kontrol altında tutulmaları sebebiyle yüzyıllar geçse de hala total kurum özellikleriyle örtüşmektedir.

Resumen: este ensayo visual presenta la colección de fotografías Matrioshkas (I): corrosión y cicatrices, tomadas por la autora en diferentes establecimientos colombianos que alguna vez fungieron como instituciones totales, en particular, de reclusión forzosa. El propósito del texto que acompaña la colección es registrar algunas facetas de la experiencia de la reclusión y sus repercusiones en los cuerpos y en su entorno, como insumo para el análisis antropológico de lo que el encierro hace en la gente y los lugares. Abandonados los espacios para el internamiento, quedan en ellos las huellas corrosivas y la materia cicatricial de esa experiencia, pocas veces aprovechadas por el etnógrafo-arqueólogo para deducir significados y formas de habitar. Al contrario, en cuanto evidencias de la densa presencia humana y no humana, la autora las postula como materiales que atestiguan la suspensión del tiempo, la resignificación de los límites y las diversas estrategias de sobrevivencia a una situación limítrofe en sí misma: el encierro forzoso.

Palabras claves: antropología del espacio, encierro, etnografía, experiencia, instituciones totales

Matrioshkas, or one Confinement within another

Abstract: This visual essay presents the photographic collection Matrioshkas (I): Corrosion and Scars, taken by the author in different Colombian establishments that once served as total institutions, in particular, of forced reclusion. The purpose of the text that accompanies the collection is to record some facets of the experience of confinement and its repercussions on bodies and their environment, as an input for the anthropological analysis of what confinement does to people and places. The spaces of confinement may be abandoned, but the corrosive traces and the scarred matter of the experience remain, and these are seldom used by the ethnographer-archaeologist to deduce meanings and forms of habitation. On the contrary, as evidence of the dense human and non-human presence, the author postulates them as materials that attest to the suspension of time, the resignification of limits and the diverse strategies of survival in a situation that is borderline in itself: forced confinement.

Keywords: Anthropology of space, confinement, ethnography, experience, total institutions

Matrioshkas, ou um encerro dentro de outro

Resumo: este ensaio visual apresenta a coleção de fotografias Matrioshkas (I): corrosão e cicatrizes, tomadas pela autora em diferentes estabelecimentos colombianos que alguma vez funcionaram como instituições totais, em particular, de reclusão forçada. O propósito do texto que acompanha a coleção é registrar algumas facetas da experiência de reclusão e suas repercussões nos corpos e em seu contexto, como insumo para a análise antropológica do que o encerro faz na pessoa e nos lugares. Abandonados os espaços para a internação, ficam nele as impressões corrosivas e a matéria cicatricial dessa experiência, poucas vezes aproveitadas pelo etnógrafo-arqueólogo para deduzir significados e formas de habitar. Ao contrário, como evidências da densa presença humana e não humana, a autora as propõe como materiais que testemunham a suspensão do tempo, a ressignificação dos limites e as diversas estratégias de sobrevivência numa situação limítrofe em si mesma: o encerro forçado.

Palavras-chave: antropologia do espaço, encerro, etnografia, experiência, instituições totais

Tensions between different relationship forms exist in every organisational setting. Catholic monasteries-as archetypical examples of voluntary total and greedy institutions-provide strategic cases of inquiry for understanding relational conflicts owing to the significance they assign to exclusively fraternal relations, resulting in explicit tensions regarding personal forms of relationships, such as friendship. Based on a multi-sited, qualitative case study of Cistercian monasteries in France, the present article pushes theorising on fraternal relations forward. Fraternal relations as a social form is membership-based and characterised by collectivism, egalitarianism and an imposed level of intimacy. In the monastic setting, it takes the form of prescribed impersonal love. The ideals of fraternal relations pose normative constraints for establishing friendship, but the ambition to minimise verbal interaction, perceived differences between members and the severe limits on joint, extra-organisational activities constitute additional constraints for friendship to form in monasteries.

