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The timing for the evolution of the capacity to inscribe the landscape with rock art has global relevance. While this was an in-built capacity when Homo sapiens first colonized the Americas, the heterogeneous distribution of rock art... more
The timing for the evolution of the capacity to inscribe the landscape with rock art has global relevance. While this was an in-built capacity when Homo sapiens first colonized the Americas, the heterogeneous distribution of rock art shows that it was a facultative behavior arising under unknown socioecological conditions. Patagonia was the last region to be explored by humans. While its rock art is globally important, it remains largely undated by absolute methods. We report the earliest set of directly radiocarbon-dated rock art motifs from the archaeological site Cueva Huenul 1 (northwestern Patagonia, Argentina), starting at 8.2 thousand years before the present (ka B.P.), predating previous records by several millennia, and encompassing over 3 ka (~130 human generations). This mid-Holocene “rock art emergence” phase overlaps with extremely arid conditions and a human demographic stasis. We suggest that this diachronic rock art emerged as part of a resilient response to ecological stress by highly mobile and low-density populations.
This new project studies the diversity of socioecological niches across the agropastoral transition in the Andes, utilising a multi-isotope approach to track human territories and allocate subsistence tasks. During the agropastoral... more
This new project studies the diversity of socioecological niches across the agropastoral transition in the Andes, utilising a multi-isotope approach to track human territories and allocate subsistence tasks. During the agropastoral period, we discriminate different diachronic niches with varying extents of maize farming and altitudinal mobility.
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Palaeodemographic and isotopic analyses provide key information for understanding the composition and social dynamics of past human groups and within-population variation in diet and geographic range. The objectives of this study are to... more
Palaeodemographic and isotopic analyses provide key information for understanding the composition and social dynamics of past human groups and within-population variation in diet and geographic range. The objectives of this study are to reconstruct the demographic structure of the Osario Potrero Las Colonias site, to strengthen its chronology and, by means of stable (δ13Ccol., δ13Cap., δ15N) and strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotopes, to assess the dietary composition and geographic place of residence of a random sample of individuals from the site. This is a multiple archaeological burial with radiocarbon dates between AD 1320 and 1450, which places it in a period of important changes in regional history, related to a demographic increase and the arrival of the Inka empire on its southern frontier (ca. AD 1400). The demographic composition of the site reveals a broad social group unique in the region due to the large number of individuals buried, especially young children. Strontium isotopes indicate that the sampled individuals did not reside in Uspallata during the last years of their lives, and hence can be considered migrants, while stable isotopes indicate a predominant consumption of C4 resources.
This paper presents the results of constructive techniques, space occupation patterns, chronology, lithic technology, ceramic technology and typology, camelid zooarchaeology, anthracology and studies of rock art from a group of... more
This paper presents the results of constructive techniques, space occupation patterns, chronology, lithic technology, ceramic technology and typology, camelid zooarchaeology, anthracology and studies of rock art from a group of archaeological sites in the Laguna del Diamante Natural Protected Area (Mendoza, Argentina). This area is located in the Cordillera Principal of the Andes and connects the upper Diamante and Maipo River Basins. Chronologically, the archaeological data are from the consolidation of the Inca occupation in the region. The studies demonstrate that the Inca state controlled this sector of the Andes in order to exploit an obsidian source and maintain a specialized trade network that linked the Central Valley in Chile with the eastern valleys of Uco and Jaurúa. Additionally, the rock art motifs allow us to infer a process of sacralization and appropriation of this landscape, which is dominated by the Maipo Volcano and the Diamante Lake.
This paper presents an analysis of plant resource procurement by prehistoric hunters-gatherers of northern Neuquén (Argentine Patagonia). Using the Cueva Yagui archaeological site as a case study, we assess regional strategies of... more
This paper presents an analysis of plant resource procurement by prehistoric hunters-gatherers of northern Neuquén (Argentine Patagonia). Using the Cueva Yagui archaeological site as a case study, we assess regional strategies of subsistence, mobility, and the circulation of information at different spatial scales. Cueva Yagui occupations date to between 8500 and 1800 cal BP, during which period the material record indicates that the site was used redundantly and intensively for multiple activities. To recover botanical materials we used manual flotation, which yielded not only plant macroremains but also large amounts of bone. Among the examined materials, two species were recognized: Sarcomphalus mistol (synonym of Ziziphus mistol) (ca. 98 %) and Schinus polygamus. In this context, the near-exclusive dominance of a non-local species invites us to reflect on the need to consider multiple models in our studies of regional mobility and subsistence during the late Holocene, as we attempt to understand the different forms of resource acquisition including a flexible diet and a diversified, seasonal use of the landscape.
Dedicamos este trabajo a Luis A. Borrero, maestro de múltiples generaciones, por ser una fuente de inspiración y amor por la arqueología. Resumen La movilidad es uno de los temas clave de la arqueología en el sur de Sudamérica y ofrece el... more
Dedicamos este trabajo a Luis A. Borrero, maestro de múltiples generaciones, por ser una fuente de inspiración y amor por la arqueología. Resumen La movilidad es uno de los temas clave de la arqueología en el sur de Sudamérica y ofrece el marco en el cual se visualizan múltiples aspectos de la organización económica y social pasada. Más allá de este foco, existen fuentes de variación que resultan poco visibles en el registro arqueológico y que han recibido poca atención sistemática. Sin embargo, el registro etnográfico global muestra que las mismas tienen un rol clave y cabe pensar que 1
In this paper, we present the results of the morpho-technological analysis of lithic assemblages from Cueva Huenul 1 site (Barrancas- Buta Ranquil locality, Pehuenches department, Neuquén Province, Argentina). Hunter-gatherers occupied... more
In this paper, we present the results of the morpho-technological analysis of lithic assemblages from Cueva Huenul 1 site (Barrancas- Buta Ranquil locality, Pehuenches department, Neuquén Province, Argentina). Hunter-gatherers occupied the site discontinuously during the Early (Component 2) and Late Holocene (Component 4). A comparative analysis of the lithic assemblages assigned to these periods shows that although different in size, they are similar in artifact composition. Furthermore, the morpho-technological analysis suggests that the site was briefly and recurrently occupied, although discontinuously through time. The continuity in the composition of the lithic assemblages is interesting since both components represent different stages in the human peopling of Patagonia. We suggest that the location of CH1, near the Cerro Huenul obsidian quarry, coupled with the local absence of permanent water sources, may have conditioned this similar pattern of knapping activities and lithic discard at the site.
We present isotopic and morphometric evidence suggesting the migration of farmers in the southern Andes in the period AD 1270-1420, leading up to the Inka conquest occurring ~ AD 1400. This is based on the interdisciplinary study of human... more
We present isotopic and morphometric evidence suggesting the migration of farmers in the southern Andes in the period AD 1270-1420, leading up to the Inka conquest occurring ~ AD 1400. This is based on the interdisciplinary study of human remains from archaeological cemeteries in the Andean Uspallata Valley (Argentina), located in the southern frontier of the Inka Empire. The studied samples span AD 800-1500, encompassing the highly dynamic Late Intermediate Period and culminating with the imperial expansion. Our research combines a macro-regional study of human paleomobility and migration based on a new strontium isoscape across the Andes that allows identifying locals and migrants, a geometric morphometric analysis of cranio-facial morphology suggesting separate ancestral lineages, and a paleodietary reconstruction based on stable isotopes showing that the migrants had diets exceptionally high in C 4 plants and largely based on maize agriculture. Significantly, this migration influx occurred during a period of regional demographic increase and would have been part of a widespread period of change in settlement patterns and population movements that preceded the Inka expansion. These processes increased local social diversity and may have been subsequently utilized by the Inka to channel interaction with the local societies. Migrations are an intrinsic aspect of human societies in the present as in the past 1-3. While their dynamics differ 4,5 , migrations occurred across levels of socioeconomic complexity, from small-scale mobile societies to OPEN
The Andes are a unique geological and biogeographic feature of South America. From the perspective of human geography, this mountain range provides ready access to highly diverse altitudinally arranged ecosystems. The combination of a... more
The Andes are a unique geological and biogeographic feature of South America. From the perspective of human geography, this mountain range provides ready access to highly diverse altitudinally arranged ecosystems. The combination of a geologically and ecologically diverse landscape provides an exceptional context to explore the potential of strontium isotopes to track the movements of people and the conveyance of material culture. Here we develop an isotopic landscape of bioavailable strontium (87Sr/86Sr) that is applied to reconstruct human paleogeography across time in the southern Andes of Argentina and Chile (31 •-34 • S). These results come from a macro-regional sampling of rodents (N = 65) and plants (N = 26) from modern and archeological contexts. This "Southern Andean Strontium Transect" extends over 350 km across the Andes, encompassing the main geological provinces between the Pacific coast (Chile) and the eastern lowlands (Argentina). We follow a recently developed approach to isoscape construction based on Random Forest regression and GIS analysis. Our results suggest that bioavailable strontium is tightly linked with bedrock geology and offers a highly resolved proxy to track human paleogeography involving the levels of territories or daily mobility and anomalous events that disrupt home ranges, such as migration. The Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution | www.frontiersin.org 1 March 2021 | Volume 9 | Article 584325
One contribution of 18 to a theme issue 'Cross-disciplinary approaches to prehistoric demography'. Large anthropogenic 14 C datasets are widely used to generate summed probability distributions (SPDs) as a proxy for past human population... more
One contribution of 18 to a theme issue 'Cross-disciplinary approaches to prehistoric demography'. Large anthropogenic 14 C datasets are widely used to generate summed probability distributions (SPDs) as a proxy for past human population levels. However, SPDs are a poor proxy when datasets are small, bearing little relationship to true population dynamics. Instead, more robust inferences can be achieved by directly modelling the population and assessing the model likelihood given the data. We introduce the R package ADMUR which uses a continuous piecewise linear (CPL) model of population change, calculates the model likelihood given a 14 C dataset, estimates credible intervals using Markov chain Monte Carlo, applies a goodness-of-fit test, and uses the Schwarz Criterion to compare CPL models. We demonstrate the efficacy of this method using toy data, showing that spurious dynamics are avoided when sample sizes are small, and true population dynamics are recovered as sample sizes increase. Finally, we use an improved 14 C dataset for the South American Arid Diagonal to compare CPL modelling to current simulation methods, and identify three Holocene phases when population trajectory estimates changed from rapid initial growth of 4.15% per generation to a decline of 0.05% per generation between 10 821 and 7055 yr BP, then gently grew at 0.58% per generation until 2500 yr BP. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cross-disciplinary approaches to prehistoric demography'.
About this issue Demography impacts a wide range of aspects of human culture past and present; from our capacity to transmit genes and knowledge across generations, to the reach of our social networks and long-term impacts on the... more
About this issue Demography impacts a wide range of aspects of human culture past and present; from our capacity to transmit genes and knowledge across generations, to the reach of our social networks and long-term impacts on the environment. Recent cross-disciplinary advances in the reconstruction and interpretation of prehistoric population histories (palaeodemography) have been transforming our understanding of past societies. This theme issue integrates the efforts of researchers working across archaeology, anthropology, genomics, palaeoecology, and evolutionary demography, combining original research alongside critical reviews, to provide a benchmark for the state-of-the-art in prehistoric demography and a statement of the future of this rapidly growing cross-disciplinary endeavour. Access content online at bit.ly/PTB1816
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En este trabajo se presentan los últimos análisis arqueobotánicos del sitio Cueva Huenul 1, emplazado en el norte de la Provincia del Neuquén (noroeste de Patagonia, Argentina). La secuencia cronológica del sitio abarca en forma... more
En este trabajo se presentan los últimos análisis arqueobotánicos del sitio Cueva Huenul 1, emplazado en el norte de la Provincia del Neuquén (noroeste de Patagonia, Argentina). La secuencia cronológica del sitio abarca en forma discontinua desde la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno hasta tiempos recientes. El objetivo es realizar un análisis diacrónico de las pautas de selección antrópica de especies y los patrones de procesamiento. Los resultados indican que los cazadores-recolectores utilizaron plantas disponibles localmente durante toda la secuencia ocupacional. Temporalmente, se observan cambios tanto a nivel de la diversidad de especies representadas como, en el caso específico del taxón Prosopis, en las pautas de procesamiento y consumo. Algunos taxones consumidos en el Holoceno tardío constituyen indicadores de estacionalidad y sugieren ocupaciones estivales en la cueva. Asimismo, se discuten datos sobre la presencia de especies domésticas en el registro, tales como Lagenaria sp. y Zea mays. Estos estudios se conectan con discusiones más amplias sobre la economía y organización espacial de las sociedades que habitaron el noroeste de Patagonia desde el poblamiento inicial.
