Yoonmo Sang

뉴스는 미디어 조직이 시간과 자원을 들여 생산한 상품(commodity)임과 동시에 민주주의 사회에서 여론을 형성하고 정보의 흐름을 주도하는 공공재(public good)로서의성격을 모두 갖는다. 뉴스 콘텐츠는 사실 검증을 거치고 데이터로서의 정형성이 일정 수준 보장된다는 점에서 볼 때, 인공지능의 학습에 좋은 재료가 된다. 이에 인공지능 시대에 뉴스 저작권을 둘러싼 논쟁이 그 중요성을 더해가고 있다. 본 연구는 인공지능의 학습에 유용한 양질의 재료를 제공해주는 뉴스 콘텐츠를 둘러싼 저작권 논의를 뉴스 저작물의 특수성을 중심으로 검토하였다. 구체적으로 이 연구는 “인공지능의 데이터 학습에활용된 뉴스 콘텐츠를 둘러싼 저작권 침해 이슈는 어떻게 다루어져야 하는가?”라는 규범적 질문에 집중한다. 먼저, 인공지능의 데이터 학습 과정에서의 저작권 침해와 제한에대해 살펴본다. 구체적으로, 인공지능의 데이터 수집 및 이용을 위한 저작권 제한의 필요성 논의를 텍스트 및 데이터 마이닝(TDM) 예외와 공정이용 법리 차원에서 살펴본다. 다음으로, 앞의 논의가 인공지능의 뉴스 저작물 학습에 어떻게 적용될 수 있는지 검토한다. 이때 다른 창작물과 구별되는 뉴스 저작물의 특수성이 함께 고찰된다. 이러한 논의를 바탕으로 본 연구는 인공지능의 뉴스 저작물 무단 이용을 호주의 「뉴스미디어 및디지털 플랫폼 강제 협상법(News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code)」에서처럼 공정경쟁 환경 조성 차원에서 접근할 필요가 있다고 주장한다. 인공지능의 뉴스 콘텐츠 학습의 경우 공정이용 조항의 적용에 의존하기보다 저작권법 개정 시 TDM 예외조항을 추가하는 것이 필요하고, 뉴스 저작물의 특성을 고려하여 인공지능 기업과 언론사 간 계약관계에 따라 뉴스 콘텐츠 이용에 대한 정당한 대가지급이 이루어지도록 정책을 마련하는 것이 요구된다.

Building upon previous studies that divide the governance of digital platforms into three eras (Flew, 2021; Bowers & Zittrain, 2020), this study investigates how one of the most influential digital platforms, Google, has handled removal requests from governments. By sketching the regulatory terrain of Google, the current study seeks a more balanced understanding of content moderation. This study selected an exploratory case study approach using Google's Transparency reports and accompanying public data sets relating to governments' content removal requests filed for all Google products from 2009 to 2021. The findings reveal a growing influence of nation states on moderating online content, delineating the surging point as occurring in 2016. In addition to the sheer increase of take-down requests raised in various areas, since 2016 the trend of government interventions has outpaced those of courts; during the same period, Google, which had been more compliant with court decisions than with governmental entities' requests, showed similar compliance with government requests. The results also demonstrate how the practices of requesting content removal differed by political system while singling out Russia's distinctive characteristics. This study sheds light on our understanding of the role of nation states in shaping online environments in the era of platformization.

This study, based on a survey of 100 South Korean film directors, investigates their understanding and employment of fair use. South Korean film directors are largely unaware of this law that could improve their capacity to create work more effectively and at lower cost. Furthermore, they engage in self-censorship, which can limit their creative choices. Many such choices inhibit the exploration of South Korea’s vigorous popular culture and its history. These obstacles largely lie not with the law, but with knowledge and norms in the field. Results are also compared with a survey of U.S. documentary filmmakers, whose organizations have educated the field about the utility of the fair use doctrine since 2005. U.S. filmmakers routinely employ fair use and have positive attitudes about it. Thus, public campaigns about the existence of fair use as a creative tool could better promote cultural expression in South Korea.

A growing number of hyper-partisan alternative media outlets have sprung up online to challenge mainstream journalism. However, research on news sharing in this particular media environment is lacking. Based on the virality of seventeen partisan outlets’ coverage of immigration and using the latest computational linguistic algorithm, the present study probes how hyper-partisan news sharing is related to source transparency, content styles, and moral framing. The study finds that the most shared articles reveal author names, but not necessarily other types of author information. The study uncovers a salient link between moral frames and virality. In particular, audiences are more sensitive to moral frames that emphasize authority/respect, fairness/reciprocity, and harm/care.