This article discusses the issue of labour discipline in a Christian Orthodox organisation in Russia. The sisterhood which I analyse is the meeting point of two types of ‘work’: the ‘secular work’ of employed workers is embedded into the ‘religious work’ of the sisters who live a monastic life. I argue that the religious–economic mix of the sisterhood suggests that three employment models are evident: ‘work more, get less’, ‘work less, get more’ and ‘work for free’. Religious and economic spheres are mediated by labour which takes different forms, creating distinct, but related disciplinary labour spaces. I thread the concept of discipline through religious and economic discourses in the monastic workplace, the conflicts between the religious and economic motivations to work and the role of ‘emotional work’. The analysis is based on the participant observation, conducted over a period of four months while I was a staff member of the sisterhood.

Once the model of family farming was substituted by an industrial agricultural system of production based on hired labor, the agricultural catalonian (Spain) union Unió de Pagesos, with the consent of the State, reinvented itself as a provider of services related with the acquisition of manpower through a recruitment and supply system -as we designate the set of practices that materialize the recruitment of foreign workers abroad and their concentration is lodgments controlled by the Union. The State's migration polity is responsible of the emergence of such a system, and we can trace its origin in the symbiotic relation between the State and the Union, whose interests- the social control of the foreign worker and the just in time delivery of labor- are harmonized in it. In the lodgment a transformation is intended through different devices -lodgment regulations, the presence of personnel in charge of the facilities, a visit regime and exit permissions, among others- close to other institutions, as labor camps, where the tame of the individuality is aimed through its subordination to a dominating power in order to create a new subject, whose value is exteriorized in its obedience to the will of those who administrate the institutions.

El artículo refiere el problema de la fijación de la mano de obra extranjera en España. Rastreamos diferentes estrategias dirigidas al propósito de la fijación de los trabajadores en diversos momentos históricos, por lo que la metodología es comparativa entre textos legales del pasado (siglo XIV en adelante) y aquellos que en el presente cumplen con la misma función: implementar políticas encargadas de adscribir a los trabajadores en la agricultura. Asimismo, tratamos las similitudes observadas entre el sistema prusiano de establecimiento del flujo de jornaleros polacos (siglo XIX) y el sistema de reclutamiento y suministro de trabajadores extranjeros establecido por el sindicato agrícola Unió de Pagesos, en Cataluña.

The treatment of psychological disorders of all kinds and, more largely, of the deterioration of the mind, gradually made its mark in Australian novels in the early 1970s and gave rise to a series of books concerned with mental health issues. The six narratives I have selected for this study, namely David Ireland’s The Flesheaters (1972), Walter Adamson’s The Institution (1976), Peter Kocan’s two you-narration novellas The Treatment (1980) and The Cure (1983), Carmel Bird’s The White Garden (1995), as well as Amy Witting’s Isobel on the Way to the Corner Shop (1999), all partake of this new trend. This belated literary awakening to insanity is all the stranger seeing that creativity and madness have often been paired,11 both being particularly apt at articulating the relationship between freedom and constraints, mental representations and reality, the individual and society.
All novels under consideration12 fall neatly into what I would define as total institution fiction, namely literature concerned with characters confined to reclusion in total institutions and living in very close quarters with other inmates, all of whom are placed under one supervising and all-powerful authority that is the keystone to an administratively structured organization. No matter how useful a purpose these institutions serve, most characters would feel to act under constraint. A round-off study of insanity in contemporary total institution fiction would de facto imply a threefold approach that would examine in turn the 3 Ps: the penning institution, the patients and their pathology – a pattern that I shall follow in the structure of this article.