New geochemical results for two obsidian types, Laguna del Diamante and Arroyo Paramillos, naturally available in the Laguna del Diamante locality, a seasonally accessible highland wetland emplaced in the current border between Argentina... more
New geochemical results for two obsidian types, Laguna del Diamante and Arroyo Paramillos, naturally available in the Laguna del Diamante locality, a seasonally accessible highland wetland emplaced in the current border between Argentina and Chile at 3300 masl (34°S), are presented. A total of 1219 archeological artifacts from 41 sites located on both sides of the Andes have been assigned to these sources. The artifacts were analyzed by non-destructive, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF). Archeological distributions of these obsidian types are assessed through GIS spatial analysis. Results show a great asymmetry in the distribution of these sources toward the two Andean slopes: the Laguna de Diamante chemical type shows a fairly local use pattern, being concentrated almost entirely in Cordillera sites, but the Paramillos shows a less homogeneous distribution and tends to be more concentrated in the sites that are in the western natural corridor. Although these lands were accessed and occupied from diverse demographic nodes in lower-altitude settings, the spatial analysis of obsidian artifacts reinforces the argument of dominant geographic vectors of access connecting with the western valleys and lowlands of Chile.
Nuestro objetivo es estudiar las estrategias de uso del espacio por parte de sociedades humanas móviles en un paisaje andino de Patagonia caracterizado por una marcada heterogeneidad topográfica, climática y ecológica (localidad de... more
Nuestro objetivo es estudiar las estrategias de uso del espacio por parte de sociedades humanas móviles en un paisaje andino de Patagonia caracterizado por una marcada heterogeneidad topográfica, climática y ecológica (localidad de Barrancas-Buta Ranquil, provincia del Neuquén, Argentina). Inicialmente, se analiza la estructura del paisaje desde una perspectiva biogeográfica, desarrollando un modelo de estacionalidad mediante sistemas de información geográfica. Nuestro enfoque dis-tribucional combina una prospección sistemática para caracterizar la estructura espacial del registro en superficie y eviden-cias que han sido obtenidas bajo otras estrategias de muestreo. Sobre la base de la distribución de artefactos líticos y cerámicos y de motivos rupestres, se evalúan patrones de intensidad ocupacional, diversidad funcional y circulación de infor-mación en sectores del espacio con propiedades biogeográficas diferentes. Los resultados sugieren una delimitación funcional del espacio en escala temporal promediada, en la cual los espacios intermedios habrían funcionado como lugares centrales desde donde se articulan movimientos logísticos hacia otros sectores del paisaje. Dado que la unidad de muestreo captura variación biogeográfica que se expresa en forma regional más amplia, el modelo de uso del espacio propuesto es relevante para la comprensión de la arqueología del noroeste de Patagonia en general.
Northwestern Patagonia is located in a tectonically active part of the southern Andes (Argentina), which has facilitated the formation of obsidian, including pyroclastic deposits that have been affected by geomorphic processes, resulting... more
Northwestern Patagonia is located in a tectonically active part of the southern Andes (Argentina), which has facilitated the formation of obsidian, including pyroclastic deposits that have been affected by geomorphic processes, resulting in a complex obsidian landscape. Until now, the geomorphic relocation of obsidian in the landscape has not been a focus of systematic research, and this hampers our understanding of prehistoric human mobility. We present an updated assessment of the regional availability of different obsidian types based on results from our research program, which combines geoarchaeological survey and geochemical characterization to understand the properties and distribution of obsidian. This robust ‘source-scape’ provides a robust foundation for reconstructing patterns of lithic provisioning and discard. Our results suggest that interpretations of obsidian availability across the landscape should be more nuanced than is typically acknowledged. Based on our improved ‘source-scape’, we discuss the patterns observed in an archaeological XRF database. When compared to the geoarchaeological reconstruction of obsidian availability, the archaeological record conforms to a distance-decay pattern. Contrary to previous interpretations, we suggest that the distribution of obsidian types is not isomorphic with human home ranges. This geoarchaeological research program provides a basis for integrating the archaeological records of different Andean regions.
En el norte neuquino existen depósitos piroclásticos que contienen nódulos de obsidianas. Las investigaciones en la región dieron a conocer las principales fuentes utilizadas por las poblaciones que allí habitaron. Para profundizar el... more
En el norte neuquino existen depósitos piroclásticos que contienen nódulos de obsidianas. Las investigaciones en la región dieron a conocer las principales fuentes utilizadas por las poblaciones que allí habitaron. Para profundizar el conocimiento de cada fuente de obsidiana se adoptó un programa de estudio geoarqueológico y geoquímico. Así, se han descubierto nuevas ocurrencias de obsidianas, la más destacable de las cuales es la obsidiana Varvarco que aquí se presenta. Se dan a conocer los muestreos realizados en el valle del río Varvarco, su contexto geológico y geomorfológico, la presencia de obsidiana, el tipo de yacimiento, forma de presentación, distribución y abundancia. Luego, se describen las principales características observadas bajo microscopio petrográfico. Por último, se presentan los resultados de análisis geoquímicos de fluorescencia de rayos X y activación neutrónica. A partir de los primeros la obsidiana Varvarco se diferencia de la de Cerro Huenul, pero no de la obsidiana Maule 1 y 2. Los segundos análisis discriminan bien esta nueva obsidiana de las ya conocidas para Neuquén. Los resultados obtenidos permiten reinterpretar la disponibilidad de recursos líticos de buena calidad para la talla y revisar las interpretaciones de movilidad e interacción de poblaciones en esta región. Palabras Clave: Obsidiana; Varvarco; Geoquímica; Neuquén. Abstract In northern Neuquén there are pyroclastic deposits containing obsidian nodules. The researches in the region revealed the main sources used by the people that lived there. A program of geoarchaeological and geochemical study was adopted to extend the knowledge of each source of obsidian. Thus, new occurrences of obsidian have been discovered, the most notable of which is the Varvarco obsidian presented here. We present the samples points conducted in the valley of Varvarco river, its geological and geomorphological context, the presence of obsidian, the type of deposit, presentation form, distribution and abundance. Then, we described the main characteristics observed under a petrographic microscope. Finally, we present the results of X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation geochemical analysis. The Varvarco obsidian differs from that of Cerro Huenul, but not from the obsidian Maule 1 and 2 from the XRF. NAA discriminates well this new obsidian from those already known in Neuquén. The results obtained allow to reinterpret the availability of good quality lithic resources and to revise the interpretations of mobility and interaction of populations in this region.
New archaeological studies on South American deserts have produced a fresh perspective on the characteristics and antiquity of the first human presence in these habitats, the continuity of populations over millennia of occupations facing... more
New archaeological studies on South American deserts have produced a fresh perspective on the characteristics and antiquity of the first human presence in these habitats, the continuity of populations over millennia of occupations facing varying degrees of aridity and the possibilities of learning lessons from recent ways of dwelling in deserts. These three topics represent innovative ways in which a new array of research projects have recently managed to assess old and new questions by yielding novel standpoints on previously understudied regions, especially, but not exclusively, in the southern deserts.
La información isotópica generada hasta el momento para el sitio Chenque I (SCHI) se ha focalizado en el análisis de carbono, en sus fracciones orgánica y mineral, y nitrógeno, y permitió identificar patrones espaciales y cronológicos que... more
La información isotópica generada hasta el momento para el sitio Chenque I (SCHI) se ha focalizado en el análisis de carbono, en sus fracciones orgánica y mineral, y nitrógeno, y permitió identificar patrones espaciales y cronológicos que tienen interesantes implicancias en relación con los sistemas de organización espacial y cambios temporales. Sobre esta base, se evaluó la existencia de correlaciones con otras líneas de evidencia arqueológica. Recientemente se han obtenido nuevos datos isotópicos de carbono y nitrógeno y paralelamente se iniciaron análisis de 18O con el objetivo de evaluar la procedencia geográfica de los individuos. Hasta el momento se dispone de información isotópica de restos humanos correspondientes a 26 individuos y un caso de Canis familiaris incluido dentro de una estructura mortuoria. En este capítulo se profundiza el estudio de la dieta y la dinámica geográfica de los individuos inhumados en el sitio. Interesa especialmente evaluar el potencial de los datos isotópicos para identificar su procedencia en relación con planteos previos referidos a la utilización del sitio como área formal de entierro por parte de grupos poblacionales que habitaron espacios geográficos diversos. Los datos isotópicos se analizarán en relación con otras variables como modalidades mortuorias, tipo de acompañamiento y cronología.
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Se ha realizado una investigación interdisciplinaria sobre los restos óseos humanos y acompañamientos funerarios procedentes del enterratorio Barrio Ramos I localizado en el valle de Uspallata (Mendoza, Argentina). Se rebate la asignación... more
Se ha realizado una investigación interdisciplinaria sobre los restos óseos humanos y acompañamientos funerarios procedentes del enterratorio Barrio Ramos I localizado en el valle de Uspallata (Mendoza, Argentina). Se rebate la asignación al Período Agroalfarero Tardío que se ha hecho de este sitio. Un estudio bayesiano de los fechados obtenidos y su comparación con otro similar de sitios incaicos de la región permiten ubicar a Barrio Ramos I dentro del período de dominación incaica y retrotraer su inicio casi un siglo. El análisis de los diseños de artefactos líticos, cerámicos y óseos que acompañan a los entierros y otras características contextuales afirman esta propuesta. A través de estudios isotópicos y bioarqueológicos, se ofrece también información novedosa sobre aspectos del modo de vida y procedencia de algunos de los individuos hallados.
The Andes mountain range is one key physiographic feature of South America with the potential to have acted as a barrier and corridor for human societies. The goal of this paper is to assess from where and how were the highlands utilized... more
The Andes mountain range is one key physiographic feature of South America with the potential to have acted as a barrier and corridor for human societies. The goal of this paper is to assess from where and how were the highlands utilized during the last 2000 years, which is a key period witnessing the development of productive economies and changes in the organization of mobility. We develop a regional case study focused on the highland wetland Laguna del Diamante (3300 masl), which is a highly productive ecosystem only accessible during summer. This case is based on a multidisciplinary approach combining: a) geochemical characterization of obsidian sources located in the highlands and artifacts; b) isotopic approach to ranges of paleomobility of individuals by means of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr; and c) stylistic study of ceramic assemblages. The two main obsidian types from the highlands have restricted and decaying spatial distribution, suggesting that these archaeological distributions track part of human circuits of mobility instead of indirect transport acquisition. Their archaeological distribution is heavily skewed towards the western Andean slope. We present strontium isotope values for four teeth and bone samples from two individuals recovered in the area, which are interpreted in reference to a preliminary baseline of biologically available strontium. We infer that these individuals had ranges of paleomobility systematically connecting the western slope with the highlands. The analysis of the ceramic assemblages shows that most of the diagnostic sherds can be assigned to styles that have distributional cores in the Central Valley of Chile up until the time of Inca presence, while only a minimum portion of the sample can be assigned to distributional cores on the eastern slope. By integrating the patterns in the transport of obsidian and ceramic artifacts and the paleomobility of individuals, we find support for the existence of dominant access to the highlands from the western Andean slope. A GIS-based analysis of the seasonality of precipitation shows that the western slope presents more pronounced and drier summer months, providing a context that contributes to explain these patterns. These results contradict previous interpretations suggesting that the archaeological record from the highlands is more directly tied to human groups inhabiting the eastern lowlands during most of the year. Beyond the geographic debate, this issue has an impact on the subsistence organization of the incoming groups, on the socioeconomic role of the highlands, and on the demographic contexts leading to trajectories of economic intensification in both Andean slopes. This research contributes to build a framework for comparative research on human use of highland environments.