Based on four-wave panel data, this study explored the relationships between different uses of motivational mobile applications and online news engagement. Three motivational mobile application uses-informational, recreational, and relational-were identified and rank-ordered according to respondents' everyday mobile application preferences. Results showed that only relational mobile application use had positive relationships with online news engagement. Results further indicate that over the four-year period examined (2013-2016) only the use of relational mobile application led to continuous growth of online news engagement. This study advances the literature on mobile communication not only by introducing results of a longitudinal study that challenge and support conflicting previous findings but that also provide support for the possibility of the mobile facilitation hypothesis.

This study surveys theoretical justifications for copyright and considers the implications of the notion of cultural democracy in regard to copyright law and policy. In doing so, the study focuses on the first sale doctrine and advocates for the doctrine's expansion to digital goods based on a discussion of the doctrine's policy implications and a review of the arguments for and against a digital first sale doctrine. The study argues that democratic copyright theories, in general, and the notion of cultural democracy, in particular , can and should guide copyright reforms in conjunction with a digital first sale doctrine. This study contributes to the growing discussions about the democratic theories of copyright by demonstrating their applicability to copyright policy and doctrine.

A screenshot is a digital image of content appearing on a device’s screen that can be cropped, filtered, retouched, edited, posted, and/or sent to someone else. Anecdotal evidence tells us that screenshots are integrated into our lives, but formalized research has yet to uncover the “how and why” of screenshot use. Drawing from a uses and gratification framework, this exploratory study examines the technicity and practice as well as motivations and gratifications of screenshot use in general and across age groups. A sample of predominately college-age students responded to an electronic survey inquiring about screenshot use (e.g. devices used to take screenshots, device preference for taking screenshots, and frequency of screenshot use) as well as motivations for taking screenshots. Results revealed that screenshots: are social, reflect a range of diverse and age-related content, occur often and on the go, and accommodate needs especially in emerging adulthood. Taking a first step in bridging the gap in screenshot literature, implications and future directions of this nascent work are discussed.

Ebooks have emerged as one of the popular means of reading, but little is known about how ebook usage by the general public and the ability of public lending libraries to serve their patrons are being constrained by various sociocultural factors such as restrictive licensing agreements that publishers demand. This study identifies the various constraints through the lens of Lessig's four modalities to better understand how the ecosystem of ebooks that includes legal and economic conditions is affected by the modalities. In doing so, this study examines the shift towards the licensing of ebooks and the proprietary schemes of digital rights management with a particular focus on the diminishing capability of public lending libraries to advance the public interest in a democratic society. In the age of licensing, the mission of public libraries as 'equalizing institutions' should be upheld to the fullest.

This study examined factors that affect journalists’ Twitter use behaviors based on the framework of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). A survey of Korean journalists supported that TPB is a useful theoretical framework for understanding journalists’ Twitter use behaviors. This study found that three TPB variables – positive attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control – are positively associated with journalists’ general Twitter use (i.e., time spent using Twitter). More importantly, beyond looking at journalists’ general Twitter use, this study expands the literature by distinguishing between expressive Twitter use (e.g., tweeting messages) and consumptive Twitter use (e.g., reading others’ tweets). Results showed that journalists’ attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral controls were associated differently depending on patterns of expressive and consumptive Twitter usage. Given the role of professional journalists in society, their ways of using Twitter may have a profound impact on the ecology of journalism. Contributing to the literature of the theory of planned behavior by extending its explanatory power to professional journalists’ Twitter usage, the results of this study suggest that future research on journalists’ Twitter use should pay more attention to how Twitter is employed within the journalistic context.

Economic efficiency has been the dominant justification for copyright protection in the United States. Challenging that narrow perspective, this study argues that cultural democracy provides a broader, more encompassing framework for reforming copyright laws in support of users’ access to and use of creative works. The study demonstrates how the normative values promoted by cultural democracy are synonymous with the socially beneficial effects of the first sale doctrine. Additionally, the study contextualizes and further elaborates the notion of cultural democracy by providing more concrete examples of how cultural democracy plays out in practice. In doing so, this study focuses on individuals’ use of ebooks and the role of public libraries in the digital age.

As one of the largest social networking sites in the world, Facebook holds a great potential for promoting health. In this exploratory study, we analyzed 1352 messages posted to an active Facebook diabetes group to identify the characteristics of the group. The results revealed that the group was international in nature. Users overcame language barriers to communicate with people with similar conditions. Users’ interactions were structured around information, emotion, and community building. They exchanged medical and lifestyle information, and highly valued their peers’ personal experiences, opinions, and advice. They also demonstrated a positive attitude toward the reality of living with diabetes and generously provided encouragements and affirmations to one another. Great efforts were made to maintain the proper operation of the community by the administrator and a group of core members. As a result, the group was shaped as a social network where peer users share social support, cultivate companionship, and exert social influence. Based on the results, we discussed future directions for research of health communities in a highly connected world.