El título hace alusión a una frase usual entre personas internas en centros de rehabilitación (CR) con inspiración de Narcóticos Anónimos (NA) y Alcohólicos Anónimos (AA) y la propia literatura de dicha organización. "¿Quién es el adicto? […] En síntesis, una persona adicta es aquella cuya vida está controlada por las drogas. Estamos en las garras de una enfermedad crónica y progresiva que nos arrastra invariablemente a los mismos lugares: cárceles, hospitales y la muerte" (Narcóticos Anónimos, 2007, p. 2). Afortunadamente para Brandon, cuyo caso se estudia en este capítulo fundamentado en sus experiencias de internamiento en distintos lugares, su paso por esas instituciones concluyó en un CR. Durante el desarrollo del proyecto "La oferta terapéutica religiosa de los centros evangélicos de rehabilitación para farmacodependientes en la región fronteriza bajacaliforniana", Brandon se encontraba trabajando/sirviendo como encargado 1 del centro de rehabilitación Pasos para la Recuperación (Pasos).

Total institutions are by definition totalitarian, but not necessarily authoritarian. Voluntary total institutions consist of members who have chosen to enter, but what opportunities do they have to leave? This article addresses opportunities for exit and voice in Catholic monasteries within the Cistercian order of Strict Observance. Monasteries have institutionalized important democratic processes regarding membership and leadership. Members are involved in decision-making through community bodies and discussions, but in many practical concerns, superiors may wrest control by ensuring that final decisions rest in their hands. The superior’s decision-making style is therefore crucially affecting the range of democratic decision-making in individual monastic communities. Complete exits are common during the initial entry process. The cost of leaving is higher for full members and the internal exit option to other monastic communities in the order is therefore of great importance, and means that monastic communities cease to operate as monopolies.

Streszczenie Artykuł przybliża problem występowania zarówno emocji, jak i szeroko po-jętej pracy emocjonalnej wśród personelu zakładów poprawczych (zP) oraz schronisk dla nieletnich (sdN) w odniesieniu do skuteczności resocjalizacji w warunkach częściowej izolacji. Autor podjął próbę zastosowania konceptu pracy emocjonalnej do opisu i wyjaśnienia oddziaływań wychowawczych obecnych w instytucjach korekcyjnych dla młodzieży. Broniona jest teza, że u podstaw efektywnych działań resocjalizacyjnych leżą emocje oraz praca emocjonalna, której dokonuje personel w relacjach z podopiecznymi. Dyskusji poddane są działania pracowników placówek ukierunkowane na wypracowanie własnych sposobów radzenia sobie z emocjami negatywnymi. W artykule poruszony jest zarówno problem pracy płytkiej, jak i głębokiej oraz ich wpływu na interakcje z wychowankami. zaprezentowane w artykule wnioski opierają się na ośmioletnich bada-niach jakościowych prowadzonych w ośrodkach resocjalizacyjnych wszyst-kich typów w całej Polsce. Do analizy zebranych materiałów empirycznych wykorzystany został paradygmat interpretatywny, który daje możliwość uchwycenia interakcyjnego charakteru powstawania emocji negatywnych i pracy emocjonalnej. Pragnę wyrazić wdzięczność anonimowym recenzentom oraz członkom redakcji " Prze-glądu socjologicznego " za wartościowe uwagi i konstruktywną krytykę, choć oczywiście osoby te nie ponoszą odpowiedzialności za wszelkie niedoskonałości tekstu.

"This article analyzes the processes of dehumanization that occurred in the
Michener Center, a total institution for the purported care and training of people deemed to be mental defectives1 that operated in Alberta, Canada. I report on qualitative interviews with 22 survivors, three ex-workers, and the institutional archival record, drawing out the ways that dehumanization was accomplished through bodily means and the construction of
embodied otherness along several axes. First, inmates’ bodies were erased or debased as unruly matter out of place that disturbed the order of rational modernity, a move that meant inmates were not seen as deserving or even requiring of normal human consideration. Spatial practices within the institution included panopticism and isolation, constructing inmates as not only docile but as unworthy of contact and interaction. Dehumanization was also seen as necessary to and facilitative of patient care; to produce inmates as subhuman permitted efficiency, but also neglect and abuse. Finally, practices of hygiene and sequestering the polluting bodies of those deemed mentally defective sustained and justified dehumanization. These practiceshad profound effects for inmates and also for those charged with caring for them.