Guanacos y ecología isotópica en el norte del Neuquén: El registro de Cueva Huenul 1 Guanacos and isotopic ecology in northern Neuquen: The record from Cueva Huenul 1 Resumen En este trabajo se presentan los primeros resultados de... more
Guanacos y ecología isotópica en el norte del Neuquén: El registro de Cueva Huenul 1 Guanacos and isotopic ecology in northern Neuquen: The record from Cueva Huenul 1 Resumen En este trabajo se presentan los primeros resultados de ecología isotópica regional para el extremo norte de la provincia del Neuquén (Argentina). Esta información es clave para la reconstrucción de cambios ecológicos y paleodietas humanas a través del tiempo. Se exponen los resultados obtenidos a partir de la medición de isótopos estables de carbono (13 C/ 12 C) y nitrógeno (15 N/ 14 N) sobre el colágeno óseo de 39 muestras de fauna y una muestra humana procedentes de sitios arqueológicos de la localidad Barrancas-Buta Ranquil. Se presentan datos para cinco especies silvestres, aunque el foco del análisis se centra en guanaco (Lama guanicoe). La información es interpretada en el marco de los resultados obtenidos de muestreos de vegetación en la región, los cuales indican la distribución y abundancia de especies con las distintas vías fotosintéticas. Debido a su posición, adyacente al ecotono entre las comunidades fitogeográficas del Monte y la Patagonia, la región ofrece un contexto adecuado para el análisis de cambios ecológicos a través del tiempo. La totalidad de las especies vegetales relevadas en el muestreo sistemático siguen la vía fotosintética C 3. En concordancia con esto, los valores de especies animales fueron relacionados a una cadena trófica C 3. El entierro humano del sitio Buta Có Abajo registró valores que sugieren una dieta compuesta por guanacos y que además incluyó animales pequeños con valores más enriquecidos. En cuanto a los guanacos, se registraron diferencias isotópicas entre las muestras asignadas al Holoceno temprano y el tardío; estas últimas reflejan un mayor consumo de especies con vía fotosintética C 3. Por último, en este conjunto de muestras, no se registró relación entre la altitud y los valores isotópicos de δ 13 C y δ 15 N, mientras que se observaría una tendencia latitudinal en la que los camélidos del centro sur de Mendoza presentan un mayor consumo de especies vegetales C 4 que las procedentes del norte de Neuquén. Abstract In this work we present the first systematic results about regional isotopic ecology in northern Neuquén Province (Argentina). This information is essential to reconstruct ecological changes and human paleodiets through time. We conducted analyses of stable isotopes of carbon (13 C/ 12 C) and nitrogen (15 N/ 14 N) on the collagen fraction of bone from one human sample and 39 faunal samples from archaeological sites in Barrancas-Buta Ranquil locality. The results correspond to five wild species, though analysis is focused in guanaco (Lama guanicoe). The information produced is interpreted in the framework of regional botanical surveys that show the differential abundance of species with
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By means of inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry associated with Laser Ablation (LA-ICP-MS) we analyzed several obsidian artifacts from the Natural Protected Area Laguna del Diamante (Mendoza, Argentina) and upper Maipo valley... more
By means of inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry associated with Laser Ablation (LA-ICP-MS) we analyzed several obsidian artifacts from the Natural Protected Area Laguna del Diamante (Mendoza, Argentina) and upper Maipo valley (Chile). This analytical method, almost non-destructive, is a powerful tool for the determination of trace elements and is very useful in characterizing and determining the provenance of obsidian fragments of archeological interest, although care must be taken to avoid or account for heterogeneities within obsidian such as microcrysts. In the macro-region of study, two types of sources can be differentiated on the basis of their primary location: high-altitude sources emplaced in the Andes range (!2500 m a.s.l.) including Laguna del Diamante, Laguna del Maule, and Las Cargas sources; and low-altitude (1500 m a.s.l.) extra-Andean sources situated on the eastern plains: Cerro Huenul and El Pece~ no. In addition, while the primary location of Arroyo Paramillos source is currently unknown, we consider it as a sub source of Laguna del Diamante, since its wide archaeological distribution has a main core within Laguna del Diamante area and in the upper Maipo River basin. Considering this pattern, the assignation of provenances presented here improves the basis for assessing the use of high Andean environments from both sides of the mountain range. In addition, we will also improve the geochemical discrimination between the two sources Arroyo Paramillos and Las Cargas that based on only previous XRF analysis are chemically overlapping, leading to an incorrect interpretation of their pattern of archaeological distribution. The better characterization of the obsidian sources of the Laguna del Diamante and neighboring regions allows discussions of mobility, exchange, and human use of this lithic resource in the highland of central western Argentina-central Chile.
Objectives: The goal of this paper is to assess the scale of human paleomobility and ecological complementarity between the lowlands and highlands in the southern Andes during the last 2300 years. By providing isotope results for human... more
Objectives: The goal of this paper is to assess the scale of human paleomobility and ecological complementarity between the lowlands and highlands in the southern Andes during the last 2300 years. By providing isotope results for human bone and teeth samples, we assess a hypothesis of ‘high residential mobility’ suggested on the basis of oxygen isotopes from human remains.
Methods: We develop an isotopic assessment of human mobility in a mountain landscape combining strontium and oxygen isotopes. We analyze bone and teeth samples as an approach to life-history changes in spatial residence. Human samples from the main geological units and periods within the last two millennia are selected.
Results: We present a framework for the analysis of bioavailable strontium based on the combination of the geological data with isotope results for rodent samples. The 87Sr/86Sr values from human samples indicate residential stability within geological regions along life history. When comparing strontium and oxygen values for the same human samples, we record a divergent pattern: while δ18O values for samples from distant regions overlap widely, there are important differences in 87Sr/86Sr values.
Conclusions: Despite the large socio-economic changes recorded, 87Sr/86Sr values indicate a persisting scenario of low systematic mobility between the different geological regions. Our results suggest that strontium isotope values provide the most germane means to track patterns of human occupation of distinct regions in complex geological landscapes, offering a much higher spatial resolution than oxygen isotopes in the southern Andes.
"Study of internodal spaces and their contribution to the history, nature and dynamics of human occupations in arid zones" This issue of Estudios Atacameños presents the results of the symposium referred to in the title of this... more
"Study of internodal spaces and their contribution to the history, nature and dynamics of human occupations in arid zones"

This issue of Estudios Atacameños presents the results of the symposium referred to in the title of this Introduction. The symposium took place on October 8, 2015 in the city of Concepción during the XX National Conference of Chilean Archaeology, and was organized by the Universidad de Concepción Anthropology Program and the Chilean Archaeology Society. On that occasion, 16 papers were presented by more than 30 researchers from Chile, Argentina and the United States. Axel Nielsen provided comments at the end of the symposium.
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This introductory overview presents the frame of research and general goals of the special volume ''Archaeological Discontinuities: Comparative Frameworks for the southern hemisphere ". We begin by deconstructing archaeological... more
This introductory overview presents the frame of research and general goals of the special volume ''Archaeological Discontinuities: Comparative Frameworks for the southern hemisphere ". We begin by deconstructing archaeological discontinuities in terms of time and space in order to assess what sort of past phenomena are we dealing with when assessing discontinuities in different scales. It is one of our main contentions that we need theory and data connecting discontinuities as recorded on different analytical scales, thereby contributing to evaluate often-undescribed mechanisms that produce archaeological discontinuities. On this basis, we face the key task of deconstructing archaeological discontinuities from 'top to bottom', moving from the averaged material record that is visible in archaeological scale toward the short-term human decisions and interactions that, when occurring cumulatively, produce those discontinuities. Nevertheless, while an understanding of the short-term behavioral mechanisms and social agency behind discontinuities is necessary, it is certainly not sufficient for building a frame in which to make sense of the long-term record. Archaeological discontinuities recorded at different spatial scales require different explanatory mechanisms that can be connected hierarchically. The most productive analytical take here would be to move from the bottom to the top, building from the site or local scales to the regional and continental levels. This strategy provides a solid frame for assessing the genesis of discontinuities at different scales by disentangling the incidence of sampling deficiencies in the field, the selection of samples for chronometric dating, taphonomic biases, the reorganization of mobility and technology, local and regional abandon-ments, and actual demographic changes. We finish by selecting a few issues that we consider worthy of systematic comparative attention in the years to come. These issues impinge on different levels of theory and methods and can only be pursued with an interdisciplinary focus that encompasses not only archaeology but also ethnography, genetics, linguistics, paleoclimatology and paleoecology. We are convinced that there is much to learn from a comparative perspective in terms of structural similitudes in historical processes across regions and continents. The conceptual structure of a number of debates from South America, Africa, and Australia on is remarkably similar, notwithstanding important differences in terms of chronology and tempo. We look forward to international joint endeavors such as this one that help to formalize questions and data-collecting strategies for the southern drylands and beyond.
Building on previous research at smaller scales, in this paper we assemble paleoecological data and archaeological time-series for deserts located in three latitudinal bands along the South American Arid Diagonal (16°–41°S, 1,236,000 km 2... more
Building on previous research at smaller scales, in this paper we assemble paleoecological data and archaeological time-series for deserts located in three latitudinal bands along the South American Arid Diagonal (16°–41°S, 1,236,000 km 2 of area). Diverse proxies suggest the existence of arid and extremely arid conditions in large parts of these deserts. Working with a database composed of 914 archaeological dates falling between the first human presence in each region and 3000 years BP, which produce a minimum number of 578 occupational events, we identify a series of patterns at a macro-regional scale: a robust increase in the temporal signal at the beginning of the mid-Holocene (8000–7600 years BP) followed by two troughs (7600–7200, 6800–6400 years BP) during this period. The spatial scope of the data presented provides an opportunity for disentangling processes of spatial re-localization from actual changes in population size. We present a demographic hypothesis at a macro-regional scale, which suggests the existence of mid-Holocene population bottleneck(s). This hypothesis would account not only for the mid-Holocene troughs, but also for the posterior record of an intense and relatively rapid population growth (release) observed in many regions of the arid diagonal. These mid-Holocene events provide the context for independent trajectories of economic intensification based on different sets of resources-marine foods, camelids, and also probably wetland resources-, some of which lead to domestication processes. These cases occur in association with a tendency towards reduced residential mobility in regions that may have acted as refugia during arid periods of the mid-Holocene. The analysis produces testable expectations for future research at different scales and for different research domains, including human DNA and morphometric evidence. We consider that these issues have a fecund comparative potential, since the analysis of the socio-demographic meaning of archaeological discontinuities in different continents shares a similar conceptual structure.