The purpose of this study is to examine what factors predict college students’ intentions to download digital content through unauthorized peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing sites. This study also attempts to explore how cultural contexts are related to those intentions among college students in the US and Korea. Consistent with previous studies using the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the current study using survey data shows that the theory can predict people’s behavioral intentions in the context of illegal downloading. However, across three different types of variables for predicting intention to download digital content through unauthorized P2P sites (i.e. social psychological variables, TPB variables, and expanded TPB variables), several significant differences were revealed between American and Korean students. The findings show that cultural differences may play an important role with regard to people’s intentions to engage in illegal downloading.

This study investigated college students’ attitudes toward a paid news content system. It sought to identify factors that may predict such attitudes. To deepen our understanding of news copyright issues, this study also analyzed responses to open-ended questions and identified patterns in such responses. Among the predictor variables, perceiving news as a commodity was the only significant predictor of college students’ attitudes toward a paid news model. The results suggest that respondents’ perception that news is free and easily available from the Internet may be the biggest barrier to implementing a paid news model. Relatively few respondents considered news to be a commodity, though most respondents thought that news is a kind of public service that informs the public and benefits our society. Policy implications, limitations of the study, and recommendations for future research were discussed in the context of news copyright and online news economics.

This study explores, by examining international and comparative perspectives, the applicability of the right of reply to Internet media. The paper tries to identify current legal issues regarding the right of reply, a tool some believe capable of striking a more equitable balance between the freedom of expression and the personal rights within the Internet sphere. Largely focusing on how South Korea and the United States apprehend right of reply, this study attempts to demonstrate that right of reply could help resolve a lurking tension between freedom of expression and personal rights on the Internet.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to provide a network analysis of Twitter discussions about Myung-Bak Lee, a former president of South Korea, to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of the public opinion exchange on Twitter.

Design/methodology/approach
– Opinion leaders in the discussion network were identified by considering the longitudinal distribution of tweets containing the former president’s name, and three types of messages (“followings,” “mentions,” and “retweets”) were analyzed using data collected from November 1, 2011, to April 20, 2012. The sample included 26,150 Twitter users and 892,034 relationships reflecting three types of messages.

Findings
– The results indicate that the discussion about President Myung-Bak Lee was dominated by liberal Twitter users who already had considerable influence both online and offline. In addition, Twitter users were unlikely to interact with other users with opposing political views.

Research limitations/implications
– Almost all of the opinion leaders identified in the study held liberal political views, and liberal Twitter users dominated the discussion network. In addition, the Korean Twitter network showed the presence of the homophily phenomenon, implying that opinion leaders’ influence within the Twitter network was limited to other users sharing the same political views. Further, political views of opinion leaders were skewed toward a particular political stance without necessarily representing the opinion of the general public, possibly hindering the democratic process.

Originality/value
– This study tests the homophily thesis in the context of Twitter users in Korea and contributes to the literature on Twitter-based political discourse by identifying opinion leaders in Korean Twitter networks and examining the phenomenon of homophily within those networks.

As Facebook usage is surging at global levels, concern is growing over the addictive use of Facebook. This study seeks to explore the factors contributing to Facebook addiction among Koreans, a group living in one of the most wired countries in the world. This study tests the assumption that a person becomes addicted to Facebook due to his or her desire to maintain social relationships. It thus examines such influences on the tendency of Facebook addiction as quality of social relationship, communication motive, and number of Facebook friends. The results show that those who use Facebook for communication and information are more likely to be addicted to Facebook. Another factor influencing one"s inclination to Facebook addiction is quality of relationship, which impacts one"s motivation to make use of Facebook. The results also show that communication motive influenced both the number of Facebook friends and information-gathering habits via Facebook. The study finds that two determining factors of Facebook addiction are usage pattern of Facebook and communication motive. What does not explain a person"s tendency towards Facebook addiction is that person"s desire to maintain social relationships.

Podcast genres are very diverse ranging from music, comedy, religion, sport, news, politics, and current affairs. In this report, the authors focus mainly on news, politics, and current affairs podcasts. The aim of the report is to examine Australians’ podcast listening habits and trends in comparison with other countries and to identify key industry issues. Part 1 of the report is an analysis of data from 40 countries surveyed in the Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020. In Part 2, nine expert contributions from around the globe representing Asia, Africa, Europe, the Americas, and Oceania are presented.

Podcast genres are very diverse ranging from music, comedy, religion, sport, news, politics, and current affairs. In this report, the authors focus mainly on news, politics, and current affairs podcasts. The aim of the report is to examine Australians’ podcast listening habits and trends in comparison with other countries and to identify key industry issues. Part 1 of the report is an analysis of data from 40 countries surveyed in the Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020. In Part 2, nine expert contributions from around the globe representing Asia, Africa, Europe, the Americas, and Oceania are presented.