Please note, this article is available to download from the mdpi links below."

The paper discusses how memory, emotion, and trauma are intertwined. Departing from classical psychoanalytical approaches, we challenge the classical concept of trauma by considering the phenomenon of understanding. From the perspective of the Sociology of Understanding by A. Glaeser, we bring to the fore the relationship between memory and understanding as phenomena that play out over time depending on the social relations. Because of that, emotions are reframed through emotional regimes playing a central role in self-narratives constructions. This discussion is based on qualitative data (ethnography, netnography, and biographic interviews) collected from former inmates of a correctional institution of children in the countryside of Brazil.

Full paper on: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1750698020959807

This article analyzes the processes of remembering and identity formation in a present-day mnemonic community consisting of former inmates of a total government institution for abandoned juveniles in Brazil’s countryside during the Dictatorship Regime. Through the sharing of their remembrances, they mutually shaped their life’s stories in narratives of triumph. For dealing with the empirical data, we acknowledged that memory is a complex phenomenon which must be approached in an interdisciplinary way, considering concepts draw from Cognitive Sciences to Sociology. First, we have collected their remembrances on Social Media, in-depth interviews, and fieldwork over 4years. Second, we analyzed the dynamics of validation; the network of authorities; and the emotional regimes among the former inmates that determined what is selected and interpreted as collective understandings of the past. We took a relational and processual sociological approach for analyzing how collaborative identity-mnemonic processes are also triggered, supported, and built by the material and cultural surrounding within mnemonic communities. For that, we assume a "distributed memory", and "distributed self" conceptions. Finally, we show how divergent understandings of their past are not validated within their community and consequently dismissed from their narratives of triumph.

Pendant plusieurs semaines, tout un chacun s’est retrouvé dans la position du « reclus », telle que définie par le sociologue américain Erving Goffman. Mais celles et ceux qui étaient déjà enfermés ont assurément subi une double peine. Dans les prisons, les EHPAD, les hôpitaux psychiatriques, les personnes ont ainsi été autant confinées dans leur processus d’enfermement, qu’enfermées dans la logique du confinement. Cette expérience doit nous inviter à repenser le fonctionnement de ces institutions.

W prezentowanym artykule podejmuję problem konstrukcji instytucji totalnej, analizując jej aspekt przestrzenno-materialny. Przedmiotem analizy jest obóz koncentracyjny na Majdanku (KL Lublin), natomiast teoretyczną skrzynkę narzędziową stanowi podejście biograficzne użyte do analizy przestrzeni oraz materialności. Artykuł składa się z trzech głównych komponentów. Rozpoczyna go rekonstrukcja metodologii badań, w której wyjaśniam teoretyczne podłoże pracy i dwa warianty sposobu badania biografii – przestrzeni i rzeczy – oraz określam ramy materiału badawczego i sposób jego interpretacji. Następnie przechodzę do problemu przestrzenno-materialnej historii obozów i konstrukcji Majdanka, rozpoczynając od analizy historii i wzorów organizacji przestrzennej obozów koncentracyjnych, poprzez refleksję nad ich symbolicznym aspektem, po ostatnią część, ujmującą obóz w kategoriach ekologicznych.


This article focuses on the problem of construction of a total institution by means of analyzing its spatial and material aspects. The subject of the analysis is the concentration camp at Majdanek (KL Lublin), while the biographical approach serves as a theoretical toolbox. The article consists of three main components. It begins with the reconstruction of the research methodology, where I explain the theoretical basis of the work as well as two variants of the way of examining biographies, namely space and items. Here I also define the framework of the research data and the way of interpreting it. Then, I proceed to addressing the problem of the space and the material structure of the concentration camp in Majdanek, which I do by considering the history and spatial organization of concentration camps, their symbolic dimension, and the ecological pattern.