Resumen El análisis de los espacios internodales en escala arqueológica ofrece un marco adecuado para la integración de preguntas generadas desde distintos ámbitos teóricos, con un gran potencial de complementariedad. El objetivo de este... more
Resumen El análisis de los espacios internodales en escala arqueológica ofrece un marco adecuado para la integración de preguntas generadas desde distintos ámbitos teóricos, con un gran potencial de complementariedad. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar, desde una perspectiva biogeográfica, el rol desempeñado por los espacios internodales en la dinámica de interacción social intergrupal en Pata-gonia septentrional. En primer lugar, presentamos los lineamientos teórico-metodológicos que guían nuestra propuesta, en la cual la biogeografía constituye el marco de referencia para identificar distintos tipos de Ei en la región de estudio. Existe una impor-tante variación geográfica y ecológica en los sectores del paisaje que pueden haber constituido internodos en el pasado, la cual debe ser caracterizada como un primer paso para evaluar su dinámica sociodemográfica. Planteamos que hay dos variables ecológicas claves que establecen la base geográfica de los internodos: a) gradiente de variación en la disponibilidad de recursos; y b) escala espacial de los espacios internodales. En segundo lugar, sobre la base de información en escala etnográfica, describimos en forma muy simple los mecanismos sociales de interacción que regulan el acceso y uso de este tipo de espacios. Con ello, buscamos comenzar a modelar arqueológicamente la dinámica relacionada al uso de los internodos en Patagonia septentrional. En tercer lugar, exploramos el rol de dos líneas de evidencia que informan sobre interacción social y circulación de información/objetos: las representaciones rupestres y la geoquímica de obsi-dianas. Para finalizar, reflexionamos sobre el alcance de los aportes generados y proponemos líneas futuras de trabajo que permitirán profundizar la comprensión de la dinámica humana de circulación de información/objetos implementada en el noroeste de Patagonia, así como de las redes de interacción que vincularon grupos de cazadores recolectores en distintas escalas espaciales. Palabras claves: Biogeografía humana – interacción social – distribución de representaciones rupestres – geoquímica de obsidianas – noroeste de Patagonia. Abstract The analysis of internodal spaces in archaeological scale offers a frame useful for integrating questions produced from different theoretical stands, which are actually complementary. The goal of this paper is to assess the role of internodal spaces for inter-group interaction in northern Patagonia from a biogeographical perspective. First, we present the theoretical-methodological frame that guides this proposal. There is important geographical and ecological variation in those parts of a given landscape that can be considered as internodes during the past, which should be characterized as a first step to assess their socio-demographic dynamics. We suggest that there are two key ecological variables that make up the basis of internodes: a) gradient of ecological variation in resources; b) spatial scale of the internodes. Secondly, based on ethnographic information, we describe in a simple manner the possible social mechanisms of interaction that structure and regulate the access to and circulation across internodes. By using this frame, we intend to model the archaeological dynamics of the human use of internodal areas in northern Patago-nia. In third place, we explore the role of two lines of research that may constitute proxies on social interaction and circulation of information/objects in space: rock art and obsidian geochemistry. Finally, we consider the preliminary contribution of this research, suggesting paths for future development of these ideas.
El objetivo de esta nota es presentar una caracterización detallada de dos huesos de guanaco pintados recuperados durante la excavación de Cueva Huenul 1 (CH1), ubicada en el norte de la provincia del Neuquén (Departamento Pehuenches), en... more
El objetivo de esta nota es presentar una caracterización detallada de dos huesos de guanaco pintados recuperados durante la excavación de Cueva Huenul 1 (CH1), ubicada en el norte de la provincia del Neuquén (Departamento Pehuenches), en Patagonia septentrional. Estos fueron recuperados en el marco de un proyecto regional de corte biogeográfico orientado a evaluar las pautas de conducta y distribución espacio-temporal de las poblaciones humanas que ocuparon la región, con foco en el Holoceno tardío.
A B S T R A C T We studied the organization of mobility of hunter-gatherers groups of northwestern Patagonia (Argentina) from an interdisciplinary perspective. We combined geochemical and technological characterization of obsidian... more
A B S T R A C T We studied the organization of mobility of hunter-gatherers groups of northwestern Patagonia (Argentina) from an interdisciplinary perspective. We combined geochemical and technological characterization of obsidian assemblages from surface and stratigraphic contexts spanning the Holocene, and a preliminary geoarchaeolo-gical study of the sources. The goals were to assess the provenance, mode of supply, use, and discard of obsidian artifacts on the basis of information on the structure of the two main regional sources: Cerro Huenul, located in the lowlands, and Laguna del Maule, located in the Andean highlands. We conducted geoarchaeological field sampling at different altitudes of the Barrancas River fluvial deposits to study the geomorphic impact on the secondary structure of the highland source. Preliminary geoarchaeological results allow extending the area of availability up to 90 km towards the lowlands from the outcrops. In addition, we performed non-destructive XRF analyses on 266 lithic artifacts, which were placed along a continuum of reduction. 89% of the artifacts corresponded to the local Cerro Huenul source, while 11% to Laguna del Maule. While the artifacts made on Cerro Huenul obsidian were represented by the full reduction sequence, those from Laguna del Maule are only represented by advanced stages. We integrate these results with information on the frequencies of projectile points, ceramics, and rock-art motifs for the two main archaeological sites in the region: Cueva Huenul 1 and Cueva Yagui. These proxies indicate that the sites have different place use histories, providing a scheme for the analysis of human use of the regional landscape.
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We have carried out long-term comparative in a wide latitudinal range of the Andes (29 e37 south), encompassing selected areas that differ in ecology and biogeography. This latitudinal span shows diversity in subsistence modes across time... more
We have carried out long-term comparative in a wide latitudinal range of the Andes (29 e37 south), encompassing selected areas that differ in ecology and biogeography. This latitudinal span shows diversity in subsistence modes across time and space, ranging from Andean agro-pastoralists in the north to Patagonian hunter-gatherers in the south. As part of this research, a program of geochemical and archaeological characterization of obsidian sources and distributions is being developed, attempting to assess connections between different biogeographical contexts. This work has allowed recognizing five Andean sources with different geological and topographical properties. Stemming from this macro-regional endeavor, in this paper we present a comparative analysis of the human use of two sources that, based on the intensity of human use on a macro-regional scale, can be interpreted as 'minor' sources. This study is framed on GIS least-cost models for human circulation across rugged landscapes allowing access to the sources. We assess temporal and spatial patterns of human occupation of high-altitude Andean deserts and neighboring areas comparing two of obsidian sources: Laguna del Diamante (34 S) and Cerro Huenul (36 S). The results indicate the existence of asymmetric distributions, particularly in the case of Laguna del Diamante. This evidence is used to assess the existence of dominant geographic vectors of human access and use of the Andean highlands. On this basis, we explore the analytical potential of minor sources for the study of human biogeography and organization of technology.
The present paper reports the first paleoparasitological results obtained from coprolites of fossil rodent middens and demonstrates the potential of rodent middens as a source of paleoparasitological evidences in South America. Ten fossil... more
The present paper reports the first paleoparasitological results obtained from coprolites of fossil rodent middens and demonstrates the potential of rodent middens as a source of paleoparasitological evidences in South America. Ten fossil rodent middens from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina, were studied. Five coprolites of each midden were fully processed, rehydrated, homogenized, subjected to spontaneous sedimentation, and examined through light microscopy. Eight of the 10 examined rodent middens contained parasite eggs. The eggs of parasites were assigned to Heteroxynema (Cavioxyura) viscaciae Sutton & Hugot, 1989 and Helminthoxys sp. (Nematoda: Oxyuridae), Trichuris sp. (Nematoda: Trichuridae) and one unidentified nematode. Fossil rodent middens were assigned to Lagidium viscacia (Caviomorph: Chinchillidae). The excellent preservation of parasite remains in coprolites from fossil rodent middens provided an opportunity to perform paleoparasitological inferences. The results of this papers demonstrates that fossil rodent middens offer an excellent opportunity for the recovery of parasite remains for future paleoparasitological studies in the southwest of South America.
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Archaeological radiocarbon databases are being increasingly used as a proxy of past demographic trends. In this paper we compile and analyze an extensive database of paleoecological information and 14C dates from archaeological sites in... more
Archaeological radiocarbon databases are being increasingly used as a proxy of past demographic trends. In this paper we compile and analyze an extensive database of paleoecological information and 14C dates from archaeological sites in northwestern Patagonia (Argentina, South America). On this basis, we assess the regional distribution of human populations since the late Pleistocene, and their relation with the evolution of Patagonian climate and landscapes. We explore the spatial and temporal distribution of evidence and discuss sampling biases affecting the record in different ecological contexts. The analysis is set in the frame of three main ecological regions that have implications for human subsistence: Andean forest, grass steppe, and shrub steppe. The intensity of the archaeological signal differs among these
regions through time, being stronger and more homogeneous in the grass steppe. In the Andean forest and the shrub steppe the signal is weaker and even absent during short periods of the middle Holocene. We suggest likely sampling biases contributing to these tendencies, since these three regions present variable research cover and intensity. On the other hand, we also suggest that these differences may reflect variations in the intensity of human occupation, in favor of more attractive environments for hunting (i.e., areas where guanaco are generally more abundant). This macro-regional synthesis of the paleoecology and archaeology of northwestern Patagonia provides a platform for developing future oriented research.
In this paper I present an intensively dated chrono-stratigraphic sequence for Cueva Huenul 1 archaeological site (Neuquén Province, Argentina), located in the inland deserts of northwestern Patagonia, which offers a remarkable temporal... more
In this paper I present an intensively dated chrono-stratigraphic sequence for Cueva Huenul 1 archaeological site (Neuquén Province, Argentina), located in the inland deserts of northwestern Patagonia, which offers a remarkable temporal record of events for a desert region largely unstudied. Then, I connect this local record with available data in a macro-regional scale to reassess (a) the timing of first human colonization and its implications for explaining the extinction of the megafauna (~14000-10000 years B.P.); and (b) the decreased intensity of human occupation recorded at several South American deserts during segments of the mid-Holocene (~8000-6000 years B.P.). The data presented here shows a ~1500 calendar years gap between humans and megafauna. A review of the evidence from northern Patagonia and southern Cuyo regions is consistent with this record, favoring ecological causes for regional extinction of megafauna taxa. Integration of this record with those indicating the earliest human presence in South America (v.g. Monte Verde locality) is consistent with a process of human radiation to the inland Patagonian deserts from nodes of initial occupation.
The chrono-stratigraphic sequence from CH1 also contributes to an assessment of a trough in human occupation along the South American Arid Diagonal around 8000-6000 years B.P. This low-intensity record includes the highland and lowland deserts from southern Mendoza, northern Mendoza and San Juan, the Puna region from northwestern Argentina, the Atacama Desert in Chile, and the possible case of the Pampean region. Previous researchers have suggested that persistent arid conditions would have produced an increasing process of landscape fragmentation affecting desert areas in particular. A more specific understanding of the underlying demographic processes behind this archaeological signal is needed. In this paper I suggest that this trough reflects not only spatial and organizational rearrangements, but also a macro-regional demographic retraction, which could have produced a population bottleneck with lasting biological and cultural spin-offs.
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El norte de la provincia de Neuquén (Depto. Pehuenches, Argentina) es muy poco conocido a nivel arqueológico, a pesar de estar ubicado en una posición central en relación con distintos temas clave del poblamiento humano de Sudamérica,... more
El norte de la provincia de Neuquén (Depto. Pehuenches, Argentina) es muy poco conocido a nivel arqueológico, a pesar de estar ubicado en una posición central en relación con distintos temas clave del poblamiento humano de Sudamérica, incluyendo la extinción de la megafauna y sus causas, el poblamiento humano inicial y la existencia de discontinuidades arqueológicas en el Holoceno medio. En este trabajo se presenta el primer cuerpo de resultados paleoecológicos y arqueológicos para el sitio Cueva Huenul 1, recientemente excavado, que ofrece una secuencia sedimentaria que se extiende durante los últimos 16.000 años calendáricos. Estas evidencias incluyen el desarrollo de un marco crono-estratigráfico para el sitio, que aporta novedosa información tefro-cronológica. A partir de este análisis, se definen cuatro componentes temporales, sobre los cuales se asienta el estudio de los materiales recuperados: evidencias faunísticas (paleontológicas y arqueológicas), arqueobotánicas, líticas, cerámicas y de arte rupestre. Estos resultados en escala de sitio proveen una primera instancia de evaluación de procesos en escala macro-regional, así como las bases para la continuación de este proyecto.
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BIOGEOGRAPHY, COMPETITION, AND SYMBOLIC DEMARCATION OF SPACE. Biogeography consists in the analysis of the behavior and distribution of organisms in the context of the landscape they inhabit. Here we present a biogeography-based... more
BIOGEOGRAPHY, COMPETITION, AND SYMBOLIC DEMARCATION OF SPACE. Biogeography consists in the analysis of the behavior and distribution of organisms in the context of the landscape they inhabit. Here we present a biogeography-based archaeological model for northern Patagonia considering information on current topography, climate, and ecology. The Patagonian landscape is stratified in high carrying capacity-areas, which are geographically circumscribed, and low carrying capacity-areas, not restricted spatially. We present expectations in terms of human occupational intensity, technological organization (place vs. individual oriented provisioning strategies), prevalence of competition processes, and symbolic demarcation of space (by means of rock-art and mortuary practices). Finally, we present a preliminary evaluation of the model for northern Neuquén Province.