Posłuszny Łukasz (2020) Przestrzenno-materialny krajobraz obozu koncentracyjnego. „Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej”, t. 16, nr 1, s. 120–142 [dostęp dzień, miesiąc, rok]. Dostępny w Internecie: ‹www.przegladsocjologiijakosciowej.org›. DOI: http://dx.doi.
org/10.18778/1733-8069.16.1.08

How do monks and nuns manage expectations regarding how to 'open their hearts'? What alternatives do they have and what are the consequences? Based on a multi-sited case study of Cistercian monasteries in France, this article compares the different situation of nuns and monks. The analysis shows how monks are free to choose who they will 'open their heart' to, whereas nuns are expected to rely on the abbess. While certain ways that nuns circumvent these expectations are illegitimate, some ways of distancing from the abbess align with, rather than diverge from, other central tenets of monastic life. Compared to monks, nuns face a double-penalty, being less free and facing more ambivalent expectations within this restricted space.

El sindicato agrícola Unió de Pagesos ha instaurado en el agro catalán un sistema diseñado para el control social del extranjero y la disposición permanente de trabajadores. La política migratoria española ha sido responsable de la emergencia de un sistema tal del que es posible trazar su origen a través del estudio de los intereses que convergen en su instauración, esto es el control social de los extranjeros y el suministro just in time de temporeros. En el alojamiento se pretende la docilización de los hombres a través de diversos dispositivos –normativa, presencia de personal encargado, regímenes de visita y permisos de salida-. Su carácter penitenciario y su tendencia totalizadora, nos lleva a la comparación de estos establecimientos con lo que Erving Goffman denominó Institución Total. La marca de esta nueva institución es su liminalidad característica de un espacio dedicado a la concentración de los hombres y a su transformación.

1.1. The present research project confronts the issue regarding the conditions which make incentives, and the aid of external donors in particular, effective in the design and implementation of policies aimed at changing and improving a critical situation, namely the deteriorated and inefficient health systems of Serbia and Albania. The main problem is in fact that, in most cases, there persists a wide and apparently insurmountable gap between the policy established and its implementation. 
1.2. The research project proposes to focus on the role played by the policy context in making the received reform and aid program sustainable and effective. The policy context in which incentives are applied may be just as important as the incentives themselves.

1.3. Following the theoretical framework, several variables of the policy context can be pointed out that affect, or impede, the sustainability of a reform and aid program in the health field.

• A centralised health system, characterised by a strong bureaucratic (going-by-the-book) architecture and by a weak capacity for planning, especially when dependent on or exposed to political instability;
• Reciprocally, a weak institutional infrastructure which is unable to promote and sustain a local development perspective, and actors’ involvement and participation in policy implementation at the local level;
• A problematic reform of health financing, regarding both funding (e.g. the implementation of effective health insurance systems) and resource allocation (e.g. the technical and administrative capacity building of purchasers);   
• An input-oriented allocation of resources which makes supply insensitive to demand, does not allow results to be acknowledged and appreciated as a basis for the continuation of the program. This input-oriented approach is incapable of receiving and benefiting from external resources and from resources of the local contexts, which are potentially made available by the aid program;
• A policy cultural context characterised by fragmentation, a generally passive attitude, the lack of intermediate organisation promoting habits of belonging and participation in collective actions, thus resulting in a weak capital of social bonds (the s.c. or “social capital”) through which individuals could become involved in the policy implementation process;
• The lack of rules that translate funding into incentives which are coherent with the policy to be implemented;
• The dearth of civil society institutions with the capacity to engage in the policy debate.  Donor organisations are insisting on the focus on service delivery and humanitarian assistance in view of the economic, social and humanitarian crisis in the region, yet they often fail to develop greater participatory democracy. However, there are now trends in the work of NGO’s to move towards community-based coalitions, with systematic support to civil society development at the local level, and with attention given to the local societal context (Kickbusch 2004: 133).
1.4. The theoretical framework proposes to integrate in the aid programs indirect strategies which should have an effect on the policy context. These strategies are to be steered particularly towards creating a collective-action situation which involves the benefiting parties, and which allows the transfer of the responsibility and ownership of the program to them.
Table of contents
1. Introduction 3
2. Steps from the theoretical framework to analytical tools 4
2.1. Introduction 4
2.2. An introductory look into the health systems of the two countries 8
2.3. Context-sensitive incentive schemes 10
2.4. The Institutional Analysis and Development Framework 12
2.5. Lessons from this theory 22
2.6. Three types of incentives 23
2.7. Trust, Cooperation and Non-Pay Incentives 27
2.8. Regulation by Incentives 30
3. Methods 32
4. The Health System in the Republic of Serbia 32
4.1. Introduction 32
4.2. The policy context of the health system in Serbia 33
5. The Health System in Albania 37
5.1. Introduction 37
5.2. The policy context of the health system in Albania 38
6. The policy cultural context in Serbia and Albania 42
7. Two examples of implementation strategy 43
7.1. Introduction 43
7.2. The Kraljevo Basic Health Services Pilot Project (Serbia) 45
7.3. The Vlore Mental Health Project (Albania) 49
8. Conclusions 53
8.1. External policy actors in health 53
8.2. Institutional design of a program 55
8.3.Upgrading of the health resources 56
8.4. Creation of a collective action situation 57
8.5. “Motivational” incentives 58
Abbreviations 61
References 62
Appendix A: List of interview partners 69

Una institución total puede considerarse como una sociedad que convive en un entorno aislado del mundo convencional. Es como si la vida transcurriera de una manera diferente. No se requiere intercambio de información o bienes con otras sociedades como en la mili o un internado. Dicho concepto puede tener su aplicación en situaciones de enculturación musical en las que lo emocional juega un papel preponderante. En este sentido se presentan algunas instituciones de relativo «confinamiento» o autoreclusión en las que la motivación es el principal estímulo emocional para la enculturación. Valgan como ejemplo la motivación que ocasiona la pertenencia a una banda de música o a la tuna.  Pero también el estilo de enculturación del gitano, los vídeotutoriales de Internet, o las orquestas juveniles, de instrumentos reciclados, así como los clérigos en un convento, escolanías, etc. Todas estas manifestaciones, que jalonan la historia y que se dan a lo largo de todo el planeta, aluden a situaciones de especial emotividad en las que se alcanzan niveles de máxima productividad.

Se propone trabajar acerca de los motivadores para lograr la enculturación en estos casos y otros. Determinar qué parámetros confluyen en este fenómeno, como la intensificación de la experiencia debida a la convivencia prolongada, la admiración de quien transmite el conocimiento, la escucha, imitación, repetición. La motivación precisamente es la que convierte una situación cotidiana en una situación de institución total. A partir de estos ejemplos, extraidos tanto de experiencias propias como de la revisión documental y la entrevista de campo, se extrae un modelo que se contrasta con la forma en que se encultura musicalmente en la sociedad española actual. Es bueno realizar un ejercicio de autocrítica para conocer los mecanismos de aprendizaje en determinados contextos y compararlo con la forma en que se aprende musicalmente en nuestra sociedad.

This article reflects on the " emotion work " undertaken by youth in correctional facilities and the impact of such work on the resocialization process, which occurs in conditions of partial isolation. The author attempts to adapt the psychological concept to the educational activities offered in youth correctional facilities. He defends the idea that an inmate's emotion work, which occurs through the inmate's relations with the personnel, provides the basis for effective resocialization activities. He discusses activities to help boys and girls in correctional facilities develop accepted social mechanisms for managing their negative emotions. The findings presented in the article rest on seven years of qualitative research in resocialization centers of all types throughout Poland. The principle of triangulation in regard to method, researcher, and data was used for the research. For analysis of the empirical material, an interpretative paradigm was used to grasp the interactive nature of emotion work and the emergence of negative emotions.