The aim of the present study was to examine the parasite fauna present in rodent coprolites collected from Cueva Huenul 1 (CH1), northern Neuquén (Patagonia, Argentina), an archaeological site that provides stratified sequences of... more
The aim of the present study was to examine the parasite fauna present in rodent coprolites collected from Cueva Huenul 1 (CH1), northern Neuquén (Patagonia, Argentina), an archaeological site that provides stratified sequences of archaeological and palaeontological remains dating from the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Transition to the Late Holocene period. Twenty rodent coprolites collected from different sedimentary units from the site, with ages ranging from 13.844 ± 75-1.416 ± 37 years BP, were examined for parasites. Each coprolite was processed as a whole: rehydrated, homogenised, spontaneously sedimented and examined using light microscopy. The coprolites and the eggs of any parasites present were described, measured and photographed. In all, 158 parasite eggs were found in 10 coprolites. The faeces were positive for Viscachataenia quadrata Denegri, Dopchiz, Elissondo & Beveridge and Monoecocestus sp. Beddard (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) and for Heteroxynema (Cavioxyura) viscaciae Sutton & Hugot (Nematoda: Oxyuridae). The coprolites examined were tentatively attributed to Lagidium viscacia Molina (Mammalia, Rodentia, Caviomorpha, Chinchillidae). The life cycles of these parasites are discussed.
"Small mammal samples from the archaeological sequence of Cueva Huenul 1 (CH1, Neuquén Province, Argentina) are described, and taphonomic and paleoenvironmental conditions assessed. This site is located near the steppe-monte ecotone in... more
"Small mammal samples from the archaeological sequence of Cueva Huenul 1 (CH1, Neuquén Province, Argentina) are described, and taphonomic and paleoenvironmental conditions assessed. This site is located near the steppe-monte ecotone in the northernmost Patagonia. Small mammal remains (NISP 1426, MNE 1409, MNI 87) were recovered from Late Pleistocene (13,800-11,800 14C BP), Early Holocene (9500 14C BP) and Late Holocene layers (1400 14C BP). Taphonomic analysis indicates that the CH1 assemblage is an archaeofaunistic owl pellet accumulation. It has a good post-depositional preservation since it was rapidly incorporated in the sedimentary matrix, although it previously experienced trampling action. From latest Pleistocene to Late Holocene, the assemblages are mainly composed by the sigmodontines Eligmodontia spp. and Phyllotis xanthopygus, and the caviomorphs Microcavia australis and Ctenomys sp., suggesting in overall terms a marked ecological stability. CHl is one of the few sites where the PleistoceneeHolocene transition is represented by faunal evidence. The latest Pleistocene sample spanning 13,800 and 11,800 14C BP indicate scrub steppe with substantial open ground and rocky exposition; one Early Holocene sample (9500 14C BP) suggests a more heterogeneous environment as evidenced by the first occurrence of Akodon iniscatus and Euneomys chinchilloides. In this context, CH1 assemblages do not reflect the small mammal community reworking that putatively accompanied the Pleistocene-Holocene transition."
In this paper we present a synthesis of geological, geochemical, and archaeological information for the Huenul obsidian source located in northern Patagonia (Neuquén Province, Argentina). Important information recently published on other... more
In this paper we present a synthesis of geological, geochemical, and archaeological information for the Huenul obsidian source located in northern Patagonia (Neuquén Province, Argentina). Important information recently published on other obsidian sources in the South-Central Andes of Argentina and Chile provide the context for this endeavor, allowing us to evaluate the role of this lithic source within the network of human mobility and interaction on different spatial scales. It is suggested here that Huenul obsidian is genetically related with the Tilhué Formation that had already been mapped in detail. This regional information provides a search model for the geoarchaeological survey. This raw material displays a remarkable supra-regional distribution in the archaeological record, although it is regionally under-represented. We suggest three alternative hypotheses explaining the distribution of Huenul obsidians, which allow evaluating technological decisions, marginal vs. nuclear role of certain spaces for past human societies, and territorial organization.
The management and conservation of animal species should be based upon a long-term analysis that considers its geographical distribution and feeding patterns. The study of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes on skeletal remains provides a... more
The management and conservation of animal species should be based upon a long-term analysis that considers its geographical distribution and feeding patterns. The study of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes on skeletal remains provides a quantitative approach to the paleodietary reconstructions and constitutes a potent tool for comparing behavioral aspects of the fauna. In this paper we present the first set of isotopic values for modern and archaeological samples of Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) from the forests of Central-western Patagonia, Chile. Contrary to initial expectations, our analysis indicates that there is no evidence of an important incidence of the canopy effect on the δ13Ccollagen values, which we suggest is due to an ecological selection that drives the huemul to focus its predation on open sectors within the forest. On the other hand, a wide range of δ15Ncollagen values for huemul was verified. This could reflect the N impoverishment of the forest soils and provide an interesting ecological indicator. The long-term information offered by the archaeological record provides the necessary context for decision-making conducive towards the preservation of Hippocamelus bisulcus in Patagonia.
"Paleoenvironmental studies in northwestern Patagonia are mostly focused on forest and ecotone forest-steppe areas. The obtained data indicate dry and cold conditions for the late-Pleistocene/Holocene transition. For the steppic and hilly... more
"Paleoenvironmental studies in northwestern Patagonia are mostly focused on forest and ecotone forest-steppe areas. The obtained data indicate dry and cold conditions for the late-Pleistocene/Holocene transition. For the steppic and hilly ranges east of the Andes in northern Neuquén province there are no studied paleoclimatic records, despite the potential interest of this region, because it has the highest elevations in Patagonia (Domuyo system) and is situated near the western limit of the South American Arid Diagonal. Recent excavations at Cueva Huenul 1 (CH1; 36° 56′ 45″ S, 69° 47′ 32″ W, 1008 m, Neuquén province, Argentina, Figure 1) yielded a rich sequence spanning the late-Pleistocene/early-Holocene, and reaching the late Holocene. In this note we briefly address the taphonomy and paleoenvironmental significance of the micromammal remains
obtained in CH1."
The well-known descriptions of two hunter-gatherer groups in southern Patagonia, the Aónikenk and the Kawéskar, led ethnographers to conclude that there were wide differences between terrestrial and maritime huntergatherer adaptations.... more
The well-known descriptions of two hunter-gatherer groups in southern Patagonia, the Aónikenk and the Kawéskar, led ethnographers to conclude that there were wide differences between terrestrial and maritime huntergatherer adaptations. Based on the concept of open social formations, and descriptions of mixed groups in the central Strait of Magellan, we believe that the two societies were more connected than is usually assumed. It seems more reasonable to conclude that these groups followed a regimen of visitation than it is to postulate the existence of a different ethnic unit—the Airre, Zapoliens, or Guaycurúes—as some have done. Archaeological evidence, especially that obtained in the zone of the morros and the central strait, can be used to suggest that similar interactions were probably taking place at least since circa 2000 B.P.
We studied archaeological and paleontological small mammal samples from three sites at the southern tip of the Argentinean Patagonia (Orejas de Burro 1, Cóndor 1, and Puesto Pali Aike). These samples are all Late Holocene in age according... more
We studied archaeological and paleontological small mammal samples from three sites at the southern tip of the Argentinean Patagonia (Orejas de Burro 1, Cóndor 1, and Puesto Pali Aike). These samples are all Late Holocene in age according to radiocarbon dates and are basically composed by osteological remains of rodents. Taphonomical signatures suggest a mixed origin for these assemblages being the trophic activity of strigiform birds (owls) and humans the main accumulator agents. Recent rodent communities in southernmost mainland Patagonia are composed by eight rodent species, while in the fossils ones there are at least eleven. In overall terms, fossil rodent samples suggest environmental conditions similar to the present ones, with predominance of gramineous steppes and open, bare, rocky areas. These conditions were briefly interrupted by a cold-humid pulse around 1,200 years before present that allowed the eastern expansión of several rodents typically associated to western environments. Austral rodent communities seem to be basically stable during the last 3,500 years; by the contrary, the latest Holocene was a time of strong community reworking in northern and central Patagonia. The causes of these differences need further exploration.
Northern Neuquén (Patagonia, Argentina) constitutes a void in our current knowledge of the early human peopling of South America. This report stems from a regional survey project recently started in northern Neuquén that was intended to... more
Northern Neuquén (Patagonia, Argentina) constitutes a void in our current knowledge of the early human peopling of South America. This report stems from a regional survey project recently started in northern Neuquén that was intended to bridge this gap. In particular, new research being conducted at the Cueva Huenul 1 site provides stratified sequences of archaeological and paleontological remains spanning the late-Pleistocene/early-Holocene period.
Interactions between human societies and the environment that they inhabit have been a controversial topic in archaeology for at least the past fifty years. Currently, modern theoretical approaches take this subject as a key issue in... more
Interactions between human societies and the environment that they inhabit have been a controversial topic in archaeology for at least the past fifty years. Currently, modern theoretical approaches take this subject as a key issue in their research agenda. This paper presents a review of the main outcomes of several archaeological and multidisciplinary South American projects related to this theme. The case-studies discussed here are all located within arid settings, and can be grouped into three broad geographic areas: Puna (or Altiplano) of northwestern Argentina, Cuyo (west-central Argentina), and southern Patagonia. These regions cover a wide latitudinal range extending from 22° to 52° S. They were selected for comparison due to environmental similarities, and a common record of past climate impacts mainly related to the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA) and the Little Ice Age (LIA). Although the impacts of these climatic changes were locally heterogeneous in their intensity and the quality of the available information is regionally variable, they provide a base-line for comparison and supra-regional integration. The integration of archaeological and palaeoenvironmental data on this broad supra-regional spatial scale allows us to identify interesting historical trajectories associated with particular time periods. As an example, there are some spatial rearrangements of large populations during the MCA, in the three areas. Additionally, there are variable patterns in the changes associated with the different social contexts that impose specific demographic and economic constraints. Finally, this study sets the basis for new questions and provides a guide to the methodological and theoretical issues that we need to address in order to answer them.

And 23 more

The introduction of stable isotopes in archaeological research beginning in the 1970s produced a revolution in the ways that several key anthropological issues were studied, including early hominin subsistence, hunter-gatherer spatial... more
The introduction of stable isotopes in archaeological research beginning in the 1970s produced a revolution in the ways that several key anthropological issues were studied, including early hominin subsistence, hunter-gatherer spatial organization, origins and history of farming and pastoralist societies, migrations, and intra- and inter-group social differentiation. As a tool suited for the quantitative reconstruction of paleodiets, bone chemistry provided a new and independent line of evidence that was readily integrated into ongoing discussions based on archaeofaunal and paleobotanical data (see van der Merwe, 1982; Ambrose, 1993). The impact that isotopic research has had in the field of archaeology is reflected in the ever-growing number of publications making use of isotopic analyses, and in the also growing number of volumes directed towards the integration of available results and perspectives of analysis (Sillen & Armelagos, 1991; Sandford, 1993; Bocherens et al., 1999; Ambrose & Katzenberg, 2000; Ambrose & Krigbaum, 2003; Koch & Burton, 2003; Staller et al., 2007).
The archaeology of South America was part of this process, presenting some early and excellent examples of isotopic research focused on the resolution of archaeological problems (e.g. Hastorf & De Niro, 1985; Burger & van der Merwe, 1990; Ubelaker, et al., 1995). However, most of the abundant research conducted during the last two decades below 20° S of latitude is not well represented in the international archaeological literature (although see Fernández et al., 1999; Gil, 2003; Yesner et al., 2003; Falabella et al., 2008). In this context, one of the main goals of this volume is to provide an updated review of the isotopic research conducted in southern South America, including cases from the Bolivian and Argentinean Puna or “Altiplano”, northwestern Argentina, the central-western Andean region of Argentina, the Pampas, Patagonia, and the Atlantic and Pacific marine coastlines. This set of papers is the product of a Workshop named “Arqueología e Isótopos Estables en el Sur de Sudamérica: Discusión e Integración de Resultados” that was held in the city of Malargüe (Mendoza province, Argentina) in 2005. This workshop was organized in the memory of Susana Valencio, a geochemistry researcher who had a substantial role in the introduction of stable isotopes in Argentinean archaeology, and who died unexpectedly in 2004, leaving a great void among her many friends and colleagues.