A Masters dissertation from the University of Haifa, submitted in 2012. Written in Hebrew but there is an abstract in English at the end of the document.
This study examines seafarers’ experiences on board merchandise ships. The purpose of this study is to describe seamen’s life aboard merchandise ships, to understand the seafarers’ experience on board the ship and the way they experience transitions from the ship ashore and vice versa. Another purpose is to examine the ship as a “Total institution” (Goffman 2006), and to expand on Goffman’s concept by using sociological and anthropological comprehensions of space, alternative family configurations, experience of time on the ship and symbolic interaction among seafarers.

In recent years, there has been increased recognition of the significance and relevance of Holocaust studies to nurses. However, these studies are rarely integrated in the nursing curriculum, and even when they are, the focus is usually on healthcare personnel who collaborated with the Nazi regime. This article aims to bridge this gap by analyzing a comprehensive requisite curriculum on the Holocaust for graduate nursing students. We emphasize the work of Jewish healthcare professionals during the Holocaust and the dilemmas they faced, as well as the trauma and resilience of Holocaust survivors, their treatment today, and implications for treating other patients. This article examines how studying these issues affected the graduate students. It analyzes the reflective accounts written by the students, using qualitative content analysis and Grounded Theory. The findings suggest that students received tools to act professionally and empathetically while demonstrating greater sensitivi...

C’est seulement durant les derniers siècles que l’institution pénitentiaire est devenue le moyen principal de contrôle, de management et de réintégration de la déviance sociale. Un point central du pouvoir de l’institution totale réside dans la division du sujet et sa réduction à sa dimension biologique. La psychanalyse montre que la subjectivité est irréductible à une dimension neurobiologique ; au contraire, le sujet est le produit d’une dimension symbolique et sociale. Le sujet de la Mafia est caractérisé par une Loi absolue ; un pouvoir totalitaire similaire à celui de l’institution totale. Cela éclaire le fait que les prisons présentent souvent de sérieux problèmes quant au processus de réhabilitation des délinquants. La psychanalyse, en tant qu’approche non réductionniste, peut offrir au sujet emprisonné une nouvelle opportunité de changer sa vie.

For six decades, scholars have relied on Erving Goffman's (1961) theory of total institutions to understand prison culture. Viewing prisons as total institutions offers insights into role performance and coercive control. However, mounting evidence suggests that prisons are not, in fact, total institutions. In this article, I first trace two credible challenges to the idea of prison as a total institution based on existing data: that prison gates open daily and that prisons operate within a context of overlapping surveillance and punishment supported by broader political and economic interests. Second, I draw on empirical findings from my own yearlong ethnographic study inside one U.S. state women’s prison to illuminate a third challenge to the total institution paradigm. Using religion in prison as a case study, I describe the process of institutional infusion, in which an outside institution proffers attitudes, practices, and resources that individuals may draw on to shape their material and interpretive experiences within a host institution. Prisons are structured to accommodate institutional infusion, further calling their totality into question. I conclude that we can learn far more about the realities and inequalities of the prison experience by viewing prisons as porous institutions.

Called a flirt, rascal, buffoon, and disgrace, Uncle Sen created considerable confusion among staff and patients at Chiangmai city's only home for the elderly. Whether to label him insane or not loomed as an issue that divided his aged peers into two cliques. Behind these reactions are isolated two adaptive styles of the Northern Thai elderly to a rapidly changing traditional social system. This article was based on firsthand fieldwork done in 1973 under a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health.