Current lines of research
Food availability, preparation, and consumption are basic parts of ancient societies. This volume is focused on the southern cone of South America, where both agriculturalists and hunter-gatherers existed into modern times, and where stable isotope analysis has been widely used in recent times. Foremost is work related with the development of stronger approaches to regional isotopic ecology (Llano; Yacobaccio et al.), methodological aspects regarding the application of stable isotopes to the reconstruction of subsistence and migrations (Tykot et al.; Knudson), introduction and impact of agriculture on Andean societies (Calo & Cortés; Gil et al.; Laguens et al.), adoption of pastoralist economies (Izeta et al.), spatial organization and territoriality of hunter-gatherer groups from the Pampas and Patagonia (Berón et al.; Borrero et al.; Martínez et al.; Tessone et al.), and integration of isotopic and bioarchaeological data (Suby & Guichón). Overall, the systematic use of stable isotopes in archaeological research in South America has fostered a reevaluation of some widely held views regarding, among other important subjects, the importance of maize in Andean societies and the amplitude of hunter-gatherer home ranges.
Research conducted from South America usually has to cope with strong budget restrictions that may impose limits in the size of the available isotopic sample. This has been variously tackled by developing long-term projects that allow gradual increases in the amount of information produced, or by integrating international research teams that provide external funding sources. Both strategies are represented in this volume. We believe that an exploratory framework of research provides the most productive strategy – in this or any other academic context – where specific questions are pursued even when we know that the factual basis is far from ideal. The key aspect is to be sensitive to the paths that need to be followed in order to identify stronger patterns and suggest more accurate explanations. We are confident that the set of fourteen papers that make up this volume is successful in presenting original strategies to cope with old problems, as well as in raising questions not foreseen.
A main concern shared by these papers is the integration of isotopic data with other lines of evidence, including archaeofaunal studies, health conditions and paleopathology as inferred from human remains, lithic distributions, paleobotany, and mortuary practices. This is an important virtue that generates the need to evaluate several theoretical and methodological levels in order to integrate data differing in terms of units of analysis, resolution, and formation history. This task broadens the spectrum of the discussions developed, making them valuable beyond the limits of stable isotopic research and transcending the geographical scope of South America.
El tema central de este libro es el estudio de arqueológico de la organización geográfica de sociedades cazadoras recolectoras que habitaron ambientes de la costa y el interior de Patagonia meridional. A tal fin hemos realizado trabajos... more
El tema central de este libro es el estudio de arqueológico de la organización geográfica de sociedades cazadoras recolectoras que habitaron ambientes de la costa y el interior de Patagonia meridional. A tal fin hemos realizado trabajos arqueológicos intensivos en el interior del continente, particularmente en el campo volcánico Pali Aike (CVPA), conjuntamente con trabajos previos desarrollados en ámbitos de costa marina. Los trabajos realizados en el marco del Proyecto Magallania en diferentes regiones de Patagonia meridional (Borrero 1998) proveyeron los criterios geográficos para la elección del CVPA como una unidad de análisis adecuada para un tratamiento arqueológico intensivo. Los patrones arqueológicos observados en la escala espacial mayor, que incluye al CVPA, guiaron la definición de las preguntas que discutimos aquí.
Por su posicionamiento, adyacente a la costa septentrional del estrecho de Magallanes y a la costa atlántica, el CVPA es relevante para evaluar problemas geográficos tales como las formas de interacción establecidas por las poblaciones humanas entre los ambientes marinos y del interior del continente. Dado que este campo volcánico se caracteriza por una gran variabilidad geológica, geomorfológica y ecológica, cabe esperar que contenga un amplio espectro de variabilidad espacial en los indicadores arqueológicos de ocupación humana. Al integrar estos espacios del interior con las localidades costeras que los rodean, como Cabo Vírgenes, la desembocadura del río Gallegos y la costa norte del Estrecho, se define una unidad de análisis geográfico de gran amplitud. Consideramos que esta escala de análisis es adecuada para evaluar las propiedades de los rangos de acción y territorios de poblaciones de cazadores recolectores que pueden tener una dimensión espacial comparable.
El objetivo general de esta investigación es el análisis de la información de isótopos estables del Carbono y Nitrógeno sobre un conjunto de muestras de restos óseos humanos procedentes de Patagonia meridional continental. El espacio... more
El objetivo general de esta investigación es el análisis de la información de isótopos estables del Carbono y Nitrógeno sobre un conjunto de muestras de restos óseos humanos procedentes de Patagonia meridional continental. El espacio considerado abarca, aproximadamente, desde los 48°30´ S hasta los 54° S, entre los océanos Atlántico y Pacífico y el estrecho de Magallanes. Esta es una escala espacial suprarregional, ya que incluye distintas regiones usualmente consideradas en la bibliografía arqueológica. Nuestro interés principal radica en evaluar la distribución espacial de aquellas muestras que presentan un aporte variable de recursos marítimos en la dieta, razón por la cual tratamos fundamentalmente los rangos de variación dietaria asociados con la ubicación de dichas muestras en el espacio. Esta información nos permitirá discutir aspectos relacionados con los rangos de acción desplegados por las poblaciones humanas. Por otra parte, discutimos dimensiones paleodietarias más específicas con el fin de explorar vías futuras de complejización de nuestras reconstrucciones.
Nuestro objetivo es construir un acercamiento de base biogeográfica a los patrones de uso humano del espacio en el norte de Mendoza y Chile Central (32°-33°S), cuya geografía se destaca por su complejidad topográfica y climática. En la... more
Nuestro objetivo es construir un acercamiento de base biogeográfica a los patrones de uso humano del espacio en el norte de Mendoza y Chile Central (32°-33°S), cuya geografía se destaca por su complejidad topográfica y climática. En la región se encuentra la división entre las zonas con predominio de precipitación invernal y estival, en el valle de Uspallata. La variación estacional agrega un nivel de complejidad al análisis, estableciendo la necesidad de modelar paisajes de invierno y verano, con diferente capacidad de carga y conectividad. Este marco es utilizado para evaluar patrones de circulación, escala espacial de las sociedades humanas y densidad demográfica relativa. Para el desarrollo de este trabajo nos basamos en datos espaciales de alta resolución (pixeles de 0.9-1 km2), que ofrecen la mejor caracterización de la variabilidad biogeográfica moderna. Estratificamos el paisaje en función de altura, precipitación, temperatura y el índice de vegetación generalizado (GDVI), que sirven como proxies para de las diferencias relativas en la disponibilidad de recursos florísticos, faunísticos y potencial agrícola. En este marco, se evalúa el registro arqueológico asignado al Holoceno tardío. Se emplea al registro bioarqueológico como indicador de densidad demográfica relativa y a los isótopos de estroncio para caracterizar la paleogeografía humana. Este trabajo articulará el desarrollo futuro de múltiples líneas de evidencia en un marco biogeográfico y comparativo. 
La estructura espacial del registro arqueológico en la localidad Barrancas-Buta Ranquil (Neuquén) Objetivos Se caracteriza la estructura espacial del registro arqueológico en la localidad Barrancas-Buta Ranquil, Provincia del Neuquén... more
La estructura espacial del registro arqueológico en la localidad Barrancas-Buta Ranquil (Neuquén) Objetivos Se caracteriza la estructura espacial del registro arqueológico en la localidad Barrancas-Buta Ranquil, Provincia del Neuquén (Fig. 1). Se discute el uso humano de un espacio de ecotono entre las provincias del Monte y Patagonia (850-2200 msnm) sobre la base de una prospección sistemática que integra: 1) transectas con distribuciones líticas, 2) arte rupestre y 3) tecnología cerámica. El análisis distribucional se realiza mediante 'Kernel Density Analysis' (KDA). Dado que la altitud es una variable clave, se evalúan las tendencias en relación con la topografía. La integración de evidencias permite evaluar intensidad ocupacional y diversidad funcional de amplios sectores del espacio en referencia a la estacionalidad. Las secuencias estratigráficas excavadas (CH1, CH3, Cueva Yagui), que abarcan los últimos 11.000 años, anclan el registro a nivel temporal. Este trabajo se inserta en un proyecto biogeográfico macro-regional que busca identificar espacios nodales e internodales en los Andes del sur. En un nivel mayor, forma parte del estudio comparativo de las sociedades andinas en distintas franjas latitudinales.
Research Interests:
Este trabajo se enmarca en un proyecto arqueológico recientemente iniciado en el extremo norte de la Provincia de Neuquén, Patagonia (Argentina). Este proyecto se estructura desde una perspectiva biogeográfica. Un primer paso para... more
Este trabajo se enmarca en un proyecto arqueológico recientemente iniciado en el extremo norte de la Provincia de Neuquén, Patagonia (Argentina). Este proyecto se estructura desde una perspectiva biogeográfica. Un primer paso para contextualizar el análisis zooarqueológico regional consiste en modelar las condiciones de estacionalidad imperantes en un paisaje con notables contrastes altitudinales. Sobre esta base, y centrando el foco de discusión en Lama guanicoe, que constituye el principal recurso, se generan expectativas para la importancia del consumo de distintas categorías etarias. Información ecológica y etológica disponible para guanaco contribuye a organizar el análisis. Se presenta una primera instancia de contrastación de estos aspectos biogeográficos mediante el estudio preliminar de los conjuntos faunísticos del sitio Cueva Huenul 1, con un rango cronológico de ocupaciones humanas que comienzan en torno a 9500 años 14C AP y se extienden hasta el Holoceno tardío.
La teoría de la evolución surge sobre la base de observaciones biogeográficas y los primeros desarrollos evolucionistas en la arqueología argentina surgen en un contexto de pensamiento semejante. Consideramos que un acercamiento... more
La teoría de la evolución surge sobre la base de observaciones biogeográficas y los primeros desarrollos evolucionistas en la arqueología argentina surgen en un contexto de pensamiento semejante. Consideramos que un acercamiento biogeográfico a la arqueología provee una instancia teórica de ‘rango medio’ compatible con (y necesaria para) la aplicación de marcos teóricos evolucionistas, tales como herencia dual y ecología evolutiva. En este trabajo presentamos modelos biogeográficos para Patagonia noroccidental, los cuales contemplan variables geográficas clave: vías de circulación, rugosidad del terreno y estacionalidad. Estos modelos tienen como objetivo central de análisis la arqueología del extremo norte de la provincia de Neuquén, y aplican en dos escalas espaciales complementarias. En una primera instancia de análisis supra regional se apunta a contextualizar la región a nivel geográfico en relación con espacios adyacentes: ¿Qué lugar ocupó el norte de Neuquén en el poblamiento humano de norpatagonia? En una segunda instancia, de carácter regional, se generan expectativas para sectores del norte neuquino con propiedades geográficas contrastantes. Estos modelos preliminares tienen la doble función de ofrecer un contexto para los primeros resultados obtenidos para la región, así como también guiar el desarrollo de trabajos futuros en el campo.
En este trabajo se presenta una síntesis de los resultados arqueológicos y paleoecológicos generados en el marco de un nuevo proyecto enfocado en el extremo norte de la provincia de Neuquén. En el largo plazo, estos datos contribuirán a... more
En este trabajo se presenta una síntesis de los resultados arqueológicos y paleoecológicos generados en el marco de un nuevo proyecto enfocado en el extremo norte de la provincia de Neuquén. En el largo plazo, estos datos contribuirán a evaluar modelos biogeográficos recientemente planteados para la macro región. El trabajo realizado se articula en escalas de región y localidad. En el primer nivel se presentan resultados preliminares de distribuciones de materiales líticos y cerámicos en superficie y de geoquímica de las obsidianas Huenul, que se encuentran localmente disponibles. En la escala más acotada presentamos resultados para el sitio Cueva Huenul 1, con ocupaciones humanas iniciales de 9500 años 14C AP. Se incluyen análisis crono estratigráficos, polínicos, tecnológicos y faunísticos. Se identifican interesantes cambios en las tasas de descarte de materiales arqueológicos durante el Holoceno. Las tendencias identificadas proveen la base para integrar el norte neuquino con las discusiones temporales y espaciales desarrolladas para regiones adyacentes (sur de Mendoza, centro oeste de La Pampa y centro de Neuquén).
COORDINADORES Marcelo Morales1. Email: marcelomoralesarq@gmail.com Augusto Tessone2. Email: gutitessone@gmail.com RELATOR Ramiro Barberena3. Email: ramidus28@gmail.com 1IBBEA, CONICET, UBA; 2INGEIS CONICET; 3CONICET, Laboratorio de... more
COORDINADORES
Marcelo Morales1. Email: marcelomoralesarq@gmail.com
Augusto Tessone2. Email: gutitessone@gmail.com

RELATOR
Ramiro Barberena3. Email: ramidus28@gmail.com
1IBBEA, CONICET, UBA; 2INGEIS CONICET; 3CONICET, Laboratorio de Paleoecología Humana (FCEyN, UNCUYO)

Los enfoques “arqueométricos” han ganado un lugar importante en la arqueología mundial en los últimos 30 años, incluyendo el desarrollo de congresos, talleres y publicaciones especializadas en esta temática (ej. Archaoemetry, Journal of Archaoelogical Science, etc.). A modo de ejemplo,
en nuestro país, desde el año 2005 viene desarrollándose de manera periódica un congreso nacional específico sobre esta temática el Congreso Argentino de Arqueometríay
desde el año 2007 también se desarrolla el Congreso Latinoamericano de Arqueometría. La Arqueometría, también
denominada "Arqueología Científica", puede ser definida como el campo disciplinar en el que se aplican técnicas y herramientas provenientes de las ciencias de la tierra, naturales y exactas para la resolución de problemas arqueológicos y para la investigación de materiales arqueológicos o
bienes culturales. Los “estudios arqueométricos”, de esta manera, son un lugar de encuentro entre diversas disciplinas científicas como la biología, la geología, la matemática, la química, la física y, por supuesto, la arqueología. Es decir, un campo de investigación de carácter interdisciplinario.
En los Congresos Nacionales de Arqueología, los trabajos con enfoques arqueométricos, usualmente, quedan diseminados en las mesas de arqueología regional por lo que suelen ser poco frecuentes las discusiones metodológicas y el intercambio de información entre colegas entrenados
en métodos y técnicas científicas que trabajan en distintas regiones del país. Por esta razón, este simposio tiene por objetivo generar un espacio para la discusión e intercambio de ideas y experiencias, entre profesionales de disciplinas, tales como la química, la física, la matemática, la
biología y la geología y arqueólogos formados en métodos y técnicas comúnmente utilizados en dichas ciencias que trabajan en arqueología con temáticas, cronologías y regiones diversas. Así, se espera la participación en el simposio de trabajos de distintas regiones del país y cronologías
variadas, que incluyan discusiones metodológicas o casos de estudio sobre problemas arqueológicos o paleoecológicos diversos; entre estos, se destacan los procesos de formación, métodos de datación y estudios cronológicos, procedencia de materias primas y artefactos, reconstrucciones
paleoambientales y paleodietas aplicados
tanto en restos humanos como en restos zooarqueológicos,
funcionalidad de artefactos y de sitios, caracterización de sustancias y residuos en artefactos y tecnofacturas, prospección geofísica y teledetección espacial, etc. En estas presentaciones se espera que apliquen técnicas y herramientas de las disciplinas mencionadas, como los isótopos estables e inestables, ácidos grasos, termoluminiscencia, análisis físicoquímicos diversos, GIS, microfósiles, análisis sedimentarios, entre muchos otros. Asimismo, dado que uno de los fines de este simposio se orienta al intercambio y discusión técnica entre profesionales especializados, serán de particular interés aquellos trabajos que ofrezcan enfoques, técnicas y perspectivas novedosas en la aplicación de este tipo de análisis para el estudio del registro arqueológico o las
reconstrucciones paleoecológicas. Por último, también se espera la participación en el simposio de trabajos donde se refleje el carácter interdisciplinario de los estudios arqueométricos, en los cuales se desarrollen las dificultades y beneficios de la interacción de investigadores y
profesionales provenientes de estas diversas disciplinas, destacando siempre como eje rector la resolución de problemas arqueológicos y paleoecológicos específicos.
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La Arqueología moderna es una disciplina con una fuerte base interdisciplinaria que la vincula con múltiples disciplinas de las llamadas Ciencias Ambientales y de la Tierra. En este contexto, el objetivo central de esta asignatura... more
La Arqueología moderna es una disciplina con una fuerte base interdisciplinaria que la vincula con múltiples disciplinas de las llamadas Ciencias Ambientales y de la Tierra. En este contexto, el objetivo central de esta asignatura consiste en desarrollar un marco teórico y metodológico para estudiar la historia humana en relación con los sistemas ecológicos de los que forman parte. Así, se contribuye en forma directa a un estudio del planeta a partir del momento de dispersión humana en escala global. La perspectiva de esta asignatura asume que, al construir sus nichos ecológicos, las sociedades humanas impactan sobre otras poblaciones humanas y sobre comunidades vegetales y animales en general. El estudio diacrónico de estas comunidades sólo es posible considerando la incidencia humana.
El curso abarca aspectos teóricos y metodológicos referidos a la definición, operativización y resolución de problemas de movilidad, interacción entre poblaciones y migraciones en sociedades humanas de pequeña escala. Se enfatiza el... more
El curso abarca aspectos teóricos y metodológicos referidos a la definición, operativización y resolución de problemas de movilidad, interacción entre poblaciones y migraciones en sociedades humanas de pequeña escala. Se enfatiza el desarrollo de una visión comparativa de base biogeográfica para la definición y resolución de estos problemas arqueológicos, ya que ofrece un marco robusto y teóricamente amplio para ampliar nuestro conocimiento sobre diversos tipos de procesos históricos. Los temas tratados reproducen en forma simplificada las distintas instancias del proceso de investigación, desde la delimitación teórica de los problemas, escalas y unidades de análisis, la selección de líneas de evidencia relevantes para cada interrogante y su aplicación conjunta.
Research Interests:
El curso abarca aspectos teóricos y metodológicos referidos a la definición, operativización y resolución de problemas de movilidad, interacción entre poblaciones y migraciones en sociedades humanas de pequeña escala. Se enfatiza el... more
El curso abarca aspectos teóricos y metodológicos referidos a la definición, operativización y resolución de problemas de movilidad, interacción entre poblaciones y migraciones en sociedades humanas de pequeña escala. Se enfatiza el desarrollo de una visión comparativa de base biogeográfica para la definición y resolución de estos problemas arqueológicos, ya que ofrece un marco robusto y teóricamente amplio para ampliar nuestro conocimiento sobre diversos tipos de procesos históricos. Los temas tratados reproducen en forma simplificada las distintas instancias del proceso de investigación, desde la delimitación teórica de los problemas, escalas y unidades de análisis, la selección de líneas de evidencia relevantes para cada interrogante y su aplicación conjunta. El análisis parte de una visión en escala etnográfica tomando casos de los Andes y otras regiones del mundo con el objetivo de observar variación en la dinámica de la movilidad, territorialidad y patrones de migración a nivel individual y grupal. En un segundo nivel, se desarrollan acercamientos arqueológicos de base geográfica para la evaluación de estos temas en escala temporal amplia. En este nivel se incluyen múltiples líneas de evidencia arqueológica adecuadas para el tratamiento de estos temas, ya que aportan información sobre patrones de movimientos, historias de vida, migraciones, transporte e intercambio de objetos materiales.
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We present the first geochemical data of archaeological obsidian for Isla Victoria, Nahuel Huapi National Park in Patagonia. XRF analyses were performed on 15 samples of obsidian-like rocks from the Puerto Tranquilo 1 site. Only five of... more
We present the first geochemical data of archaeological obsidian for Isla Victoria, Nahuel Huapi National Park in Patagonia. XRF analyses were performed on 15 samples of obsidian-like rocks from the Puerto Tranquilo 1 site. Only five of the artifacts-all of which come from upper levels of the site-correspond to obsidian as a raw material. The provenance analysis indicates the use of obsidian sources located in the Andean Forest area of southern Neuquen Province. Based on these preliminary results, we propose a north-south circulation axis for this raw material. These geographic results are discussed in relation to the information available regionally. Resumen Presentamos aquí los primeros datos geoquímicos de obsidianas arqueológicas provenientes de la Isla Victoria, Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi, Patagonia, Argentina. Se realizaron análisis de fluorescencia de rayos X sobre 15 muestras de rocas macroscópicamente similares a la obsidiana del sitio Puerto Tranquilo 1. Los resultados indican que sólo cinco corresponden a obsidianas, todas provenientes de los niveles tardíos del sitio. Los análisis de proveniencia indican el uso de fuentes localizadas en el sector andino-boscoso del sur oeste de la provincia del Neuquén. Proponemos un eje de circulación norte-sur para esta materia prima en el área. Finalmente, estos resultados geográficos iniciales son discutidos en relación con la información disponible regionalmente.
This paper presents the results of constructive techniques, space occupation patterns, chronology, lithic technology, ceramic technology and typology, camelid zooarchaeology, anthracology and studies of rock art from a group of... more
This paper presents the results of constructive techniques, space occupation patterns, chronology, lithic technology, ceramic technology and typology, camelid zooarchaeology, anthracology and studies of rock art from a group of archaeological sites in the Laguna del Diamante Natural Protected Area (Mendoza, Argentina). This area is located in the Cordillera Principal of the Andes and connects the upper Diamante and Maipo River Basins. Chronologically, the archaeological data are from the consolidation of the Inca occupation in the region. The studies demonstrate that the Inca state controlled this sector of the Andes in order to exploit an obsidian source and maintain a specialized trade network that linked the Central Valley in Chile with the eastern valleys of Uco and Jaurúa. Additionally, the rock art motifs allow us to infer a process of sacralization and appropriation of this landscape, which is dominated by the Maipo Volcano and the Diamante Lake.
Nuestro objetivo es estudiar las estrategias de uso del espacio por parte de sociedades humanas móviles en un paisaje andino de Patagonia caracterizado por una marcada heterogeneidad topográfica, climática y ecológica (localidad de... more
Nuestro objetivo es estudiar las estrategias de uso del espacio por parte de sociedades humanas móviles en un paisaje andino de Patagonia caracterizado por una marcada heterogeneidad topográfica, climática y ecológica (localidad de Barrancas-Buta Ranquil, provincia del Neuquén, Argentina). Inicialmente, se analiza la estructura del paisaje desde una perspectiva biogeográfica, desarrollando un modelo de estacionalidad mediante sistemas de información geográfica. Nuestro enfoque distribucional combina una prospección sistemática para caracterizar la estructura espacial del registro en superficie y evidencias que han sido obtenidas bajo otras estrategias de muestreo. Sobre la base de la distribución de artefactos líticos y cerámicos y de motivos rupestres, se evalúan patrones de intensidad ocupacional, diversidad funcional y circulación de información en sectores del espacio con propiedades biogeográficas diferentes. Los resultados sugieren una delimitación funcional del espacio en esc...
This study provides an integral analysis of the taxonomic and paleoenvironmental evidence of the micromammal assemblages recovered from the archaeological sites located in the middle valley of the Negro river and neighboring southern... more
This study provides an integral analysis of the taxonomic and
paleoenvironmental evidence of the micromammal assemblages recovered from the archaeological sites located in the middle valley of the Negro river and neighboring southern areas (Northeastern Patagonia). As
current parameter, several samples (mostly novel) of micromammals derived from pellets of raptors collected in the area were also included. The general matrix of the micromammal assemblages of the middle valley of the Negro river reflects the arid conditions of Monte during the last 1 000 years BP. However, the presence of Holochilus vulpinus in the Negro and Limay rivers probably responds to its advance during Holocene warm and humid episodes, with the subsequent retraction during the Little Ice Age. On the other hand, the micromammal assemblages of the Sierras de Pailemán indicate arid and semi-arid conditions of the ecotone Monte and Patagonian steppes between 3 500 and 1 800 years BP. Recent pellet samples point out the regional retraction of some species (the aforementioned H. vulpinus in the river courses, and the marsupial Lestodelphys halli and the caviomorph Tympanoctomys kirchnerorum in Pailemán), the marked decrease in abundance of grassland-associated species such as the sigmodontine Reithrodon auritus, and the dominance of opportunistic sigmodontines (Graomys griseoflavus, Oligoryzomys longicaudatus, Calomys musculinus and Eligmodontia sp.), these latter more flexible to anthropization processes.