*Scroll for English*
В статье рассматривается специфика устройства современных православных монастырей в России. В частности, анализируются дихотомия «мир – монастырь» и разделение внешнего и внутреннего порядка. Для анализа использованы материалы, находящиеся в открытом доступе (вебсайты церковных организаций), а также полевые материалы, собранные автором в ходе включенного наблюдения и неструктурированных интервью с 2012 по 2016 гг. в женских православных монастырях. Автор делает вывод о том, что несмотря на дихотомию «мир – монастырь», которая проходит как в реальном, так и в виртуальном пространстве, современные российские монастыри скорее не «убежища от мира», как полагал Эрвин Гоффман, а прибежища для него. Дихотомия «мир – монастырь» поддерживается пространственной организацией монастыря, его писаными и негласными правилами, которые, впрочем, могут нарушаться с обеих сторон. Монастырский порядок регулируется внешними и внутренними механизмами. К внешним инструментам можно отнести церковные документы, с которыми насельники обычно знакомы плохо, правила и нормы поведения, усваиваемые в процессе социализации в монастыре. Знание устава предполагает не знакомство с конкретным текстом, а скорее успешную социализацию, усвоение принятых в данном сообществе норм и правил поведения, которые могут быть не зафиксированы в письменных документах. Кроме этого, внешне монастырская жизнь регулируется особым распорядком, который может различаться в разных обителях, но служит одной цели – при внешнем однообразии создать условия для внутренней жизни. Внешние механизмы поддержания порядка необходимы, но недостаточны: порядок в том числе зависит от главного в монастыре – «внутренней жизни», самодисциплины самих насельников и реализации ими своей свободы. Кажущаяся несвобода в виде внешней регуляции, которую обеспечивает монастырь, парадоксальным образом конституирует свободу внутренней жизни его насельников. Особые условия и акцент на внутренней жизни являются парадоксом монастырской тотальности и отличают монастырь от других тотальных институтов.

The article discusses contemporary Orthodox monasteries in Russia, with a  particular focus on the opposition of 'world' and 'monastery', and the dichotomy between external and internal order. The paper is based on open ­access data, as well as field materials of participant observation and interviews taken in monasteries from 2012 to 2016. It can be concluded that, despite the 'world­-monastery' dichotomy, contemporary Russian monasteries are not examples of 'retreating from the world', as Erving Goffman argued, but rather retreats for the world. The dichotomy between 'world' and 'monastery' is supported by the spatial structure of monasteries and their rules. The order of monastic life is regulated by external and internal mechanisms. External instruments include church documents, which the nuns are usually not familiar with; and rules of behavior, which are generally internalized during the process of monastery socialization. For nuns, knowing the rules does not necessarily mean being familiar with the text, but rather it implies successful internalization of community rules. Moreover, externally, monastic life is regulated by a special regime which may differ in different monasteries but serves the same purpose: to create conditions for an inner life irrespective of external monotony. External mechanisms for maintaining order are necessary, but not sufficient: order depends on the 'inner work' of people themselves, their self­discipline and realization of their freedom. Aside from the division between 'world' and 'monastery', the article reveals one more important dichotomy of monastic life which is 'external' and 'internal', where external is understood as constraints, specific conditions, and rules which are employed as a resource for inner freedom.

The Phd is an ethnography of the labour process of care in nursing and residential homes for older people in the South West of the UK. The fieldwork was carried out between 1992-93. Whilst 'care' is the stated aim of such institutions, there are other goals/aims which relate to social policy, funding constraints and to (often ageist) ideas about how older age should be managed. The work examines the labour of relatively untrained staff - care assistants and also nursing auxiliaries and indicates some of the reasons why care can easily become abuse. Although the structured routines and stress of caring can influence this, other factors such as weak management, failure to monitor staff, lack of training and lay beliefs about older age and 'caring' all play a role in the provision of care that can be deemed abusive. The doctorate utilises Foucauldian theory to understand why discourses of care can slip into being discourses of abuse.