El propósito de este trabajo es dar a conocer los primeros resultados de isótopos de oxígeno en restos humanos procedentes del sitio Chenque I (Parque Nacional Lihué Calel, provincia de La Pampa, Argentina), un cementerio prehispánico... more
El propósito de este trabajo es dar a conocer los primeros resultados de isótopos de oxígeno en restos humanos procedentes del sitio Chenque I (Parque Nacional Lihué Calel, provincia de La Pampa, Argentina), un cementerio prehispánico cuyo rango de uso es de 1050 a 290 años AP. Esta evidencia isotópica funciona como un indicador de la residencia geográfica durante la infancia de los individuos inhumados. Los datos presentados permiten identificar un conjunto mayoritario que correspondería a individuos locales y dos individuos con una señal no local. Estos datos isotópicos se integran con otras señales del registro arqueológico que indican interacción social en escala macrorregional, y permiten identificar determinados vectores geográficos. Sobre la base de estos indicadores, se postula que en el sitio se han inhumado individuos procedentes de diferentes áreas geográficas y/o pertenecientes a diferentes poblaciones.
Research Interests:
The management and conservation of animal species should be based upon a long-term analysis that considers its geographical distribution and feeding patterns. The study of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes on skeletal remains provides a... more
The management and conservation of animal species should be based upon a long-term analysis that considers its geographical distribution and feeding patterns. The study of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes on skeletal remains provides a quantitative approach to the paleodietary reconstructions and constitutes a potent tool for comparing behavioral aspects of the fauna. In this paper we present the first
Nuestro objetivo es estudiar las estrategias de uso del espacio por parte de sociedades humanas móviles en un paisaje andino de Patagonia caracterizado por una marcada heterogeneidad topográfica, climática y ecológica (localidad de... more
Nuestro objetivo es estudiar las estrategias de uso del espacio por parte de sociedades humanas móviles en un paisaje andino de Patagonia caracterizado por una marcada heterogeneidad topográfica, climática y ecológica (localidad de Barrancas-Buta Ranquil, provincia del Neuquén, Argentina). Inicialmente, se analiza la estructura del paisaje desde una perspectiva biogeográfica, desarrollando un modelo de estacionalidad mediante sistemas de información geográfica. Nuestro enfoque dis-tribucional combina una prospección sistemática para caracterizar la estructura espacial del registro en superficie y eviden-cias que han sido obtenidas bajo otras estrategias de muestreo. Sobre la base de la distribución de artefactos líticos y cerámicos y de motivos rupestres, se evalúan patrones de intensidad ocupacional, diversidad funcional y circulación de infor-mación en sectores del espacio con propiedades biogeográficas diferentes. Los resultados sugieren una delimitación funcional del espacio en escala temporal promediada, en la cual los espacios intermedios habrían funcionado como lugares centrales desde donde se articulan movimientos logísticos hacia otros sectores del paisaje. Dado que la unidad de muestreo captura variación biogeográfica que se expresa en forma regional más amplia, el modelo de uso del espacio propuesto es relevante para la comprensión de la arqueología del noroeste de Patagonia en general. Palabras clave: arqueología distribucional, Andes del sur, estacionalidad, ecotonos topográficos, demarcación del paisaje The objective of our research presented here is to study the spatial organization of mobile societies from Patagonia. In particular , we focus on a region characterized by sharp contrasts in topography, climate, and ecology (Barrancas-Buta Ranquil Locality, Neuquén Province, Argentina). We begin by analyzing the biogeographic structure of the landscape, presenting a GIS-based model of seasonally available resources. Our approach combines systematic surface survey with the analysis of evidence produced by other sampling strategies, such as excavation and rock art analysis. Based on the spatial distribution of lithic and ceramic artifacts and rock art motifs, we characterize patterns of occupational intensity, functional diversity, and information flow in areas with different biogeographic properties. The results suggest a functional delimitation of space, which operates in an averaged temporal scale, where the areas of intermediate altitude would have been used as central places from where the use of other areas was articulated. Because our sampling unit captures biogeographic variation that is widely expressed, this model of spatial organization would be useful for the archaeology of northwestern Patagonia at large.
Nuestro objetivo es estudiar las estrategias de uso del espacio por parte de sociedades humanas móviles en un paisaje andino de Patagonia caracterizado por una marcada heterogeneidad topográfica, climática y ecológica (localidad de... more
Nuestro objetivo es estudiar las estrategias de uso del espacio por parte de sociedades humanas móviles en un paisaje andino de Patagonia caracterizado por una marcada heterogeneidad topográfica, climática y ecológica (localidad de Barrancas-Buta Ranquil, provincia del Neuquén, Argentina). Inicialmente, se analiza la estructura del paisaje desde una perspectiva biogeográfica, desarrollando un modelo de estacionalidad mediante sistemas de información geográfica. Nuestro enfoque dis-tribucional combina una prospección sistemática para caracterizar la estructura espacial del registro en superficie y eviden-cias que han sido obtenidas bajo otras estrategias de muestreo. Sobre la base de la distribución de artefactos líticos y cerámicos y de motivos rupestres, se evalúan patrones de intensidad ocupacional, diversidad funcional y circulación de infor-mación en sectores del espacio con propiedades biogeográficas diferentes. Los resultados sugieren una delimitación funcional del espacio en escala temporal promediada, en la cual los espacios intermedios habrían funcionado como lugares centrales desde donde se articulan movimientos logísticos hacia otros sectores del paisaje. Dado que la unidad de muestreo captura variación biogeográfica que se expresa en forma regional más amplia, el modelo de uso del espacio propuesto es relevante para la comprensión de la arqueología del noroeste de Patagonia en general. Palabras clave: arqueología distribucional, Andes del sur, estacionalidad, ecotonos topográficos, demarcación del paisaje The objective of our research presented here is to study the spatial organization of mobile societies from Patagonia. In particular , we focus on a region characterized by sharp contrasts in topography, climate, and ecology (Barrancas-Buta Ranquil Locality, Neuquén Province, Argentina). We begin by analyzing the biogeographic structure of the landscape, presenting a GIS-based model of seasonally available resources. Our approach combines systematic surface survey with the analysis of evidence produced by other sampling strategies, such as excavation and rock art analysis. Based on the spatial distribution of lithic and ceramic artifacts and rock art motifs, we characterize patterns of occupational intensity, functional diversity, and information flow in areas with different biogeographic properties. The results suggest a functional delimitation of space, which operates in an averaged temporal scale, where the areas of intermediate altitude would have been used as central places from where the use of other areas was articulated. Because our sampling unit captures biogeographic variation that is widely expressed, this model of spatial organization would be useful for the archaeology of northwestern Patagonia at large.
Research Interests:
The results of the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of 59 obsidian samples from 11 archae- ological sites in the Auca Mahuida region of north-western Neuquén, Argentina, are present. They indicate that several obsidian sources were used;... more
The results of the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of 59 obsidian samples from 11 archae-
ological sites in the Auca Mahuida region of north-western Neuquén, Argentina, are present. They
indicate that several obsidian sources were used; however, the intensities of their exploi- tation
were variable. Strong differences appear between the Colorado River basin, character- ized by a low
variability of obsidian groups from northern Neuquén; the Auca volcano, with a low variability of
obsidian groups, but from local sources located north and southwards of the study area; and along
Bajo del Añelo, which presents a high variability of obsidian groups from several local and
non-local sources. The pattern recorded fits different mechanisms of ac- cess to the sources and the
conveyance of obsidian across the landscape. Two distinct paths of direct access are suggested for
obsidian availability along the Colorado River in northern Neuquén and for Portada Covunco obsidian
in central Neuquén. Additionally, the presence of obsidian from sources in southern Neuquén
province (Cerro Las Planicies-Lago Lolog), lo- cated about 350 km from the study area, is
suggested. While not yet conclusive, this possibility parsimoniously integrates the available
geochemical and spatial information, allowing the ex- istence of either long-distance transport or
indirect access by exchange or similar mechanisms
to be proposed.
The Cueva Huenul 1 (CH1) archaeological site has one of the first sequences of stratified sediments dating to the late-Pleistocene/early-Holocene transition in the northern end of Patagonia (Figure 1). Preliminary stratigraphic and... more
The Cueva Huenul 1 (CH1) archaeological site has one of the first sequences of stratified sediments dating to the late-Pleistocene/early-Holocene transition in the northern end of Patagonia (Figure 1). Preliminary stratigraphic and chronological data previously reported define two sets of layers separated by an erosive unconformity. The late-Pleistocene layers (units VIII–V), mainly composed of fossil dung, are bracketed between dates of 13,844 ± 75 and 11,841 ± 56 rcybp; the Holocene layers (units IV–I), composed of aeolian sediment, are bracketed between dates of 9531 ± 39 and 1416 ± 37 rcybp (Barberena et al. 2010). The 9531 ± 39 date comes from a hearth directly on top of the unconformity and therefore is evidence for the earliest human presence at CH1. In this paper we report the results of a preliminary palynological and archaeological study of the stratigraphic units spanning the Pleistocene-Holocene transition (units VIII–IV, Quadrat A1, 2 x 1 m). The excavation was done using 10-cm extraction levels (the stratigraphic units discussed here correspond to extraction levels 8–5).
Se sintetizan los análisis osteométricos realizados sobre un conjunto de especímenes óseos asignado a camélidos de dos sitios de la Precordillera de Mendoza: Agua de la Cueva y Los Hornillos. Ambos se ubican en ambientes de altura (>2.500... more
Se sintetizan los análisis osteométricos realizados sobre un conjunto de especímenes óseos asignado a camélidos de dos sitios de la Precordillera de Mendoza: Agua de la Cueva y Los Hornillos. Ambos se ubican en ambientes de altura (>2.500 m s.n.m.), son aptos para el pasto- reo de camélidos e integran vías de comunicación entre los valles intermontanos y la Planicie oriental. Los registros analizados cubren un período comprendido entre 1800 y 400 años AP, lapso en el que pudieron consolidarse las actividades pecuarias en la región. Se contribuye al conocimiento de la subsistencia humana en ambientes de altura al discriminar entre especies silvestres y domésticas de camélidos. Se definen las prácticas económicas implementadas, las tácticas de manejo de riesgo y los patrones de movilidad. Se concluye que estos sitios formaron parte de un circuito mayor de movilidad y fueron ocupados estacional y recurrentemente para el aprovechamiento de pasturas y otros recursos bióticos y abióticos.
El objetivo de este resumen extendido es ahondar en la contextualización del arte rupestre del noreste del Neuquén (Patagonia septentrional, Argentina, 37° Latitud Sur), mediante su comparación con las imágenes registradas en diversos... more
El objetivo de este resumen extendido es ahondar en la contextualización
del arte rupestre del noreste del Neuquén (Patagonia septentrional,
Argentina, 37° Latitud Sur), mediante su comparación con las imágenes
registradas en diversos artefactos decorados del área de estudio. Entre
estos últimos se cuentan tiestos cerámicos y un fragmento de cáscara de
calabaza pirograbado. Para el análisis se tomarán en consideración múltiples
variables que incluyen tipo de soporte, tipo de motivo y diseño, técnica
de ejecución, cantidad de elementos y tamaño de la representación,
entre otras. Estos resultados serán complementados con la información
generada a partir de otros indicadores potencialmente involucrados en la
ejecución de las imágenes analizadas, tales como pigmentos procedentes
de estratigrafía y artefactos con restos de ocre.